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Meaning‐based interventions have demonstrated promising outcomes in enhancing meaning in life. However, understanding their efficacy in diverse contexts requires further research. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a meaning‐based intervention in a military sample and the impact of incorporating an additional emotion regulation module into the intervention. We conducted a randomized three‐group parallel trial with active‐duty military personnel: a waitlist control group (n = 21), a meaning‐based intervention group (n = 42), and a meaning‐based intervention with emotion regulation group (n = 43). Both intervention groups received six 2‐hour sessions and a follow‐up session 4 months later. Meaning in life and work‐related variables, as well as well‐being, depression, emotion regulation, and work‐related factors, were assessed using a mixed‐factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that only the meaning‐based intervention with an emotion regulation component significantly increased the presence of meaning in life. We also observed a trend toward improved well‐being scores over time that did not emerge for the other intervention. This study provides initial support for the efficacy of meaning‐based interventions within the military context when supplemented with emotion regulation skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known about the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)‐cardiometabolic risk relationship in Latin American pediatric populations across different age/sex groups, especially when considering the potential effects of adiposity on the association. We evaluated cross‐sectional associations between VO2max and cardiometabolic risk variables (CMRV), and verified whether the associations were independent of adiposity markers in school‐aged children and adolescents from Cali, Colombia. Methods: The sample consisted of 1206 children aged 5–17 years. CMRV were fasting glucose, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic, and diastolic pressure. Logistic regressions were conducted for associations of age/sex‐specific tertiles of VO2max with age/sex‐specific highest tertiles of CMRV (except HDL‐C, lowest tertile) and a CMR cluster (> 2 CMRV in extreme tertiles), adjusting for socioeconomic stratum, and adiposity markers (BMI, body fat percentage, and waist circumference). Results: Overweight/obesity ranged from 15% to 18% with no difference by sex. In children aged 5–11 years, high VO2max (highest tertile vs. lowest) was inversely associated with the CMR cluster [Odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.18 (0.06–0.47), p < 0.05] independently of adjustment for any adiposity marker in boys but not in girls. In the age group of 12–17 years, there were initially significant VO2max‐ CMR cluster and VO2max‐ CMRV associations but attenuated by adiposity adjustment. In girls, high VO2max was inversely associated with high systolic blood pressure regardless of adjustment for adiposity markers. Conclusion: VO2max is inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk, but adiposity influences the association. The adiposity‐independent association among younger boys requires further research. Interventions to tackle cardiometabolic risk in childhood may primarily focus on reducing excess adiposity, and secondarily on improvement of CRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental DNA (eDNA) has revolutionized ecological research, particularly for biodiversity assessment in various environments, most notably aquatic media. Environmental DNA analysis allows for non‐invasive and rapid species detection across multiple taxonomic groups within a single sample, making it especially useful for identifying rare or invasive species. Due to dynamic hydrological processes, eDNA samples from running waters may represent biodiversity from broad contributing areas, which is convenient from a biomonitoring perspective but also challenging, as hydrological knowledge is required for meaningful biological interpretation. Hydrologists could also benefit from eDNA to address unsolved questions, particularly concerning water movement through catchments. While naturally occurring abiotic tracers have advanced our understanding of water age distribution in catchments, for example, current geochemical tracers cannot fully elucidate the timing and flow paths of water through landscapes. Conversely, biological tracers, owing to their immense diversity and interactions with the environment, could offer more detailed information on the sources and flow paths of water to the stream. The informational capacity of eDNA as a tracer, however, is determined by the ability to interpret the complex biological heterogeneity at a study site, which arguably requires both biological and hydrological expertise. As eDNA data has become increasingly available as part of biomonitoring campaigns, we argue that accompanying eDNA surveys with hydrological observations could enhance our understanding of both biological and hydrological processes; we identify opportunities, challenges, and needs for further interdisciplinary collaboration; and we highlight eDNA's potential as a bridge between hydrology and biology, which could foster both domains. This article is categorized under:Science of Water > Hydrological ProcessesScience of Water > MethodsWater and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms inhabiting hostile Arctic environments express a variety of functional phenotypes, some of clinical interest, such as haemolytic ability and antimicrobial resistance. We studied haemolytic bacterial isolates from Arctic habitats, assessing their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against antimicrobials. We then performed whole genome sequencing and analysed them for features conferring antimicrobial resistance. MIC data showed that Micromonospora spp. belong to 33% non‐wild type (NWT) for erythromycin and penicillin and 22% NWT for tetracycline. Both Pseudomonas spp. belong to 43% NWT for nalidixic acid and streptomycin and 29% NWT for colistin. Finally, the Pedobacter isolate was in 80% NWT for antimicrobials tested. Whole‐genome sequencing analyses revealed that fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides and penams were the most frequent drug classes against which genotypic resistance was found. Additionally, resistance genes to heavy metals and disinfectants were identified. Our research demonstrates the presence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from Arctic habitats and highlights the importance of conservation efforts in these environments, where anthropogenic influence is becoming more evident. Furthermore, our data suggest the possible presence of novel resistance mechanisms, which could pose a threat if the responsible genes are transferable between species or become widespread due to environmental stress and alterations brought about by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adversity within low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) poses severe threats to neurocognitive development, which can be partially mitigated by high‐quality early family experiences. Specifically, maternal scaffolding and home stimulation can buffer cognitive development in LMIC, possibly by protecting underlying neural functioning. However, the association between family experiences and neural activity remains largely unexplored in LMIC contexts. This study explored the relation of early family experiences to later cognitive skills and absolute gamma power (21–45 Hz), a neural marker linked to higher‐order cognitive skills. Drawing data from the PEDS trial, a longitudinal study in rural Pakistan, we examined maternal scaffolding at 24 months and home stimulation quality at 18 months as predictors of verbal IQ, executive functions, and absolute gamma at 48 months for 105 mother‐child dyads (52 girls). Maternal scaffolding interacted with gender to predict absolute gamma power, such that higher maternal scaffolding was related to higher gamma more strongly for girls. Maternal scaffolding also interacted with absolute gamma to predict executive functions, such that higher gamma was related to better executive functions only when maternal scaffolding was average to high. Individual differences in early family experiences may partially buffer the neural underpinnings of cognitive skills from adversity in LMIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volcanic eruptions carry essential information on the dynamics of volcanic systems. Studies have documented variable eruption styles and eruptive surface deformation. However, co‐eruptive subsurface structural changes remain poorly understood. Here we characterize the seismic velocity changes from July 2019 to July 2023 at Great Sitkin Volcano in the central Aleutian volcanic arc, using single‐station ambient noise interferometry at five three‐component seismic stations. Coincident with the lava effusion since late July 2021, about two months after the explosive eruption on 26 May 2021, we observe a sustained velocity increase, most prominently to the northwest of the caldera. We attribute this velocity increase to the structural changes with magma extrusion, with the spatial variation controlled by the geometry of the magma system or the property of shallow volcaniclastics. Our findings offer insights into understanding co‐eruptive structural modifications at active volcanoes. Plain Language Summary: Volcanic eruptions provide important insights into how volcanoes work and the potential risks they pose. This study looks at the ongoing eruption at Great Sitkin Volcano in the central Aleutian volcanic arc to better understand the changes happening beneath the surface. We measure the changes in the velocity of seismic waves, with data from five seismometers on the island. We collected data from July 2019 to July 2023, covering different eruptive stages and multiple lava effusion episodes during the eruption that started on 26 May 2021. Coincident with the lava effusion since late July 2021, we notice a significant increase in seismic velocities, most prominently at a station northwest of the volcano's central crater. We conclude that this increase reflects the structural change in the shallow subsurface due to magma extrusion, with deflation of the edifice and closure of cracks. The findings in this study help to improve our understanding of how volcanoes behave during eruptions. Key Points: We observe prominent, spatially variable increases in seismic velocity during lava effusions at Great Sitkin Volcano since late July 2021The sustained co‐eruptive increase in seismic velocity reflects structural changes with crack closures as the consequence of magma extrusionThe distinct spatial variation of the velocity increase may be controlled by reservoir geometry or the strength of shallow volcaniclastics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large whale entanglements are considered a significant threat to populations on a global scale. In the Mexican Pacific and Baja California Peninsula (1996–2021) a total of 218 confirmed entangled whales, from which 99 (45.4%) whales were fully released (66 by the Mexican Whale Disentanglement Network, known as RABEN). Five whale species were reported in confirmed entanglements: humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae, n = 187), gray (Eschrichtius robustus, n = 19), sperm (Physeter macrocephalus, n = 5), Bryde's (Balaenoptera edeni, n = 4), and fin (Balaenoptera physalus, n = 3). Eight types of fishing gear were identified out of 209 different gear sets; gill nets were the most common (n = 101, 48.3%), followed by pots (n = 49, 23.4%). Entanglements were reported in sixteen locations, and Banderas Bay had the most entanglement reports (n = 81, 32.8%). Several entanglements were tracked across multiple locations (n = 7), involving two teams with the most successful releases (n = 5), proving the efficiency of the RABEN entanglement response network. This information can be used to better understand entanglement impacts on large whales in the North Pacific and particularly in Mexico, to work towards mitigation of a problem that affects both whales and fishermen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents against wound infections, experiments using either 2D cultures with planktonic microorganisms or animal infection models are frequently carried out. However, the transferability of the results to human skin is limited by the lack of complexity of the 2D models or by the poor translation of the results from animal models. Hence, there is a need for wound infection models capable of assessing antimicrobial agents. In this study, an easily standardized wound infection model was established. This model consists of a mechanically wounded human skin model on a collagen matrix infected with various clinically relevant bacteria. Infection of the model led to recognition of the pathogens and induction of an inflammatory response. The untreated infection spread over time, causing significant tissue damage. By applying an antimicrobial‐releasing wound dressing, the bacterial load could be reduced and the success of the treatment could be further measured by a decrease in the inflammatory reaction. In conclusion, this wound infection model can be used to evaluate new antimicrobial therapeutics as well as to study host‐pathogen interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transcriptome analyses of vesicular hand eczema (VHE) indicated a large overlap with atopic dermatitis (AD). However, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that differentiate VHE from AD are unknown. Objective: To identify distinctive transcriptional features of VHE in comparison to AD. Methods: We re‐analysed RNA sequencing data of 10 lesional palmar VHE epidermal biopsies and performed DEG analyses. We adjusted the obtained DEG results of 57 lesional whole AD skin biopsies of the upper extremities or trunk to our criteria. Up‐ and down‐regulated DEGs in both skin diseases, VHE‐only, AD‐only, and opposite regulated DEGs were identified. Enrichment analyses and Chi‐squared tests were conducted to test for differences in gene set enrichment between both skin diseases. Results: Comparing 3028 DEGs in VHE (1645 up; 1383 down) with 5391 DEGs in AD (3842 up; 1549 down), revealed 1516 shared DEGs (1179 up; 337 down) and 1512 DEGs unique to VHE (466 up, 1046 down). Interferon signalling and necroptosis were significantly more prominent in VHE compared to AD. Downregulated genes identified only in VHE (like DNASE1L2, KRT2, KRT9 and KRT25) indicate an aberrant epidermal differentiation. Conclusion: Our study indicates a common pathophysiology between VHE and AD, but also reveals transcriptional differences between VHE and AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop material for multimodal imaging by means of X‐ray and near‐infrared containing FDA‐ and EMA‐approved iohexol and indocyanine green (ICG). The mentioned contrast agents (CAs) are hydrophilic and amphiphilic, respectively, which creates difficulties in fabrication of functional polymeric composites for fiducial markers (FMs) with usage thereof. Therefore, this study exploited for the first time the possibility of enhancing the radiopacity and introduction of the NIR fluorescence of FMs by adsorption of the CAs on hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles. The particles were embedded in the poly(L‐lactide‐co‐caprolactone) (P[LAcoCL]) matrix resulting in the composite material for bimodal near‐infrared fluorescence‐ and X‐ray‐based imaging. The applied method of material preparation provided homogenous distribution of both CAs with high iohexol loading efficiency and improved fluorescence signal due to hindered ICG aggregation. The material possessed profound contrasting properties for both imaging modalities. Its stability was evaluated during in vitro experiments in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and foetal bovine serum (FBS) solutions. The addition of HAp nanoparticles had significant effect on the fluorescence signal. The X‐ray radiopacity was stable within minimum 11 weeks, even though the addition of ICG contributed to a faster release of iohexol. The stiffness of the material was not affected by iohexol or ICG, but incorporation of HAp nanoparticles elevated the values of bending modulus by approximately 70%. Moreover, the performed cell study revealed that all tested materials were not cytotoxic. Thus, the developed material can be successfully used for fabrication of FMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic accumulation in coastal areas is a worldwide concern and Peruvian beaches are not exceptions. We visited three sandy beaches in Lima, Peru in spring 2019 and summer 2020, those were San Pedro, Costa Azul, and Las Conchitas. We collected sand to test microplastics (MP) occurrence and characterization. Fragments and fibers were the most common particle, FTIR spectrometry indicated evidence of polypropylene and polyethylene of low and high‐density. The abundance of MP was not the same in the three beaches; San Pedro presented the lowest abundance and Costa Azul the highest. MP occurred in both seasons, however, there was a decrease in summer, among the three beaches, the reduction in Costa Azul was not significant. MP decrease in summer is vinculated by cleaning campaigns to welcome visitors for the summer season. However, that procedure seems not relevant in Costa Azul because maintained a high pollution level. Synergy with other human activities occurs, like fisheries in San Pedro and Las Conchitas and informal dumps in Costa Azul. Our research describes the pollution of microplastics in three important and crowded beaches during summer. Our information provides a baseline about the beach condition mainly related to microplastic pollution and the effectiveness of environmental measures like cleaning campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the cryopreservation of mouse thymus and its impact on immune reconstitution after transplantation. The study found that cryopreservation depleted thymocytes but preserved thymus function, and there were no differences in immune reconstitution between fresh and frozen/thawed transplants. This suggests that donor thymocyte depletion does not affect the outcome of thymus transplantation. Cryopreservation of thymus may have advantages such as increasing availability, decreasing delays in treatment, and enabling MHC-matching, which could improve immune reconstitution and reduce autoimmunity. [Extracted from the article]

Over the last decades, the establishment of new fast‐growing forest plantations has been prospering. Although the European continent has the lowest share worldwide of forest plantations out of its total forest area, the Portuguese reality contrasts this. Since the last century, eucalypt plantations have increased widely in Portugal, and nowadays, it represents 36% of the total country's forests. Consequently, the soils of these plantations are commonly targeted with intensive soil mobilization by heavy machinery before planting, which in the case of sloped areas, frequently results in bench terracing. This study aims to quantify the widespread bench terracing implementation over the last 20 years in the Caramulo Mountains in north central Portugal. To do so, an analysis of satellite imagery was performed with Google Earth Pro, which allowed determining the coverage of forest areas where new terraces have been implemented, and their respective temporal dynamics. These results were then compared with additional spatiotemporal databases on land cover, topography, and bedrock, in order to understand the drivers of terrace implementation. Till date, 15% of the forest area in the mountains of Caramulo is under terraces, and over the last 20 years, the construction rate of new terraced land decreased in time, from 4% between 2000 and 2004 to 2% between 2015 and 2019. Among the two bedrock types existent in the area, terracing was found nearly exclusive over schist bedrock type (97%), while few areas were implemented over granites (3%). Their distribution was found limited above 30° of slope angle while 39% were found implemented below 15° of slope angle, conflicting with literature recommendations. Terracing was also found to be a driver of land cover change in 12% of the newly constructed terraces, whereas 8% were constructed over previous pine plantations and 4% on shrublands. This study allowed identifying several knowledge gaps associated with terracing implementation. Therefore, the authors of this work suggest a multidisciplinary approach when planning new terraces for a better assessment of the benefits and impacts of such land management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapidly aging world population is fueling a concomitant increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD). Scientific inquiry, however, has largely focused on White populations in Australia, the European Union, and North America. As such, there is an incomplete understanding of AD in other populations. In this perspective, we describe research efforts and challenges of cohort studies from three regions of the world: Central America, East Africa, and East Asia. These cohorts are engaging with the Davos Alzheimer's Collaborative (DAC), a global partnership that brings together cohorts from around the world to advance understanding of AD. Each cohort is poised to leverage the widespread use of mobile devices to integrate digital phenotyping into current methodologies and mitigate the lack of representativeness in AD research of racial and ethnic minorities across the globe. In addition to methods that these three cohorts are already using, DAC has developed a digital phenotyping protocol that can collect ADRD‐related data remotely via smartphone and/or in clinic via a tablet to generate a common data elements digital dataset that can be harmonized with additional clinical and molecular data being collected at each cohort site and when combined across cohorts and made accessible can provide a global data resource that is more racially/ethnically represented of the world population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xenotransplantation has the potential to address shortages of organs available for clinical transplantation, but concerns exist regarding potential risks posed by porcine microorganisms and parasites (MP) to the health of human recipients. In this study, a risk‐based framework was developed, and expert opinion was elicited to evaluate porcine MP based on swine exposure and risk to human health. Experts identified 255 MP to include in the risk assessment. These were rated by experts for five criteria regarding potential swine exposure in the USA and human health risks. MP were subsequently categorized into three risk mitigation groups according to pre‐defined rules: disqualifying porcine MP (due to their pathogenic potential, n = 130); non‐disqualifying porcine MP (still relevant to consider for biosecurity or monitoring efforts, n = 40); and alert/watch list (not reported in the USA or MP not in swine, n = 85). Most disqualifying (n = 126) and non‐disqualifying (n = 36) porcine MP can effectively be eliminated with high biosecurity programs. This approach supports surveillance and risk mitigation strategies for porcine MP in swine produced for xenotransplantation, such as documentation of freedom from porcine MP, or use of porcine MP screening, monitoring, or elimination options. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first effort to comprehensively identify all relevant porcine MP systematically and transparently evaluate the risk of infection of both donor animals and immunosuppressed human recipients, and the potential health impacts for immunosuppressed human recipients from infected xenotransplantation products from pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the associations of age at first birth and parity with weight, waist circumference (WC), and body fat across midlife. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted with 735 participants from Project Viva who reported their age at first birth and lifetime parity at a midlife study visit. Weight, WC, and body fat were measured up to four times after the participants' final birth, and associations were examined using linear mixed‐effects regression models. Results: Participants' mean (SD) age was 32.6 (4.9) years at enrollment and 30.4 (5.5) years at their first birth, and they had 2.4 (0.9) lifetime births. In adjusted models, women who had their first birth at age <23 or ≥40 years, versus age 30 to 34 years, had a higher trajectory of weight, WC, and body fat after their final birth (i.e., mean differences in weight 8.38 kg [95% CI: 4.13–12.63] for age <23 years and 6.54 kg [95% CI: 0.64–12.45] for age ≥40 years). Women with four or more births, versus two, had a higher trajectory of adiposity after accounting for covariates. Conclusions: Women who have a first birth before age 23 years or after age 40 years and those with multiple births may benefit from more intensive monitoring for excess adiposity gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Variation in fruit and seed traits could originate from selection pressures exerted by frugivores or other ecological factors (adaptive hypotheses) and developmental constraints (by‐product hypotheses) or chance. Methods: We evaluated fruit and leaf traits for nearly 850 plant species from a rainforest in Tinigua Park, Colombia. Through a series of linear regressions controlling for the phylogenetic signal of the traits (minimum N = 542), we tested (1) whether the allometry between seed width and length depends on seed dispersal system (Mazer and Wheelwright's adaptive hypothesis of allometry for species dispersed in the guts of animals = endozoochory) and (2) whether fruit length is associated with leaf length (i.e., Herrera's by‐product hypothesis derived from the assumption that both organs develop from homologous structures). Results: We found a strong negative allometric association between seed width and length for seeds of endozoochorous species, as expected; but also, for anemochorous species. We found a positive relationship between fruit and leaf length, but this relationship was not evident for zoochorous species. Fruit size was highly correlated with seed size. Conclusions: The allometry between seed length and width varied among dispersal systems, supporting that fruit and seed morphology has been modified by interactions with frugivores and by the possibility to rotate for some wind dispersed species. We found some support for the hypothesis on developmental constraints because fruit and leaf size were positively correlated, but the predictive power of the relationship was low (10–15%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosylation is the most prevalent protein post‐translational modification, with a quarter of glycosylated proteins having enzymatic properties. Yet, the full impact of glycosylation on the protein structure–function relationship, especially in enzymes, is still limited. Here, we show that glycosylation rigidifies the important commercial enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which in turn increases its turnover and stability. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that glycosylation increased holo‐HRP's thermal stability and promoted significant helical structure in the absence of haem (apo‐HRP). Glycosylation also resulted in a 10‐fold increase in enzymatic turnover towards o‐phenylenediamine dihydrochloride when compared to its nonglycosylated form. Utilising a naturally occurring site‐specific probe of active site flexibility (Trp117) in combination with red‐edge excitation shift fluorescence spectroscopy, we found that glycosylation significantly rigidified the enzyme. In silico simulations confirmed that glycosylation largely decreased protein backbone flexibility, especially in regions close to the active site and the substrate access channel. Thus, our data show that glycosylation does not just have a passive effect on HRP stability but can exert long‐range effects that mediate the 'native' enzyme's activity and stability through changes in inherent dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetic study of the synthesis of nopol from β‐pinene and formaldehyde generated ex‐situ was carried out in a continuous flow process using Sn‐MCM‐41 wall‐coated microreactors of 1/8" stainless steel tubes. The presence of Sn2+ and Sn4+ species was identified through XPS and TEM; the homogeneous distribution of tin on the support throughout the surface of the coating was verified by SEM analysis. Taylor flow regime and the kinetic control of the reaction were verified with hydrodynamic studies. A determination coefficient of 0.92 was obtained for the mathematical adjustment of the equation that described the reaction pathway obtained under the assumption of a dual‐site Langmuir‐Hinshelwood formalism with product desorption as the limiting step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volcanic seismicity provides essential insights into the behavior of an active volcano across multiple time scales. However, to understand how magma moves as the eruption cycle develops, better knowledge of the geometry and physical properties of the magma plumbing system is required. In this study, using full‐wave ambient noise tomography, we image the three‐dimensional (3‐D) crustal shear‐wave velocity structure below Great Sitkin Volcano in the central Aleutian Arc. The velocity model reveals two low‐velocity anomalies correlating with the migration of volcanic seismicity. With a bulk melt fraction of about 2.5%–9%, these low‐velocity anomalies are interpreted as mushy magma reservoirs. We propose a six‐stage eruption cycle to explain the migration of seismicity and the alternating eruption of the two reservoirs with different recharging histories. These findings have broad implications for the dynamics of magma plumbing systems and the structural control of eruption behaviors. Plain Language Summary: Understanding magma accumulation and transport systems below active volcanoes is essential for predicting eruption behavior and assessing the potential hazards. The distribution of earthquakes can partly be used to infer the development of magmatic activity at different times. However, to understand how magma moves at different stages of an eruption cycle, better knowledge of what the magma plumbing system looks like is necessary. In this study, we use an advanced seismic imaging method to construct the 3‐D crustal shear‐wave velocity structure below Great Sitkin Volcano in the central Aleutian Arc. The velocity model reveals two crustal magma reservoirs, which correlate with the migration of seismicity. We propose a six‐stage eruption cycle to explain the evolution of seismicity in space and time across the island and the alternating eruption of two reservoirs. The findings in this study help to understand better the control of eruption behaviors by the underlying magma plumbing system at active volcanoes. Key Points: The pre‐ and co‐eruptive seismicity below Great Sitkin Volcano, Alaska, shows a spatiotemporal migrationA new 3‐D shear‐wave velocity model reveals two crustal low‐velocity anomalies that correlate with the migrating seismicityWe propose a six‐stage eruption cycle involving two magma reservoirs to explain the long‐term and short‐term seismicity patterns [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many theories have been proposed to explain the high diversity of plants in the tropics. However, we lack an understanding of the processes that drive plant diversity and community assembly at different spatial scales. Here, we applied beta‐diversity partitioning to test how biotic and abiotic factors are associated with seedling beta‐diversity in a tropical montane forest in southern Ecuador. We recorded seedling communities on 81 subplots in nine plots located at three elevations along a 2000 m elevational gradient. We measured biotic pressures (i.e. herbivory and fungal pathogen attacks) and environmental conditions (i.e. soil moisture and canopy closure) in all subplots and related them to species turnover and richness differences in seedling communities within and between elevations. We found that species turnover increased with differences in biotic dissimilarity within elevations, while differences in species richness within elevations increased with increasing environmental dissimilarity. Between elevations, species turnover increased with increasing environmental dissimilarity. Our findings show that species turnover and changes in species richness are related differently to abiotic and biotic factors, and that the importance of these factors for shaping seedling diversity is scale‐dependent. Our study contributes to better understand the processes driving seedling beta‐diversity and the assembly of plant communities in highly diverse tropical montane forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both volcano‐tectonic (VTs) and deep long‐period earthquakes (DLPs) have been documented at Akutan Volcano, Alaska and may reflect different active processes helpful for eruption forecasting. In this study, we perform high‐resolution earthquake detection, classification, and relocation using seismic data from 2005 to 2017 to investigate their relationship with underlying magmatic processes. We find that the 2,787 VTs and 787 DLPs are concentrated above and below the inferred magma reservoir respectively. They both are clustered as swarms and occur preferentially during inflation episodes with no spatial migrations. However, moment release rates of DLP swarms show a stronger correlation with inflation and their low‐frequency content is likely a source instead of a path effect. Therefore, we infer that DLPs are directly related to unsteady magma movement through a complex pathway. In comparison, repeating events are observed in VTs. Thus, we conclude that they represent fault rupture triggered by magma/fluid movement or larger earthquakes. Plain Language Summary: Volcano eruption forecasting is a challenging task that often requires the deciphering of processes underlying observed signs of volcanic unrest. As seismometers become common monitoring sensors on volcanoes, the recorded ground motion is valuable for scientists to study eruption precursors. Earthquakes are commonly observed and generally inferred to be associated with stress perturbations in the shallow crust. However, earthquakes with predominantly lower‐frequency energy are sometimes observed at depth and their origin is enigmatic. In this paper, we use the existing catalog of earthquakes at Akutan Volcano in Alaska between 2005 and 2017 as templates to successfully detect more earthquakes before locating them with higher precision. We find that earthquakes at Akutan Volcano tend to occur in swarms during times when the ground inflates due to magma accumulation beneath the volcano. Some earthquakes have predominantly low‐frequency energy which suggests a different source mechanism compared to regular earthquakes. Furthermore, the largest events are more strongly correlated with surface inflation. Therefore, we conclude that these lower‐frequency earthquakes are more directly related to unsteady magma movement through a complex pathway compared to regular earthquakes which represent fault rupture triggered by magma/fluid movement or larger earthquakes. Key Points: Moment release rates of deep long‐period events correlate more strongly with inflation episodes compared to volcano‐tectonic eventsAkutan deep long‐period earthquakes are likely due to non‐stationary source effects like unsteady magma transport through complex pathwaysAkutan volcano‐tectonic earthquakes represent fault ruptures triggered by magma/fluid movements or larger earthquakes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sympathetic nerve loss in the heart predicts the risk of ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction (MI) in patients. Sympathetic denervation after cardiac ischemia–reperfusion is sustained by matrix components chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the cardiac scar. We showed that 4,6‐sulfation of CSPGs was critical for preventing nerve growth into the scar. Promoting early reinnervation with therapeutics reduces arrhythmias during the first 2 weeks after MI, but the longer‐term consequences of restoring innervation are unknown. Therefore, we asked if the beneficial effects of early reinnervation were sustained. We compared cardiac function and arrhythmia susceptibility 40 days after MI in mice treated on Days 3–10 with vehicle or with intracellular sigma peptide to restore innervation. Surprisingly, both groups had normal innervation density in the cardiac scar 40 days after MI, indicating delayed reinnervation of the infarct in vehicle‐treated mice. That coincided with similar cardiac function and arrhythmia susceptibility in the two groups. We investigated the mechanism allowing delayed reinnervation of the cardiac scar. We found that CSPG 4,6‐sulfation, which is elevated early after ischemia–reperfusion, was reduced to control levels allowing reinnervation of the infarct. Thus, remodeling of extracellular matrix weeks after injury leads to remodeling of sympathetic neurons in the heart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the prevalence and risk factors for hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis suppression (HPA axis suppression) in infants receiving glucocorticoid (GC) eye drops after ocular surgery. Methods: This was a clinical observational cohort study. Children under the age of two receiving GC eye drops after cataract or glaucoma surgery between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2021 were included at one centre. Medical history and results of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests were obtained through patient charts. Results: Forty‐nine infants were included in the study. Ten out of 22 patients (45.5%) tested during treatment and two out of 27 patients (7.4%) tested after treatment cessation were diagnosed with HPA axis suppression. The duration of HPA axis suppression extended beyond 3 months in 8 out of 12 patients. Logistic regression showed that infants with HPA axis suppression had received a higher GC dose/body weight/day before the first ACTH test (p < 0.001). There was a 79% (95% CI:1.28;2.50) increase in the odds of having HPA axis suppression for a 0.01 mg GC increase/kg/day corresponding to an additional daily eye drop for an infant weighing 5 kg. There was an association between HPA axis suppression and number of days from surgery to test (p = 0.003), age at surgery (p = 0.035) and cumulated GC dose (p = 0.005). Three infants with HPA axis suppression had affected growth and one had Cushing‐like features, but there were no cases of Addisonian crisis. Conclusion: Infants are at risk of having hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis suppression if they receive a high daily glucocorticoid dose per weight by topical ocular administration. Infants receiving glucocorticoids after ocular surgery should be monitored clinically or by ACTH testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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At Stromboli Volcano, Italy, very long period (VLP) seismic signals and Strombolian eruptions have been attributed to the unsteady flow of gas slugs through the shallow plumbing system followed by explosive slug bursting at a free surface. In data from a 2018 seismo‐acoustic deployment, ∼92% of events in two main VLP multiplets do not coincide in time with impulsive infrasonic signals (the expected signal of explosive slug bursting); we term these "silent VLPs." The lack of infrasonically detected explosions relative to repeating VLPs does not support the commonly invoked "gas slug" model. We propose that VLPs may be generated when gas bubbles move into a weak semi‐solid plug in the uppermost portion of the conduit. The plug then acts as a mechanical filter in which pathways vary and guide or trap ascending gas slugs, allowing for passive (silent) gas release and explosive escape mechanisms decoupled in time from VLPs. Plain Language Summary: Very long period (VLP) seismic signals are thought to be produced by magma and gas flow through shallow volcano conduits. At Stromboli Volcano, Italy (the type volcano for Strombolian explosions) and other basaltic volcanoes worldwide, VLPs have been modeled as the result of flow of a gas slug through the conduit followed by an explosion when the slug bursts at a free surface. However, these interpretations do not account for variable crystal content (i.e., systems with three phases: solid, liquid, and gas). Here we show that the standard "slug" model does not hold during a period of intense study at Stromboli in 2018. We compare the timing and characteristics between two repeating VLP families and explosions at the surface, as characterized by acoustic data. The vast majority of VLPs do not have coincident explosions—we term these "silent VLPs." Our observations instead support a "plug" model. We argue that VLPs are generated when gas slugs interact with and move into a weak plug in the uppermost portion of the conduit, which acts as a mechanical filter for gas transport. This interpretation allows for both passive (silent) and explosive gas escape decoupled in time from VLPs. Key Points: Seismo‐acoustic observations from Stromboli in 2018 show hundreds of repeating very long period (VLP) seismic signals without corresponding acoustic signalsVLPs without explosions suggest the slug model is a poor fit for "normal" activity at StromboliWe suggest VLPs may instead result from large gas bubbles interacting with a semi‐permeable solid plug [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial barrier tissues such as the skin and airway form an essential interface between the mammalian host and its external environment. These physical barriers are crucial to prevent damage and disease from environmental insults and allergens. Failure to maintain barrier function against such risks can lead to severe inflammatory disorders, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. Here, we discuss the role of the morphogen Sonic Hedgehog in postnatal skin and lung and the impact of Shh signalling on repair, inflammation, and atopic disease in these tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates of intruded magma volume are critical for forecasting volcanic unrest. Geodetic modeling can provide such estimates but is of limited use in submarine and highly vegetated settings. A complementary approach could be to use estimates of seismic moment release. In this study, we examine the moment‐volume scaling of several proximal volcanic earthquake sequences and compare it to that of injection‐induced seismicity. We find a notable similarity in scaling between the volcanic sequences, which contrasts with the broad range of responses exhibited by anthropogenic injection‐induced sequences. This may imply an underlying similarity in the geologic conditions for volcanoes that is distinct from induced seismicity settings. It could also allow for estimates of intruded volume to be made without geodetic information. This provides further insight into the factors controlling seismogenesis in these different settings and has implications for volcano seismology and injection‐induced seismicity hazard estimation. Plain Language Summary: Knowing how much magma is beneath a volcano before or during an eruption can help forecast its behavior and aid evacuation or relief efforts. Currently, satellite images or sensitive measurements of the ground inflation are used to model the amount of magma, but this isn't always possible if the volcano is underwater or shrouded by tree cover. A proposed alternative to this is to use the size and number of earthquakes as a gauge on the amount of volume change occurring underground. The relationship between the total amount of energy released by earthquakes and volume change has been a key research area of earthquakes triggered in the injection of fluids by industries like geothermal energy or hydraulic fracturing (i.e., fracking). We study several well‐recorded volcanoes and see that there is a similarity in the observed volume change and the amount of energy released from associated earthquakes. This is very different from the many examples of anthropogenic injection‐induced seismicity, which show a very broad spread. This implies that the similar conditions under volcanoes lead to similar responses to volume changes. This helps us better understand and thus potentially mitigate the hazards of both volcanoes and industrial fluid injection. Key Points: We observe a similar moment‐volume scaling for volcano seismicity, contrasting with the range exhibited by injection‐induced examplesThe results show that scaling between moment release and volume change can be used to estimate intruded volumesThis also provides insights into the geologic factors which control the crust's response to volume changes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stereochemically defined organofluorine compounds are vital to drug discovery and many applicable catalytic strategies have been introduced for accessing these entities stereoselectively. One approach entails incorporation of a fluorine atom (C−F bond formation) or an organofluorine moiety (e.g. CF3 or CF2H), and another exploits commercially available compounds with one or more fluorine atoms. Here, we present the state‐of‐the‐art regarding the use of alkenyl and allylic fluorides in preparation of stereochemically defined fluoro‐organic molecules. Allylic and alkenyl fluorides may be purchased or generated from a commercially available acid, carboxylate salt, ester, aldehyde hydrate, or ketone bearing several fluorine atoms next to a carbonyl group. We underscore the untapped potential of purchasable organofluorine compounds, many allylic and alkenyl fluorides, as launching points for development of stereoselective processes that are of value to therapeutic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The controlled growth of organic crystalline materials in predefined locations still poses a challenge for functional device application such as phototransistors, photoconductors, or photovoltaic solar cells. This work evidences the use of optical lithography and a fluoroalkylsilane to selectively modify the surface energy and how to create a wettability micro‐patterned structure. These are then combined with non‐contact printing of the organic solution providing custom‐shaped films. To deliver printed films with improved morphological quality, key process parameters for high‐performance organic materials are optimized. Particular attention is given to the adjustment of the concentration and solvent mixture to tune the jetting properties, and consequently, slow down the evaporation rate. Continuous films are obtained for an optimized number of droplets and spacing between them. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy imaging confirms the crystalline nature of the printed films and the lack of impurities. To validate the method, rubrene and triisopropylsilylethynyl (TIPS)‐pentacene are tested using two‐terminal optoelectronic devices. TIPS‐pentacene rectangular printed micrometric photosensor presents linear behavior and no hysteresis, reaching 0.33 nA under 18.1 mW cm−2. The structural and optoelectronic characterization is in line with other micro‐patterned examples, opening doors for new industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although several observations suggest that the constitutive biological, genetic or physiological changes leading to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) start in utero, their early impact on the number and density of neurons in the brain remains unknown. Using genetic fate mapping associated with the immunollabeling‐enabled three‐dimensional imaging of solvent‐cleared organs (iDISCO) clearing method we identified and counted a selective population of neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the in utero valproate (VPA) mouse model of autism. We report that 1 day before birth, the number of pyramidal neurons born at E14.5 in the neocortex and hippocampus of VPA mice is smaller than in age‐matched controls. VPA also induced a reduction of the neocortical—but not hippocampal—volume 1 day before birth. Interestingly, VPA mice present an increase in both neocortical and hippocampal volumes 2 days after birth compared with controls. These results suggest that the VPA‐exposed hippocampus and neocortex differ substantially from controls during the highly complex perinatal period, and specially 1 day before birth, reflecting the early pathogenesis of ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scars left by wildfires are easily visible in the Mediterranean landscape and, like any wound, even those left by fires must be treated to regenerate properly. If not managed, spontaneous vegetation regeneration will eventually cover the affected area, restoring the hydrological cycle. The reforestation of burned stands, involving ploughing the land and building terraces on steep slopes, together with fertilisation of the area, is also common. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate three post‐fire land management options for a small catchment in central Portugal. The choice of this basin relates to the implementation of terraces to create a eucalyptus forest production area 7 months after a fire completely burned the catchment. Two alternative post‐fire scenarios were designed, one simulating the spontaneous recovery of the ecosystem and the second reproducing a catchment‐scale implementation of a highly effective erosion mitigation measure (mulching). Then, the mulch scenario and the actual eucalyptus cycle were compared with the spontaneous recovery scenario to appraise the best management choice. The post‐fire and post‐terracing periods showed a satisfactory agreement between simulated and observed daily parameters. Concerning the management alternatives evaluated, mulching and terracing reduced soil loss and sediment transported in streams compared to spontaneous recovery. However, higher flow volumes and phosphorus exports were predicted under terraced conditions, likely due to increased infiltration capacity and accelerated leaching processes, raising concerns about stream water quality. These findings can be applied to other Mediterranean catchments affected by wildfires and in which post‐fire management actions are planned, making stakeholders aware of the impacts and uncertainties of post‐fire scenarios, thus improving the management of burnt areas. Highlights: Calibration of SWAT model for three different post‐fire management practices.Satisfactory model performance in simulating water quantity and quality for both periods.Spontaneous recovery evidenced high soil losses during all the simulated period.The implementation of terraces and the application of mulch reduced sediment transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the refractive outcome and residual accommodation with respect to various degrees of iris and skin pigmentation in hypermetropic children using 2 drops of cyclopentolate 1% (C + C) or 1 drop of cyclopentolate 1% and 1 drop of tropicamide 1% (C + T). Methods: Two hundred fifty‐one hypermetropic children were classified according to iris and skin pigmentation (light, medium, dark) and received randomized and double‐blind C + C or C + T. Refractive error (spherical equivalent, SEQ) was determined using the Retinomax‐K + 3. In 204 subjects, residual accommodation (RA) was determined using the PlusoptiX PowerRefractor. Results: A linear mixed model with a light‐irided and light skin‐pigmented reference group receiving C + T (mean SEQ +3.10 ± 1.87D) indicated significant less hypermetropia in subjects with a dark iris having a medium‐ and dark‐pigmented skin in C + T, −1.02 ± 0.29 (−1.59/−0.45) and −1.53 ± 0.30 (−2.10/−0.95); and in subjects having a light‐, medium‐ and dark‐pigmented skin in C + C, −0.74 ± 0.34 (−1.41/−0.06), −1.26 ± 0.30 (−1.85/−0.66) and −1.84 ± 0.30 (−2.42/−1.26). Similar findings were present for RA. Our model with a light‐irided and light skin‐pigmented reference group receiving C + T (mean RA +0.84 ± 0.61D) indicated significantly higher RA in dark‐irided subjects with medium‐ and dark‐pigmented skin in C + T, +1.05 ± 0.19 (+0.67/+1.43) and +1.35 ± 0.20 (+0.9/+1.74), and in C + C, +1.13 ± 0.21 (+0.71/+1.55) and +1.90 ± 0.19 (+1.51/+2.28). Conclusions: We found solid evidence that skin pigmentation rather than iris pigmentation is the decisive factor for effectiveness of cycloplegics. Awareness of the limitations of cycloplegic regimens in dark‐irided/pigmented children is needed. Our study showed that cyclopentolate 1% combined with tropicamide 1% provides more accurate refractive outcomes both statistically and clinically integrating the factor skin pigmentation for dark‐irided subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine controls on the local stress field at Augustine Volcano, Alaska, before its 2006 eruption, we calculated fault plane solutions for volcano‐tectonic earthquakes from 2002 to 2006. The P‐axis orientation was first aligned to the regional maximum compression (NW) and then rotated by about 90° (perpendicular to the dike alignment) after the onset of surface deformation in mid‐August 2005. Using 3D finite element models, we systematically evaluated the effects of tectonic stresses, volcanic edifice densities, and dike overpressures on the local stress field orientation. Combining data and models to generate "phase diagrams" of different stress controls by these competing effects, we argue that moderate tectonic stress of 2–3 MPa at 600 m above sea level slightly exceeded the edifice loading before the precursory deformation and was then overprinted by a local stress field from dike opening with an overpressure of ∼15 MPa. Plain Language Summary: Volcano‐tectonic (VT) earthquakes are commonly observed before volcanic eruptions and provide critical information on pre‐eruptive rock ruptures due to the propagation of magma‐ or volatile‐filled cracks (i.e., dikes). Due to dike inflation, the direction of maximum compression near a dike may rotate ∼90° from sub‐parallel to the dike and regional maximum compression to perpendicular to the dike, as revealed by fault plane solutions (FPS). To understand the state of pre‐eruptive stress at Augustine Volcano, Alaska, and the trigger of its 2006 eruption, we calculate the FPS of VT earthquakes from 2002 to 2006 and observe a 90‐degree rotation of the pressure axis. Conceptually, whether the rotation of FPS can be observed depends on the relative contributions of different stress sources, including gravitational loading, tectonic force, and dike inflation. We systematically evaluate the effects of those sources by a series of numerical models. A "phase diagram" is generated to illustrate how different sources control the preferred stress orientation. Combined with the data, the model estimates the magnitude of tectonic stress and dike overpressure before the 2006 eruption of Augustine. FPS rotation is sensitive to volcanoes' stress changes which may provide critical early warnings to volcanic eruptions. Key Points: A 90° rotation of fault plane solution occurred when surface started to deform during the 2005–2006 volcanic unrest of AugustineA series of numerical models analyzed the competing effects of edifice loading, tectonics, and dike opening on the local stress fieldFault plane solution rotations can be more sensitive signals to detect volcano's subsurface pressure changes than deformation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Retrospective studies suggest that menstrual cycle length may be a risk marker of adverse pregnancy outcomes, but this evidence is susceptible to recall bias. Objective: To evaluate the prospective association between menstrual cycle length and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: Secondary analysis of 2046 women enrolled in Project Viva at ~10 weeks of gestation and followed through delivery. The exposure was menstrual cycle length. The outcomes included gestational glucose tolerance (gestational diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance [GDM/IGT] and isolated hyperglycaemia), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (gestational hypertension/preeclampsia), gestational weight gain, birthweight‐for‐gestational age z‐scores (BWZ) categorised in tertiles, preterm birth and birth outcome (live birth and pregnancy loss). We used modified Poisson and multinomial logistic regression adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, parity, age at menarche and pre‐pregnancy body mass index. Results: Mean (SD) age at enrolment was 32.1 (4.9) years. Most women (74.3%) had a cycle length of 26–34 days (reference group), 16.2% reported short cycles (≤25 days), and 9.5% reported long/irregular cycles (≥35 days/too irregular to estimate). Compared with the reference group, women with short cycles had lower odds of GDM/IGT (odds ratio [OR] 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28, 0.89), whereas women with long/irregular cycles had higher odds (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.04, 2.83). Additionally, women with short cycles had higher odds of having a newborn in the lowest tertile of BWZ (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06, 1.98). There was a U‐shaped relation between cycle length and preterm birth with both short (relative risk [RR] 1.49, 95% CI 0.98, 2.27) and long/irregular (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.30, 3.20) cycles, associated with a higher risk. Conclusions: Variation in menstrual cycle length may be a risk marker of GDM/IGT, lower birth size and preterm birth and flag women who may benefit from targeted monitoring and care before and during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social interactions are essential for infant brain development, yet we know little about how infant functional connectivity differs between social and nonsocial contexts, or how sensitivity to differences between contexts might be related to early distal and proximal environmental factors. We compared 12‐month‐old infants' intrahemispheric electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence between a social and a nonsocial condition, then examined whether differences between conditions varied as a function of family economic strain and two maternal behaviors at 6 months, positive affect and infant‐directed speech. We found lower EEG coherence from the frontal region to the central, parietal, temporal, and occipital regions during the social condition, but only for infants from higher‐income families and infants whose mothers used higher proportions of infant‐directed speech. In contrast, there were no differences between social and nonsocial conditions for infants from economically strained families or infants whose mothers used lower proportions of infant‐directed speech. This study demonstrates that neural organization differs between a nonsocial baseline and a social interaction, but said differentiation is not present for infants from less privileged backgrounds. Our results underscore the importance of examining brain activity during species‐typical contexts to understand the role of environmental factors in brain development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection results in different outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to mild or severe disease and death. Reasons for this diversity of outcome include differences in challenge dose, age, gender, comorbidity and host genomic variation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms may influence immune response and disease outcome. We investigated the association of HLAII alleles with case definition symptomatic COVID‐19, virus‐specific antibody and T‐cell immunity. A total of 1364 UK healthcare workers (HCWs) were recruited during the first UK SARS‐CoV‐2 wave and analysed longitudinally, encompassing regular PCR screening for infection, symptom reporting, imputation of HLAII genotype and analysis for antibody and T‐cell responses to nucleoprotein (N) and spike (S). Of 272 (20%) HCW who seroconverted, the presence of HLA‐DRB1*13:02 was associated with a 6·7‐fold increased risk of case definition symptomatic COVID‐19. In terms of immune responsiveness, HLA‐DRB1*15:02 was associated with lower nucleocapsid T‐cell responses. There was no association between DRB1 alleles and anti‐spike antibody titres after two COVID vaccine doses. However, HLA DRB1*15:01 was associated with increased spike T‐cell responses following both first and second dose vaccination. Trial registration: NCT04318314 and ISRCTN15677965. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is composed of a commentary about the state of Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked (ICON) principles (Goldman et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ea002099) in Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology (VGP), and discussion on the opportunities and challenges of adopting them. VGP encompasses a broad field that addresses volcanic, magmatic, hydrothermal, geomicrobial systems; process investigations that span the physical, geochemical and biological realms, including planetary geology; and one that is extensively supported by state‐of‐the‐art research facilities. We suggest that an open, inclusive, collaborative and evolving model of an international coordinated network is critical to answering the most pressing challenges in VGP. In this commentary piece, we begin to discuss the elements of, challenges to, and path forward in developing such a model. For this team, ICON means collaboration, equitable access to data for the entire scientific community, and forging of partnerships that potentially contribute to more innovative ways of coordinating and sharing research. It also means bringing more equity to science, by implementing effective measures which consider access to funding, analytical equipment, resources, and mentors. More importantly, ICON to us means having important conversations around what we value in the advancement of science, perhaps exploring outside the idea of meritocracy and evaluating what individual traits can contribute to science outside what has traditionally been considered the norm. Plain Language Summary: Of importance for the volcanology, geochemistry, petrology community to consider is how existing collaborations between scientists can be strengthened and adapted for maximum positive scientific impact. Our team suggests the development of an international network‐of‐networks that can create opportunities for meaningful connections, with all relevant groups represented and working together as equals. The power of such a network lies in its ability to mobilize people and serve as a foundation for a more international, collaborative, and open science model underpinned by strong communication channels. The broader consequences of such a network‐of‐networks model are not only its capacity for knowledge generation and scientific impact, but the potential for a radical transformation in how science is conducted. Key Points: To advance Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked Science in volcanology, geochemistry and petrology, we call for the development of an open and inclusive international network‐of‐networksA visionary network should aim for equitable access to funding, analytical equipment, training and research resources, and mentorsOpening dialogs and enhancing communication streams can result in mutually beneficial science [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decisions made in health care architecture have profound effects on patients, families, and staff. Drawing on research in medicine, neuroscience, and psychology, design is being used increasingly often to alter specific behaviors, mediate interpersonal interactions, and affect patient outcomes. As a result, the built environment in health care should in some instances be considered akin to a medical intervention, subject to ethical scrutiny and involving protections for those affected. Here we present two case studies. The first includes work aimed at manipulating the behavior of persons with neurocognitive impairments, often in long‐term care facilities. This is done to ensure safety and minimize conflicts with staff, but it raises questions about freedom, consent, and disclosure. The second concerns design science in service of improved outcomes, which involves research on improving patient outcomes or the performance of health care teams. There is evidence that in some ICU designs, certain rooms correlate to better outcomes, giving rise to questions about equity and fairness. In other cases, a facility's architecture seems to be putting a finger on the scale of equipoise, raising questions about the intentionality of clinical judgment, freedom of choice, and disclosure. As a result of this innovation occurring outside the boundaries of traditional care delivery and oversight, important ethical questions emerge concerning both the individual patient and patient populations. We discuss, analyze, and make recommendations about each and suggest future directions for these and related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) presents a unique challenge in patients requiring orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). We sought to pool the existing evidence in a systematic review. Methods: Electronic search was performed to identify all relevant studies on OHT in patients with HIT. Patient‐level data for 33 patients from 21 studies were extracted for statistical analysis. Results: Median patient age was 51 [IQR 41, 55] years, with 75.8% (25/33) males. All patients had a clinical diagnosis of HIT, and anti‐PF4/Heparin antibodies were positive in 87.9% (29/33). Median lowest reported platelet count was 46 × 109/L [27.2, 73.5]. Intraoperatively, 61% (20/33) of patients were given unfractionated heparin (UFH), while 39% (13/33) were given alternative anticoagulants. The alternative agent subgroup required more antifibrinolytics [54% (7/13) vs 10% (2/20), P =.02] and clotting factors [69.2% (9/13) vs 15.0% (3/20), P <.01]. Perioperative thrombosis occurred more [53.8% (7/13) vs 0% (0/20, P <.01) in alternate agent subgroup. More patients in the alternate agent subgroup required post‐operative transfusions [54% (7/13) vs 0% (0/20), P <.01]. Thirty‐day mortality of 15.2% (5/33) was comparable between the subgroups. Conclusion: Heparin use during OHT may be associated with less adverse effects compared to use of other anticoagulants with no difference in 30‐day mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromones (4H‐chromen‐4‐ones) contemplate a naturally occurring class of compounds widely distributed in Nature, particularly in plants. This singular ring system has emerged as a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry, mainly due to its unique structural features, diverse biological activities, and pharmacological properties. Throughout the past few years, our efforts have been focused on synthesizing a series of 2‐benzylchromones through a Claisen condensation, using 2'‐hydroxyacetophenones and ethyl 2‐phenylacetates. However, the extended periods of reaction necessary for the synthesis of 2‐benzylchromones led to the search for an alternative. Thus, microwave irradiation emerged as a suitable approach to obtain these chromones in shorter reaction times and with similar or even improved synthetic yields. Our work demonstrates that it is possible to synthesize 2‐benzylchromones through both conventional and microwave‐assisted synthesis, favoring the use of microwave irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the timing of critical changes in volcanic systems, such as the beginning and end of eruptive behavior, is a key goal of volcanic monitoring. Traditional approaches to forecasting these changes have used models motivated by the underlying physics of eruption onset, which assume that geophysical precursors will consistently display similar patterns prior to transition in volcanic state. We present a machine learning classification approach for detecting significant changes in patterns of volcanic activity, potentially signaling transitions during the onset or end of volcanic activity, which does not require a model of the physical processes underlying critical changes. We apply novelty detection, where models are trained only on data prior to eruption, to the precursory unrest at Augustine Volcano, Alaska in 2005. This approach looks promising for geophysically monitored volcanic systems which have been in repose for some time, as no eruptive data is required for model training. We compare novelty detection results with multi‐class classification, where models are trained on examples of both non‐eruptive and eruptive data. We contextualize the results of these classification models using constraints from petrological, satellite and visual observations from the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano. The transition from non‐eruptive to eruptive behavior we identify in mid‐November 2005 is in agreement with previous estimates of the initiation of dike intrusion prior to the 2006 eruption. We find that models which include multiple types of data (seismic, deformation, and gas emissions) can better distinguish between non‐eruptive and eruptive data than models formulated on single data types. Plain Language Summary: Identifying the onset of volcanic activity is a central goal of volcanology. We apply machine learning approaches to seismic, gas and geodetic data in order to classify eruptive and non‐eruptive activity. We consider models trained on only pre‐eruptive data, and models trained on both non‐eruptive and eruptive data. Our models begin to identify eruptive behavior in mid‐November 2005, which coincides with previous estimates of the beginning of transport of magma to the surface. We compare the models constructed using all data types to those made with each data type individually. We find that models which include multiple types of data are better at identifying non‐eruptive and eruptive activity. Key Points: Application of one‐class and multi‐class machine learning classification to seismic, gas and geodetic time series from the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, AlaskaWe identify a transition from non‐eruptive to eruptive activity in November 2005, coinciding with previous estimates of the initiation of dike intrusionModels formulated using all datasets (seismic, gas, and geodetic) distinguish between non‐eruptive and eruptive data better than models trained on a single data type alone [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]