Search

Background Methods Results Conclusions Plant‐based diets (PBDs) have gained popularity in recent years due to their co‐benefits for human and planetary health. Although clinical guidelines now recommend well‐balanced PBDs, it remains unclear how dietitians in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland (ROI) view such diets and their implementation in practice. This study aimed to evaluate the perspectives of registered dietitians (RDs) on the role of a whole food plant‐based diet (WFPBD) in clinical practice.A cross‐sectional online survey was conducted amongst RDs in the UK and ROI between September and November 2023.A total of 335 RDs participated in the survey. Most RDs (76%) agree that a well‐planned WFPBD is suitable for all stages of life, with some (48%) expressing concerns over the risk of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Three‐quarters of RDs (75%) incorrectly thought that plant protein is incomplete, necessitating protein combining. A WFPBD was on average ranked fourth out of 14 dietary strategies for managing some of the leading non‐communicable diseases. Excluding dairy and eggs was the primary reason preventing RDs from personally adopting a WFPBD, whereas meal preparation and cost were the main barriers for their clients. The majority of RDs (79%) feel they did not receive sufficient education on WFPBDs, with 58% agreeing there are insufficient evidence‐based resources available in their field. Only 33% feel supported when advocating for a WFPBD in their workplace.Although many RDs view WFPBDs as viable and clinically relevant, significant barriers to their implementation exist, underscoring the need for enhanced education and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Mineral nutrient deficiencies and metal ion toxicities coexist on acid soils. Phosphorus (P) deficiency in plants is generally accompanied with significant levels of leaf manganese (Mn) accumulation. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underpinning remain unclear. The present study found that P‐deficient soybean plants accumulated more Mn compared to P‐sufficient ones on acid soils in both field and greenhouse experiments. Meanwhile, both P deficiency and Mn toxicity enhanced the expression of GmSTOP1‐3. Over‐expressing GmSTOP1‐3 enhanced Mn accumulation in transgenic soybean hairy roots, but RNA‐interference did not show obvious differences. Moreover, transgenic soybeans with GmSTOP1‐3‐overexpression showed enhanced root citrate exudation and augmented Mn accumulation. RNA‐sequence identified four downstream genes of GmSTOP1‐3, including multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (GmMATE2/13) and metal transporter genes (GmZIP6/GmIREG3), which encode plasma membrane proteins. GmSTOP1‐3 activated the transcription of these four genes by directly binding to their promoter regions. In addition, both GmZIP6 and GmIREG3 functioned in Mn uptake as manifested by the higher Mn concentration and decreased growth of soybean hairy roots with their overexpression. Taken together, it is suggested that upregulation of GmSTOP1‐3 by low P stress on acid soils activates transcripts of GmMATE2/13 and GmZIP6/GmIREG3, which consequently result in enhanced Mn accumulation in soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Macronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S) are critical for plant growth and development. Field‐grown canola (Brassica napus L.) is supplemented with fertilizers to maximize plant productivity, while deficiency in these nutrients can cause significant yield loss. A holistic understanding of the interplay between these nutrient deficiency responses in a single study and canola cultivar is thus far lacking, hindering efforts to increase the nutrient use efficiency of this important oil seed crop. To address this, we performed a comparative quantitative proteomic analysis of both shoot and root tissue harvested from soil‐grown canola plants experiencing either nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or sulphur deficiency. Our data provide critically needed insights into the shared and distinct molecular responses to macronutrient deficiencies in canola. Importantly, we find more conserved responses to the four different nutrient deficiencies in canola roots, with more distinct proteome changes in aboveground tissue. Our results establish a foundation for a more comprehensive understanding of the shared and distinct nutrient deficiency response mechanisms of canola plants and pave the way for future breeding efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Hypovitaminosis A is a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness, especially in developing nations. Vitamin A is a fat‐soluble essential micronutrient that serves vital functions in the visual system and in regulating bone resorption. We report on a series of four children with mixed nutritional and compressive optic neuropathy and provide a review of the literature. Methods: A retrospective observational study of four males (ages 9–12), three with autism spectrum disorder who presented with loss of vision and multiple vitamin deficiencies including hypovitaminosis A. Results: Patients presented with unexplained visual loss or a change in visual behaviour. All patients had severely restricted diet comprising of predominantly carbohydrates. Two of the four cases demonstrated optic nerve pallor at initial presentation with marked optic atrophy developing in all patients over time. Electrophysiology available in two patients demonstrated optic nerve dysfunction with preserved retinal function. Extensive investigations revealed profound deficiency in multiple vitamins including vitamin A (<0.1–0.2 μmol/L, normal = 0.9–1.7 μmol/L). Three patients also had low vitamin B12 (90–111 pmol/L, normal = 170–800 pmol/L) with normal folate. All four cases had radiological evidence of skull base thickening indicative of low vitamin A. Genetic testing did not find any relevant pathogenic variants. Conclusions: Hypovitaminosis A is a crucial form of nutritional deprivation that results in significant visual loss with potential hyperostosis and optic nerve compression exacerbating nutritional optic neuropathy. Additional micronutrient deficiencies usually co‐exist and may contribute. Extra vigilance in vitamin replacement is required of clinicians with patients with autism who have restricted diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiome may be related to the prevalence of overweight and obesity, but high interindividual variability of the human microbiome complicates our understanding. Obesity often occurs concomitantly with micronutrient deficiencies that impair energy metabolism. Microbiota composition is affected by diet. Host–microbiota interactions are bidirectional. We propose three pathways whereby these interactions may modulate the gut microbiome and obesity: (1) ingested compounds or derivatives affecting small intestinal transit, endogenous secretions, digestion, absorption, microbiome balance, and gut barrier function directly affect host metabolism; (2) substrate availability affecting colonic microbial composition and contact with the gut barrier; and (3) microbial end products affecting host metabolism. The quantity/concentration, duration, and/or frequency (circadian rhythm) of changes in these pathways can alter the gut microbiome, disrupt the gut barrier, alter host immunity, and increase the risk of and progression to overweight and obesity. Host‐specific characteristics (e.g., genetic variations) may further affect individual sensitivity and/or resilience to diet‐ and microbiome‐associated perturbations in the colonic environment. In this narrative review, the effects of selected interventions, including fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary calorie restriction, dietary fibers and prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids, on the gut microbiome, body weight, and/or adiposity are summarized to help identify mechanisms of action and research opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Viticulture has adapted foliar applications of biostimulants as a tool to improve crop quality. Recently, nanotechnology has been incorporated as a strategy to reduce the loss of biostimulants and treat nutrient deficiencies. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar applications of amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles (ACP) doped with methyl jasmonate (ACP‐MeJA) and urea (ACP‐Ur), individually or together (ACP‐MeJA+Ur), on the content of volatile compounds in 'Tempranillo' grapes, compared to the conventional application of MeJA and Ur, individually or in combination (MeJA+Ur). RESULTS: The results showed that nanoparticle treatments reduced the total C6 compounds and some carbonyl compounds in the grape musts. This is of novel interest because their presence at high levels is undesirable to quality. In addition, some aroma‐positive compounds such as nerol, neral, geranyl acetone, β‐cyclocitral, β‐ionone, 2‐phenylethanal and 2‐phenylethanol increased, despite applying MeJA and Ur at a lower dose. CONCLUSION: Consequently, although few differences in grape volatile composition were detected, nanotechnology could be an option for improving the aromatic quality of grapes, at the same time as reducing the required doses of biostimulants and generating more sustainable agricultural practices. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron (Fe) is necessary for plant growth and development. Iron deficiency disrupts major metabolic and cellular activities such as respiration, DNA synthesis, and chlorophyll synthesis. Iron also activates various metabolic pathways and is vital to numerous enzymes. Iron is widely distributed in soil, but plants do not readily absorb it. In addition to neutral pH, Fe also forms insoluble Fe complexes under alkaline conditions. The fundamental cause of Fe chlorosis is an imbalance between the solubility of Fe in soil and the demand for Fe by plants. Various Fe fertilizers, including organic, chelated, and inorganic, are administered to the soil and leaves to treat Fe deficiency and chlorosis. Currently, used Fe fertilizers are expensive, easily adsorb on soil particles, and cause Fe to leach out of the soil with water, thereby diminishing their efficiency. They also need to be applied repeatedly, resulting in an excessive Fe fertilizer concentration in the soil that can cause harm to the plants. The usage of Fe nanofertilizers in agricultural production has expanded to address the disadvantages of existing Fe fertilizers. The advantages of nanosized Fe fertilizers include their physical and chemical characteristics, such as the high surface area to volume ratio that aids in easy absorption by plants' roots and leaves. Controlled‐release iron oxide nanofertilizers supply the regulated release of nutrients in a way that is coordinated with the nutritional needs of the crops. This improves the accumulation of nutrients in the plant, filling in the gap of nutrient deficiency and lowering environmental risks due to leaching. The possibility of iron oxide nanoparticles as Fe micronutrient fertilizers, their uptake and mechanism of action, advantages, and limitations are critically highlighted in this review article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a comprehensive overview of iron deficiency, its diagnosis, and management. It highlights the global prevalence of iron deficiency, with a particular focus on its impact on women. The document explains the classifications and diagnosis of iron deficiency, as well as the causes and investigation of the condition. It also discusses various treatment options, including oral and intravenous iron supplementation, and emphasizes the importance of monitoring response to therapy. The document includes helpful tables outlining recommended serum ferritin levels, the likelihood of different causes of iron deficiency, and the elemental iron content of different oral iron formulations. It also provides information on intravenous iron formulations and their recommended dosages. This resource is a valuable tool for individuals researching iron deficiency and its treatment options. [Extracted from the article]

Diabetic foot ulcers and infections are complications that can result in significant morbidity such as the need for amputations, especially in uncontrolled diabetes, thereby profoundly impacting quality of life. While traditional treatments like wound care and antibiotics are effective, there is growing interest in the role of micronutrients (such as vitamins C, D, E, zinc and magnesium) in improving outcomes. This study aims to evaluate how these micronutrients affect diabetic foot infections and the need for amputation, offering insights to enhance overall prognosis. Patients who were hospitalised with a diagnosis of diabetic foot infection in the Infectious Diseases Department of Ege University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between 1 April 2022, and 31 January 2023 were included in the study. The patients' socio‐demographic information, characteristics of diabetic wounds, operation history, as well as their levels of micronutrients recorded on the case report form. A total of 202 patients were included in the study. The most common micronutrient deficiencies were vitamin D (69%), vitamin C (64%) and zinc (49%). The amputation rates were significantly higher in patients with deficiencies vitamin C, vitamin A and vitamin D (p < 0.005). Our research revealed a significant prevalence of vitamin deficiencies among the participants, and we observed a noteworthy correlation between amputation rates and these deficiencies. Although these findings show promise, it is essential to emphasise that micronutrient supplements should not replace traditional treatments but should rather be considered as a warning sign for preventing complications, particularly amputation or extremity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The leguminous chickpea is a good source of protein, but its yield potential is frequently constrained by biotic stresses, primarily Helicoverpa armigera, a major havoc for cultivation of the crop. To develop host plant resistance for minimizing the losses due to the pod borer, five kabuli parents with desired traits for pod borer tolerance were crossed in diallel mating design to produce 10 crosses which were analysed for traits related to pod borer and nutrition. Based on correlation studies, trichome density was found positively correlated with phenol content, but both the traits were negatively associated with number of damaged seeds. Therefore, the tolerant genotypes were identified on the basis of phenol content, trichome density, number of damaged seeds and field rating. Among parents ICC 12197 was found superior in terms of yield and borer tolerance features with an intermediate pest resistance susceptible rating in addition to higher Fe content. However, significant sca effects for higher phenol content and seed yield in ICC 11764 × ICC 14190 were recorded with reduced number of damaged seeds in addition to higher Fe and Zn content. It was observed that the specific combination involved good and poor combiners for each trait. The same cross also showed significant standard heterosis in desirable direction for phenol content, trichome density, number of damaged seeds and seed yield. Additionally, the ratio of σ2 GCA to σ2 SCA revealed nonadditive gene action in controlling the expression of phenol content, trichome density, number of damaged seeds and Fe and Zn content. Thus, breeder may focus efforts on desirable cross utilizing selection in further segregating generations for higher phenol content, trichome density and Fe and Zn content in addition to yield‐related traits while lesser number of damaged seeds per plant to concentrate for development of pod borer resilient high yielding kabuli genotypes to combat micronutrient deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofortified maize offers a potential solution to combat micronutrient deficiencies in households, yet its adoption remains low. Realizing biofortification's benefits necessitates a shift in smallholder farmers' production and consumption behavior. Social norms can significantly influence societal behaviors and have the potential to trigger substantial changes. However, their role in promoting biofortification adoption remains underexplored. This study investigates the influence of nutrition information and social norm messaging on smallholder farmers' adoption of biofortified maize seeds in Ethiopia's highlands. We conducted an experiment with 2022 randomly selected households to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition messages and social norm messaging on farmers' willingness to pay for biofortified maize seeds. Our results reveal that nutrition information alone significantly increases farmers' interest in purchasing biofortified maize seeds, highlighting the positive influence of information‐based interventions on biofortified crop adoption. Conversely, social norm messaging on its own has a limited effect on demand. However, a combined approach demonstrates a stronger positive influence, suggesting a synergistic relationship between these interventions. These results underscore the critical role of disseminating clear information about the nutritional benefits of biofortified crops in fostering their adoption among smallholder farmers. Additionally, our study suggests that integrating social norm messaging with information‐based interventions could be a highly effective strategy for promoting biofortified maize and similar nutrition‐focused initiatives. This research offers valuable insights for policymakers and organizations aiming to improve nutritional outcomes through food‐based approaches to agricultural development among smallholder farming communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high fat, moderate protein and very low carbohydrate diet. It can be used as a medical treatment for drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE), glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. The aim of this scoping review was to map the KD literature, with a focus on epilepsy and associated metabolic conditions, to summarise the current evidence‐base and identify any gaps. Methods: This review was conducted using JBI scoping review methodological guidance and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews reporting guidance. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in September 2021 and updated in February 2024 using MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, EmBASE, CAB Abstracts, Scopus and Food Science Source databases. Results: The initial search yielded 2721 studies and ultimately, data were extracted from 320 studies that fulfilled inclusion criteria for the review. There were five qualitative studies, and the remainder were quantitative, including 23 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and seven quasi‐experimental studies. The USA published the highest number of KD studies followed by China, South Korea and the UK. Most studies focused on the classical KD and DRE. The studies key findings suggest that the KD is efficacious, safe and tolerable. Conclusions: There are opportunities available to expand the scope of future KD research, particularly to conduct high‐quality RCTs and further qualitative research focused on the child's needs and family support to improve the effectiveness of KDs. Highlights: From the studies included in this scoping review, the research is largely quantitative and focuses on efficacy of the ketogenic diet (KD).There is a need for high‐quality randomised controlled trials and quasi‐experimental studies to overcome the limitations of the evidence‐base, which at this time is largely descriptive study designs.There are five qualitative studies on the KD in children living with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE). There are no qualitative studies in children living with glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. No studies have explored the needs of families and attrition in KDs.Future research should explore the experience of the KD from the perspective of the child living with DRE, glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, as well as the family unit supporting them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Climate change is threatening our current food systems and countries around the world are seeking alternative food sources to safeguard against potential food insecurity and nutrient deficiency concerns. Various traditional foods used by Aboriginal groups of Australia have previously been shown to be highly nutritious, contain beneficial functional properties and can thrive in the harsh climatic conditions found across Australia. As interest in these traditional foods grows, Aboriginal groups are looking at developing a range of foods for modern markets. However, for many of these foods, there is still little known about their nutritional and functional properties. In this study, we report the nutrition composition and antioxidant properties of a native Australian grain species that is currently being developed for commercial markets by a collective of Aboriginal Traditional Custodians and compare its properties to a commonly consumed wheat variety. Compared with wheat, the native grain species contained 2‐fold greater protein and total fats, and higher levels of essential minerals and trace elements, including 8‐fold iron levels and >2.5‐fold calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper and manganese levels. Functionally, the native grain contained 2.4‐fold greater polyphenol content and displayed greater antioxidant potential in exposed human monocyte cultures. Importantly, the native grain was also found to contain a very low gluten content. Altogether, this shows that the native grain is nutritionally and functionally superior to commonly consumed wheat for the measured parameters and could potentially serve as a grain alternative or be used to fortify current wheat‐based and gluten‐free products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the regulatory role of neutrophils as the first line of host immune defense in the periodontal microenvironment of mice. Methods: A systematic search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases for articles published between 2012 and 2023. In this review, articles investigating the effect of neutrophils on alveolar bone resorption in a mouse model of periodontitis were selected and evaluated according to eligibility criteria. Important variables that may influence outcomes were analyzed. Results: Eleven articles were included in this systematic review. The results showed that because of their immune defense functions, the functional homeostasis of local neutrophils is critical for periodontal health. Neutrophil deficiency aggravates alveolar bone loss. However, several studies have shown that excessive neutrophil infiltration is positively correlated with alveolar bone resorption caused by periodontitis in mice. Therefore, the homeostasis of neutrophil function needs to be considered in the treatment of periodontitis. Conclusions: Pooled analysis suggests that neutrophils play a bidirectional role in periodontal tissue remodeling in mouse periodontitis models. Therefore, targeted regulation of local neutrophil function provides a novel strategy for the treatment of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a research gap in understanding the relationship between nutrient deficiency and food insecurity among adolescent girls in Afghanistan. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between nutrient deficiencies and food insecurity among middle and high school‐aged girls in Kabul. We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 380 randomly selected 11–18‐year‐old girls attending public schools in grades 6–12. We assessed girls' food insecurity, food and nutrient intake, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Nutrient consumption was calculated using Nutritionist IV software. Statistical analyses, including one‐way analysis of variance, Chi‐square tests, and t‐tests, were used to assess the association between dietary intake and food insecurity. More than half (52.9%) of the participants were food insecure, with 35.8% experiencing hunger and 17.1% without hunger. Vitamin B3, C, selenium, and iron had the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy and were the best indicators of food insecurity with and without hunger. The most prevalent nutrient deficiencies were vitamin B9 and E, calcium, magnesium, and zinc inadequacies. Food security was positively associated with fruit, vitamins E and K, dairy products (e.g., milk, yogurt, and cheese), meat products (e.g., chicken, meat, red meat, and egg), and nut intake. Our findings suggest that adolescent girls in Kabul may benefit from food programs that enrich nutrients such as B9 and E, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, which were found to be the most prevalent nutrient deficiencies. These findings highlight the importance of addressing food insecurity and nutrient deficiencies among adolescent girls in Afghanistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately half of pregnant women in India are anemic, representing over 7.5 million women. Few studies have assessed the relationship between multiple micronutrient deficiencies and anemia during pregnancy or the trajectory of hemoglobin (Hb) during pregnancy in low‐resource settings. We enrolled 200 pregnant women from the Maternal and Newborn Health (MNH) registry, a population‐based pregnancy and birth registry in Eastern Maharashtra, India to address these gaps. The women provided capillary (finger‐prick) and venous blood specimens at enrollment (<15 weeks), and a second capillary specimen in the 3rd trimester (>27 weeks). Capillary specimens were analyzed at the time of collection with a HemoCue Hb 201+; venous specimens were shipped on dry ice to a laboratory for cyanmethemoglobin assessment. In the 1st trimester, mean Hb concentration and anemia (Hb<11.0 g/dL) prevalence using capillary specimens were 10.9 ± 1.5 g/dL and 51.1%; mean Hb concentration using venous blood specimens was estimated to be 11.3 ± 1.3 g/dL and anemia prevalence was 37.5%. The prevalence of iron, vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies were 40%, 30% and 0%, respectively. Among women with anemia in the 1st trimester (venous blood), 56% had concurrent iron deficiency (inflammation‐adjusted serum ferritin <15 µg/L) indicating that their anemia may be amenable to iron supplementation. In total, 21% of women had ID and anemia, 19% ID in the absence of anemia, 16.5% anemia in the absence of ID and 43.5% had neither. By the 3rd trimester, mean Hb from capillary specimens had declined to 10.1 ± 1.35 g/dL and anemia prevalence increased to 70.7%, despite 99.4% mothers reporting receipt of iron‐folic acid (IFA) supplements during her current pregnancy, and 83.9% reporting IFA consumption the previous day. Significant predictors of anemia in the 1st trimester (both venous and capillary) included the number of weeks gestation at the time of Hb assessment and inflammation‐adjusted serum ferritin. For 3rd trimester anemia, significant predictors included 1st trimester height, BMI and IFA consumption during the 3rd trimester (but not 1st trimester micronutrient biomarkers), indicating that IFA supplementation over the course of pregnancy may have influenced micronutrient status and anemia risk. Our findings highlight the severity of the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in Eastern Maharashtra, but also highlight that in many cases, ID and anemia affect different individuals. Preventing and managing anemia in pregnancy in India will require strengthening both clinical and community‐based strategies targeting iron deficiency, as well as other causes of anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case study of a 2-year-old boy with congenital methemoglobinemia type II, presenting with dyskinetic movement disorder, global developmental delay, and cyanosis. The boy exhibited symptoms such as dystonia, spasticity, and pyramidal signs, with triggers including pain, irritability, and febrile illnesses. Genetic testing confirmed a homozygous variation in the CYB5R3 gene, leading to elevated methemoglobin levels and neurological symptoms. Treatment with methylene blue reduced methemoglobin levels, but dystonia persisted, highlighting the challenges in managing this rare condition. [Extracted from the article]

Aim: Paediatric patients with high‐output ileostomies (HOI) face an elevated risk of complications. This study aimed to comprehensively review the existing literature and offer nutritional management recommendations for paediatric patients with an HOI. Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant English or French language papers up to 31 June 2022. The emphasis was placed on studies involving paediatric ileostomy patients, but insights were obtained from adult literature and other intestinal failure pathologies when these were lacking. Results: We identified 16 papers that addressed nutritional issues in paediatric ileostomy patients. Currently, no evidence supports a safe paediatric HOI threshold exceeding 20 mL/kg/day on two consecutive days. Paediatric HOI patients were at risk of dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, micronutrient deficiencies and growth failure. The primary dietary choice for neonates is bolus feeding with breastmilk. In older children, an enteral fluid restriction should be installed favouring isotonic or slightly hypotonic glucose‐electrolyte solutions. A diet that is high in calories, complex carbohydrates and proteins, low in insoluble fibre and simple carbohydrates, and moderate in fat is recommended. Conclusion: Adequate nutritional management is crucial to prevent complications in children with an HOI. Further research is needed to establish more evidence‐based guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) shows that a relationship exists between parental environment at large, foeto‐placental development and the risk for the offspring to develop non‐transmittable disease(s) in adulthood. This concept has been validated in both humans and livestock. In mammals, after fertilization and time spent free in the maternal reproductive tract, the embryo develops a placenta that, in close relationship with maternal endometrium, is the organ responsible for exchanges between dam and foetus. Any modification of the maternal environment can lead to adaptive mechanisms affecting placental morphology, blood flow, foetal‐maternal exchanges (transporters) and/or endocrine function, ultimately modifying placental efficiency. Among deleterious environments, undernutrition, protein restriction, overnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and food contaminants can be outlined. When placental adaptive capacities become insufficient, foetal growth and organ formation is no longer optimal, including foetal gonadal formation and maturation, which can affect subsequent offspring fertility. Since epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to be key to foetal programming, epigenetic modifications of the gametes may also occur, leading to inter‐generational effects. After briefly describing normal gonadal development in domestic species and inter‐species differences, this review highlights the current knowledge on intra‐uterine programming of offspring fertility with a focus on domestic animals and underlines the importance to assess transgenerational effects on offspring fertility at a time when new breeding systems are developed to face the current climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micronutrient deficiency is emerging as a significant public health concern in India. Facilitating pollinator populations in agroecosystems could be an efficient mechanism to ensure food production, both quantitatively and qualitatively. To better understand the role of pollinators in the agroecosystems of India, we conducted an analysis of crop production based on their reliance on pollinators during the period 2010–2021. Our findings indicate that although there were no significant changes in the yearly production or cultivation area of various pollinator‐dependent crops, the average yearly rate of crop‐yield increase in pollinator‐dependent crops was notably lower than in crops that did not depend on pollinators during 2015–2021. The study highlights that a significant portion of vitamins, particularly B7, B9, C and K, and carotenoids come from pollinator‐dependent crops. The findings of this study, which highlight the considerable contribution of micronutrients originating from pollinator‐dependent crops, are consistent with results observed in the Republic of Korea. The loss of pollinator populations may result in an approximately 19% deficit in vitamin C. Although vegetables and fruits contain substantial quantities of minerals per unit weight, a significant portion of these minerals is sourced from non‐pollinator‐dependent crops, particularly cereals and pulses, owing to their abundance. We propose that pollinator‐friendly habitat management could be a sustainable solution to avoid the negative consequences associated with reduced food and nutrition arising from a lack of pollinators in agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Non‐scarring alopecia mainly includes androgenetic alopecia (AGA), female pattern hair loss (FPHL), alopecia areata (AA), telogen effluvium (TE), anagen effluvium (AE) and so on. Many studies had investigated the serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D level and vitamin D deficiency of patients with these diseases, but opinions varied, and no conclusion was reached. Methods: Relevant articles were retrieved through PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and other databases. Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] levels and vitamin D deficiency were used as our primary outcome. The odds ratio (OR) and the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval were both examined for vitamin D deficiency and levels. Results: Our meta‐analysis had included a total of 3374 non‐scarring alopecia patients and 7296 healthy controls from 23 studies through the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. We found non‐scarring alopecia had decreased serum 25(OH)D level (WMD −7.29; 95% CI −9.21, −5.38) and increased vitamin D deficiency incidence (OR 3.11 95% CI 2.29, 4.22), compared with healthy controls. This meta‐analysis chose to conduct random‐effect model and subgroup analysis, because of the high heterogeneity (serum 25(OH)D level: I2 = 95%, vitamin D deficiency: I2 = 0%). Conclusion: Patients with non‐scarring alopecia (including AA, FPHL, AGA and TE) have insufficient serum level of 25(OH)D and increased incidence of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation and monitoring for vitamin D deficiency may be helpful in treating non‐scarring alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the commonest global nutritional deficiency diseases, and the low bioavailability of iron is a key contributing factor. The peptide-iron complex could be used as a novel iron supplement to improve iron bioavailability. RESULTS: In this study, antioxidant low molecular weight (<3 kDa) phosvitin peptide (named PP-4) was separated to prepare a phosvitin peptide-ferrous complex (named PP-4-Fe); then the structural conformation of PP-4-Fe was characterized and its bioavailability by in vitro digestion was evaluated. The results showed that PP-4 had good ferrous-binding activity with 96.14 ± 2.86 ~g Fe2+ mg-11, and had a strong antioxidant effect with 995.61 ± 79.75 ~mol TE mg-1 in 2,2'-azinobis'3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 62.3 ± 3.95 ~mol FeSO4 mg-1 in ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). After ferrous binding, the FRAP activity of PP-4-Fe, enhanced by 1.8 times, formed a more ordered structure with an increase in α-helix and decrease in γ-random coil. The ferrous binding sites of PP-4 involved were the amino, carboxyl, imidazole, and phosphate groups. The PP-4-Fe complex displayed excellent gastrointestinal stability and antioxidant effects during digestion. The iron dialysis percentage of PP-4-Fe was 74.59% ± 0.68%, and increased to 81.10% ± 0.89% with the addition of 0.25 times vitamin C (VC). This indicated that PP-4-Fe displayed excellent bioavailability and VC in sufficient quantities had a synergistic effect on improving bioavailability. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that antioxidant phosvitin peptide was an efficient delivery system to protect ferrous ions and suggested that the phosvitin peptide-ferrous complex has strong potential as a ferrous supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatologic manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF) include nutrient deficiency dermatoses, vasculitis, transient reactive papulotranslucent acrokeratodema, digital clubbing, and increased rates of atopy and drug reactions. Few cases of a characteristic eruption in patients with episodic arthritis of CF have been described with prior reports primarily occurring outside of the dermatology literature. We report four cases consistent with this presentation to add to the literature and propose a new and unifying name to recognize this entity as cystic fibrosis dermatitis arthritis syndrome (CF‐DAS). Clinical suspicion should remain high in young female patients with cystic fibrosis presenting with episodic joint pain and rash, independent of pulmonary exacerbations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tangel humus primarily occurs in montane and subalpine zones of the calcareous Alps that exhibit low temperatures and high precipitation sums. This humus form is characterized by inhibited carbon turnover and accumulated organic matter, leading to the typical thick organic layers. However, the reason for this accumulation of organic matter is still unclear, and knowledge about the microbial community within Tangel humus is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the prokaryotic and fungal communities along with the physical and chemical properties within a depth gradient (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50 cm) of a Tangel humus located in the Northern Limestone Alps. We hypothesized that humus properties and microbial activity, biomass, and diversity differ along the depth gradient and that microbial key players refer to certain humus depths. Our results give the first comprehensive information about microbiota within the Tangel humus and establish a microbial zonation of the humus. Microbial activity, biomass, as well as microbial alpha diversity significantly decreased with increasing depths. We identified microbial biomarkers for both, the top and the deepest depth, indicating different, microbial habitats. The microbial characterization together with the established nutrient deficiencies in the deeper depths might explain reduced C‐turnover and Tangel humus formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Aspirin‐related hemolysis in G6PD deficiency could be late‐onset during long‐term administration. Hemolytic anemia could continue for a relatively long time in elder patient with G6PD deficiency, which might be related to other adverse events. Aspirin‐related hemolysis in G6PD‐deficient individuals was generally reported among patients who received high‐dose supplements within several days after ingestion. The safety of long‐term and low‐dose (50–325 mg/day) aspirin in patients coexist G6PD deficiency and cardiovascular disease is neglected in clinical practice. In this case, we observed a late‐onset hemolysis and subsequent fatal subdural hemorrhage in one G6PD‐deficient individual who had received long‐term and low‐dose aspirin. An 83‐year‐old male was diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke and treated with 100 mg/day aspirin at the emergency room. After admission, the patient was diagnosed with severe G6PD deficiency based on enzyme activity, but no hemolysis occurred within 10‐day aspirin therapy in the hospital. Hence, 100 mg/day aspirin was continued on discharge. Two months later, the patient presented acute hemolysis manifested as fatigue, dark urine, and moderate jaundice. Although hemolysis was self‐limit in a few days, hemoglobin decline continued for 20 days until a fatal subdural hemorrhage occurred. Our study indicated aspirin‐related hemolysis could be late‐onset in G6PD‐deficient individual even receiving low‐dose treatment and is probably linked to subsequent major bleeding events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granular micronutrient premixes have been used to fortify salt and proven to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies. Expansion of the micronutrient premix technology to other food vehicles requires characterization of the granules to establish a basic understanding of the material. The objective of this study is to determine the physical and chemical properties of micronutrient premixes, and examine these parameters in relation to the attrition of the granules. The physical properties examined were particle shape, density, and compressive strength; and chemical compositions of the granule surfaces and cross sections were mapped using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Currently, premix granules coated with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and fully hydrogenated soybean oil to a minimum coating thickness of 25 μm is sufficient for resisting attrition under the processing conditions of double‐fortified salt. Micronutrient premix granules can be made more resistant to attrition under harsher processing conditions through reduction in particle size, increase in sphericity, and increase in the coating thickness. Practical Applications: Two billion people worldwide suffer from the deficiency at least one micronutrient, which burdens an individual's health and quality of life. Fortification of staple foods is a proven cost‐effective approach to mitigate micronutrient deficiencies. Micronutrient premix granules used to fortify salt have had great success in reducing iron‐deficient anemia. Premix granules must remain intact until they reach the consumer for the micronutrients to be absorbed by the body. Currently, existing formulations of premix can resist breakage under the processing and handling conditions of salt production. However, premix granules have not been tested under elevated temperatures and compression, so their integrity under such conditions remains to be shown. This study reports on the properties of micronutrient premix granules to establish a baseline understanding for the expansion of their use. Our results show that existing premix granules can be made smaller, rounder, and with a thicker coating to withstand harsher processing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil‐transmitted helminths (STHs) parasitic infection is known as one of the most common infections around the world affecting more than a quarter of the world's population. The relationship between STH infections and micronutrient deficiencies are closely related and often coexist among the affected population. The study, therefore, aimed to summarise the available literature focusing on the effect of zinc status/deficiency or supplementation on STH infection or reinfection in children. For this purpose, we adopted a systematic approach and searched the existing literature on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. A search term was entered to retrieve the available data. A total of 12 articles were included in this review after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Most of the included studies reported a lower zinc status in children affected with any parasitic infection. Regarding the effect of zinc status and supplementation on parasitic infection in children, we found only a few studies (n = 4) with inconsistent result findings. This review reported that children infected with STH have lower zinc levels; however, a limited number of studies showed the effect of zinc supplements on the risk of STH warrants the need for further studies in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both macronutrients and micronutrients are essential for tree growth and development through participating in various ecophysiological processes. However, the impact of the nutritional status of trees on their ability to withstand drought‐induced mortality remains inconclusive. We thus conducted a comprehensive meta‐analysis, compiling data on 11 essential nutrients from 44 publications (493 independent observations). Additionally, a field study was conducted on Pinus sylvestris L. trees with varying drought‐induced vitality loss in the "Visp" forest in southern Switzerland. No consistent decline in tree nutritional status was observed during tree mortality. The meta‐analysis revealed significantly lower leaf potassium (K), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) concentrations with tree mortality. However, the field study showed no causal relationships between nutritional levels and the vitality status of trees. This discrepancy is mainly attributed to the intrinsic differences in the two types of experimental designs and the ontogenetic stages of target trees. Nutrient reductions preceding tree mortality were predominantly observed in non‐field conditions, where the study was conducted on seedlings and saplings with underdeveloped root systems. It limits the nutrient uptake capacity of these young trees during drought. Furthermore, tree nutritional responses are also influenced by many variables. Specifically, (a) leaf nutrients are more susceptible to drought stress than other organs; (b) reduced tree nutrient concentrations are more prevalent in evergreen species during drought‐induced mortality; (c) of all biomes, Mediterranean forests are most vulnerable to drought‐induced nutrient deficiencies; (d) soil types affect the direction and extent of tree nutritional responses. We identified factors that influence the relationship between tree nutritional status and drought survival, and proposed potential early‐warning indicators of impending tree mortality, for example, decreased K concentrations with declining vitality. These findings contribute to our understanding of tree responses to drought and provide practical implications for forest management strategies in the context of global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pompe disease is a rare, autosomal recessive, degenerative neuromuscular disease caused by deficiency of acid α‐glucosidase, a lysosomal enzyme that degrades α‐1,4 and α‐1,6 linkages in glycogen. The objectives of this study (PAPAYA; NCT01410890) were to (1) characterize the pharmacokinetics of 20 mg/kg body weight alglucosidase alfa manufactured at the 4000‐L scale following a single intravenous dose in participants aged less than 18 and 18 years or older with Pompe disease and (2) evaluate the relationship between anti–alglucosidase alfa antibody titers and the pharmacokinetics of alglucosidase alfa. Mean maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration–time curve from time zero and extrapolated to infinite time were 204 μg/mL and 1110 μg • h/mL for participants aged less than 18 years (n = 10), respectively, and 307 μg/mL and 1890 μg • h/mL for participants aged 18 years or older (n = 10), respectively. Mean terminal half‐life was 5.43 hours in participants aged less than 18 years with a high variability (70%) and 3.84 hours in participants aged 18 years or older with a low variability (21%). Mean maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration–time curve from time zero and extrapolated to infinite time were 256 μg/mL and 1452 μg • h/mL, respectively, in anti–alglucosidase alfa–negative participants (n = 12) and 262 μg/mL and 1703 μg • h/mL, respectively, in anti–alglucosidase alfa–positive participants (n = 7). The study findings enrich available data from existing information on alglucosidase alfa without changing its known risks and benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in older people and is linked to anaemia, cognitive decline, and dementia. Clinical presentation is variable, ranging from no symptoms or subtle, non‐specific symptoms, through to serious, irreversible neurological symptoms if left untreated. Although common, it is often under‐recognised, with diagnosis usually occurring on incidental blood test screening. Older people are at increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency due to insufficient dietary intake, malabsorption associated with aged‐related changes in gastrointestinal function, higher incidence of pernicious anaemia, and chronic use of interfering medications such as metformin and proton‐pump inhibitors. Early detection and treatment in symptomatic deficiency are crucial to prevent irreversible damage. Vitamin B12 intramuscular injection bypasses potential absorption issues and is traditionally the first‐line treatment in older people. However, emerging evidence suggests that high‐dose oral replacement may be as effective. Older people often require lifelong therapy due to the irreversible nature of the underlying cause of deficiency. This review provides an overview of vitamin B12 deficiency and its management in older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reefs thrive in the oligotrophic ocean and rely on symbiotic algae to acquire nutrients. Global warming is projected to intensify surface ocean nutrient deficiency and anthropogenic discharge of wastes with high nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P) ratios can exacerbate P nutrient limitation. However, our understanding on how symbiotic algae cope with P deficiency is limited. Here, we investigated the responses of a coral symbiotic species of Symbiodiniaceae, Cladocopium goreaui, to P‐limitation by examining its physiological performance and transcriptomic profile. Under P stress, C. goreaui exhibited decreases in algal growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and cellular P content but enhancement in carbon fixation, N assimilation, N:P ratio, and energy metabolism, with downregulated expression of carbohydrate exporter genes. Besides, C. goreaui showed flexible mechanisms of utilizing different dissolved organic phosphorus to relieve P deficiency. When provided glycerol phosphate, C. goreaui hydrolyzed it extracellularly to produce phosphate for uptake. When grown on phytate, in contrast, C. goreaui upregulated the endocytosis pathway while no dissolved inorganic phosphorus was released into the medium, suggesting that phytate was transported into the cell, potentially via the endocytosis pathway. This study sheds light on the survival strategies of C. goreaui and potential weakening of its role as an organic carbon supplier in P‐limited environments, underscoring the importance of more systematic investigation on future projections of such effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevention of iron deficiency (ID), the most common micronutrient deficiency in infants and children, begins prenatally by ensuring adequate fetal loading. Adequate intrauterine iron status is crucial for normal fetal brain development, postnatal brain performance and prevention of early postnatal iron deficiency, particularly in infants fed exclusively human milk. Adequate fetal loading may be achieved in some cases through adequate maternal iron levels prior to pregnancy and oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. However, because so many women are iron‐deficient leading up to pregnancy, coupled with the negative iron balance induced by pregnancy, a large number of women remain iron‐deficient during pregnancy. More consistent iron‐specific early screening and more effective iron delivery approaches are needed to solve this global problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present study investigated the association of skeletal indicator of stress presence with mean age‐at‐death as a means of understanding whether commonly studied indicators are indeed indicative of increased frailty. Materials and Methods: Using a medieval Gaelic population from Ballyhanna (Co. Donegal), the present study assessed the association between skeletal indicators of stress and mean age‐at‐death using the Kaplan–Meier survival function with log rank test to determine whether these indicators were associated with younger age‐at‐death, and therefore increased frailty, in sub‐adults only (0 to 18 years, N = 139) and through comparison to an all‐ages cohort (N = 318). Results: Only linear enamel hypoplasia was found to be associated with significantly decreased survivorship across the all‐ages cohort but, conversely, was associated with increased survivorship when analysis was restricted to sub‐adults. All other indicators assessed were associated with increased age‐at‐death for both all‐age cohorts and sub‐adult cohorts (cribra orbitalia), increased age‐at‐death when assessing all ages only (porotic hyperostosis and healed periosteal lesions); or were sufficiently rare in adults to prevent comparative analysis (stunting and micronutrient deficiency). Increased survivorship in individuals with higher numbers of co‐morbid skeletal indicators was observed for both sub‐adults alone and all age cohort. Discussion: These findings suggest that these commonly recorded skeletal indicators may be more accurately viewed simply as records of stressor exposure and subsequent survival only, rather than providing evidence that these sub‐adults are frailer than their similarly aged‐at‐death peers. Thus, the demographic and sociocultural context is essential to the interpretation of observed skeletal indicators of stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Leaf senescence is an orderly process regulated by multiple internal factors and diverse environmental stresses including nutrient deficiency. Histone variants are involved in regulating plant growth and development. However, their functions and underlying regulatory mechanisms in leaf senescence remain largely unclear.Here, we found that H2B histone variant HTB4 functions as a negative regulator of leaf senescence. Loss of function of HTB4 led to early leaf senescence phenotypes that were rescued by functional complementation. RNA‐seq analysis revealed that several Ib subgroup basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) involved in iron (Fe) homeostasis, including bHLH038, bHLH039, bHLH100, and bHLH101, were suppressed in the htb4 mutant, thereby compromising the expressions of FERRIC REDUCTION OXIDASE 2 (FRO2) and IRON‐REGULATED TRANSPORTER (IRT1), two important components of the Fe uptake machinery.Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that HTB4 could bind to the promoter regions of Ib bHLH TFs and enhance their expression by promoting the enrichment of the active mark H3K4me3 near their transcriptional start sites. Moreover, overexpression of Ib bHLH TFs or IRT1 suppressed the premature senescence phenotype of the htb4 mutant.Our work established a signaling pathway, HTB4‐bHLH TFs‐FRO2/IRT1‐Fe homeostasis, which regulates the onset and progression of leaf senescence. See also the Commentary on this article by Dubos, 240: 461–463. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The continuous imbalance between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition is expected to shift many ecosystems from N‐ to P limitation. Extraradical hyphae of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi play important roles in plant nutrient acquisition under nutrient deficiency. However, whether and how ECM hyphae enhance soil P availability to alleviate N‐induced P deficiency remains unclear.We investigated the impacts of ECM hyphae on transformations among different soil P fractions and underlying mechanisms under N deposition in two ECM‐dominated forests.Ectomycorrhizal hyphae enhanced soil P availability under N addition by stimulating mineralization of organic P (Po) and desorption and solubilization of secondary mineral P, as indicated by N‐induced increase in positive hyphal effect on plant‐available P pool and negative hyphal effects on Po and secondary mineral P pools. Moreover, ECM hyphae increased soil phosphatase activity and abundance of microbial genes associated with Po mineralization and inorganic P solubilization, while decreasing concentrations of Fe/Al oxides.Our results suggest that ECM hyphae can alleviate N‐induced P deficiency in ECM‐dominated forests by regulating interactions between microbial and abiotic factors involved in soil P transformations. This advances our understanding of plant acclimation strategies via mediating plant–mycorrhiza interactions to sustain forest production and functional stability under changing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to sustainability concerns related to current diets and environmental challenges, it is crucial to have sound policies to protect human and planetary health. It is proposed that sustainable diets will improve public health and food security and decrease the food system's effect on the environment. Micronutrient deficiencies are a well‐known major public health concern. One‐third to half of the world's population suffers from nutrient deficiencies, which have a negative impact on society in terms of unrealised potential and lost economic productivity. Large‐scale fortification with different micronutrients has been found to be a useful strategy to improve public health. As a cost‐effective strategy to improve micronutrient deficiency, this review explores the role of micronutrient fortification programmes in ensuring the nutritional quality (and affordability) of diets that are adjusted to help ensure environmental sustainability in the face of climate change, for example by replacing some animal‐sourced foods with nutrient‐dense, plant‐sourced foods fortified with the micronutrients commonly supplied by animal‐sourced foods. Additionally, micronutrient fortification considers food preferences based on the dimensions of a culturally sustainable diet. Thus, we conclude that investing in micronutrient fortification could play a significant role in preventing and controlling micronutrient deficiencies, improving diets and being environmentally, culturally and economically sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol drinking is a popular activity among adolescents in many countries, largely due to its pleasant, relaxing effects. As a major concern, ethanol consumption put the drinkers at risk of nutrients' deficiency due to the disordered eating, anorexia, and malabsorption of nutrients. Moreover, alcohol drinking may lead to the development of hangover symptoms including diarrhea, thirsty, fatigue, and oxidative stress. A broad range of functional food components with antioxidant and/or anti‐inflammatory properties including pectin, aloe vera polysaccharides, chito‐oligosaccharides, and other herbal components have been explored due to their detoxification effects against ethanol. The underlying anti‐hangover mechanisms include reducing the intestinal absorption of ethanol or its metabolites, increasing the activity of ethanol metabolizing enzymes, development of fatty acid β‐oxidation in mitochondria, inhibition of inflammatory response, blocking the target receptors of ethanol in the body, and possession of antioxidant activity under the oxidative stress developed by ethanol consumption. Therefore, the development of bioactive food‐based therapeutic formula can assist clinicians and also drinkers in the alleviation of alcohol side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the gap between the production of nutritious quality crops and their consumption is widening, resulting in high rates of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Our goal is to examine the rich tapestry of studies on underutilized crops (UUCs) and consider their potential role in alleviating food and nutritional insecurity. Published research articles on UUC were retrieved from databases, such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The key terms used were "UUC," "neglected crops," and lists of UUC, which were frequently cited in literature. A bibliometric innovative approach, such as reference co‐citation, co‐citation, and co‐word analysis, was used. We observed an annual growth rate of 6.4% in UUC research outputs with the number of annual publications increasing from less than 700 article publications in 2000–3000 article publications in 2021. It is also developing into a noticeably interdisciplinary research field with more collaborations and institutional affiliations. The most relevant affiliated countries in UUC‐related studies are developed and transition countries, such as the United States of America, China, India, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and Germany. The pressing and emerging research studies in UUC‐related studies are genetic diversity and identification, agronomic knowledge, seed improvement, and environmental stresses. There is a shift in the focus of UUC studies, which provides a deeper understanding of the global trends and directions that have evolved in UUC studies over the past two decades. This result provides researchers and policymakers in the field of UUC with a useful tool for decision‐making on UUC. Core Ideas: Underutilized crop (UUC) research output has an annual growth rate of 6.4%.The important patterns in global scientific studies and the evolution of UUC between 2000 and 2021 were revealed.There is a positive shift in the global trends and directions concerning UUC studies.Among the emerging research areas in UUC studies are genetic identification and agronomic management.This finding provides a useful tool for scholars and policymakers in the UUC‐related field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. It is of concern for women and girls of reproductive age as, despite frequent normalization, excessive menstrual blood loss and the iron demands associated with pregnancy increase the risk of developing an ID. Iron deficiency reduces health‐related quality of life with symptoms of fatigue, heart palpitations, difficulty concentrating, and poor mental health. When left untreated, ID can escalate to iron deficiency anemia (IDA), where there is an insufficiency of red blood cells, or hemoglobin within these cells, to meet the bodily demands for oxygen transport. Substantial guidance on screening for ID can be found in specific at‐risk groups, including pregnant women and patients with renal, cardiac, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, it was unclear whether guidance is available for women of reproductive age. We performed a literature search to explore the current recommendations for screening women of reproductive age for ID. While four manuscripts supportive of screening were found, no official guidance appears to exist regarding screening for this group. In line with the World Health Organization's 10 Principles of Screening, we present a case for ID screening in women and girls of reproductive age. Synopsis: Following review of current practice and the World Health Organization's 10 Principles of Screening, there is an evident need for iron deficiency screening in women and girls of reproductive age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 50% of pregnant women are anemic and the majority of these are iron deficient. Micronutrient deficiency, the symptom of heavy menstrual bleeding in nonpregnant individuals, and loss of blood associated with pregnancy and obstetric delivery contribute to iron deficiency (ID). Poor outcomes with low maternal iron can affect not only the pregnancy but can also have major bearings on the offspring. Correction of ID and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnant and prepregnant populations with single‐dose intravenous iron supplementation may offer improved outcomes. A harmonization process that incorporates all major randomized controlled trials studying the use of single‐dose IV iron compared with oral iron may suggest actions for changing the global trajectory of ID/IDA for women and girls of reproductive age. Synopsis: Emerging science proposing single‐dose intravenous iron supplementation may change the global trajectory of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in women and girls of reproductive age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2) is an autosomal recessively inherited disease resulting from loss‐of‐function mutations in ADA2, formerly named CECR1 (cat eye syndrome chromosome region, candidate 1) gene. Disease manifestations could be separated into three major phenotypes: inflammatory/vascular, immune dysregulatory, and hematologic; however, most patients presented with significant overlap between these three phenotype groups. Case Presentation: We present a case of DADA2 deficiency with disease onset at 3 years old, not recognized till the age of 18 with severe gastrointestinal vasculitis and recurrent episodes of neutropenia associated with a new CECR1 mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Over the past few decades, a close relationship between sulfur (S) and iron (Fe) in terms of functionality and nutrition was demonstrated in the tomato. However, very little is known about the regulatory mechanisms underlying S/Fe interactions. Recently, the potential role of citrate in plant adaptation to Fe deficiency and combined S and Fe deficiency has been described. It is known that an impaired organic acid metabolism may stimulate a retrograde signal, which has been proven to be linked to the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling in yeast and animal cells. Recent reports provided evidence of TOR involvement in S nutrient sensing in plants. This suggestion prompted us to investigate whether TOR may play a role in the cross‐talk of signaling pathway occurring during plant adaptation to combined nutrient deficiency of Fe and S. Our results revealed that Fe deficiency elicited an increase of TOR activity associated with enhanced accumulation of citrate. In contrast, S deficiency resulted in decreased TOR activity and citrate accumulation. Interestingly, citrate accumulated in shoots of plants exposed to combined S/Fe deficiency to values between those found in Fe‐ and S‐deficient plants, again correlated with TOR activity level. Our results suggest that citrate might be involved in establishing a link between plant response to combined S/Fe deficiency and the TOR network. Significance Statement: To our knowledge, this is the first report on the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) response to nutrient starvation in the tomato crop. TOR activity has been modulated differently by single or combined iron and sulfur deficiency. In addition, evidence was presented suggesting that endogenous changes in citric acid content in plant tissues might act as an important modulator of TOR activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low yield potential of most biofortified maize is a barrier to its full adoption and reduces its potential to curb various macro‐ and micronutrient deficiencies highly prevalent in low‐income regions of the world, such as sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). By crossing biofortified inbred lines with different nutritional attributes such as zinc (Zn), provitamin A and protein quality, breeders are attempting to develop agronomically superior and stable multi‐nutrient maize of different genetic backgrounds. A key question, however, is the relationship between the biofortified inbred lines per se and hybrid performance under stress and non‐stress conditions. In this study, inbred line per se and testcross performance were evaluated for grain yield and secondary traits of Zn‐enhanced normal, provitamin A and quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids and estimated heterosis under combined heat and drought (HMDS) and well‐watered (WW) conditions. Responses of all secondary traits, except for the number of days to mid‐anthesis, significantly differed for HMDS and WW conditions. The contribution of heterosis to grain yield was highly significant under both management levels, although higher mid and high‐parent heterosis was observed under WW than HMDS conditions. However, the findings suggest that inbred line performance was the best determinant of hybrid performance under HMDS. Strong correlations were observed between grain yield and secondary traits for both parents and hybrids, and between secondary traits of inbred lines and hybrids under both management levels, indicating that hybrid performance can be predicted based on intrinsic inbred line performance. Phenotypic correlation between grain yield of inbred lines and hybrids was higher under HMDS than WW conditions. This study demonstrated that under HMDS conditions, performance of Zn‐enhanced hybrids could be predicted based on the performance of their corresponding inbred lines. However, the parental inbred lines should be systematically selected for desirable secondary traits correlated with HMDS tolerance during inbred line development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Scurvy in non‐adults was assessed at the Pre‐Neolithic site of Con Co Ngua and the Neolithic site of Man Bac in northern Vietnam to investigate nutritional stress during the agricultural transition in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA). Materials: One hundred and four human skeletons under the age of 20 years old were assessed. Methods: Lesions were recorded macroscopically and radiographically. Differential diagnosis using prior established paleopathological diagnostic criteria for scurvy was conducted. Results: There was no clear evidence for scurvy at Con Co Ngua and a high burden of scurvy was present at Man Bac (>79% diagnosed with probable scurvy). Scurvy levels were high across all non‐adult ages at Man Bac indicating significant burden throughout childhood and adolescence. Conclusions: No scurvy at Con Co Ngua is consistent with widely available food sources at the peak of the Holocene thermal maximum. High levels of scurvy at Man Bac corresponds with decreased dietary diversity, high pathogen load, and increased population stress with the transition to agriculture around the time of the 4.2 ka desertification event. Significance: This is the first systematic population‐level non‐adult investigation of specific nutritional disease in MSEA and demonstrates an increase in nutritional stress during the Neolithic transition in northern Vietnam. Limitations: Subperiosteal new bone deposits can be due to normal growth in infants and young children, therefore, identification of scurvy in children under the age of 4 years needs to be considered critically. Suggestions for Further Research: Further work in diagnosing specific nutritional disease in other non‐adult cohorts throughout MSEA is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many developing countries are facing a silent increase in deficiency of micronutrients in forage crops that results in decreased levels of essential nutrients in animals. Micronutrients are essential not only for basic metabolic processes of forage crops but also for sustaining animal health. Forage productivity and quality are severely affected by soil micronutrients deficiencies, especially zinc and copper. This review summarizes the literature highlighting the significance of different methodologies used to increase the biomass and quality of forage so as to enhance the micronutrient content of the forage crops through biofortification. Biofortification is a promising and sustainable agriculture‐based strategy to reduce micronutrient deficiency in crops. The experiments and trials conducted at different locations of the world showed that copper and zinc concentrations in animal fodders can be enhanced through the process of foliar application. Additionally, agronomic biofortification showed more promising results, and thus is an outstanding, fast, and cost‐effective technique for the immediate enrichment of forage in order to overcome malnutrition in animals. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene (ET) controls many facets of plant growth and development under abiotic and biotic stresses. MtEIN2, as a critical element of the ET signaling pathway, is essential in biotic interactions. However, the role of MtEIN2 in responding to abiotic stress, such as combined nutrient deficiency, is less known. To assess the role of ethylene signaling in nutrient uptake, we manipulated nitrate (NO3−) and phosphate (Pi) availability for wild‐type (WT) and the ethylene‐insensitive (MtEIN2‐defective) mutant, sickle, in Medicago truncatula. We measured leaf biomass and photosynthetic pigments in WT and sickle to identify conditions leading to different responses in both genotypes. Under combined NO3− and Pi deficiency, sickle plants had higher chlorophyll and carotenoid contents than WT plants. Under these conditions, nitrate content and gene expression levels of nitrate transporters were higher in the sickle mutant than in the WT. This led to the conclusion that MtEIN2 is associated with nitrate uptake and the content of photosynthetic pigments under combined Pi and NO3−deficiency in M. truncatula. We conclude that ethylene perception plays a critical role in regulating the nutrient status of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy and Hippo signalling pathways both play important roles in cell homeostasis and are often involved in tumourigenesis. However, the crosstalk between these two signal pathways in response to stress conditions, such as nutrient deficiency, is incompletely understood. Here, we show that vesicular localised coiled‐coil domain containing 115 (CCDC115) inhibits autophagy as well as Hippo signalling pathway under starvation. Moreover, we show that CCDC115 interacts with the HOPS complex. This interaction competes with STX17, thus inhibiting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Hence, CCDC115 inhibits the autophagic degradation of yes‐associated protein (YAP), thereby promoting cell proliferation in nutrient‐restricted situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expanded usage of white clover has increased the importance of understanding white clover dynamics in pastures. It is assumed that clover plants have a higher tolerance for moisture and nutrient deficiencies when the taproot is still present. Therefore, the survival of the seminal taproot can influence the dynamics of clover. Past breeding efforts in countries like New Zealand have focussed on increasing the taproot longevity through hybridisation with a close relative of white clover. However, there is no direct evidence whether increased survival of the taproot results in increased performance of white clover. In this study, we aimed to (i) assess the relationship between taproot volume and taproot survival, and (ii) whether the timing of death of the seminal taproot influences the population dynamics of white clover varieties. In a two‐year field experiment with 18 white clover varieties grown in monoculture and in mixture with Lolium perenne L, the taproot characteristics and population dynamics were studied. It was shown that taproot volume was positively correlated to both leaf size and taproot presence during autumn 2017, 1 year after sowing. The combination of the timing of death of the seminal tap root and the development of stolons seems to play a more important role in increasing the persistence of white clover than the absolute survival of the seminal taproot. Future research should focus on understanding the transition from a taprooted white clover to a stolonous white clover plant in relation to specific weather events such as winter frost conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries is a chronic progressive disease, which destructs dental hard tissues under the influence of multiple factors, mainly bacteria. Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic bacteria. However, its cariogenic virulence is affected by environmental stress such as oxidative stress, nutrient deficiency, and low pH to some extent. Oxidative stress is one of the main stresses that S. mutans faces in oral cavity. But there are a variety of protective molecules to resist oxidative stress in S. mutans, including superoxide dismutase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, Dps‐like peroxide resistance protein, alkyl‐hydrogen peroxide reductase, thioredoxin, glutamate‐reducing protein system, and some metabolic substances. Additionally, some transcriptional regulatory factors (SloR, PerR, Rex, Spx, etc.) and two‐component systems are also closely related to oxidative stress adaptation by modulating the expression of protective molecules. This review summarizes the research progress of protective molecules and regulatory mechanisms (mainly transcription factors) of oxidative stress adaptation of S. mutans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]