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Understanding the costs and benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation options is crucial to justify and prioritize future decarbonization pathways to achieve net zero. Here, we quantified the co‐benefits of decarbonization for air quality and public health under scenarios that aim to limit end‐of‐century warming to 2°C and 1.5°C. We estimated the mortality burden attributable to ambient PM2.5 exposure using population attributable fractions of relative risk, incorporating projected changes in population demographics. We found that implementation of decarbonization scenarios could produce substantial global reductions in population exposure to PM2.5 pollution and associated premature mortality, with maximum health benefits achieved in Asia around mid‐century. The stringent 1.5ºC‐compliant decarbonization scenario (SSP1‐1.9) could reduce the PM2.5‐attributable mortality burden by 29% in 2050 relative to a middle‐of‐the‐road scenario (SSP2‐4.5), averting around 2.9 M annual deaths worldwide. While all income groups were found to benefit from improved air quality through a combination of decarbonization and air pollution controls, the smallest health benefits are experienced by the low‐income population. The disparity in PM2.5 exposure across income groups is projected to reduce by 2100, but a 30% disparity between high‐ and low‐income groups persists even in the strongest mitigation scenario. Further, without additional and targeted air quality measures, low‐ and lower‐middle‐income populations (predominantly in Africa and Asia) will continue to experience PM2.5 exposures that are over three times the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline. Plain Language Summary: Implementation of decarbonization strategies to mitigate future climate change can provide additional benefits or "co‐benefits" through improved air quality and public health. Quantifying these benefits and how they manifest across different world regions and income groups is essential to incentivize climate action. In this work we have quantified the air pollution health co‐benefits for three different possible future scenarios: one "middle‐of‐the‐road" scenario and two decarbonization scenarios. We found that by following a future decarbonization pathway instead of a "middle‐of‐the‐road" pathway, can generate substantial air quality and public health benefits worldwide, particularly in Asia around 2050. While all income groups were found to benefit from improved air quality through decarbonization, the smallest health benefits are experienced by the low‐income population. Inequalities in air pollution exposure between the lower‐income and high‐income groups were found to reduce rapidly under a decarbonization pathway, but persist through to 2100 even under the strongest mitigation. Further, without additional and targeted air quality measures, low‐ and lower‐middle‐income populations (predominantly in Africa and Asia) will continue to experience air pollution levels that exceed the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline. Key Points: Decarbonization has the potential to generate substantial health co‐benefits by averting millions of premature deaths associated with PM2.5 exposure across all income groupsThe low‐income population is predicted to experience the smallest health benefits of decarbonization and continue to be exposed to PM2.5 concentrations that are over three times that of the World Health Organization Air Quality GuidelineUnder a decarbonization future pathway, the global socioeconomic disparity in PM2.5 exposure reduces but persists at around 30% by the end of the century [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bactrocera dorsalis, oriental fruit fly (OFF), is one of the most destructive agricultural pests. Although bait sprays can effectively control OFF, resistance development has been a concern. We evaluated the oviposition deterrent activity of coconut free fatty acids (CFFA), a mixture of eight coconut oil‐derived fatty acids known to repel hematophagous insects and deter their feeding and oviposition, against OFF females. RESULTS: In laboratory 72‐h two‐choice assays using guava‐juice infused‐agar as an oviposition substrate, CFFA deterred OFF oviposition in a dose‐dependent manner with the greatest reduction of 87% at 20 mg dose compared to the control. When the eight CFFA components were tested individually, four compounds (caprylic, capric, oleic, and linoleic acids) significantly reduced OFF oviposition ('negative‐compounds'), two (lauric and myristic acids) had no effect ('neutral‐compounds'), and two (palmitic and stearic acids) stimulated OFF oviposition ('positive‐compounds'). In two‐choice tests, the 'negative‐compounds' blend failed to elicit the same level of oviposition reduction as CFFA at equivalent concentrations found in CFFA. Adding the two 'neutral‐compounds' recovered the oviposition deterrence similar to CFFA. Subsequent subtraction tests showed that four 'negative‐compounds' plus lauric acid was as effective as CFFA in reducing OFF oviposition in guava‐juice agar. This five‐component key‐deterrent blend also reduced OFF oviposition by 95 and 72% on papaya and tomato fruit, respectively. CONCLUSION: CFFA acts as an oviposition deterrent for OFF. Given that CFFA compounds are generally regarded as safe for humans and the environment, CFFA and its bioactive components have potential use in behavioral control strategies against OFF. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high mobility emissive organic semiconductors is of great significance for the fabrication of miniaturized optoelectronic devices, such as organic light emitting transistors. However, great challenge exists in designing key materials, especially those who integrates triplet exciton utilization ability. Herein, dinaphthylanthracene diimides (DNADIs), with 2,6‐extended anthracene donor, and 3′‐ or 4′‐substituted naphthalene monoimide acceptors were designed and synthesized. By introducing acceptor‐donor‐acceptor structure, both materials show high electron mobility. Moreover, by fine‐tuning of substitution sites, good integration with high solid state photoluminescence quantum yield of 26 %, high electron mobility of 0.02 cm2 V−1 s−1, and the feature of hot‐exciton induced delayed fluorescence were obtained in 4′‐DNADI. This work opens a new avenue for developing high electron mobility emissive organic semiconductors with efficient utilization of triplet excitons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pineal cyst is a benign lesion commonly occurring in people of any age. Until now, the underlying molecular alterations have not been explored. Methods: We performed whole exome sequencing of 93 germline samples and 21 pineal cyst tissue samples to illustrate its genetic architecture and somatic mutations. The dominant and recessive inheritance modes were considered, and a probability was calculated to evaluate the significance of variant overrepresentation. Results: By analyzing pineal cyst as a Mendelian disease with a dominant inheritance pattern, we identified 42,325 rare germline variants, and NM_001004711.1:c.476A>G was highly enriched (FDR<0.2). By analyzing it as a recessive disorder, we identified 753 homozygous rare variants detected in at least one pineal cyst sample each. One STIM2 rare variant, NM_001169117.1:c.1652C>T, was overrepresented (FDR<0.05). Analyzing at a gene‐based level, we identified a list of the most commonlymutated germline genes, including POP4, GNGT2 and TMEM254. A somatic mutation analysis of 21 samples identified 16 variants in 15 genes, which mainly participated in the biological processes of gene expression and epigenetic regulation, immune response modulation, and transferase activity. Conclusion: These molecular profiles are novel for this condition and provide data for investigators interested in pineal cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), is a major invasive pest of soft-skinned fruits in North America and Europe. Although insecticides are currently the primary method of SWD control, it is imperative to develop alternative management approaches, such as behavioral control through the use of repellents and attractants. This study explores the repellent properties of 2-pentylfuran as an oviposition deterrent on raspberries. RESULTS: 2-Pentylfuran was found to be aversive to SWD in laboratory multiple-choice tests. When co-released from a vial (loaded as neat compound) with a synthetic SWD lure, 2-pentylfuran reduced SWD attraction to the SWD lure by 98% and the effect appeared 17% stronger compared to 1-octen-3-ol, a known SWD repellent. Releasing 50% 2-pentylfuran mixed with mineral oil from a vial located near ripe raspberries resulted in 30% reduction in SWD oviposition in the field. In laboratory nochoice assays, 2-pentylfuran reduced SWD oviposition on raspberries above 2.5 mg h−1 with greater repellency achieved at higher release rates. A release rate of 10 mg h−1 from a polyethylene sachet reduced egg-laying on raspberries by 60% in a semifield cage choice experiment. In a field experiment using fruiting raspberry clusters, 14 mg h−1 release rate of 2-pentylfuran was effective at reducing SWD infestations by 56% compared to untreated plots. CONCLUSION: 2-Pentylfuran acts as a repellent for SWD and can significantly reduce fruit infestations under field conditions and high SWD pressure. Given that 2-pentylfuran is a registered food additive and generally regarded as safe, 2-pentylfuran has a potential use in behavioral control strategies against SWD. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND With an increasing aging population, postmenopausal osteoporosis has become a global public health problem. Previous evidence has shown that postmenopausal osteoporosis is a skeletal disease mainly caused by estrogen deficiency, generally accompanied by inflammation, and dietary isoflavones may ameliorate postmenopausal osteoporosis by anti‐inflammatory activity. We have generated isoflavone‐enriched soybean leaves (IESLs), but their anti‐inflammatory activity and effect on attenuating osteoporosis are still obscure. Here, we determined the isoflavone profiles of IESLs and evaluated their anti‐inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and anti‐osteoporotic effects on ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis in rats. RESULTS: IESLs had a high content of total isoflavone. Hydrolysate of IESLs (HIESLs) was rich with the aglycones daidzein and genistein, and HIESLs can significantly inhibit lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation by reducing messenger RNA expression of iNOS, COX‐2, IL6, and IL1β. Moreover, ovariectomized rats receiving aqueous extracts of IESLs (HIESLs) orally maintained more bone mass than control rats did, which was attributed to inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by downregulating the messenger RNA expression of the bone‐specific genes RANKL/OPG, OC, and cathepsin K, and the inflammation‐related genes IL6, NFκB, and COX‐2. CONCLUSION: IESLs may attenuate postmenopausal osteoporosis by suppressing osteoclastogenesis with anti‐inflammatory activity and be a potential source of functional food ingredients for the prevention of osteoporosis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: DNA methylation was one of the earliest discovered epigenetic modifications in vertebrates, and is an important epigenetic mechanism involved in the expression of genes in many biological processes, including muscle growth and development. Its effects on economically important traits are evidenced in reported differences in meat quality traits between Chinese indigenous pig breeds (Wannanhua pig) and Western commercial pig breeds (Yorkshire pig), and this presents a unique model for analyzing the effects of DNA methylation on these traits. In the present study, a whole genome DNA methylation analysis was performed on the two breeds using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation. GO functional enrichment and pathway enrichment analyses identified differentially methylated genes primarily associated with fatty acid metabolism, biological processes of muscle development and signaling pathways related to muscle development and pork quality. Differentially methylated genes were verified by sodium pyrosequencing, and the results were consistent with the sequencing results. The results of the integrative analysis between DNA methylation and gene expression revealed that the DNA methylation levels showed a significantly negative correlation with gene expression levels around the transcription start site of genes. In total, 41 genes were both differentially expressed and methylated; these genes were related to fat metabolism, lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle development. This study could help further explore the molecular mechanisms and phenotypic differences in pig growth and development among different breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Automated aerosol puffers releasing behaviorally active volatile organic compounds can deter insect pests in crops. During 2016, we tested the efficacy of aerosol puffer arrays emitting 1‐octen‐3‐ol at reducing Drosophila suzukii oviposition in fall‐bearing raspberries in Western New York State. During 2017, we compared the performance of aerosol puffers with a passive diffusion release method (vial dispensers), as well as puffer timing and placement within the field. RESULTS: During 2016, we found that octenol application in the field via aerosol puffer systems resulted in a 20% decrease in D. suzukii oviposition compared to control plots. During 2017, we found that aerosol puffers releasing octenol were 42–55% more effective than vial dispensers at deterring oviposition. We also found that a discontinuous application of octenol during dawn and dusk was sufficient to deter D. suzukii oviposition equivalent to continuous applications throughout the day. Although we observed no differences in infestation depending on puffer placement, low fly populations at the time of the trial may have affected the data. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that automated aerosol puffer systems may reduce D. suzukii infestation to a greater extent than vial dispensers. If adopted, a discontinuous puffer release schedule may protect both economic and ecological interests by reducing the amount of material required to achieve efficacy. Further research on puffer placement is needed to determine whether perimeter applications are effective in larger scale field research and in combination with attractants as part of a push‐pull management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many phytophagous insects locate their host plant using mixtures of volatile compounds produced by the plant. A key behavior in the host location process that has been the focus of decades of behavioral research is optomotor anemotaxis. Another key step in host location is landing on (or near) the odor source. In previous work, rubber septa emitting a synthetic blend of volatiles extracted from young shoots of grape plants, Vitus spp. (Vitaceae), elicited equivalent levels of oriented upwind flight by female grape berry moths (GBM), Paralobesia viteana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), as did actual (control) grape shoots. However, in contrast to the shoots, females did not land on the odor source. In this study, we used flight tunnel assays to investigate the landing response of GBM females with respect to chemical and visual stimuli, as well as differences in relative humidity. When stimuli were presented individually, only the synthetic blend of host plant volatiles elicited equivalent levels of oriented upwind flight compared to the plants. Interestingly, wet cotton strips elicited low but consistent levels of upwind flight. In paired assays, only the synthetic blend paired with wet cotton strips elicited landing, although at significantly lower levels than that elicited by grape shoots. To achieve landing rates equivalent to live grape shoots, grape berry moth females required all three stimuli we tested: host odor cues, moisture, and visual cues simulating a grape shoot. These results suggest the cues have a synergistic effect, and that landing behavior requires complex sensory processing using multiple sensory inputs. Furthermore, these results suggest that moisture plays an important role in the host plant location process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new tomographic reconstruction algorithm is presented, termed direct least‐squares reconstruction (DLSR), which solves the well known parallax problem in X‐ray‐scattering‐based experiments. The parallax artefact arises from relatively large samples where X‐rays, scattered from a scattering angle 2gθ, arrive at multiple detector elements. This phenomenon leads to loss of physico‐chemical information associated with diffraction peak shape and position (i.e. altering the calculated crystallite size and lattice parameter values, respectively) and is currently the major barrier to investigating samples and devices at the centimetre level (scale‐up problem). The accuracy of the DLSR algorithm has been tested against simulated and experimental X‐ray diffraction computed tomography data using the TOPAS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of erbium addition at different ratios (0.2 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%) on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the Al−Si‐Mg−Cu alloy have been investigated. The results show that adding erbium can refine the primary α‐aluminum grains in the as‐cast alloys to a diverse extent. In addition, the coarse and long plate‐like eutectic silicon can be modified into a fine short rod‐like structure, and the distribution of eutectic silicon can be optimized. During the solidification of the alloy, erbium and other elements will form primary erbium‐rich precipitates of different sizes and shapes, including primary erbium‐silicon‐rich and erbium‐copper‐silicon‐rich precipitates, which can change the distribution of solute atoms and promote the evolution of microstructure. But the coarse primary precipitates will embrittle the alloys and consume more solute atoms (erbium, copper, magnesium), having a certain inhibitory effect. After heat treatment, the solid solution decomposes to form secondary Al3Er precipitates, which further strengthens the alloy. In particular, the alloy with the highest erbium content shows the best comprehensive tensile properties at as‐cast and heat‐treatment conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbivorous insects may benefit from avoiding the smell produced by phytopathogens infecting plant host tissue if the infected tissue reduces insect fitness. However, in many cases the same species of phytopathogen can also infect host plant tissues that do not directly affect herbivore fitness. Thus, insects may benefit from differentiating between pathogen odors emanating from food and nonfood tissues. This is based on the hypothesis that unnecessarily staying attentive to pathogen odor from nonfood tissue may incur opportunity costs associated with not responding to other important survival functions. In this study adults of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, an invasive larval frugivore, showed reduced attraction to the odor of raspberry fruit, a food tissue, when infected with Botrytis cinerea Pers., a ubiquitous phytopathogen, in favor of odors of uninfected raspberry fruit. Moreover, D. suzukii oviposited fewer eggs on infected raspberry fruit relative to uninfected raspberry fruit. Larval survival and adult size after eclosion were significantly reduced when reared on B. cinerea‐infected raspberry relative to uninfected fruit. Interestingly, when the behavioral choice experiment was repeated using Botrytis‐infected vs. ‐uninfected strawberry leaves, a nonfood tissue, in combination with fresh raspberry fruit, odor from B. cinerea‐infected leaves did not reduce D. suzukii attraction to raspberries relative to raspberries with uninfected leaves. These behavioral results illustrate the important role context can play in odor‐mediated interactions between insects, plants and microbes. We discuss implications of our findings for developing a repellent that can be useful for the management of D. suzukii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6.2inch WQHD+ R1 foldable AMOLED display with FLI structure having thin thickness, wide color gamut, high brightness and low reflectivity was obtained. FLI means a structure of RGB emitter, thin film encapsulation, On‐TFE‐Touch and low temperature color filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy and is refractory to available treatments. Delineating the regulatory mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming, a key event in pancreatic cancer progression, may identify candidate targets with potential therapeutic significance. We hypothesized that inflammatory signaling pathways regulate metabolic adaptations in pancreatic cancer. Metabolic profiling of tumors from PDAC patients with a high‐ (>median, n = 31) and low‐NOS2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase;

Using data on job approval ratings of governors, U.S. senators, and the president, we find that firms located in states with high approval ratings outperform firms located in states with low approval ratings by.64% per month. Furthermore, this relationship is stronger when investors are actively involved in politics, when local politicians are closer to the center of political power, for small firms that have a larger proportion of local investors, and for financially strong areas where investors are ready to execute investments in local stocks. Overall, our study shows that investors' political sentiment is important in determining stock returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sacbrood virus (SBV) is a fatal viruses that infects the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana in Korea. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi) has been suggested as a promising strategy for the suppression of honey bee viruses. For the efficient control of SBV infection using RNAi, simple and cost‐effective methods to produce double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) are needed. RESULTS: To develop a dsRNA production platform using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), pBTdsSBV‐VP1 vector was constructed in which the SBV vp1 gene was located between two oppositely oriented cyt promoters. Both strands of the vp1 gene were bidirectionally transcribed under the control of the sporulation‐dependent cyt promoter in Bt cells transformed with pBTdsSBV‐VP1, and the resulting dsRNA was easily extracted from the Bt transformant, Bt 4Q7/pBTdsSBV‐VP1, by inducing its autolysis. The replication of SBV was dramatically suppressed in A. cerana workers who ingested the dsRNA produced from the Bt 4Q7/pBTdsSBV‐VP1. CONCLUSION: In this study, we successfully silenced SBV in its host, A. cerana, by the application of exogenous dsRNA produced from an entomopathogenic bacteria, Bt. These results suggested that Bt could be a useful dsRNA production platform to control viral pathogens in their host insects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Podosomes and tight junctions (TJs) are subcellular compartments that both exist in endothelial cells and localize at cell surfaces. In contrast to the well‐characterized role of TJs in maintaining cerebrovascular integrity, the specific function of endothelial podosomes remains unknown. Intriguingly, we discovered cross‐talk between podosomes and TJs in human brain endothelial cells. Tight junction scaffold proteins ZO‐1 and ZO‐2 localize at podosomes in response to phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate treatment. We found that both ZO proteins are essential for podosome formation and function. Rather than being derived from new protein synthesis, podosomal ZO‐1 and ZO‐2 are relocated from a pre‐existing pool found at the peripheral plasma membrane with enhanced physical interaction with cortactin, a known protein marker for podosomes. Sequestration of ZO proteins in podosomes weakens tight junction complex formation, leading to increased endothelial cell permeability. This effect can be further attenuated by podosome inhibitor PP2. Altogether, our data revealed a novel cellular function of podosomes, specifically, their ability to negatively regulate tight junction and endothelial barrier integrity, which have been linked to a variety of cerebrovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Interaction between programmed death‐1 ligand (PD‐L1) and its receptor programmed death 1 (PD‐1) on T cells inactivates antitumour immune responses. PD‐L1 expression has been associated with poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and predicts adverse outcome. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of PD‐L1 expression and the immune microenvironment on the clinical outcome in Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma (TRCC) and, therefore, their potential relevance as prognostic biomarkers. Methods and results: The present retrospective analysis investigated expression of PD‐L1 and immune cells CD8, CD4, CD3, forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and PD‐1 in TRCC compared to other types of RCC. FFPE specimens were collected between 2011 and 2017 from 311 patients who underwent nephrectomy at our institution for RCC. Specimens were immunostained for PD‐L1, CD8, CD4, CD3, FoxP3 and PD‐1, and an outcome analysis was conducted. PD‐L1 expression rate was highest in TRCC (68%, 16 of 25), followed by mucinous tubular and spindle cell RCC and collecting duct carcinoma (33%, one of three), papillary RCC (27%, seven of 26), clear cell RCC (16%, 29 of 233), chromophobe RCC (11%, two of 18) and multilocular cystic RCC (0%, none of three). In TRCC, PD‐L1 expression was associated with poor recurrence‐free survival (RFS) (P = 0.041). The CD4high and FoxP3high groups showed a significantly shorter RFS (P = 0.05 and P = 0.031, respectively) compared to CD4low and FOXPlow groups. Conclusion: PD‐L1 expression was higher in TRCC than in other types of RCC. High PD‐L1 tumour cell expression and tumour infiltration by CD4+ and FoxP3+ immune cells were associated with poor RFS in TRCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversion of carbon monoxide to high value‐added ethylene with high selectivity by traditional syngas conversion process is challenging because of the limitation of Anderson‐Schulz–Flory distribution. Herein we report a direct electrocatalytic process for highly selective ethylene production from CO reduction with water over Cu catalysts at room temperature and ambient pressure. An unprecedented 52.7 % Faradaic efficiency of ethylene formation is achieved through optimization of cathode structure to facilitate CO diffusion at the surface of the electrode and Cu catalysts to enhance the C−C bond coupling. The highly selective ethylene production is almost without other carbon‐based byproducts (e.g. C1–C4 hydrocarbons and CO2) and avoids the drawbacks of the traditional Fischer–Tropsch process that always delivers undesired products. This study provides a new and promising strategy for highly selective production of ethylene from the abundant industrial CO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design and implementation of a four‐port ultra‐wideband (UWB) multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO)/diversity antenna with dual band‐notched characteristics are presented. The proposed diversity antenna is composed of four identical rhombic‐shaped monopole radiators arranged orthogonally to achieve better interelement isolation and polarization diversity. At each port, the MIMO antenna shows an impedance bandwidth (S11 ≤ –10 dB) of 10.5 GHz (2.8‐13.3 GHz) and an interelement isolation larger than 18 dB. Furthermore, in order to eliminate 3.5 GHz (Wi‐MAX) and 5.5 GHz (WLAN) bands from the UWB range, the antenna radiators are loaded with elliptical complementary split ring resonator structures. The MIMO performance metrics such as isolation, envelope correlation coefficient, and apparent diversity gain are calculated and presented. The MIMO/diversity antenna prototype is fabricated, and experimental results are verified with simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI) on board the FengYun‐3 (FY‐3) series of satellites can provide global observations four times daily, which significantly improves the ability to monitor large‐scale natural disasters. There is noticeable striping noise in brightness temperature observations from the MWRIs on board the FY‐3B, FY‐3C and FY‐3D satellites. The central frequencies of all MWRI channels are in the atmospheric window region. In this article, a modified principal component analysis/ensemble empirical mode decomposition method proposed by Zou et al. in 2017 was applied to deal with the striping noise in MWRI measurements. Results reveal that the magnitude of the striping noise in the brightness temperature observations of MWRI channels 10 are about ±1.2 K for FY‐3B, ±1.1 K for FY‐3C and ± 0.8 K for FY3D. The striping noise in FY‐3D MWRI measurements is significantly reduced, compared with the striping noise in FY‐3B and FY‐3C MWRI measurements. Striping features will appear in the liquid water path (LWP) distribution if LWP is retrieved from brightness temperatures without removing the striping noise. The differences between LWP retrieved from the MWRI observations with and without striping noise mitigation could be as large as 0.07 kg·m−2. It is thus necessary to remove striping noise before any MWRI data applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Park et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17257 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17317 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate potential energy surface for the ground electronic state of SH3 system has been constructed with 41,882 high level ab initio energy points and the neural network fitting method. The time‐dependent wave packet method has been used to calculate the first state‐to‐state differential cross sections for the title reaction up to 1.2 eV in full dimensions, based on the reactant–product decoupling scheme. It is found that the majority of H2S are produced in the ground vibrational state, with a large fraction of available energy for the reaction ending up as product translational motion. The differential cross sections at the threshold energy are dominated by a very narrow peak in the backward direction. With the increase of collision energy, the width of the angular distribution increases considerably, which is a typical feature of a direct reaction via abstract mechanism, similar to the H2 + OH → H2O + H reaction. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The authors construct a potential energy surface for the ground electronic state of the SH3 system with high level ab initio energy points and the neural network fitting method. Based on this new potential energy surfaces, they report the first full‐dimensional (6D) state‐to‐state differential cross sections up to 1.2 eV from the ground rovibrational initial state, using the reactant–product decoupling scheme‐based time‐dependent wave packet method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grape berry moth (GBM), Paralobesia viteana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a specialist pest insect of cultivated grape, Vitis spp. (Vitaceae), in the eastern USA. A blend of volatile compounds has been isolated from plant material that attracts female GBM in the flight tunnel and field. However, the origin of the volatile cue is potentially complicated by the presence of microbes (bacteria and fungi) living on the surface of the plant. Microbial volatile organic compounds can affect insect behavior, and therefore must be considered to fully understand olfaction‐mediated behaviors. We report here the chemical and behavioral analysis of the volatile profiles produced from both the sanitized and control shoot treatments. The sanitization treatment removed 96.4% of the surface microbes up to 24 h, covering the duration of the behavioral assays and volatile collections. Overall, the surface microbes did not significantly contribute to the volatile profile of the grape shoots, as all of the peaks in the volatile profile of sanitized shoots were found in the profile of control shoots. In flight tunnel assays, female GBM displayed the same level of upwind oriented flight to sanitized shoots (flew upwind 57.4%, landed 30.9%) as they did to control shoots (flew upwind 57.8%, landed 31.0%), suggesting further that surface microbes did not contribute to the production of the previously identified blend of behaviorally active volatiles for GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To analyze the metabolic parameters and adipose tissue inflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome following chronic treatment of mouse models of obesity with AJ5018 as the peripherally restricted cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist. Materials and methods: The selectivity for CB1R over CB2R, brain/plasma concentration ratio, and centrally mediated neurobehavioural effects of AJ5018, were assessed. The long‐term effects of AJ5018 and rimonabant on the metabolic parameters and adipose tissue inflammation were analyzed in diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice and diabetic db/db mice. Results: AJ5018 had a higher degree of selectivity for CB1R over CB2R and markedly reduced brain penetrance, as reflected by the lower brain/plasma concentration ratio and the attenuated centrally mediated neurobehavioural effects, compared with its brain‐penetrant parent compound rimonabant. In DIO and db/db mice, AJ5018 exhibited comparable effects to rimonabant in improving metabolic abnormalities and suppressing macrophage infiltration into white adipose tissue, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: These results suggest that peripheral CB1R blockade improves obesity‐induced insulin resistance by suppressing adipose tissue inflammation via the NLRP3 inflammasome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: We tested whether non-invasive tests for liver disease severity can stratify hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients showing low-level viremia (LLV, HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL). Methods: A retrospective cohort of 1006 chronic hepatitis B patients showing persistently LLV, defined by at least two consecutive assessments in the year before enrolment, was assessed for HCC development. Two non-invasive serum biomarkers, the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), were tested. Cirrhosis was defined with ultrasonography. Results: During a median 5.1 years of follow-up, HCC developed in 36 patients. HCC incidence rate at 5 years was significantly higher for cirrhotic patients (19/139, 13.7%), but was not null for non-cirrhotic patients (17/867, 2.0%, P<.001). APRI at a cut-off of 0.5 was more specific but less sensitive for HCC development, and FIB-4 at a cut-off of 1.45 was more sensitive but less specific. When both APRI and FIB-4 were used to group patients, the 5-year cumulative HCC incidence rate was 13.9%, 1.4% and 1.2% for both high, any high, and both low APRI and FIB-4 score among all patients (n=1006, P<.001), respectively, and was 11.4%, 1.5% and 0.4% in the same respective order among non-cirrhotic patients (n=867, P<.001). Conclusions: The combined use of two non-invasive serum biomarkers (APRI and FIB-4) could stratify HCC risk for chronic HBV-infected patients with LLV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is a serious pest of small fruits that lays its eggs in growing fruit. Current management strategies rely on an unsustainable schedule of foliar applications of chemical insecticides. Alternative approaches to suppressing oviposition are under investigation, such as attract-and-kill and the use of oviposition deterrents. Here, we evaluated two behavioral control approaches in combination as a push-pull strategy using laboratory and field assays. RESULTS In laboratory caged assays, both an attractive mass trapping device (pull) and an oviposition deterrent (push: 1-octen-3-ol) reduced oviposition by D. suzukii, and the combination of the two (push-pull) resulted in significantly greater reduction than either treatment alone. In field experiments, oviposition reduction was observed in fruit from plots treated with oviposition deterrent (push) or a combination of mass trapping devices and deterrent (push-pull) compared with fruit from control plots. However, oviposition in plots with mass trapping devices (pull) was higher than observed in all other treatments. Additionally, the protection provided by the deterrent in push plots extended to the entire plot rather than just in fruit closest to deterrent dispensers. CONCLUSION Push-pull treatments negatively affected D. suzukii infestation in both laboratory and field experiments. The reduction in oviposition observed in laboratory experiments was based on the additive effect of push and pull components acting on a finite population, while the reduction observed in field experiments appeared to be mainly based on the effect of pull components. We discuss potential underlying reasons for the discrepancy results and suggest potential improvements. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential energy surface (PES) for the H + CH4 system has been constructed with the recently developed XYG3 doubly hybrid functional, while those with the standard B3LYP hybrid functional, and the Møller-Plesset perturbation theory up to the second order (MP2) are also presented for comparison. Quantum dynamics studies demonstrated that satisfactory results on the reaction probabilities and the rate coefficients can be obtained on top of the XYG3-PES, as compared to the results based on the highly accurate, yet expensive, CCSD(T)-PES (Li et al., J. Chem. Phys. 2015, 142, 204302). Further investigation suggested that the XYG3 functional is useful in providing accurate rate coefficients for some larger systems involving H atom abstractions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diseases caused by motile aeromonads in freshwater fish have been generally assumed to be linked with mainly Aeromonas hydrophila while other species were probably overlooked. Here, we identified two isolates of non- A. hydrophila recovered from Nile tilapia exhibiting disease and mortality after exposed to transport-induced stress and subsequently confirmed their virulence in artificial infection. The bacterial isolates were identified as Aeromonas jandaei and Aeromonas veronii based on phenotypic features and homology of 16S rDNA. Experimental infection revealed that the high dose of A. jandaei (3.7 × 106 CFU fish−1) and A. veronii (8.9 × 106 CFU fish−1) killed 100% of experimental fish within 24 h, while a 10-fold reduction dose killed 70% and 50% of fish, respectively. When the challenge dose was reduced 100-fold, mortality of the fish exposed to A. jandaei and A. veronii decreased to 20% and 10%, respectively. The survivors from the latter dose administration were rechallenged with respective bacterial species. Lower mortality of rechallenged fish (0%-12.5%) compared to the control groups receiving a primary infection (37.5%) suggested that the survivors after primary infection were able to resist secondary infection. Fish exposed to either A. jandaei or A. veronii exhibited similar clinical signs and histological manifestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Despite the high burden of hepatitis C virus ( HCV)-related morbidity and mortality among HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs ( PWUD), uptake of interferon-based treatments for HCV infection has been negligible among this group. Direct-acting antiviral ( DAA) therapies offer an opportunity to expand treatment access among this population. The aim of this study was to explore willingness to use DAA-based regimens among HIV/ HCV-coinfected PWUD in Vancouver, Canada. Methods Data were drawn from the AIDS Care Cohort to evaluate Exposure to Survival Services ( ACCESS), a prospective cohort of HIV-positive PWUD. Using logistic regression analyses, we investigated factors associated with willingness to use DAA-based regimens among HIV/ HCV-coinfected participants. Results Of 418 HIV/ HCV-coinfected PWUD surveyed between June 2014 and May 2015, 295 (71%) were willing to use DAA-based regimens. In multivariable analysis, participants enrolled in methadone maintenance therapy [adjusted odds ratio ( AOR) 1.61; 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.04-2.51], those with a recent assessment by an HCV specialist ( AOR 2.02; 95% CI 1.28-3.19) and those who perceived that HCV infection was affecting their health ( AOR 2.49; 95% CI 1.41-4.37) were more likely to be willing to use DAA-based regimens. Conclusions Overall, this study found a high prevalence of willingness to use DAA-based regimens among HIV/ HCV-coinfected PWUD in Vancouver. Importantly, enrolment in methadone maintenance therapy was positively associated with willingness, suggesting that integrated models of HIV, HCV and addiction care should be explored as a way to address HCV-related morbidity and mortality among HIV/ HCV-coinfected PWUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, an outbreak of ulcerative disease associated with ranavirus infection occurred in barcoo grunter, Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite), farms in Thailand. Affected fish exhibited extensive haemorrhage and ulceration on skin and muscle. Microscopically, the widespread haemorrhagic ulceration and necrosis were noted in gill, spleen and kidney with the presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies. When healthy barcoo grunter were experimentally challenged via intraperitoneal and oral modes with homogenized tissue of naturally infected fish, gross and microscopic lesions occurred with a cumulative mortality of 70-90%. Both naturally and experimentally infected fish yielded positive results to the ranavirus-specific PCR. The full-length nucleotide sequences of major capsid protein gene of ranaviral isolates were similar to largemouth bass virus ( LMBV) and identical to largemouth bass ulcerative syndrome virus ( LBUSV), previously reported in farmed largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides L.), which also produced lethal ulcerative skin lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a LMBV-like infection associated with skin lesions in barcoo grunter, adding to the known examples of ranavirus infection associated with skin ulceration in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced mortality due to HIV infection, but the aging HIV-positive patient population now faces a growing burden of comorbidity. This review describes the changing epidemiology of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in this population, and highlights recent advances in antiretroviral therapy and kidney transplantation that directly impact the care of patients with HIV infection and end-stage renal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives HIV treatment-as-prevention campaigns emphasize early diagnosis and immediate access to care and antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive individuals in order to increase levels of plasma HIV RNA viral load ( VL) suppression. However, the possible role of harm reduction-based programmes in this objective has not yet been well evaluated. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between being a client of the Dr. Peter Centre ( DPC; an HIV/ AIDS-focused adult integrated health programme) and VL suppression among highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART)-exposed HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs ( PWUD) in Vancouver, Canada. Methods Data were derived from the AIDS Care Cohort to Evaluate Exposure to Survival Services ( ACCESS) study, a study of a community-recruited cohort of HIV-positive PWUD. A marginal structural model using inverse probability of treatment weights was used to estimate the longitudinal relationship between being a DPC client and exhibiting a VL < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL plasma. Results Between 2005 and 2014, 746 HAART-exposed participants were included in the study, of whom 269 (36.1%) reported being a DPC client at some time during the study period. A marginal structural model estimated a 1.54 greater odds of achieving VL suppression (95% confidence interval 1.20-1.99) among DPC clients. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that participating in an innovative HIV/ AIDS-focused adult integrated health programme that provides a broad range of clinical, harm reduction, and support services may contribute to optimizing the benefits of HAART in terms of morbidity, mortality and viral transmission among PWUD, and as a result help to fulfill the goals of the treatment-as-prevention strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ( TDF) is an antiretroviral agent frequently used to treat human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV). There are concerns regarding its potential to cause acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and proximal tubulopathy. Although TDF can effectively suppress HIV after kidney transplantation, it is unknown whether use of TDF-based antiretroviral therapy ( ART) after kidney transplantation adversely affects allograft survival. Methods We examined 104 HIV+ kidney transplant ( KT) recipients at our center between 2001 and 2014. We generated a propensity score for TDF treatment using recipient and donor characteristics. We then fit Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the association between TDF treatment and 3-year, death-censored primary allograft failure, adjusting for the propensity score and delayed graft function ( DGF). Results Of the 104 HIV+ KT candidates who underwent transplantation during the study period, 23 (22%) were maintained on TDF-based ART at the time of transplantation, and 81 (78%) were on non- TDF-based ART. Median age of the cohort was 48 years; 87% were male; 88% were black; and median CD4 count at transplantation was 450 cells/mm3. Median kidney donor risk index was 1.2. At 3 years post transplantation, primary allograft failure occurred in 26% of patients on TDF-based ART and in 28% of patients on non- TDF-based ART ( P=.5). TDF treatment was not associated with primary allograft failure at 3 years post transplant after adjusting for DGF and a propensity score for TDF use (hazard ratio 2.12, 95% confidence interval 0.41-10.9). Conclusions In a large single-center experience of HIV+ kidney transplantation, TDF use following kidney transplantation was not significantly associated with primary allograft failure. These results may help inform management for HIV+ KT recipients in need of TDF therapy for adequate viral suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses use of a typing system to characterize isolates of Flavobacterium columnare. It also examines possible links between genomovar and virulence and host. Flavobacterium columnare causes columnaris disease in fishes. It was seen that the 16S rRNA genes of some genomovar control isolates did not amplify.

The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (S-NPP ATMS) upper-air temperature sounding channels display a clear across-track striping noise in the numerical weather prediction observed minus background (NWP O-B) fields. The striping magnitude variation is much more significant in ATMS along-track directions. Such a striping feature is also visible at brightness temperature fields at all 22 channels during an ATMS on-orbit pitch manoeuvre period. An algorithm was developed earlier by combining a principal component analysis (PCA) and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and worked well for reducing the striping noise at ATMS upper-air temperature sounding channels. However, at ATMS window channels (channels 1 and 2), artefacts were generated in the destriped observations at places where ATMS scanlines are aligned with either coastline curves or the edges of deep clouds. They are caused by the along-track sharp gradients of brightness temperatures at window channels when ATMS Earth scenes change from ocean to land or clear-sky to deep clouds and vice versa. Thus, an additional step is added to the PCA/EEMD method to eliminate such impacts. The modified destriping method performs well for reducing the striping noise at ATMS window channels without introducing the artefacts to the destriped brightness temperature fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently we elucidated that tobacco TTG2 cooperates with ARF8 to regulate the vegetative growth and seed production., Here we show that TTG2 and ARF8 control flower colouring by regulating expression of ANS and DFR genes, which function in anthocyanin biosynthesis., Genetic modifications that substantially altered expression levels of the TTG2 gene and production quantities of TTG2 protein were correlated with flower development and colouring. Degrees of flower colour were increased by TTG2 overexpression but decreased through TTG2 silencing, in coincidence with high and low concentrations of anthocyanins in flowers. Of five genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, only ANS and DFR were TTG2-regulated and displayed enhancement and diminution of expression with TTG2 overexpression and silencing, respectively. The floral expression of ANS and DFR also needed a functional ARF8 gene, as ANS and DFR expression were attenuated by ARF8 silencing, which concomitantly diminished the role of TTG2 in anthocyanin production. While ARF8 required TTG2 to be expressed by itself and to regulate ANS and DFR expression, the concurrent presence of normally functional TTG2 and ARF8 was critical for floral production of anthocyanins and also for flower colouration., Our data suggest that TTG2 functions concomitantly with ARF8 to control degrees of flower colour by regulating expression of ANS and DFR, which are involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. ARF8 depends on TTG2 to regulate floral expression of ANS and DFR with positive effects on anthocyanin production and flower colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aberrant activation of β-catenin signaling by both WNT-dependent and WNT-independent pathways has been demonstrated in asthmatic airways, which is thought to contribute critically in remodeling of the airways. Yet, the exact role of β-catenin in asthma is very poorly defined. As we have previously reported abnormal expression of β-catenin in a toluene diisocyanate ( TDI)-induced asthma model, in this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of two small molecules XAV-939 and ICG-001 in TDI-asthmatic male BALB/c mice, which selectively block β-catenin-mediated transcription. Methods Male BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with TDI to generate a chemically induced asthma model. Inhibitors of β-catenin, XAV-939, and ICG-001 were respectively given to the mice through intraperitoneally injection. Results TDI exposure led to a significantly increased activity of β-catenin, which was then confirmed by a luciferase assay in 16 HBE transfected with the TOPFlash reporter plasmid. Treatment with either XAV-939 or ICG-001 effectively inhibited activation of β-catenin and downregulated mRNA expression of β-catenin-targeted genes in TDI-asthmatic mice, paralleled by dramatically attenuated TDI-induced hyperresponsiveness and inflammation of the airway, alleviated airway goblet cell metaplasia and collagen deposition, decreased Th2 inflammation, as well as lower levels of TGFβ1, VEGF, HMGB1, and IL-1β. Conclusion The results showed that β-catenin is a principal mediator of TDI-induced asthma, proposing β-catenin as a promising therapeutic target in asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents the first report of a C-type lectin ( ctl) in yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco. The complete sequence of ctl complementary (c) DNA consisted of 685 nucleotides. The open reading frame potentially encoded a protein of 177 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of c.y 20.204 kDa. The deduced amino-acid sequence contained a signal peptide and a single carbohydrate recognition domain with four cysteine residues and GlnProAsp ( QPD) and TrpAsnAsp ( WND) motifs. Ctl showed the highest identity (56.0%) to the predicted lactose binding lectin from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Quantitative real-time (qrt)- PCR analysis showed that ctl messenger (m) RNA was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues in normal fish, with high expression in trunk kidney and head kidney, which was increased following Aeromonas hydrophila challenge in a duration-dependent manner. Purified recombinant Ctl ( rCtl) from Escherichia coli BL21 was able to bind and agglutinate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a calcium-dependent manner. These results suggested that Ctl might be a C-type lectin of T. fulvidraco involved in innate immune responses as receptors ( PRR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The very high cycle fatigue properties of spring steel 60SiCrV7 for automotive suspension system with different hydrogen contents were studied by using ultrasonic fatigue testing and fatigue crack growth testing. The results show that the S-N curves exhibit continuous drop of fatigue lives and no obvious horizontal line exists. Similar fracture surface features were observed for all the specimens that failed mainly from internal inclusions with surrounding granular bright facet (GBF). Fatigue strength decreases remarkably with increasing hydrogen content. The applied stress intensity factor range at the periphery of GBF Δ KGBF is approximately proportional to 1/3 power of the square of GBF area. The average values of Δ KGBF for uncharged specimens are close to crack growth threshold Δ Kth, which indicates that Δ KGBF could be regarded as the threshold value governing the beginning of stable fatigue crack propagation. The increase of hydrogen content tends to reduce Δ KGBF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous isolates of Flavobacterium columnare were previously recovered from red tilapia, Oreochromis sp., exhibiting columnaris-like disease in Thai farms, and the phenotypic and genetic characteristics were described. The objective of this study was to determine the virulence of two morphotypes (rhizoid and non-rhizoid colonies) of F. columnare and to determine their ability to adhere to and persist in red tilapia fry. The results showed that the typical rhizoid isolate (CUVET1214) was a highly virulent isolate and caused 100% mortality within 24 h following bath challenge of red tilapia with three different doses. The non-rhizoid isolate (CUVET1201) was avirulent to red tilapia fry. Both morphotypes adhered to and persisted in tilapia similarly at 0.5 and 6 h post-challenge as determined by whole fish bacterial loads. At 24 and 48 h post-challenge, fry challenged with the rhizoid morphotype exhibited significantly higher bacterial loads than the non-rhizoid morphotype. The results suggested that an inability of the non-rhizoid morphotype to persist in tilapia fry may explain lack of virulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypertriglyceridemia is a common lipid disorder that is characterized by elevated plasma levels of triglyceride ( TG)-rich particles, such as very low-density lipoprotein ( VLDL), in poorly controlled diabetes. The aim of the present study was to determine the potential therapeutic effect of hepatic insulin production on hypertriglyceridemia in mice. Methods Mice were induced diabetic and hypertriglyceridemic by streptozotocin ( STZ) treatment. Using an adenovirus-mediated gene transfer approach, we delivered rat preproinsulin cDNA into the liver of diabetic mice and then determined plasma TG metabolism. To investigate the mechanism by which hepatic insulin improves TG metabolism, we determined hepatic expression of apolipoprotein C- III ( ApoC- III), a structural moiety and functional inhibitor of VLDL-TG catabolism. Results Plasma VLDL- TG levels were markedly elevated in STZ-treated mice, and were accompanied by hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. These metabolic abnormalities were restored to near normal following hepatic insulin production in insulin vector-treated diabetic mice. In contrast, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia persisted in control vector-treated diabetic animals. Hepatic ApoC- III expression became deregulated secondary to insulin deficiency, contributing to impaired TG metabolism in diabetic mice. Hepatic insulin production suppressed excessive hepatic ApoC- III production to basal levels. Conclusion Hepatic insulin production is efficacious in correcting hypertriglyceridemia associated with insulin deficiency in diabetic mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Drosophilia suzukii Matsumura is an invasive pest insect that lays its eggs in the fruit of several commercially grown crops. An effective oviposition deterrent could contribute to its management. Repellant odors were evaluated in the laboratory and in the field. RESULTS Geosmin and 1-octen-3-ol were found to be aversive to seven-day-old female D. suzukii at concentrations of 10−1 and 10−2 in laboratory choice tests. Field experiments found that fewer eggs were observed in fruit on the day of harvest and fewer adult D. suzukii were reared from fruit associated with 1-octen-3-ol odors than control fruit in cultivated red raspberry. CONCLUSION Geosmin and 1-octen-3-ol induce aversive behaviors in Drosophila suzukii and are potential oviposition deterrents for its management in fruit crops. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims From the viewpoint of histogenesis, lung adenocarcinoma can be subdivided into two groups: terminal respiratory unit (TRU) and non-TRU types. We recently reported a non-TRU type adenocarcinoma designated as ciliated adenocarcinoma (we now prefer central type adenocarcinoma). We suggest reasons that mucinous adenocarcinoma should encompass central type adenocarcinoma to represent its biological characteristics as non-TRU type adenocarcinoma. Methods and results Mucin (MUC)5AC and MUC5B were expressed more significantly in non-TRU type adenocarcinoma ( P < 0.01). Thirty-five (76.1%) and 45 cases (97.8%) of 46 non-TRU type adenocarcinoma showed positivity for MUC5AC and MUC5B. Twelve (7.6%) and eight (5.1%) cases of 157 TRU type adenocarainoma showed positivity for MUC5B and MUC5AC. NKX2-1 gene expression was measured with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). ΔΔCt of NKX2-1 gene expression was 6.79 for TRU type adenocarcinoma and 0.6 for non-TRU type adenocarcinoma. Overall survival and disease-free survival were poorer in non-TRU type adenocarcinoma ( P = 0.02 and P = 0.03). A multivariate test also showed that non-TRU type adenocarcinoma is an independent prognostic factor ( P = 0.04). Conclusion MUC5AC and MUC5B were specific makers for non-TRU adenocarcinoma, including both central type adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma. We suggest that non-TRU type adenocarcinoma presents a poorer prognosis, so it should be regarded separately from TRU type adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavobacterium columnare is the aetiological agent of columnaris disease and severely affects various freshwater aquaculture fish species worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine the phenotypic characteristics and genetic variability among F. columnare isolates isolated from red tilapia in Thailand. Forty-four F. columnare isolates were recovered from diseased fish in different geographical locations. The isolates exhibited homologous phenotypic characteristics but exhibited genetic diversity. One isolate was assigned to genomovar I, and the remainder were assigned to genomovar II, indicating the coexistence of these genomovars but predominance of genomovar II. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16 S-23 S ISR sequences revealed that a subset of the Thai isolates ( n = 25) contained a smaller intergenic spacer region ( ISR) (523-537 bp) and formed a unique ISR phylogenetic group. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16 S r RNA gene supported the unique cluster of Thai isolates. This is the first description of the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of F. columnare isolated from red tilapia in Thailand as well as five isolates of F. columnare derived from other fish species including Nile tilapia, koi carp and striped catfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors compare transmission reach of 100 Gb/s four‐level pulse amplitude modulated signals over single‐span systems constructed with three optical fibre types. They demonstrate reach up to 160 km with fibres having ultra‐low attenuation, one with a large effective area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title reaction has a great deal of intriguing characters and provides energy for a chemical laser, and of much theoretical and experimental interest. Accurate description of the F + H2 → HF + H and F + HD → HF/DF + D/H reaction within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation presents a great challenge to the capabilities of modern quantum chemistry methods. The FHH system, which has strongly coupled eleven electrons, requires elaborate quantum chemistry calculations in the determination of potential energies with high accuracy. Moreover, a quantum reaction dynamics calculation for the F + H2/HD reaction requires much computational effort due to its large exothermicity. After more than half a century's endeavor, now we are capable of describing the F + H2/HD reaction close to spectroscopic accuracy. In this article, a brief review of the development of the potential energy surfaces and quantum reaction dynamics of the title reaction and its isotope substitutes is presented. Some of the results by quantum reactive scattering theory using the latest several typical potential energy surfaces are given, along with the corresponding experimental measurements, to illustrate the current stage of our capability on describing the F + H2/HD reaction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]