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I Rubus i , to which I R. sulcatus i belongs, have relatively few distinctive characters, and such similar - but not identical - taxa as indicated above, were found in the precise region of the type locality of I R. pseudoidaeus i F.W. Schmidt, such as I R. altissimus i Fritsch (in Hayek, Sched. The name I Rubus pseudoidaeus i F.W. Schmidt has never been used in later literature, while I R. sulcatus i was accepted by Trattinnick (Rosac. The epithet ' I pseudoidaeus i ' has been in general use for a totally different taxon: the hybrid of I Rubus caesius i L. and I R. idaeus i L., first at the rank of variety (Weihe in Boenninghausen, Prodr. [Extracted from the article]

We surveyed a series of surface waters and sewage treatment plants in Flanders (nortb of Belgium) for the presence of estrogenic activityand a xeno-estrogenic compound para-nonylphenol (NP), respectively. The surface waters of rural origin, used for drinking water production, were free of significant levels of estrogenic activity and NP (<1 mu g /L). Domestic sewage, after proper treatment, appeared to be no major source of this chemical. Yet, in some industrial effluents and surface waters of highly industrialized regions, NP and/or estrogenicactivity was prominent, that is, <1 to 122 mu g NP/L and 11 to 42 mug NP/L, respectively. This is because of the ongoing use of NP polyethoxylates in industry. The response of the recombinant yeast estrogen assay to the environmental samples tested was not consistent with the detected concentrations of NP. Standard addition of a natural estrogen, 17beta-estradiol, generated no or a reduced response compared to the standard curve concentration. Application of humic acids to standard series of NP and 17beta-estradiol resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of the estrogenic response. It appears that this bioassay issubject to considerable interferences due to the complexity of environmental samples. Parallel implementation of extensive chemical screening for xenobiotics and use of the bioassay are needed for adequate assessment of the potential estrogenic hazard to avoid false negativeevaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the gastropharyngeal and gastro-oesophageal reflux after total laryngectomy. Risk factors in the aetiology of laryngeal cancer; Link of gastro-oesophageal reflux to laryngeal carcinoma; High prevalence of gastro-oesophageal and gastro-pharyngeal reflux in laryngectomized patients.

Objectives: Laryngopharyngeal reflux may play a role in the etiology of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and contribute to complications in head and neck cancer patients after surgery or during radiotherapy., Study Design: Prospective study., Methods: To investigate the incidence of laryngopharyngeal and gastroesophageal reflux in patients with head and neck cancer, ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring was performed in 24 untreated patients with laryngeal or pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, 10 patients who had been irradiated in the head and neck area were analyzed for reflux to study the effect of radiotherapy on reflux., Results: Only 4 of the 24 head and neck cancer patients (17%) had neither pathological laryngopharyngeal nor gastroesophageal reflux. Esophageal acid exposure was abnormal in five patients and acid exposure at the level of the upper esophageal sphincter was abnormal in four patients. Eleven patients had pathological reflux in both areas. Irradiated patients did not differ from the untreated patients considering the incidence of pathological laryngopharyngeal or gastroesophageal reflux., Conclusions: The data obtained in this study indicate that reflux is a common event in head and neck cancer patients.