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ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that can cause elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin secretion or resistance. Different parts of Musa balbisiana have been used widely in traditional medicine to treat many disorders. The present study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic ability of the corm, pseudostem, inflorescence, fruit, peel, and seed of M. balbisiana via in vitro experiments by inhibiting α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase enzymes as well as in vivo models on diabetic alloxan‐induced mice. The results show that all investigated parts have performed potential inhibition on two investigated digestive enzymes. Seed poses the highest capacity among surveyed parts on α‐amylase (IC50:f μg/mL) and α‐glucosidase (IC50: 21.63 μg/mL) as well as effectively lowers the blood glucose index (IG) in alloxan‐induced mice. In addition, fruit, corm, and inflorescence are considered essential parts that have high hypoglycemic effects via in vivo experiments. These findings indicate that all M. balbisiana parts are possibly a potential source for hypoglycemic agents; further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the safety of human beings before applying them in functional food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trail aimed to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of curcumin loaded olive oil nanoemulsion (CUR‐OLNE) on growth performance, feed utilization, blood biochemical, redox status, and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, considering the economic efficiency of supplementation. A total of 280 healthy shrimps (3.42 ± 0.02 g) were randomly distributed into five equal groups and were fed diets containing 0 (CUR‐OLNE0), 5(CUR‐OLNE5), 10(CUR‐OLNE10), 15(CUR‐OLNE15) and 20 (CUR‐OLNE20) mg CUR‐OLNE/kg diet, respectively for 16 weeks. Among CUR‐OLNE treated groups, CUR‐OLNE20 showed the highest growth performance and feed utilization traits, including final body weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio. Notably, the photomicrographs provided further compelling evidence regarding the potential effect of CUR‐OLNE supplementation on muscle structure and integrity. Compared to the control, the levels of blood protein significantly induced in CUR‐OLNE15 and CUR‐OLNE20 treated groups (p < 0.05). All CUR‐OLNE ‐supplemented groups possessed lower activities of liver enzymes as well as the levels of urea and creatinine compared to the control (p < 0.05). The addition of 20 mg CUR‐OLNE/kg diet decreased the concentrations of cortisol, glucose and triglycerides. The dietary treatment significantly improved the secretion of digestive enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and protease. The lowest levels of Malondialdehyde and the highest levels of total antioxidant capacity, super oxide dismutase, catalase, lysozyme and immunoglobulin M were detected in both of CUR‐OLNE15, and CUR‐OLNE20 treated groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). There were considerable significant effects of dietary supplementation of CUR‐OLNE on economic efficiency. In conclusion, the application of nanocarriers for the delivery of dietary immune stimulants such as CUR‐OLNE to Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp is a promising strategy for improving shrimp nutrition. The addition of 20 mg CUR‐OLNE/kg to the diets of can be recommended as an affective intervention to improve growth performance, feed utilization, and health status of shrimp. Implementing this intervention can maximize the economic efficiency of shrimp farming while promoting sustainable practices in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study focuses on encapsulation of sugarcane polyphenols (SPs) to assess its impact on their bioaccessibility and efficacy in inhibiting starch digestion, thereby contributing to glycaemic control strategies. The hypothesis posits that encapsulation enhances both the bioaccessibility and functional effectiveness of SPs. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carrageenan (CAR) were employed as encapsulating agents. The methodology included an evaluation of α‐amylase inhibitory activity and the bioaccessibility of SPs across various encapsulation formulations in vitro digestion, highlighting a specific formulation that combines 0.5% CMC and 0.5% CAR to encapsulate 0.4% SPs. Findings reveal that this formulation significantly increases SPs' bioaccessibility and exhibits the highest α‐amylase inhibitory activity, suggesting its potential to support a low glycaemic index (GI) diet (GI = 54.7). It was observed that the GI is significantly inversely correlated with the bioaccessibility of total polyphenols and proanthocyanidins in SPs, while the bioaccessibility of total flavonoids in SPs showed no significant effect on pGI. Interestingly, SPs encapsulated with CMC were less effective in inhibiting starch digestibility than unencapsulated SPs, attributed to the tight binding of CMC with polyphenols, which limits their interaction with starch and α‐amylase. The study highlights the crucial influence of encapsulation materials on polyphenol functionality and emphasises the need for strategic encapsulation in modulating glycaemic responses. These findings advance the understanding of how processing technologies can optimise the health benefits of dietary bioactives, guiding future research towards functional applications and dietary interventions for glycaemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to isolate, identify, and characterize bacterial probiotic strain from the gut of Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp) and then to study its effect on growth, digestive enzymes and immunity of Labeo rohita fingerlings. A total of 6 gram‐positive bacteria belonging to the genus Lactobacillus spp. (3), Bacillus spp. (2) and Staphylococcus spp. (1), were identified biochemically. Based on the biochemical results, the isolate GCLP4 was selected for molecular confirmation and BLAST analysis showed maximum homology with Lactobacillus plantarum (100% ident). Fish were fed for 60 days with diet containing 0 (T0), 105 (T1), 107 (T2), 109 (T3) cfu/g diet of L. plantarum GCLP4 and 105 (T4) of commercial probiotics. Results shows that supplementation of GCLP4 had significantly (p < 0.05) improve weight gain (%), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of L. rohita with better values in T3 group. The immunological parameters (white blood cell, red blood cell, haemoglobin, total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly higher (p < 0.05) with 107 and 109 Lactobacillus GCLP4 cfu/g diet. The digestive enzyme activities (protease, amylase and lipase) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher, particularly, with 109 Lactobacillus GCLP4 cfu/g of diet. All the groups supplemented with GCLP4 including the commercial probiotics have lower (p < 0.05) activities of serum transaminase enzymes along with lower (p < 0.005) level of glucose as compared to the control group. The results of the study collectively suggest that dietary L. plantarum GCLP4 at 109 cfu/g is an effective probiotic obtained from grass carp having potency to promote growth, digestive enzymes and immune‐biochemical indices of L. rohita fingerlings in present culture condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fibres consist of a heterogeneous group of carbohydrate polymers which resist digestion by human gastrointestinal enzymes. Consumption of dietary fibre has been linked with innumerable health benefits encompassing the foundational pillars of metabolic health from obesity to hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with many of these benefits linked with metabolites produced by the fermentation of fibre by gut microbes [1]. The potential of dietary fibre to provide a safe and effective nonpharmacologic complementary tool with which to combat the evolving consequences of the obesity epidemic has recently garnered tremendous attention in both medical literature and lay media alike. Highlights: Consumption of dietary fibre has been linked with innumerable health benefits encompassing the foundational pillars of metabolic health with many of these benefits linked with metabolites produced by the fermentation of fibre by gut microbesAt the present time clinicians are faced with an impossible task in which there is rapidly mounting evidence for dietary fibres advancing metabolic health, but little practical options for healthcare providers other than to simply recommend patients consume more fibre.Benefits of fibre intake may perhaps be maximised in an individual by matching specific fibre consumption with existing microbial functional characteristicsIf dietary fibres could be demonstrated to act as successful adjuncts to sustain or improve standard of care therapies or even alleviate common gastrointestinal side effects associated with current treatments, they would be an invaluable tool in our metabolic health armamentarium. Neither Dr. Madsen or I have any financial conflicts of interest pertinent to the contents of this manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Florfenicol (FF) is a new antibiotic commonly used in sericulture. This study aimed to examine the effects of low (LC: 0.06 g/L), medium (MC: 0.12 g/L), and high (HC: 1.2 g/L) concentrations of FF on the midgut physiological functions of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (L.) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). The results showed that the body weight and the whole cocoon weight of silkworms decreased and the development duration of the fifth instar was prolonged in the HC group. The structure of intestinal microbiota of silkworm larvae was changed by high FF exposure. Specifically, the abundance of conditional pathogens (Curtobacterium, Sanguibater, etc.) was significantly increased, whereas the abundance of Pseudomonas and Pedobacter was decreased significantly. Additionally, the intestinal reactive oxygen species level at 72 h was significantly elevated, and the muscle layer had become loose, together with the appearance of gut goblet cell atrophy. We observed that the increase in Lactobacillus abundance led to a reduction in intestinal fluid pH, resulting in decreased α‐amylase and protease activities, whereas lipase activity exhibited an elevation. The results demonstrated that the accumulation of peroxides induced by exposure to 1.2 g/L FF caused intestinal damage, and the decrease in pH resulting from alterations in microbial composition and structure affected digestive enzyme activity, collectively leading to physiological impairment of the silkworm midgut. These findings provide a valuable reference for the safe use of FF in sericulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The use of plant‐derived products in aquaculture has garnered considerable attention due to their potential benefits. This study investigated the impact of supplementing Withania coagulans root powder (WCRP) in the diet of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio on various parameters, including growth performance, digestive enzymes, hematology, antioxidant activity, and immunological aspects. Methods: Common Carp (mean weight ± standard deviation = 11.69 ± 0.48 g) were divided into four groups in triplicate, receiving different WCRP concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%; labeled as WCRP0, WCRP1.0, WCRP1.5, and WCRP2.0, respectively) over a 60‐day period, followed by an experimental challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila to assess the relative percentage survival (RPS) over 14 days. Result: Results showed that Common Carp receiving WCRP1.5 and WCRP2.0 demonstrated significantly improved growth performance, with reduced feed conversion ratios (FCRs) being particularly evident in WCRP1.5. Polynomial contrasts indicated significant linear and quadratic effects on weight gain and FCR. Additionally, WCRP1.5 and WCRP2.0 supplementation led to significantly higher activity of digestive enzymes (lipase and protease). Hematological parameters, including white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, were significantly elevated in fish that were fed WCRP1.5 and WCRP2.0 compared to the control group. Moreover, serum parameters, such as total protein, albumin, globulin, lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total immunoglobulins, were significantly enhanced in WCRP1.5‐ and WCRP2.0‐treated fish. Notably, the WCRP1.5 group showed the lowest serum cortisol levels. The RPS was highest in WCRP1.5 (73.77%), followed by WCRP2.0 (70.43%), compared to the other groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, supplementation with WCRP1.5 and WCRP2.0 effectively improved both growth and health parameters in Common Carp. Impact StatementThe addition of Withania coagulans root powder (WCRP) to Common Carp diets significantly boosted growth, health, and disease resistance. Fish that were fed medium and high doses of WCRP showed better growth, improved blood health, and enhanced immune responses, leading to higher survival rates after a bacterial challenge. This natural supplement offers a cost‐effective way for farmers to improve fish productivity and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the effects of supplementing Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus diets with wild olive Olea europaea leaf extract (WLE) on growth performance, digestive enzymes, and antioxidant and immunological parameters. Methods: Wild olive leaf extract was added at different concentrations (WLE 0.0 [control], 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) and fed to triplicate fish groups for 12 weeks. At the end of the trial period, growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, and hematological, biochemical, antioxidant, and immunological parameters were evaluated. Result: According to the results, fish that were fed with WLE 1.5% and WLE 2.0% exhibited significantly improved weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed intake. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly reduced in fish supplied with WLE 1.5% and WLE 2.0%. Additionally, weight gain and FCR showed significance at both the linear and quadratic levels, as indicated by polynomial contrasts. However, the experimental diets did not impact fish body composition, digestive enzyme activity, or survival rate. Fish that received WLE 1.5% and WLE 2.0% showed significantly higher levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit compared with the WLE 1.0% and control groups. Moreover, significant enhancements were observed in serum parameters, including total protein, albumin, globulin, lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total immunoglobulins, for the WLE 1.5% and WLE 2.0% groups compared with the control. Fish that were fed WLE 1.5% exhibited the lowest serum cortisol level. Conclusion: In conclusion, experimental diets with WLE levels of 1.5% and 2.0% effectively enhanced both the growth and immunological parameters of Nile Tilapia. Impact statementSupplementing Nile Tilapia diets with wild olive leaf extract enhances growth, feed efficiency, and immune function. This eco‐friendly method boosts aquaculture productivity and fish health, offering healthier food sources and promoting sustainable practices for both people and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We sought to assess the efficacy of feeding tocotrienol, a member of the vitamin E family, as it impacts physiological functions in fingerling fish. Methods: Fingerling Largemouth Bass Micropterus nigricans with an initial mean body weight (±SD) of 0.98 ± 0.09 g were fed five diets containing tocotrienol at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg (T0, T10, T20, T30, and T40 diets, respectively) for 42 days. After the feeding experiment, fish were challenged with Largemouth Bass ranavirus (LMBV) and monitored for 48 h. Result: Findings indicated a positive impact of tocotrienol‐supplemented diets on fingerling survival. Furthermore, the weight gain and specific growth rate of fish that received the T30 and T40 diets were significantly higher than those of fish that were fed the T0 diet. Tocotrienol supplementation improved the protein efficiency ratio and condition factor and increased the whole‐body lipid and protein content. Conversely, the hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, and feed conversion ratio were significantly decreased by tocotrienol supplementation. Fish that were fed the T30 and T40 diets exhibited significantly higher hepatopancreas lipase activity and intestinal protease activity. Generally, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the liver increased as the tocotrienol level increased. Additionally, the liver malondialdehyde concentration decreased, and there was an improvement in the structure of liver cell tissue. Survival at 48 h after the LMBV challenge was significantly higher in fish that were fed the T30 and T40 diets compared to fish that were given the T0 diet. Maximum specific growth rate was observed at a tocotrienol concentration of 33.63 mg/kg. Conclusion: Results suggest that supplementation of Largemouth Bass fingerling diets with appropriate quantities of tocotrienol can enhance survival, growth, antioxidant capacity, digestion, and uptake of nutrients as well as disease resistance. Impact statementThe survival and growth performance of Largemouth Bass fingerlings were improved by adding tocotrienol at a concentration of 33.63 mg/kg in the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation in a biofloc system on growth performance, whole‐body proximate composition, whole‐body fatty acids, nonspecific immune parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, digestive enzyme activity, and gut microbiota of brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, were investigated. Shrimp were fed five diets containing different levels of MOS doses (MOS0: basal diet, MOS1: 0.1%, MOS2: 0.2%, MOS3: 0.3%, and MOS4: 0.4%) during the 90‐day trial. The results indicated that all MOS‐supplemented shrimp showed significantly higher growth rates and better feed utilization than shrimp fed the control diet. Experimental diets had varying effects on the nonspecific immune parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities, indicating that MOS supplementation resulted in significant differences in the parameters except for respiratory burst activity. Significantly higher protease activity was observed in shrimp fed MOS1 and MOS2 diets compared with MOS0, MOS3, and MOS4 diets. Shrimps fed MOS2 and MOS3 diets had the highest lipase and amylase activities among all groups. Proteobacteria were the most abundant phylum in all groups and were higher at increasing MOS doses. In conclusion, these results suggest that supplementing the diet of brown shrimp in the biofloc system with 3 g kg−1 of MOS may improve production parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus cereus YB1 on the growth, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, liver antioxidant enzyme activity, and intestinal tissue structure of juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). A 50‐day feeding experiment was conducted. Feeding was conducted in four diet groups: control group with no YB1 supplement in diet and three treatment groups E‐L, E‐M, and E‐H containing 105, 106, and 107 CFU/g YB1, respectively. The results revealed that the weight gain and specific growth rate of juvenile fish significantly increased, while the feed coefficient was reduced in all three diet treatment groups. This indicated that the growth of black rockfish was significantly and positively affected by YB1 feeding. Enzyme activity in the intestinal tract was not significantly affected by YB1. However, the activity of protease, amylase, and lipase increased because of YB1 treatment, except for the proteases in the E‐M diet group. Meanwhile, no significant differences were recorded in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in liver, but the level of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde activities in treatments shows a better performance compared with the control in overall perspective. Furthermore, the structural features of the intestine (i.e., number of intestinal villi, length of gut villi, and thickness of muscularis) was significantly elevated with the inclusion of B. cereus YB1 in the diet. These results reveal that dietary supplementation of B. cereus YB1 is beneficial to the boosting of enzymatic activities and structure of intestinal tissue as well as the antioxidative ability of liver tissue. Such findings suggest that fish growth would be improved under YB1 feeding conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of two prepared feeds were tested on growth, survival, enzymatic activity, nutritive reserves in the digestive gland and oxygen consumption of Octopus maya juveniles. For the first time, a semihumid paste (HD, control) and a dry diet, in pelleted form (PD, experimental) with the same formulation were used for this species. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Results indicate that growth rates were similar for both diets (p > 0.05); however, survival (70%) was higher with the PD compared to the HD (48%) (p < 0.05). The performance index was higher for octopuses fed the PD (p < 0.05). No differences in acid proteases activity were observed. However, a higher activity of alkaline proteases in the octopuses fed the PD was observed (p < 0.05). Ingestion rate was higher for octopuses fed the PD. Routine energy inversion was similar in both treatments (p > 0.05). A greater energy inversion was observed in octopuses fed the PD, whose active metabolism was double compared to the octopuses fed the HD. Results showed that the PD promoted similar growth compared to the HD diet but favored survival, and a greater investment in the active metabolism, reflected in the apparent heat increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digestive physiology of house dust mites (HDMs) is particularly relevant for their allergenicity since many of their allergens participate in digestion and are excreted into faecal pellets, a main source of exposure for allergic subjects. To gain insight into the mite dietary digestion, the genome of the HDM Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was screened for genes encoding peptidases (n = 320), glycosylases (n = 77), lipases and esterases (n = 320), peptidase inhibitors (n = 65) and allergen‐related proteins (n = 52). Basal gene expression and transcriptional responses of mites to dietary cystatin A, a cysteine endopeptidase inhibitor with previously shown antinutritional effect on mites, were analysed by RNAseq. The ingestion of cystatin A resulted in significant regulation of different cysteine endopeptidase and glycosylase genes. One Der p 1‐like and two cathepsin B‐like cysteine endopeptidase genes of high basal expression were induced, which suggests their prominent role in proteolytic digestion together with major allergen Der p 1. A number of genes putatively participating in the interaction of mites with their microbiota and acquired by horizontal gene transfer were repressed, including genes encoding the peptidase Der p 38, two 1,3‐beta‐glucanases, a lysozyme and a GH19 chitinase. Finally, the disruption of mite digestion resulted in the regulation of up to 17 allergen and isoallergen genes. Altogether, our results shed light on the putative role of specific genes in digestion and illustrate the connection between the digestive physiology of HDM and allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Gut bacteria are crucial in influencing insect development and even phenotypic plasticity. The yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis, as a significant borer pest, has been the subject of limited reports regarding the structural and diversification changes in its gut microbiota during feeding, and their potential impacts on the growth and development of the host insects. RESULTS: This study, employing 16S rRNA sequencing, demonstrates distinct shifts in the larvae gut microbiome of C. punctiferalis between different feeding stages, highlighting a pronounced diversity in the early‐instar with Enterococcus as a predominant genus in laboratory populations. Through in vitro cultivation and sequencing, three bacterial strains – Micrococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp. and Enterococcus mundtii – were isolated and characterized. Bioassays revealed that E. mundtii‐infused corn significantly boosts early‐instar larval growth, enhancing both body length and weight. Quantitative PCR and spectrophotometry confirmed a higher abundance of E. mundtii in younger larvae, correlating with increased digestive enzyme activity and total protein levels. CONCLUSION: This study reveals the heightened gut microbiota diversity in early instars of C. punctiferalis larvae, highlighting that Enterococcus represent a predominant bacteria in laboratory populations. In vitro cultivation and bioassays unequivocally demonstrate the significant role of the cultivable gut bacteria E. mundtii in promoting the growth of early‐instar larva. These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation for advancing the comprehension of the intricate interactions between gut microbiota and insect hosts, as well as for the development of eco‐friendly pest control technologies based on targeted manipulation of insect gut microbial communities. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anastomotic leakage (AL) is the leaking of non‐sterile gastrointestinal contents into a patient's abdominal cavity. AL is one of the most dreaded complications following gastrointestinal surgery, with mortality rates reaching up to 27%. The current diagnostic methods for anastomotic leaks are limited in sensitivity and specificity. Since the timing of detection directly impacts patient outcomes, developing new, fast, and simple methods for early leak detection is crucial. Here, a naked eye‐readable, electronic‐free macromolecular network drain fluid sensor is introduced for continuous monitoring and early detection of AL at the patient's bedside. The sensor array comprises three different macromolecular network sensing elements, each tailored for selectivity toward the three major digestive enzymes found in the drainage fluid during a developing AL. Upon digestion of the macromolecular network structure by the respective digestive enzymes, the sensor produces an optical shift discernible to the naked eye. The diagnostic efficacy and clinical applicability of these sensors are demonstrated using clinical samples from 32 patients, yielding a Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC AUC) of 1.0. This work has the potential to significantly contribute to improved patient outcomes through continuous monitoring and early, low‐cost, and reliable AL detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effects of a feed additive (FA) containing a probiotic consortium, fructooligosaccharide and yeast extract on growth performance, humoral immune responses, hepatic antioxidant parameters and intestine digestive enzymes, morphology and transcripts in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The fish were reared for 8 weeks, feeding on diets containing 0 (CNT), 0.3 (0.3FA), 1 (1FA) and 2 (2FA) g/kg FA. The results showed that fish growth parameters were significantly and quadratically related to FA levels and FA treatments had better growth performance than CNT treatment. Intestinal amylase activity significantly increased in 2FA, whereas, intestinal protease activity increased in all FA treatments. Intestinal villus length and muscular layer thickness significantly increased in 0.3FA treatment. Blood leucocyte and lymphocyte counts, plasma lysozyme activity and hepatic glutathione content significantly increased in 0.3FA and 1FA treatments; whereas hepatic malondialdehyde significantly decreased in these treatments. Blood neutrophil and monocyte counts significantly increased in 0.3FA treatment, while plasma alternative complement activity significantly increased in 1FA treatments. Plasma bactericidal activities against Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri and Streptococcus iniae, and intestinal expression of heat shock protein 70 and beta‐defensin significantly increased in all FA treatments. The abundance of A. hydrophila, Y. ruckeri and S. iniae in fish gut significantly decreased in 0.3FA treatment; these bacteria were absent in the intestines of 1FA and 2FA treatments. The present results suggest that dietary 0.3–1 g/kg of FA can significantly improve growth performance, immune response, intestinal health and hepatic antioxidant capacity in rainbow trout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this study was to examine the impact of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) in rice protein concentrate (RPC) based diets on the growth performance, body composition, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology and blood biochemistry of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Four different XOS levels (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%) were used at each RPC (75% and 100%) level. Twenty‐five fish per tank with an average initial weight of 25 ± 0.05 g were randomly assigned (Randomised complete block design) to each of the 8 groups in triplicate aquaria (36 × 16 × 12″) and then fed with respective diets @ 3% body weight for 90 days. The results showed significant improvements in growth performance, such as increased weight gain %, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio and improved feed conversion ratio in 1% XOS supplemented diet at 75% RPC. A significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and plasma melanodialdehyde (MDA) were observed at 1% XOS level in 75% RPC based diets, respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest total cholesterol and highest lysozyme activity were observed in 1% XOS supplemented diet at 75% RPC levels. Moreover, the serum (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase) and plasma (superoxide dismutase, triglyceride, high density and low density lipoprotein) activities showed nonsignificant effects among the treatments. Furthermore, the digestive enzymes (protease & lipase) and intestinal morphology were significantly influenced at 1% XOS in the 75% RPC‐based diet. Polynomial regression analysis showed that 1.25% XOS is the optimum requirement for the growth of rohu fingerlings when fed at 75% RPC based diets. Overall, it was concluded that the 75% RPC diet was efficiently replaced by fishmeal along with 1% XOS addition in L. rohita fingerlings without any negative effect on growth performance and intestinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea urchin contains physiologically active substances, such as amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids, and an important aquatic organism. Purple sea urchin, one of the common edible sea urchins, is an important aquatic product. In order to supply the vast seafood market, large‐scale aquaculture of sea urchins is very important. The aim of this study was to optimize the rearing of the Anthocidaris crassipina larvae enhancing the nutrition by mixing feed to improve their growth and survival. The survival rate of Chaetoceros muelleri feeding alone is only 40%. If the survival rate is improved through nutrient enrichment, the large‐scale aquaculture of larvae can be promoted. The experiment was divided into two parts. Experiment 1: Two types of commonly used microalgae, Isochrysis galbana tml (I), C. muelleri (C) and two types of probiotics, Rhodopseudomonas palustris (R), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S) were used in the. Feeding amounts are 5000, 10,000, and 20,000 cell mL−1, and the control group (N) did not eat. Experiment 2: C. muelleri 20,000 cell mL−1 was mixed with I. galbana tml, R. palustris (R) and S. cerevisiae (S) at 5000 and 10,000 cell mL−1. After the experiment, body length, body width, stomach length, rudiment length, rudiment length, body composition, digestive enzymes and survival rate were measured to evaluate the best feed. The results showed that the mixed feeding of C. muelleri 20,000 cell mL−1 and R. palustris 5000 cell mL−1 can achieve the best development and survival of larval embryos and can promote metamorphosis into juveniles in the shortest time. The research results will be applied to the large‐scale aquaculture of A. crassipina larvae to promote the diversity of aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acidic lipases with high catalytic activities under acidic conditions have important application values in the food, feed and pharmaceutical industries. However, the availability of acidic lipases is still the main obstacle to their industrial applications. Although a novel acidic lipase Rasamsonia emersonii (LIPR) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, the expression level was unsatisfactory. RESULTS: To achieve the high‐efficiency expression and secretion of LIPR in Pichia pastoris GS115, the combinatorial optimization strategy was adopted including gene codon preference, signal peptide, molecular chaperone co‐expression and disruption of vacuolar sorting receptor VPS10. The activity of the combinatorial optimization engineered strain in a shake flask reached 1480 U mL−1, which was 8.13 times greater than the P. pastoris GS115 parental strain. After high‐density fermentation in a 5‐L bioreactor, the highest enzyme activity reached as high as 11 820 U mL−1. LIPR showed the highest activity at 40 °C and pH 4.0 in the presence of Ca2+ ion. LIPR exhibited strong tolerance to methanol, indicating its potential application in biodiesel biosynthesis. Moreover, the gastrointestinal digestion simulation results demonstrated that LIPR was tolerant to pepsin and trypsin, but its activity was inhibited by sodium taurodeoxycholate. CONCLUSION: This study provided an effective approach for the high expression of acidic lipase LIPR. LIPR was more appropriate for lipid digestion in the stomach than in intestine according to the gastrointestinal digestion simulation results. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: As a result of climate change (reduced the oxygen content and food available in the waters) and overfishing, ever larger batches of the herring catch are classified as low‐value fish and used for feedstuff or canned food production. Fast and complete ripening of marinated fillets, especially from low‐value Baltic herring, poses a problem because of the low muscle protease activity and changes in muscle tissue proteins. RESULTS: For the first time, a crude digestive proteases preparation (CDPP) was obtained from herring viscera using a two‐stage method consisting of ethanol extraction and then salt precipitation. CDPP had a reduced hemoglobin content, with optimum activity at pH 7.5–8.8 or 60–120 g kg−1 NaCl. At pH 4–5, it still exhibited 24–68% of proteolytic activity. CDPP was used for 4–24 h of brining of fresh and frozen–thawed fillets or injection of fresh fillets before marinating. CDPP‐brining increased especially cathepsin D and carboxypeptidase A activities, whereas it decreased cathepsin B and L activities in the marinades. CDPP‐brining mitigated the negative effect of freezing–thawing on mass‐yield, protease activity, protein hydrolysis, texture profile, colour and sensory quality of the marinated fillets. CDPP‐injection was found to be the best method because it increased mass‐yield and ripeness of the marinated fillets to a greater extent than CDPP‐brining did. The marinades from the CDPP‐treated fillets had no bitter taste as a result of the presence of hemoglobin or chymotrypsin, and there were no results indicating lipid oxidation. CONCLUSION: The application of CDPP in marinating technology is a viable approach to enable the use of low‐value herring in food production, shorten the marinating time, and improve the ripeness and sensory quality of meat. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet therapy in disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBI) is rapidly advancing, with accumulating evidence to support two innovative therapies—manipulation of dietary fibers and enzyme supplementation—that target specific DGBI pathophysiology and modulate digestion. Dietary fibers escape digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and can influence gut function by impacting digestion, improving laxation, and interacting with the microbiota. A more nuanced understanding of different fiber types and their ability to impact gut function in highly specific ways has shown that fibers can impact distinct gut symptoms and pathophysiology. By considering their functional characteristics of bulking, gel‐forming, and fermentability, restriction or supplementation of specific fibers can offer clinical value in DGBI. Similarly to fiber specificity, emerging evidence suggests that supplemental digestive enzymes may be targeted to known food triggers with consideration that enzymes are substrate specific. Limited evidence supports use of lactase to target lactose, and α‐galactosidase to target galacto‐oligosaccharides. Application of enzymes during manufacturing of food products may prove to be an additional strategy, although evidence is scant. Both innovative therapies may be utilized in isolation or in combination with other diet and nondiet therapies. Implementation can be guided by the principles that fiber modulation can be targeted to specific symptomology or requirement for alterations to gut function, and digestive enzymes can be targeted to known food triggers. This review aims to summarize recent literature of these two innovative concepts and provide practical suggestions for their implementation in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura is one of the most harmful lepidoptera pests in China, and is difficult to control due to its strong resistance to the current frequently used insecticide species. The requirement to develop pesticides with novel toxicology mechanisms to control S. litura is urgent. The quassinoid of bruceine D display outstanding systemic properties and strong insecticidal activity against S. litura, which possess notable application potential for integrative management of S. litura, but the mechanism of toxicity remains unclear. RESULTS: In this study, we found that bruceine D exerts potent growth inhibitory activity against S. litura, disrupting the ecdysone and juvenile hormone titers, and causing long‐term adverse effects. Association analysis between transcriptomics and metabolomics suggested that bruceine D affected the digestion and absorption capacity of S. litura larvae by inducing a strong oxidative stress response and cell apoptosis in the intestine. Further analysis demonstrated that bruceine D can inhibit the activities of digestive and antioxidant enzymes and induce malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overaccumulation in the midgut. Moreover, the protein level of Bax, cleavage caspase 3, and cytochrome c expressed in cytoplasm (cyto) were up‐regulated by bruceine D, while Bcl‐2 and cytochrome c expressed in mitochondria (mito) were down‐regulated. In addition, there was a noticeable increase in caspase‐3 protease activity. Histopathological observations revealed that bruceine D damages the structure of midgut epithelial cells and activates lysosomes, which subsequently disrupts the midgut tissue. CONCLUSION: Overall, our findings suggested that bruceine D induced excessive ROS accumulation in midgut epithelial cells. The resulting cell apoptosis disrupted midgut tissue, leading ultimately to reduced nutrient digestion and absorption in the midgut and the inhibition of larval growth. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Obesity is becoming a top global health problem. Inhibition of digestive enzymes is an effective approach in weight management due to the reduction of energy absorption. In this study, the inhibitory effects of luteolin on α‐glucosidase and pancreatic lipase were investigated in vitro and in vivo via enzyme kinetics, fluorescence quenching, molecular docking and rat experiments. The results showed that luteolin inhibited α‐glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in a mixed‐type and uncompetitive manner with IC50 values of 29.31 and 42.74 μg mL−1 respectively. The binding of luteolin with the two enzymes caused the quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of protein. Molecular docking simulation revealed that luteolin could be located in the active pocket of α‐glucosidase and interact with the key amino acid residues. Moreover, a hydrophobic interaction and a van der Waals force were formed between luteolin and the key amino acid residues of pancreatic lipase (His264 and Ser153). In vivo studies further confirmed that luteolin could significantly decrease the absorption of glucose and triacylglyceride in rats by inhibiting α‐glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effect of acute exogenous melatonin administration on salivary cortisol and alpha‐amylase (sCort and sAA) as representatives of the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system, respectively. A single‐dose prolonged‐release melatonin (2 mg) or a placebo tablet was given to healthy volunteers (n = 64) at 20:00 h in a crossover design. The saliva was collected at six time points (20:00, 21:00, awakening, 30 min after awakening, 10:00, and 12:00 h) and was measured for sCort, sAA, and salivary melatonin (sMT) levels. Pulse rates and sleep parameters were also collected. Melatonin was effective in improving sleep onset latency by 7:04 min (p =.037) and increasing total sleep time by 24 min (p =.006). Participants with poor baseline sleep quality responded more strongly to melatonin than participants with normal baseline sleep quality as they reported more satisfaction in having adequate sleep (p =.017). Melatonin administration resulted in higher sCort levels at awakening time point (p =.023) and a tendency of lower sAA levels but these were not significant. Melatonin ingestion at 20:00 h resulted in a marked increase in sMT levels at 21:00 h and remained higher than baseline up to at least 10:00 h (p <.001). Melatonin increases sCort levels at certain time point with a tendency to lower sAA levels. These opposing effects of melatonin suggested a complex interplay between melatonin and these biomarkers. Also, the results confirmed the positive acute effect of a single‐dose melatonin on sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Adaptation of specialist insects to their host plants and defense responses of plants to phytophagous insects have been extensively recognized while the dynamic interaction between these two events has been largely underestimated. Here, we provide evidence for characterization of an unrevealed dynamic interaction mode of digestive enzymes of specialist insect silkworm and inhibitor of its host plant mulberry tree. RESULTS: MnKTI‐1, a mulberry Kunitz‐type protease inhibitor, whose messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription and protein expression in mulberry leaf were severely triggered and up‐regulated by tens of times in a matter of hours in response to silkworm, Bombyx mori, and other mulberry pest insects, suggesting a quick response and broad spectrum to insect herbivory. MnKTI‐1 proteins were detected in gut content and frass of specialist B. mori, and exhibited significant post‐ingestive stability. Recombinant refolded MnKTI‐1 (rMnKTI‐1) displayed binding affinity to digestive enzymes and a dual inhibitory activity to α‐amylase BmAmy and serine protease BmSP2956 in digestive juice of silkworm. Moreover, data from in vitro assays proved that the inhibition of recombinant rMnKTI‐1 to BmAmy can be reverted by pre‐incubation with BmSP15920, an inactivated silkworm digestive protease that lack of complete catalytic triad. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that mulberry MnKTI‐1 has the potential to inhibit the digestive enzyme activities of its specialist insect herbivore silkworm, whereas this insect may employ inactivated proteases to block protease inhibitors to accomplish food digestion. The current work provides an insight to better understand the interacting mode between host plant Kunitz protease inhibitors and herbivorous insect digestive enzymes. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a case study of a 32-month-old girl who developed blistering dermatitis on her buttocks after using a senna laxative. The diagnosis was senna laxative-induced dermatitis, which is a rare complication in infants. The article discusses the use of senna as a common treatment for childhood constipation and highlights the importance of recognizing the clinical features of senna-induced diaper dermatitis. It also provides recommendations for managing and preventing this condition, such as discontinuing the laxative, using barrier cream, and prompt diaper changes. The article emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to inquire about over-the-counter medications, as they may be underreported by parents. [Extracted from the article]

The current study aimed to evaluate growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant status, nonspecific immune response and intestinal histological status of red tilapia fed Daphnia meal (DM) as a substitute for fishmeal (FM). Hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis aureus) fry (0.54 ± 0.05 g fish−1) was allocated in nylon haba cages (100 fry m−3) for 2 weeks as an acclimation period. The fish were divided into five groups (three replicates each). The experimental diets were prepared by replacing FM with DM at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively. The results indicated that fish fed increasing levels of DM (50%–75%) experienced high growth performance, feed utilisation and protein content. The activities of digestive enzymes were significantly increased in all groups fed DM diets compared to the control. The antioxidant balance was improved by decreasing the level of malondialdehyde and increased the total antioxidant capacity, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities in the liver of fish fed DM. The nonspecific immune response, including lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase activities and total protein level improved significantly with increasing FM substitution levels by DM in a dose‐dependent manner. Histometric analysis of the intestinal wall revealed an increase in the villus length, crypts depth and goblet cells number in groups fed DM meal up to 50% substitution level compared to other treatments. It may be concluded from results of this feeding trial that in the aquaculture of hybrid tilapia, FM may be substituted with up to 50% DM without compromising intestinal health, growth performance and immune status of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a byproduct of manufacturing soybeans, okara is high in dietary fiber, protein, and fats, and it contains all of the essential amino acids. Wheat, the primary ingredient in noodles, will lose nutrients during manufacturing, creating an imbalance in nutrients. This experiment is for the purpose of studying the effects of okara on quality, antioxidant properties, amino acid content, resistant starch (RS) content, and microstructure of noodles. The results indicate that the addition of 9% okara noodles increased hardness and adhesiveness by 107.19% and 132.14%, respectively, and improved ABTS free radical scavenging activity by 60.78%. The addition of 12% okara noodles increased the DPPH free radical scavenging ability by 23.66%, reduced the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content of the noodles to 21.21%, and the resistant starch content increased to 44.85% (p <.05). Therefore, to address the issue of nutritional imbalance in wheat noodles without compromising the quality of the noodles, it is recommended to add 9% or 12% okara for the preparation of nutritionally fortified noodles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, we investigated the effects of swimming activity and feed restriction on digestion and antioxidant enzyme activities in juvenile rainbow trout (average body weight of 26.54 ± 0.36 g). Methods: The stomach, liver and kidney tissues were obtained from four distinct groups: the static water group (fish were kept in static water and fed to satiation), the feeding restricted group (fish were kept in static water with a 25% feed restriction), the swimming exercised group (fish were forced to swimming at a flow rate of 1 Body Length per second (BL/s)) and the swimming exercised‐feed restricted group (subjected to swimming exercise at a 1 BL/s flow rate along with a 25% feed restriction). We determined the levels of glutathione, lipid peroxidation and the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as the presence of reactive oxygen species in the tissues obtained from the fish. Additionally, the activities of pepsin, protease, lipase and arginase in these tissues were measured. Results: Swimming activity and feed restriction showed different effects on the enzyme activities of the fish in the experimental groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that proper nutrition and exercise positively influence the antioxidant system and enzyme activities in fish, reducing the formation of free radicals. This situation is likely to contribute to the fish's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites produced by primary producers have a wide range of functions as well as indirect effects outside the scope of their direct target. Research suggests that protease inhibitors produced by cyanobacteria influence grazing by herbivores and may also protect against parasites of cyanobacteria. In this study, we asked whether those same protease inhibitors produced by cyanobacteria could also influence the interactions of herbivores with their parasites. We used the Daphnia‐Metschnikowia zooplankton host‐fungal parasite system to address this question because it is well documented that cyanobacteria protease inhibitors suppress trypsin and chymotrypsin in the gut of Daphnia, and because it is known that Metschnikowia infects via the gut. We tested the hypothesis that Daphnia gut proteases are necessary for Metschnikowia spores to be released from their asci. We then also tested whether diets that decrease trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the guts of Daphnia lead to lower levels of infection. Our results show that chymotrypsin promotes the release of the fungal spores from their asci. Moreover, a diet that strongly inhibited chymotrypsin activity in Daphnia decreased infection levels, particularly in the most susceptible Daphnia clones. Our results support the growing literature that cyanobacterial diets can be beneficial to zooplankton hosts when challenged by parasites and uncover a mechanism that contributes to the protective effect of cyanobacterial diets. Specifically, we demonstrate that host chymotrypsin enzymes promote the dehiscence of Metschnikowia spores; when cyanobacteria inhibit the activity of chymotrypsin in hosts, this most likely traps the spore inside the ascus, preventing the parasite from puncturing the gut and beginning the infection process. This study illustrates how secondary metabolites of phytoplankton can protect herbivores against their own enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major insect pest of various agricultural crops worldwide. In this study, the effects of eight sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Poaceae] cultivars (Payam, Pegah, Sepideh, Spidfid, Kimia, KGS23, KFS2, and KFS18) on life table parameters, feeding performance, and activities of digestive enzymes in H. armigera were assessed under laboratory conditions. The insects were fed grains of the eight cultivars. Furthermore, the phytochemicals starch, proteins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds in the grains were quantified to investigate their relationship with ecological and physiological parameters in H. armigera. Our results revealed that H. armigera had the shortest development time when reared on cv. Sepideh and the longest development time when reared on cv. Payam. The insects reached the highest and lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r) on cv. Sepideh and Payam, respectively. The relative growth rate (RGR) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) of larvae were highest and lowest on cv. Sepideh and Payam, respectively. Larval proteolytic activity was highest on cv. KFS18 and lowest on cv. Sepideh. Concerning phytochemicals, protein content was highest in cv. KFS18 and lowest in cv. Payam and KGS 23. Total phenolic levels were highest in cv. Payam and lowest in cv. Sepideh. According to the correlation analysis, overall, plant protein content was negatively correlated with insect development time, but positively correlated with pupal weight and r. Total phenolic content was positively correlated with insect development time, and negatively correlated with r and RGR. Cluster analysis indicated that cv. Sepideh was the most susceptible host, whereas cv. Payam was the most resistant. Therefore, cv. Payam may be a candidate for use in integrated pest management (IPM) against H. armigera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Enzymatic modification is an effective means of improving the functional properties, digestive properties, and in vitro digestion product physiological activity of proteins, thus significantly expanding protein uses in various food applications. RESULTS: In this study, the addition of chymotrypsin (CT) at pH 9.0 and 11.0 was found to significantly improve the functional properties (solubility, foaming properties, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, etc.) and digestive properties of extruded corn gluten meal (ECGM). Similar changes were observed when treating ECGM with glutaminase, protein glutaminase, and papain. These changes were likely due to the increase in number of carboxyl groups and the multiple effects of change in protein net charge and conformation caused by enzymatic deamidation. Of note, ECGM deamidated by CT showed the highest degree of deamidation, solubility, and gastrointestinal digestibility at pH 11.0, up to 44.92%, 43.75%, and 82.22%, respectively. In addition, CT‐ECGM digestion product exhibited strong antioxidant activity and potential to promote alcohol metabolism in both a static digestion model and dynamic digestion model, even comparable to commercial corn peptides (CCP), while being inexpensive and of low bitterness compared to CCP. Meanwhile, the physiological activity enhanced as the molecular weight of digestion product decreased with the digested component having strongest activity. CONCLUSION: This study may promote the application of ECGM as a food component in the food industry or even as a substitute for CCP. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a biofloc technology (BFT) based 90‐day feeding trial was performed to estimate the effects of four different dietary protein levels (290, 320, 350 and 380 g protein kg−1 diet; 29P, 32P, 35P, and 38P, respectively) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, non‐specific immune response, whole‐body proximate and fatty acid composition and intestinal microbiota of Farfantepenaeus aztecus. Final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate improved with protein levels up to 35P per kg of diet, below which decreased significantly. Significant differences were observed in total hemocyte count, acid phosphatase, respiratory burst, glutathione, alkaline phosphatase, and total antioxidant capacity indices of shrimp fed different dietary protein levels. Protease, lipase, and amylase activities of shrimp were also affected by dietary protein levels. Proteobacteria was the most abundant bacteria among the groups. Overall, this study revealed that using 35% dietary protein is optimal in F. aztecus culture under environmentally friendly BFT conditions. Furthermore, these results provide a theoretical basis for future research on the evaluation of functional ingredients in diet for more economical production of F. aztecus at optimal protein levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Blackbanded Sunfish Enneacanthus chaetodon is a small centrarchid that is endemic to slow‐moving waters from New Jersey to central Florida, United States. The distribution of this species has been increasingly fragmented, primarily due to habitat degradation. The development of larval culture protocols is essential to produce this species for the aquarium trade and for potential restoration efforts. To streamline the production process, larvae should be transitioned from live feeds to inert diets as early as possible without sacrificing larval growth or survival. Methods: A developmental trial was conducted to determine the timing of digestive tract maturation, which indicates the ability of larvae to better digest inert microdiets (MDs). Blackbanded Sunfish larvae were sampled 12 times from 2 days posthatch (dph; notochord length [mean ± SD] = 4.38 ± 0.22 mm) to 50 dph (total length [TL] = 9.89 ± 1.64 mm) for subsequent analysis of digestive enzyme activity (via microplate assays) and digestive system morphology (via histology). A dietetics trial was conducted to determine the most appropriate commercial MD for this species at early life stages by testing the efficacy of three different MDs against a reference diet of brine shrimp Artemia nauplii. Lastly, a weaning trial was conducted to determine the earliest time point at which MDs should be introduced during the larval period. Result: Blackbanded Sunfish larvae transitioned from agastric to gastric digestion at approximately 40 dph (7.95 ± 0.86 mm TL), as determined by the presence of gastric glands and pepsin activity. In the dietetics trial, certain MDs yielded higher survival than others; however, all diets performed equally when considering the TL of the larvae. In the weaning trial, the highest survival was found when larvae were fed Artemia nauplii exclusively or when an MD was introduced at 48 dph (10.62 ± 1.88 mm TL). Conclusion: Larval Blackbanded Sunfish may require up to 48 days of live feeds before introducing MDs but can be successfully transitioned to MDs after 48 dph without significantly affecting survival or growth. Impact statementThe Blackbanded Sunfish, a species with threatened populations throughout its endemic range, can be successfully aquacultured to aid in potential population restoration initiatives or to supply fish for the aquarium trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most dangerous pests to various crops. As the most crucial sugar crop, sugarcane is also constantly threatened by these pests. Plant wound‐induced proteinase inhibitors (WIP) are natural defense proteins that play important roles in the defense system against insect attack. Breeding for resistance would be the best way to improve the variety characteristics and productivity of sugarcane. Screening and verification for potential plant endogenous insect‐resistant genes would greatly improve the insect‐resistant breeding progress of sugarcane. RESULTS: A sugarcane WIP5 gene (ScWIP5) was up‐regulated 536 times after insect feeding treatment on previous published transcriptome databases. ScWIP5 was then cloned and its potential role in sugarcane resistance to fall armyworm evaluated by construction of transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. The toxicity of ScWIP5 transgenic N. benthamiana to fall armyworm showed lower weight gain and higher mortality compared to wild‐type N. benthamiana feeding group. Furthermore, the concentration of JA and NbAOC, NbAOS, and NbLOX from the Jasmin acid biosynthesis pathway was significantly induced in ScWIP5 transgenic N. benthamiana compared to the control. In addition, digestive enzyme actives from the insect gut were also evaluated, and trypsin and cathepsin were significantly lower in insects fed with ScWIP5 transgenic N. benthamiana. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that ScWIP5 might enhance insect resistance by increasing JA signal transduction processes and reducing insect digestive enzyme activities, thus impacting insect growth and development. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dietary effects of the green microalga Tetraselmis suecica (TS) on the growth, digestive enzymes, immune and antioxidant responses, genes expression, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings were investigated. This microalga was mixed with the diet' ingredients at doses of 0.0 (the control), 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg diet and then fed to fish daily for 84 days. After the feeding trial, fish were experimentally challenged with Aeromonas sobria, infection and fish mortalities were recorded for another 10 days. Dietary TS significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced growth, digestive enzymes activities, and blood proteins, particularly at the level of 15 g/kg diet. Feeding the fish on 15 TS/kg feed exhibited highest mRNA expressions of GH and IGF‐1 genes as well as SOD, CAT, and GPx genes compared to other TS groups. Moreover, highest levels of hepatic antioxidant and immune indices were found in the treatment of 15 g TS/kg feed. Significant downregulation of IL‐1β and IL‐8 genes expression and significant upregulation of IL‐10 gene expression were observed in TS‐fed fish, principally in fish groups fed on 15−20 g TS/kg feed. Conversely, hepatic malondialdehyde levels, blood glucose, and the activities of transaminases (ALT and AST) were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in fish fed with 15−20 g TS/kg diet. Serum bactericidal activity against A. sobria was significantly higher in TS‐fed fish groups, and its highest levels were found in treatments of 15−20 g/kg diet. Of interest, the survival rates of fish groups fed diets with 10−20 g TS/kg feed were higher after the challenge with A. sobria infection than the control group. Accordingly, we can conclude that supplementing fish diets with a 15 g TS/kg diet enhanced the growth, antioxidant and immune activities, and resistance of Nile tilapia fingerlings to possible A. sobria infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was performed to investigate the impact of different temperatures and protein levels on the growth performance, proximate composition and digestive and hepatic enzyme activities of Labeo rohita fingerlings. For this purpose, healthy fingerlings (average initial weight of 6.40 ± 0.02 g) were acclimatized for 15 days, then reared at three temperatures (25°C, 30°C and 35°C) and fed three levels of crude protein (25%, 30% and 35% crude protein (CP)) twice daily until satiation for 60 days. The results of the study revealed that the highest growth performance was observed in fish fed 35% protein and reared at 30°C. Similarly, fish reared at 35°C and 25°C water temperature showed comparatively better growth performance in fish fed with 35% protein. Furthermore, a significant enhancement in feed intake was observed with increasing culture temperature and increasing CP levels, but at 25°C, increasing CP levels significantly decreased the feed intake. Sligh variations were also observed in proximate composition in terms of moisture, CP, crude fat (CF) and ash contents in fish fed with different CP levels and reared at different temperatures. The hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index decreased significantly with increasing levels of protein and temperature. Amylase activities were significantly reduced with increasing culture temperature at each protein level. Increasing culture temperature did not affected the lipase activities. However, lipase activities were enhanced with increasing CP levels at 25°C and activities decreased with increasing CP levels at 30–35°C. Protease activity was enhanced with increasing temperature and CP levels. Significant increases were also observed in serum total proteins and liver functioning enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in response to increased temperature, and protein had a reciprocal effect. It is concluded that increasing the CP levels increased the growth performance independent of temperature. However, similar growth performance at 30 CP (30°C) and 35 CP (35°C) indicates that L. rohita requires more protein at higher temperature for optimum growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digestive enzyme activities are known to fluctuate in abalone grown under different environmental conditions however the effects of different dietary regimes are less clear. Therefore, in a 12‐week study, the effects of water temperature and dietary protein levels on digestive enzyme activity in postweaned (6‐month‐old) greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) were investigated. The abalone were fed diets with crude protein levels that ranged from 27% to 36% and cultured at 14°C, 17°C and 20°C. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic (12.5 MJ kg−1 digestible energy) and isolipidic (3.6% crude lipid). Trypsin, α‐amylase and lipase activities were measured in the gastrointestinal region. Trypsin, α‐amylase and lipase activities significantly increased as water temperatures were raised. In addition, significantly higher α‐amylase activities were observed as protein levels increased, potentially indicating a compensatory effect to increase carbohydrate utilisation for energy metabolism when in short supply. However, abalone fed high dietary protein levels may also utilise protein for energy metabolism. Further research investigating the dietary carbohydrate source for greenlip abalone is recommended. This study provides useful information on the digestive enzyme activity in postweaned greenlip abalone to improve diet strategies for sustainable production. Abbreviated abstract: Post‐weaned greenlip abalone digestive enzyme activity was examined after feeding four dietary protein levels at three different temperatures for a 12‐week period. Enzyme activities were significantly increased with increasing water temperature. Additionally, significantly higher α‐amylase activities were observed as protein levels increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: There is limited knowledge regarding digestion and absorption of nutrients after cooked marinated meat is ingested. Most of the previous studies on food gastric digestion have focused on chemical digestion and did not reflect upon physical digestion driven by peristalsis. In the present study, we examined the effects of marinating beef in lemon juice on gastric digestibility using a human gastric digestion simulator (GDS) that mimics peristaltic motion called antral contraction waves. RESULTS: Beef thigh slices were marinated in 100% lemon juice for 1 h and then grilled; an image of a stained tissue sample revealed that muscle tissue contraction (i.e. that usually occurs upon cooking) was suppressed. The measurement of physical properties using a rheometer and texture analyzer showed that the meat marinated in lemon juice had a soft texture. In vitro digestion experiments using the GDS revealed that the extent of both physical digestion driven by peristalsis and chemical digestion catalyzed by digestive enzymes was enhanced by the lemon juice marinade. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that marinating beef in lemon juice affects nutrient digestibility. An integrated evaluation of tissue structure, physical properties and GDS digestion to analyze meat digestion would enhance our understanding of the effects of seasoning and cooking methods on meat. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrative studies are lacking on the responses of digestive enzymes and energy reserves in conjunction with morphological traits at distinct postprandial times in marine estuarine‐dependent flatfishes of ecological and economic importance, such as Paralichthys orbignyanus. We determined total weight (TW), hepato‐somatic index (IH), activities of digestive enzymes in the intestine, and the concentration of energy reserves in the liver and the muscle at 0, 24, 72, and 360 h after feeding in juveniles of P. orbignyanus. Amylase activity decreased at 72 h (about 30%). Maltase, sucrose, and lipase activities reached peak at 24 h (67%, 600%, and 35%, respectively). Trypsin and aminopeptidase‐N activities at 24 and 72 h, respectively, were lower than those at t = 0 (53% and 30%). A peak increase in the concentration of glycogen and triglycerides in the liver (24 h) (86% and 89%, respectively) occurred. In muscle, glycogen and triglyceride concentrations were unchanged at 24 h and higher at 72 and 360 h (100% and 60%). No changes were found in TW, IH, free glucose in the liver and muscle, and protein in the liver. The protein concentration in the muscle sharply increased at 24 and 360 h after feeding (60%). The results indicate a distinct and specific response of central components of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism that could be adjustments at the biochemical level upon periods of irregular feeding and even of long‐term food deprivation inside coastal lagoons or estuaries. The distinct responses of digestive enzymes in the intestine and energy reserves in the liver and muscle suggest the differential modulation of tissue‐specific anabolic and catabolic pathways that would allow the maintenance of physical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edwardsiella tarda is one of the most common causes of fish diseases that hinder aquaculture. Oxidative stress in farm animals can induce a number of pathological disorders, production and general animal welfare. The use of exogenous dietary nonenzymatic antioxidants such as alpha‐lipoic acid (ALA) can stop a pro‐oxidant state and thus appears to have the potential to modulate the immune system and protect fish from bacterial infection. Thus, this study investigates the stimulatory effect of dietary ALA on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, liver enzymes, immunity and protection of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), against an infection with E. tarda. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (400 g/kg of crude protein) containing ALA at doses of 0.0 (control), 500, 1000, 1500 or 2000 mg/kg diet were served to 300 juveniles of African catfish (mean weight = 8.2 ± 0.2 g) adequately thrice per day for 12 weeks. Thereafter, 0.1 mL of E. tarda (ATCC 15947; 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL) was intraperitoneally injected into 10 fish from each tank and was monitored for 14 days. The results showed that ALA‐fortified diets significantly boosted the fish growth, feed consumption and utilization and feed conversion ratio but no did not affect fish survival rate. The highest final fish weight (g), weight growth (g) and weight gain (%) were all considerably higher in fish fed with ALA‐fortified diets (p < 0.05), especially from 1000 to 200 mg/kg ALA than the control group. Also, an enhanced hemato‐biochemical, antioxidant and immune indices were noticed in African catfish‐fed ALA‐enriched diets. In a dose‐dependent order, the levels of haematological indices such Ht, Hb, RBCs, WBCs and platelets were markedly increased (p < 0.05). Additionally, fish fed with ALA‐based diets showed substantial (p < 0.05) declines in aspartate and alanine aminotransferase values, with the lowest values being found in the 2000 mg/kg diet while control group had highest values. Further, African catfish fed the feed fortified with 2000 mg ALA/kg diet showed the highest levels of lysozyme, respiratory burst, proteases and esterase activities (p < 0.05). Following exposure of fish to E. tarda infection, a significant reduction in the mortality was obtained in African catfish fed with ALA‐based diets, especially from 1500 to 2000 mg ALA/kg diet (3.3%); while fish fed with the control diet had highest mortality (86.7%). Therefore, diets supplemented with ALA evoked fish growth performance, antioxidants and nonspecific immunity of African catfish. Also, resistance of African catfish to E. Tarda infection were raised when fed ALA‐fortified diets at optimum inclusion rate of 1300 mg ALA/kg diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The discussions around biopeptides generated from foods are associated with the numerous physiologic functions and therapeutic interventions that they potentiate, especially toward cardiovascular and degenerative diseases. The recurring issue about these biopeptides, however, is the wide gap left between laboratory experimentations and human intervention studies, apart from the fact that the conditions of testing or validation are not the same in both instances. Therefore, the gastrointestinal processing of biopeptides must be on par with their bioaccessibility, which is a critical step toward their bioavailability. The checks and balances of bioaccessibility are associated with the effects of the gastrointestinal enzymes, the interplay of other micro‐ and macro‐nutrients in whole or part, as well as the disruption of the integrity of the intestinal mucosal cells. We herein discussed the interplay of biopeptides with food matrices with regard to metal‐, phenol‐, lipid‐, and sugar‐peptide complexes, including mucins and other gastrointestinal enzyme secretion. These most common parameters and mechanistic activities led to the proposition of novel techniques for ensuring peptides' bioaccessibility and physiologic functions, a backdrop for futuristic studies that would contribute to our understanding and actualisation of bioaccessible peptides well incorporated and maintained in desirable functional food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In a study to explore the utilization of polyphenols in complex digestive systems, starch‐based vermicelli was employed as the carrier and matcha (MT) was used as the source of polyphenols. Four percent MT was extruded with A‐, B‐, and C‐type starch of rice, sweet potato, and mung bean to prepared starch vermicelli rice starch vermicelli (RSV), sweet potato starch vermicelli (SPSV), and mung bean starch vermicelli (MBSV), respectively. The multi‐scale structure of starch, the digestive kinetics of starch, and the bioaccessibility of polyphenols during in vitro digestion were monitored. RESULTS: Matcha did not change the crystal configuration of vermicelli, but increased the relative crystallinity of RSV. Vermicelli with MT possessed a more uniform structure, and the polydispersity index decreased from 3.85–4.89 to 2.56–3.69. However, these structural changes made only a limited contribution to delaying digestion. The detection of polyphenols during digestion revealed that the release of most polyphenols was accomplished in the first 20 min of digestion. The release amount was in the order RSV + MT > MBSV + MT > SPSV + MT, and reached 4.81–5.45 mg GAE g−1. Correspondingly, the activity of digestive enzyme decreased in the order RSV + MT < MBSV + MT < SPSV + MT. Consequently, MT significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the digestive rate of vermicelli, and the rapidly digested starch and predicted glycemic index of RSV + MT decreased from 71.28% to 56.31% and from 74.68 to 62.86, respectively. The released polyphenols were also the main source of the strong antioxidant capacity of vermicelli with MT. CONCLUSIONS: These results provided a theoretical basis for using polyphenols to pursue healthy starch‐based food. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations were conducted to develop a general protocol for the isolation and in vitro culture of ovary‐derived cells from black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, and white crappie, P. annularis. Five digestive enzymes: 500 U/mL collagenase type I, 500 U/mL collagenase type IV, 0.05% trypsin‐EDTA, 0.25% trypsin‐EDTA, and 1X TrypLE™ Express were evaluated for live cell isolation. The isolated cells were cultured in 10 or 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in L‐15 growth media. In addition, four incubation temperatures (15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C) were also evaluated. The number of live cells obtained from the 0.25% trypsin and TrypLE™ Express treatments was significantly higher than other treatments. No difference in cell growth was observed between the two FBS treatments. Cells isolated using TrypLE™ Express and 0.25% trypsin reached 80% to 90% confluency in 12.5 cm2 cell culture flasks within 5 days of inoculation at 20 and 25°C. At 15°C, 10 days were required to reach 80%–90% confluency. Morphologically, cells incubated at 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C appeared healthier than cells incubated at 30°C, where irregular cell shape and substrate detachment were observed. We concluded TrypLE™ Express and 0.25% trypsin were optimal for cell dissociation and isolation of crappie ovarian cells. An incubation temperature of 20°C–25°C was favorable for cell culture in L‐15 media supplemented with either 10% or 20% FBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European catfish Silurus glanis is attracting growing interest as an object of fisheries and aquaculture, which is reinforced by the expansion of its natural range under climate change. Shaping the effective exploitation strategy for this valuable species requires detailed knowledge of its biology, including feeding and digestion processes, especially near the natural limits of the species range. Meanwhile, the digestion physiology of the European catfish remains poorly explored, including the activity of major digestive enzymes and the possible effect of intestinal parasites on this activity. In this regard, the activity of proteinases and α‐amylase in the intestinal mucosa of the catfish was studied. Adult catfish were collected in the Rybinsk reservoir (Upper Volga) located close to the northern limit of the species range. It was shown that all subclasses of intestinal digestive proteinases, including serine proteinases, metalloproteases and cysteine (thiol) proteinases, function in the gut mucosa of the catfish. The mucosal levels of total proteolytic activity depended on fish size, in contrast to those of trypsin, chymotrypsin and α‐amylase. The level of chymotrypsin activity was significantly higher than that of trypsin activity. It was also found that the incubation medium and extract of the cestodes Silurotaenia siluri parasitizing the catfish gut had a significant inhibitory effect on the activity of serine proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin) operating in the intestines of the host fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the nutritional demands of animals are known to differ between immature and mature stages and between neonates from different clutches in various organisms, little evidence has been accumulated to examine this possibility in crustacean zooplankters. To this end, we examined the five digestive enzyme activities related to assimilations of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and phosphorus in the neonates, immature and mature individuals of panarctic Daphnia pulex. We found that all the enzyme activities were higher at lower food levels, indicating that the activities increased with decreasing supplies of the nutritional substances relative to the demands. As expected, these enzyme activities changed ontogenetically. Beta‐glucosidase activities increased with age, especially at a high food level, while the opposite pattern was found for lipase activities. A decreasing trend with age was also found in the activities of arginine and alanine amino‐peptidase and alkaline phosphatase at a low food level. These results suggest that juvenile individuals require more lipids, amino acids and phosphorus relative to the requirements of adult individuals, while the opposite pattern was true for carbohydrates. We also measured the enzyme activities of the neonates born from the 1st and 2nd clutches of the maternal individuals. The results showed that most digestive enzyme activities differed significantly between the neonates from the first and second clutches depending on the food levels. The present study confirmed that the nutritional demands differ not only between mature and immature individuals in Daphnia pulex and suggests that the mature individuals invest nutrients and energy reserves differently to neonates of the different clutches depending on their nutritional conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digestible carbohydrates differ in glycaemic response, therewith having the potential to influence metabolic conditions such as insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Isomaltulose has been proven to lower the glycaemic response in humans, which to date has not been studied in dogs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterise the digestibility, as well as the physiological effects of isomaltulose in dogs, in comparison to other saccharides. To this end, three studies were performed. Study 1 was an in vitro study, evaluating the small intestinal hydrolysis of isomaltulose compared to other relevant carbohydrate sources. Three of these saccharides, having close and low‐moderate degrees of hydrolysis by brush border enzymes, were also evaluated in vivo for their glycaemic effects by measuring plasma levels of glucose, insulin and glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) 0‐180 min after administration of a single dosage after an overnight fast (i.e., isomaltulose, sucrose and maltodextrin in a 3 × 3 Latin‐square design, in 9 dogs, Study 2). To understand if digestive enzymes, underlying glycaemic responses for isomaltulose and sucrose can be upregulated, we exposed dogs to these saccharides for 2 weeks and repeated the measurements after an overnight fast in 18 dogs (Study 3). Isomaltulose was hydrolysed by intestinal enzyme preparation from all three dogs, but the degrading activity was low (e.g., 3.95 ± 1.03 times lower vs. sucrose), indicating a slower rate of hydrolysis. Isomaltulose had a low glycaemic response, in line with in vitro data. In vitro hydrolysis of sucrose was comparable or even higher than maltodextrin in contrast to the more pronounced glycaemic response to maltodextrin observed in vivo. The numerically higher blood glucose response to sucrose after continuous consumption, might indicate an adaptive response. In conclusion, the current work provides valuable insights into the digestion physiology of various saccharides in dogs. Further investigations on related benefits are thus warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest causing economic losses to a number of agricultural crops. The present study was conducted to explore the insecticidal potential of some soil bacteria against S. litura. Among the tested bacterial isolates, Shewanella sp. (SS4) and Thauera sp. (M9) caused higher larval mortality. Concentration–response bioassays indicated a dose‐dependent increase in larval mortality with maximum mortality of 80 and 76%, respectively, due to Shewanella sp. and Thauera sp. Both the bacteria negatively affected the growth and development, reduced adult emergence and induced morphological deformities in adults. Nutritional parameters of S. litura i.e. relative growth and consumption rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food as well as approximate digestibility of food decreased with increasing bacterial concentrations. Histopathological studies revealed the disruption of peritrophic membrane and midgut epithelium of larvae. Profiles of digestive enzymes i.e. α‐amylases, α, β‐glucosidases and galactosidases, lipases and proteases were also significantly decreased with bacterial treatment. Comet assay test indicated DNA damage in larval haemocytes due to bacterial infection. These results imply that both these bacterial isolates have the potential as biological control agents and may prove as environmentally friendly alternative for pest management techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts of botanical origin naturally contain a complex mixture of chemicals considered effective in managing lepidopteran pests. Chemical screening of the ethanolic leaf extracts of two fig tree species, Ficus lyrata and Ficus auriculata, delivered 12 and 15 phyto‐compounds with relatively high peak area percentages in phytol and flavone, respectively. Larvicidal activity against Spodoptera litura yielded higher mortality rates at maximum‐concentration treatment (600 ppm) with Ficus lyrata (91.3%) and Ficus auriculata (98.5%) extracts during the second instar. Sub‐lethal dosages (300 ppm) of both Ficus lyrata and Ficus auriculata extracts impeded the development and reproduction of lepidopteran pests. The enzyme‐inhibition activity of both fig extracts elicited a significant reduction in the major digestive enzymes alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase dose‐responsively. Mid‐gut histological screening of Ficus lyrata and Ficus auriculata extracts displayed gut lumen disruptions, shape alterations of columnar cells, and brush‐border membrane damage. Further, the non‐target toxicity of fig extracts against the red worm Eisenia foetida was minimal compared with that of the chemical temephos. Overall, the Ficus extracts proved to be eco‐friendly strategies for managing the polyphagous pest Spodoptera litura and are potentially more sustainable and less harmful to non‐target earthworms. Nonetheless, in silico predictions suggest that the active compounds in fig extracts are predominantly toxic against honeybees (16 compounds) and violate TICE rules (10 compounds). Therefore, the biological actions of fig extracts' individual novel chemistries need to be examined on target and non‐target species to develop better pest management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Although nonfat milk has been used worldwide in the industrial dairy process, little is known about the effects of fat separation during the manufacturing process on skim milk's structural and digestive properties. This study investigated the effects of the manufacturing process on the structure and in vitro digestion properties of skim goat milk, particularly emphasizing fat separation. RESULTS: Changes in the surface charge and hydrophobicity of milk proteins caused by fat separation resulted in oxidation and aggregation in the subsequent homogenization, heat and spray‐drying processing, which affected its digestibility. Compared with separation by dish separator (DS), skim milk after tubular centrifugal separation (CS) showed a higher initial and final digestibility. The CS samples also had a lower surface hydrophobicity level and higher free sulfhydryl content, ζ‐potential, and average particle size (P < 0.05). Goat milk protein after CS was more readily oxidized and aggregated during the subsequent homogenization and heat treatment, as evidenced by the higher carbonyl content and particle size. Centrifugal separation also converted more β‐sheets to α‐helices, thus promoting the aggregation of oxidized skim milk protein. CONCLUSION: The skim milk after CS and DS demonstrated different structural and digestive properties. Skim goat milk products after CS were more susceptible to oxidant‐induced protein structural changes, resulting in higher protein digestibility. These findings provide insights into the mechanism involved in the control of gastric digestion of skim milk during manufacturing process. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]