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Electro‐organic synthesis, a method that uses electrical current to drive various organic transformations, has garnered significant attention, and so has heterogeneous electrosynthesis, a process that produces chemicals through electrochemical reactions at the interface between the electrode and an electrolyte. This concept highlights the synergistic potential of heterogeneous electrocatalysts, particularly in their use in cross‐coupling reactions. After thoroughly analyzing existing literature, key examples have been highlighted in this paper where heterogeneous electrocatalysts have facilitated the transformation of simple starting materials into useful products. This process lowers energy consumption and reduces waste. We hope this short review sparks the interest among those involved in organic electrosynthesis to explore and use heterogeneous electrocatalysis for cross‐coupling reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation concentrates on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects of a steady Casson fluid flowing over a stretching sheet in the porous medium. A mathematical model for Casson fluid is developed in order to investigate the characteristics of non‐Newtonian fluid. The governing higher order nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformation. The appropriate boundary conditions have been applied to generate analytical expressions of flow characteristics such as velocity and skin friction coefficient. Results are reported on specific cases of fluid velocity (horizontal/transversal) and skin friction coefficient. The skin friction coefficient, and the fluid flow characteristics, i.e., velocity profiles, are sketched for various values of the flow parameters, such as the Casson parameter, suction velocity, conductivity, and permeability parameter and analyzed. The velocity components are a decreasing function of the Casson parameter and electrical conductivity, whereas, the skin friction coefficient is an increasing function of permeability parameter. Deduced results validate the existing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT There have been considerable advances in diagnosing and treating bleeding disorders. But the scenario remains dismal in resource‐constrained settings in low and lower‐middle‐income countries (LMICs). Seventy‐five percent of the patients with inherited bleeding disorders do not get diagnosed in LMICs. In resource‐constrained settings, infectious disease and malignancies take the major focus. Bleeding disorders do not get prioritised in LMICs, and this leads to underdiagnoses and suboptimal treatment. There are various challenges like financial status, inadequacy of health care infrastructure, lack of patient registry and lack of awareness across medical staff, general population and government stakeholders. The lack of skilled laboratory personnel and laboratory infrastructure for optimal bleeding disorder diagnosis adds on to the problem. World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH) has been at the forefront in developing strategies to overcome some of these inadequacies; however, more active participation of the stakeholders including patients, medical professionals and policy makers is the need of the hour. This review highlights the different challenges in LMICs in diagnosing bleeding disorders, the gap between high‐income countries and LMICs and the possible strategies in closing the gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the clinical significance of subtyping (type 1 vs 2) of papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) in patients treated with targeted therapy, as well as the concordance, sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of local review pathology review. Methods: Patients with advanced refractory PRCC were randomised to receive sunitinib or cabozantinib, crizotinib or savolitinib, stratified by PRCC subtype (type 1, type 2, or not otherwise specified [NOS]/mixed) by local review. Central review was retrospectively conducted by three expert genitourinary pathologists who independently reviewed cases. The sensitivity and PPV of local review were estimated and outcomes [objective response rate (ORR), progression‐free survival (PFS)] were summarised for treatment groups stratified by subtypes by central review. Results: Amongst the 147 patients reviewed, the prevalence of individual subtypes varied by local or central review (type 1: 17.7% vs 29.3%; type 2: 53.1% vs 45.6%; NOS/mixed: 29.3% vs 25.2%), respectively. Individual cases were frequently reclassified and local pathology review demonstrated low sensitivity (type 1: 48%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 33, 65; type 2: 67%, 95% CI 55, 78; NOS/mixed: 43%, 95% CI 27, 61). The PPVs of local review were 80%, 57.7% and 37% for type 1, 2 and NOS/mixed, respectively. Compared to sunitinib, cabozantinib demonstrated improved PFS for both type 1 and type 2 PRCC subgroups (7.4 vs 9.0 and 2.9 vs 5.6 months, respectfully) as well as higher ORR. Conclusions: The PRCC subtype assignment did not identify a subset of patients with greater clinical benefit from cabozantinib, with significant discordance between local and central review. Our findings confirm the limited clinical value of pathological subtyping of metastatic PRCC, in line with the recent World Health Organisation 2022 guidelines. Patient summary: In this study, categorising papillary renal cell carcinoma into type 1 or 2 subtypes showed limited concordance between central and local pathological review and did not enrich for patients more likely to benefit from cabozantinib in the S1500 PAPMET trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: For over 30 years, combined research and treatment settings in the US have been critical to conceptualizing care for first‐episode psychosis (FEP). Here we describe an early example of such a context, the Services for the Treatment of Early Psychosis (STEP) clinic, which is affiliated with the University of Pittsburgh. Methods: We describe STEP's historical roots and establishment in the early 1990s; STEP's research and treatment contributions, alongside its growth and ongoing leadership. Results: Research‐based clinics, like STEP, preceded and helped pave the way for the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode project in the US and the ensuing Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC) approach, now widely adopted in the US. Early clinic‐based research at STEP helped establish protocols for psychopharmacology, the relevance of effective early treatment, including psychosocial approaches, and highlighted disparities in treatment outcomes across race/ethnicity. Multidisciplinary collaboration and dialogue with consumers contributed to early treatment, combining psychosocial and pharmacological approaches. STEP adopted CSC and is situated within a bi‐state Learning Health System. STEP has retained a relatively unique 5‐year treatment model and exists within continuum of care ideally suited to studying psychotic illness and treatment outcomes. Conclusions: STEP remains the largest academic FEP clinic in Pennsylvania. Academic FEP clinics like STEP will have a critical role within Learning Health Systems nationally to model participatory approaches, sustain early intervention treatment quality and ongoing treatment developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent study published in the journal Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism investigated the effects of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) hormone on adipose tissue in humans. The study found that a 4-hour infusion of BNP led to a two- to five-fold increase in the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a marker of brown/beige adipocytes. This suggests that BNP may promote adipocyte thermogenesis and beiging, which could have implications for the treatment of obesity. The study had a small sample size and did not include women, so further research is needed to confirm these findings. [Extracted from the article]

The majority of fluorescence imaging techniques make considerable use of fluorescent dyes. Nevertheless, many structural modification techniques currently in use could not adjust the fluorophores′ properties (such as brightness, photostability, water solubility, and permeability). Herein, we report azaspiroketal‐based auxochrome on naphthalimide and nitrobenzoxadiazole dyes. Their photophysical parameters revealed higher brightness and solubility than their azetidine counterparts in aqueous solution. Computational experiments were performed to study the electronic effect of azetidine and azaspiroketal on both dyes. Cytotoxicity assay indicated that azaspiroketal‐based fluorophores are safe to use for their biological application. The photobleaching studies and successful application of new dyes in bioimaging were demonstrated in MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated cutaneous swelling can have varied etiologies. The clinical diagnosis is usually difficult, and a correct diagnosis always requires a pathological examination. Hereby, we report a case of linear keloidal morphea on the neck of an 18‐year‐old male who presented with an asymptomatic, firm lesion for 6 months. Histopathological examination was consistent with morphea. This case highlights the uncommon form of morphea in an unusual location, which can be misdiagnosed for numerous neoplastic conditions and for which simple histopathological evaluation can clinch the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transition metal‐free cascade synthesis of amides from alcohols was developed. Various alcohols reacted with N‐hydroxyimides by tert‐butyl nitrite to generate N‐hydroxyimide esters. The resulting active esters were subsequently reacted with amines to generate amides in one pot. Further, we have illustrated the application of the developed protocol in synthesizing anti‐Alzheimer compounds. A detailed mechanistic exploration was also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Buchwald–Hartwig cross‐coupling reaction of 3‐bromo‐4‐indolylmaleimide with various anilines, aminopyridines and amides is described. A wide variety of 3‐amino‐4‐indolylmaleimides and 3‐amido‐4‐indolylmaleimides was prepared in good to excellent yields. We envisage that our protocol to access 3‐(amino/amido)‐4‐indolylmaleimides will find use towards constituting new potentially biologically active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metal‐free formylation of imidazopyridines by direct decarboxylative cross‐coupling of glyoxylic acid in presence of K2S2O8 as oxidant under mild and neutral conditions is described. This reaction features a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and generates products in good yields between 68–85 %. The translational capacity of the reaction from a laboratory methodology to gram‐scale synthesis has also been ensured. The involvement of a radical pathway has been demonstrated by radical trapping experiments with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) and 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (BHT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiotherapy (RT) is involved in about 50% of all cancer patients, making it a very important treatment modality. The most common type of RT is external beam RT, which consists of delivering the radiation to the tumor from outside the body. One novel treatment delivery method is volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), where the gantry continuously rotates around the patient during the radiation delivery. Purpose: Accurate tumor position monitoring during stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for lung tumors can help to ensure that the tumor is only irradiated when it is inside the planning target volume. This can maximize tumor control and reduce uncertainty margins, lowering organ‐at‐risk dose. Conventional tracking methods are prone to errors, or have a low tracking rate, especially for small tumors that are in close vicinity to bony structures. Methods: We investigated patient‐specific deep Siamese networks for real‐time tumor tracking, during VMAT. Due to lack of ground truth tumor locations in the kilovoltage (kV) images, each patient‐specific model was trained on synthetic data (DRRs), generated from the 4D planning CT scans, and evaluated on clinical data (x‐rays). Since there are no annotated datasets with kV images, we evaluated the model on a 3D printed anthropomorphic phantom but also on six patients by computing the correlation coefficient with the breathing‐related vertical displacement of the surface‐mounted marker (RPM). For each patient/phantom, we used 80% of DRRs for training and 20% for validation. Results: The proposed Siamese model outperformed the conventional benchmark template matching‐based method (RTR): (1) when evaluating both methods on the 3D phantom, the Siamese model obtained a 0.57–0.79‐mm mean absolute distance to the ground truth tumor locations, compared to 1.04–1.56 mm obtained by RTR; (2) on patient data, the Siamese‐determined longitudinal tumor position had a correlation coefficient of 0.71–0.98 with the RPM, compared to 0.07–0.85 for RTR; (3) the Siamese model had a 100% tracking rate, compared to 62%–82% for RTR. Conclusions: Based on these results, we argue that Siamese‐based real‐time 2D markerless tumor tracking during radiation delivery is possible. Further investigation and development of 3D tracking is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α‐Amido ketones play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry due to their significance. The synthesis of these compounds under metal‐free conditions has been successfully achieved. An efficient hydrogen bond‐assisted method for synthesizing α‐amido hydroxyketones was developed using I2/dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) to promote oxidative reactions between various acetophenones and amides. This reaction occurs under mild metal‐free conditions, resulting in the production of the corresponding α‐amido hydroxyketones in significant quantities and with good to high yields. DFT studies have revealed that the H‐bonding interaction between the carbonyl oxygen and hydroxy group leads to the formation of stable α‐amido hydroxyketones, in contrast to α‐amido dione. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A uniquely shaped layout of a wideband circularly polarized (CP) printed monopole antenna is planned in this article. The proposed antenna comprises a 7‐shaped slotted radiating patch, tapered feed line, and modified partial ground plane. Multiple parasitic strips are employed at optimum positions on the ground and radiating planes to improve the axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). The electrical dimension of the designed antenna is 0.49λ0×0.44λ0×0.03λ0 $0.49{\lambda }_{0}\times 0.44{\lambda }_{0}\times 0.03{\lambda }_{0}$. The confirmed −10 dB impedance bandwidth (IBW) and 3 dB ARBW are 11.86 GHz (3.14–15 GHz), 130% and 6.32 GHz (4.04–10.36 GHz), 87.78% along with 75° $75^\circ $ coverage angle. The proposed antenna is suitable for different applications in communication systems such as WLAN, WiMAX, FM CW altimeter, and satellite for C‐ and X‐ band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent advancements in Deep Learning (DL) methodologies have led to state‐of‐the‐art performance in a wide range of applications especially in object recognition, classification, and segmentation of medical images. However, training modern DL models requires a large amount of computation and long training times due to the complex nature of network structures and the large number of training datasets involved. Moreover, it is an intensive, repetitive manual process to select the optimized configuration of hyperparameters for a given DL network. Purpose: In this study, we present a novel approach to accelerate the training time of DL models via the progressive feeding of training datasets based on similarity measures for medical image segmentation. We term this approach Progressive Deep Learning (PDL). Methods: The two‐stage PDL approach was tested on the auto‐segmentation task for two imaging modalities: CT and MRI. The training datasets were ranked according to similarity measures between each sample based on Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and the Universal Quality Image Index (UQI) values. At the start of the training process, a relatively coarse sampling of training datasets with higher ranks was used to optimize the hyperparameters of the DL network. Following this, the samples with higher ranks were used in step 1 to yield accelerated loss minimization in early training epochs and the total dataset was added in step 2 for the remainder of training. Results: Our results demonstrate that the PDL approach can reduce the training time by nearly half (∼49%) and can predict segmentations (CT U‐net/DenseNet dice coefficient: 0.9506/0.9508, MR U‐net/DenseNet dice coefficient: 0.9508/0.9510) without major statistical difference (Wilcoxon signed‐rank test) compared to the conventional DL approach. The total training times with a fixed cutoff at 0.95 DSC for the CT dataset using DenseNet and U‐Net architectures, respectively, were 17 h, 20 min and 4 h, 45 min in the conventional case compared to 8 h, 45 min and 2 h, 20 min with PDL. For the MRI dataset, the total training times using the same architectures were 2 h, 54 min and 52 min in the conventional case and 1 h, 14 min and 25 min with PDL. Conclusion: The proposed PDL training approach offers the ability to substantially reduce the training time for medical image segmentation while maintaining the performance achieved in the conventional case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the safety and feasibility of robot‐assisted retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (R‐RPLND) and to compare the perioperative outcomes of R‐RPLND with open RPLND (O‐RPLND), as RPLND forms an integral part of the management of testis cancer and R‐RPLND is a minimally invasive treatment option for this disease. Materials and Methods: The PubMed®, Scopus®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science™ databases were searched for studies reporting perioperative outcomes of primary and post‐chemotherapy R‐RPLND and studies comparing R‐RPLND with O‐RPLND. Results: The search yielded 42 articles describing R‐RPLND, including five comparative studies. The systematic review included 4222 patients (single‐arm studies, n = 459; comparative studies, n = 3763). Of 459 patients in the single‐arm studies, 271 underwent primary R‐RPLND and 188 underwent post‐chemotherapy R‐RPLND. For primary R‐RPLND, the operative time ranged from 175 to 540 min and the major complication rate was 4.1%. For post‐chemotherapy R‐RPLND, the operative time ranged from 134 to 550 min and the major complication rate was 8.5%. The conversion rate to open surgery was 2.2% in primary R‐RPLND and 9.0% in post‐chemotherapy R‐RPLND. In comparison with O‐RPLND, R‐RPLND was associated with a lower transfusion rate (14.5% vs 0.9%, P < 0.001) and a lower complication rate (18.5% vs 7.8%, P = 0.002). Conclusion: Robot‐assisted RPLND has acceptable perioperative outcomes in both the primary and post‐chemotherapy settings but a notable rate of conversion to open surgery in the post‐chemotherapy setting. Compared with O‐RPLND, R‐RPLND is associated with a lower transfusion rate and fewer overall complications. Given the potential impact of selection bias, the optimal patient selection criteria for R‐RPLND remain to be elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alarming increase in the number of breast cancer patients worldwide and the increasing death rate indicate that the traditional and current medicines are insufficient to fight against it. The onset of chemo‐ and radioresistances and cancer stem cell‐based recurrence make this problem harder, and this hour needs a novel treatment approach. Competent nanoparticle‐based accurate drug delivery and cancer nanotheranostics like photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and sonodynamic therapy can be the key to solving this problem due to their unique characteristics. These innovative formulations can be a better cargo with fewer side effects than the standard chemotherapy and can eliminate the stability problems associated with cancer immunotherapy. The nanotheranostic systems can kill the tumor cells and the resistant breast cancer stem cells by novel mechanisms like local hyperthermia and reactive oxygen species and prevent tumor recurrence. These theranostic systems can also combine with chemotherapy or immunotherapy approaches. These combining approaches can be the future of anticancer therapy, especially to overcome the breast cancer stem cells mediated chemo‐ and radioresistances. This review paper discusses several novel theranostic systems and smart nanoparticles, their mechanism of action, and their modifications with time. It explains their relevance and market scope in the current era. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops a new Bubble Index to quantify the intensity of 2‐D postsunset equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) in the American/Atlantic sector, using Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) nighttime data. A climatology and day‐to‐day variability analysis of EPBs is conducted based on the newly‐derived Bubble Index with the following results: (a) EPBs show considerable seasonal and solar activity dependence, with stronger (weaker) intensity around December (June) solstice and high (low) solar activity years. (b) EPBs exhibit opposite geomagnetic activity dependencies during different storm phases: EPBs are intensified concurrently with an increasing Kp, but are suppressed with high Kp occurring 3–6 hr earlier. (c) For the first time, we found that EPBs' day‐to‐day variation exhibited quasi‐3‐day and quasi‐6‐day periods. A coordinated analysis of Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) winds and ionosonde data suggests that this multi‐day periodicity was related to the planetary wave modulation through the wind‐driven dynamo. Plain Language Summary: Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are plasma density depletions that frequently occur in the nighttime equatorial and low latitude ionosphere, which are well‐known for imposing significant space weather effects on navigation and communication systems. This study develops a novel Bubble Index to quantify EPBs' activity, using the Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) nighttime data. Based on this new Bubble Index, a climatology study and day‐to‐day variability analysis of GOLD‐captured EPBs were conducted. The EPBs' seasonal variation and solar and geomagnetic activity dependence were revealed and examined. Moreover, for the first time, we found the day‐to‐day variation of EPBs' intensity showed quasi‐3‐day and quasi‐6‐day periods. A coordinated analysis of neutral wind and ionosonde measurements suggests that this multi‐day periodicity was likely caused by planetary wave modulation via the wind‐driven dynamo. These new results shed new light on the day‐to‐day variability of the ionosphere and its possible connection with atmospheric waves. Key Points: A new Bubble Index is developed to quantify 2‐D EPBs' intensity over the American/Atlantic sector using GOLD nighttime disk image dataA first‐time statistical analysis of GOLD data shows that equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) have opposite geomagnetic activity dependencies during different storm phasesEPBs' intensity exhibits ∼3‐ and ∼6‐day periodicity, coinciding with planetary waves feature observed in atmospheric winds and hmF2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and regioselective trifluoromethylation method of indole at the C2 position with ecologically‐sound Langlois' reagent (CF3SO2Na) under metal‐free conditions is described. K2S2O8 in presence of glucose at room temperature has been utilized for the generation of CF3 radicals from CF3SO2Na. The desired product can be obtained in good to excellent yields with a wide scope of substrate variability and gram scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High crop yield variation between years—caused by extreme shocks on the food production system such as extreme weather—can have substantial effects on food production. This in turn introduces vulnerabilities into the global food system. To mitigate the effects of these shocks, there is a clear need to understand how different adaptive capacity measures link to crop yield variability. While existing literature provides many local‐scale studies on this linkage, no comprehensive global assessment yet exists. We assessed reported crop yield variation for wheat, maize, soybean, and rice for the time period 1981–2009 by measuring both yield loss risk (variation in negative yield anomalies considering all years) and changes in yields during "dry" shock and "hot" shock years. We used the machine learning algorithm XGBoost to assess the explanatory power of selected gridded indicators of anthropogenic factors globally (i.e., adaptive capacity measures such as the human development index, irrigation infrastructure, and fertilizer use) on yield variation at a 0.5° resolution within climatically similar regions (to rule out the role of average climate conditions). We found that the anthropogenic factors explained 40%–60% of yield loss risk variation across the whole time period, whereas the factors provided noticeably lower (5%–20%) explanatory power during shock years. On a continental scale, especially in Europe and Africa, the factors explained a high proportion of the yield loss risk variation (up to around 80%). Assessing crop production vulnerabilities on global scale provides supporting knowledge to target specific adaptation measures, thus contributing to global food security. Key Points: Anthropogenic factors can explain up to 60% of variation of negative crop yieldsLess than 20% of variation of crop yield anomalies during temperature or soil moisture shocks can be explained by anthropogenic factors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times the spin angular momentum (SAM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light have gained prominence because of their significance in optical communication systems, micromanipulation, and sub‐wavelength position sensing. To this end, simultaneous detection of SAM and OAM of light beam is one of the important topics of research from both application and fundamental spin‐orbit interaction (SOI) point of view. While interferometry and metasurface based approaches have been able to detect the states, the presented approach involves elastic scattering from a monocrystalline silver nanowire for the simultaneous detection of SAM and OAM state of a circularly polarized Laguerre–Gaussian beam. By employing Fourier plane (FP) microscopy, the transmitted scattered light intensity distribution in the FP is analyzed to reconstruct the SAM and OAM state unambiguously. The SAM and OAM induced transverse energy flow as well as the polarization dependent scattering characteristics of the nanowire is investigated to understand the detection mechanism. This method is devoid of complex nanofabrication techniques and to the authors' knowledge, is a first example of single nano‐object based simultaneous SAM and OAM detection. The study will further the understanding of SOI effects and can be useful for on‐chip optical detection and manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the design of a compact antenna system for spectrum interweaved cognitive radio (CR). The system consists of a sensing filtenna and three communicating antennas. The sensing ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna is a coplanar‐waveguide (CPW)‐fed monopole (2.2–11 GHz). The narrowband communicating patch antennas are reconfigurable through a switching mechanism, operating in six different frequency bands (5.54, 6.12, 7.60, 8.25, 9.64, and 10.29 GHz). To block the Wi‐MAX and WLAN bands, the proposed design uses a meandering slot and a stepped U‐slot in the monopole. Analysis of communicating antennas using the theory of characteristic mode analysis indicates good radiation in the desired frequencies. Isolation among these antennas is better than −18 dB. A constant group delay and linear phase response indicate a good time‐domain performance of the proposed UWB antenna. Simulated results match closely with those from measurements on the prototype. The proposed antenna system can find applications in various sectors adopting CR like internet of things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review outlines the progress over recent years in the reactions involving combined approach of hypervalent iodine reagents and transition metals such as palladium, nickel, iridium, gold, rhodium, copper, iron, ruthenium, platinum, silver, zinc, rhenium and cobalt. This approach enables organic transformations complimentary to traditional manifolds. Hypervalent iodine reagents play a preeminent role in organic chemistry due to their versatile reactivity, heteroatom ligands and mild reaction conditions. These reagents in combination of transition metal compounds are used in many synthetically useful organic reactions such as oxidation, rearrangement, amination, halogenation, amidation, ring‐opening, cyclization and C−H and C−C functionalization reactions, etc. which are discussed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the 2022 Tonga Volcano eruption, dramatic suppression and deformation of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests occurred in the American sector ∼14,000 km away from the epicenter. The EIA crests variations and associated ionosphere‐thermosphere disturbances were investigated using Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data, Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk ultraviolet images, Ionospheric Connection Explorer wind data, and ionosonde observations. The main results are as follows: (a) Following the eastward passage of expected eruption‐induced atmospheric disturbances, daytime EIA crests, especially the southern one, showed severe suppression of more than 10 TEC Unit and collapsed equatorward over 10° latitudes, forming a single band of enhanced density near the geomagnetic equator around 14–17 UT, (b) Evening EIA crests experienced a drastic deformation around 22 UT, forming a unique X‐pattern in a limited longitudinal area between 20 and 40°W. (c) Thermospheric horizontal winds, especially the zonal winds, showed long‐lasting quasi‐periodic fluctuations between ±200 m/s for 7–8 hr after the passage of volcano‐induced Lamb waves. The EIA suppression and X‐pattern merging was consistent with a westward equatorial zonal dynamo electric field induced by the strong zonal wind oscillation with a westward reversal. Plain Language Summary: The extreme Tonga volcano eruption on 15 January 2022 triggered profound and prolonged disturbances in the equatorial ionosphere. Using ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content and ionosonde data, low‐Earth orbiting Ionospheric Connection Explorer wind observations, and geostationary Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk ultraviolet measurements of thermospheric and ionospheric airglow emission, we found volcano‐induced atmospheric Lamb waves as a plausible source of the observed pronounced deformation of equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in the American sector. This deformation was triggered by volcano‐induced wave passage through the region, even after these waves had traveled 12,000–16,000 km distance for over 10 hr. The typical double‐crested EIA morphology was severely deformed during both the daytime and nighttime. Daytime EIA crests exhibited a severe suppression of more than 10 TEC Unit (TECu) (1TECu = 1016 m−2) and an equatorward collapse around 14–17 UT (10–13 LT) especially for the southern crest. Nighttime EIA crests exhibited a unique X‐pattern with crests drastically merging in a narrow longitude region between 20 and 40°W around 22 UT (20 LT). These large EIA deformations were coincident, sharing spatial scales with long‐lasting oscillations of thermospheric zonal wind following the arrival of volcano‐induced waves in the American sector. This study sheds new light on the potential far‐reaching and long‐lasting atmosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere impacts from a catastrophic geological event. Key Points: Daytime equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests eroded severely by 10+ TEC Unit and collapsed equatorward over 10° latitude, following the arrival of volcano‐induced Lamb wavesEIA crests exhibited a unique deformation after sunset with an X‐pattern merging in a longitudinally‐confined area between 20° and 40°WThermospheric zonal wind showed post‐volcanic oscillations of ±200 m/s that may explain the EIA suppression and X‐pattern via dynamo effect [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenates provide a comprehensive platform to study a plethora of novel properties, such as quantum magnetism, superconductivity, and magnetic fluctuation mediated metal–insulator transition (MIT). Herein, an overview of quantum mechanical phenomenology in calcium ruthenium oxide with varying compositions is provided. While the stoichiometric composition of CaRuO3 exhibits non‐fermi liquid (FL) behavior with quasi‐criticality, chemically doped compounds depict prominent signatures of quantum magnetic fluctuations at low temperature that in some cases are argued to mediate in metal–insulator transition. In the case of cobalt‐doped CaRuO3, an unusual continuum fluctuation is found to persist deep inside the glassy phase of the material. These observations reflect the richness of the ruthenate research platform in the study of quantum magnetic phenomena of fundamental importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the mountainous frontier regions of Arunachal have generated a literature celebrating their exceptional social diversity, less is known about Arunachal's rural political economy. Following village fieldwork in 2007 in northern districts, research in 2015 in East and South‐east Arunachal enables two aspects of agrarian transformation to be explored. First a comparison of the institutional transformation of land‐based resources between regions and over time. Second the identification of co‐existing accumulation trajectories: the forms taken by rural accumulation when the engines of capital accumulation are non‐agrarian transfers of state capital into the state and commercial capital originating outside the state, which exports profits. Since non‐Arunachali people are not allowed to own property in Arunachal, local accumulation is dominated by a socially‐segmented, multi‐tribal, rentier class, interlaced with Indian and global capital through extractions from state resources and extractive commodity exchange. The state's three roles: security, developmental and welfare, support these ethnicised accumulation trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of perioperative respiratory complications in children following tonsillectomy with cold and hot dissection surgical techniques. Study Design: The study was a retrospective cohort study. Setting: Retrospective chart review was performed for all children presenting for a tonsillectomy at Texas Children's Hospital from November 2015 to December 2017. Methods: Pre- and intraoperative patient factors, including surgical technique with cold or hot dissection (electrocautery or radiofrequency ablation), and perioperative anesthetic factors were collected to determine the incidence of perioperative respiratory complications. Results: A total of 2437 patients underwent a tonsillectomy at Texas Children's Hospital from November 2015 to December 2017. The incidence of perioperative respiratory complications was 20.0% (n = 487). Sickle cell disease, cardiac disease, reactive airway disease, pulmonary disease, age >2 and <3 years, and obesity, defined as a body mass index >95th percentile for age, were significant for overall perioperative respiratory complications. There was no difference in the incidence of perioperative respiratory complications in children undergoing tonsillectomy by cold or hot dissection. Conclusion: Perioperative respiratory complications following tonsillectomy are more affected by patient factors than surgical technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia is a condition caused by a decrease in oxygen and is often seen in cases of cardiac ischemia, solid tumors, inflammation, and other diseases. Tumor hypoxia can result in cancer invasion, metastasis, decreased apoptosis, and resistance to various therapies (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy), ultimately reducing overall survival rates. These effects of hypoxia underline the need to monitor hypoxia‐associated specific markers for more effective therapeutic intervention. Nitroreductase (NTR) is a common biomarker of hypoxia, via its reduction activity with nitroaromatic compounds to corresponding amino derivatives using NADH and NADPH as cofactor. The NTR expression level can be correlated to cellular hypoxia. Therefore, developing a diagnostic tool for measuring NTR activity is of immense importance for improving treatment efficacies. To leverage NTR activity as a proxy of hypoxia, small molecule based fluorescent probes have been developed as quantifiable probes. To date, several NTR‐sensitive fluorescent probes have been reported. This review is focuses on the advances in these fluorescent NTR probes over the last five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The constitution and regulation of effector repertoires shape host–microbe interactions. Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum are two closely related smut fungi, which both infect maize but cause distinct disease symptoms. Understanding how effector orthologs are regulated in these two pathogens can therefore provide insights into the evolution of different infection strategies.We tracked the infection progress of U. maydis and S. reilianum in maize leaves and used two distinct infection stages for cross‐species RNA‐sequencing analyses. We identified 207 of 335 one‐to‐one effector orthologs as differentially regulated during host colonization, which might reflect the distinct disease development strategies.Using CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated gene conversion, we identified two differentially expressed effector orthologs with conserved function between two pathogens. Thus, differential expression of functionally conserved genes might contribute to species‐specific adaptation and symptom development. Interestingly, another differentially expressed orthogroup (UMAG_05318/Sr10075) showed divergent protein function, providing a possible case for neofunctionalization.Collectively, we demonstrated that the diversification of effector genes in related pathogens can be caused both by alteration on the transcriptional level and through functional diversification of the encoded effector proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Pennsylvania (PA) first‐episode psychosis (FEP) program evaluation is a statewide initiative, supported by the PA Office of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (PA‐OMHSAS) and administered by PA Early Intervention Center/Heads Up, which evaluates fidelity and outcomes of PA Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC) programs. Programs participate in standard computerized measures of CSC outcomes using centralized informatics. The aims of the current report are to describe implementation of this core battery for program evaluation in PA and to present 6‐ and 12‐month outcomes. Methods: Participants (n = 697) from nine PA CSC programs completed the core battery at admission. The battery was re‐administered at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up, and data were analysed for individuals (n = 230) who had completed 12‐months of treatment. Domains assessed via clinician report and/or self‐report included symptoms, role and social functioning, self‐perceived recovery and service utilization. Results: PA FEP CSC participants showed improvement over time in several domains, including decreased symptoms, higher role and social functioning, decreased hospitalizations, and improved self‐perception of recovery, quality of life, and services satisfaction. Trends towards improvements were observed for participant happiness, hopelessness, and school‐enrolment. Nearly all improvements were observed at 6‐month follow‐up, with earlier gains maintained at 12‐months. Conclusions: PA FEP CSC programs demonstrate the ability to assess and improve critical outcomes of coordinated specialty care in PA. Improved outcomes by 12 months in treatment provides evidence of an effective treatment model and supports the continuation of these programs in pursuit of our goal of reducing schizophrenia disease burden on individuals and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) fabricated on flexible transparent substrates have found application in displays, lighting, and signage. Optimization of the fabrication procedures is critical for commercialization to maximize performance and reduce costs. Utilization of the slot‐die coating technique, a solution‐processing roll‐to‐roll method, has emerged as a viable method to manufacture flexible OLED devices. Here, the fabrication of flexible OLEDs via the slot‐die coating technique under ambient condition is reported. The OLEDs have a simple architecture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/indium–tin oxide (ITO)/hole injection layer (HIL)/emissive layer (EML)/electron injection layer (EIL)/Ag, where poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is used as the HIL, Super Yellow (SY, poly(1,4‐phenylenevinylene) copolymer) is used as the EML, and poly((9,9‐bis(3′‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)propyl)‐2,7‐fluorene)‐alt‐2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)) (PFN) is used as the EIL. The optimization of the PFN layer using slot‐die coating technique is focused by varying solvent, solvent additives, substrate temperature, and coating speeds. The OLEDs that have PFN layers processed with the known solvent additives, 1,8‐diiodooctane (DIO) or diphenyl ether (DPE), show a performance increase compared to OLEDs based on PFN layers processed with no solvent additives. Finally, large‐area multicolor OLEDs are constructed with organic/polymer layers being slot‐die coated in sequence, of which all display homogeneous luminance under bending/folding conditions, highlighting the potential of this simple device structure and processing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometrically frustrated materials, such as spin ice or kagome lattice, are known to exhibit exotic Hall effect phenomena due to spin chirality. For the first time, Hall effect mechanism is explored in an artificial honeycomb spin ice of Nd–Sn element using Hall probe and polarized neutron reflectivity measurements. In an interesting observation, a strong enhancement in Hall signal at relatively higher temperature of T ∼ 20 K is detected. The effect is attributed to the planar Hall effect due to magnetic moment configuration in spin ice state in low field application. In the antiferromagnetic state of neodymium at low temperature, applied field induced coupling between atomic Nd moments and conduction electrons in underlying lattice causes distinct increment in Hall resistivity at very modest field of H ∼ 0.015 T. The experimental findings suggest the development of a new research vista to study the planar and the field induced Hall effects in artificial spin ice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital health has emerged in recent years as a tool to optimize care delivery and promote treatment adherence among individuals with first‐episode psychosis (FEP). Recent mandates for social distancing and sheltering in place due to the COVID‐19 pandemic have catapulted efforts to provide ongoing coordinated specialty care (CSC) on virtual platforms. While prior evidence provides support for the general implementation of virtual individual therapy, there is limited guidance and evidence for the adoption of group teletherapy. Here we describe our efforts to implement group teletherapy for two small cohorts of individuals with FEP receiving care in a coordinated specialty care clinic using methods adopted from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. We observed high adherence with group visits as well as client satisfaction across groups. Based on our results, we have taken efforts to implement virtual group therapy more permanently in our clinic. Our experience provides guidance and a model for integration of virtual group therapy within CSC. Practitioner points: In‐person group therapy can be adapted as an online treatment modality for individuals with first‐episode psychosis (FEP).Group teletherapy is both accessible and satisfactory to individuals with FEP.Group teletherapy has potential as a more standard and widespread treatment modality within coordinated specialty care for FEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We sought to clarify the role of ventriculo–arterial (V–A) coupling in the treatment of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) by adding a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) to conventional anti‐failure therapy. Methods and results: We employed cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to quantify left ventricular (LV) contractility and V–A coupling in normal subjects at rest (n = 11) and in patients with NIDCM (n = 12) before and after long term anti‐failure therapy, in which MRA was added to conventional anti‐failure therapy. After ≥6 months' treatment in NIDCM patients, LV volumes and mass decreased, and the LV ejection fraction increased from a median of 24% (17, 27) (interquartile range IQR) to 47 (42, 52) (P < 0.002), with a marked reduction in arterial elastance (Ea) from 2.89 mmHg/mL (2.34, 4.0) to 1.50 (1.29, 1.95) (P < 0.002), similar to Ea of normal subjects, 1.53 (1.34, 1.67) (P > 0.05). The V–A coupling ratio, Ea/end‐systolic elastance (single‐beat method), decreased by −1.08 (−1.96, −0.55), (P = 0.003), as did Ea/end‐systolic pressure/end‐systolic pressure ratio, −0.54 (0.35, 0.87), (P = 0.002). The preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW) increased as did PRSW indexed for Ea (both P = 0.002), which reflected 'total circulatory performance'. Conclusions: In NIDCM, adding MRA to conventional anti‐failure therapy markedly improved LV ejection fraction and reduced peripheral vascular resistance, due to both improved LV contractility and especially to enhanced V–A coupling, as Ea decreased to normal. Total circulatory performance was a sensitive indicator of both LV pump performance and the arterial loading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haploidentical peripheral blood hematopoietic cell transplantation has become the preferred alternative donor transplant program in most centers in India, owing to its logistic and cost advantages. This is a retrospective analysis of 59 patients with high‐risk hematological malignancies who underwent haploidentical transplant in three different centers, using myeloablative conditioning and unmanipulated stem cell graft. GVHD prophylaxis was post‐transplant Cyclophosphamide (PTCy D + 3, D + 4) along with Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate Mofetil (D + 5 onwards). The median CD34 cell dose was 5.8 x 106 cells/kg. Neutrophils engrafted in 50 (83%) patients [median time D + 16 (range: 12‐38)] and platelets engrafted in 42 patients (70%) [median time D + 17 (range: 12‐50)]. Acute GVHD developed in 25 (41.7%) patients [Gr III/IV in 9] and Chronic GVHD in 15 (38.5%). 100‐day mortality was 33.8%. With a median follow‐up duration of 6.2 months (range: 0.4‐50.8 months), the relapse rate, treatment‐related mortality (TRM), and estimated 4‐year overall survival are 10.0%, 43.3%, and 38.0%, respectively. For the 31 deaths: causes included engraftment failure (n = 7), GVHD (n = 7), persistent disease (n = 1), relapsed disease (n = 5), bacterial sepsis (n = 5), viral pneumonia (n = 1), infection (n = 3), secondary graft failure (n = 2). TRM outcomes have reduced over time with experience. Myeloablative conditioning and haploidentical transplantation by a post‐transplant cyclophosphamide approach is feasible in a resource‐constrained setting, despite higher rates of GVHD and infection‐related mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) is utilized for safe delivery when a baby has a compromised airway. The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine the indications and outcomes of 11 children presenting with airway occluding oropharyngeal and cervical teratomas. Methods: Study of all children with an airway occluding teratoma delivered via EXIT (2001–2018) in our unit. Primary outcomes included survival and tracheostomy at discharge. Data are reported using descriptive statistics as median (range) and rate (%). Results: We performed 45 EXIT procedure performed between January 2001 and April 2018. Of these, eleven were for cervical and/or upper airway teratoma. Ten (91%) cases had associated polyhydramnios, two (18%) developed nonimmune hydrops, and eight (72%) delivered preterm. Six (45.5%) were performed as an emergency. Estimated blood loss was 1000 ml (500, 1000). The neonatal mortality rate was 18% (2/11) and 33% (3/9) of the survivors were discharged with a tracheostomy. Conclusion: EXIT is a reasonable option for delivery of babies with an occlusive upper airway mass. Neonatal survival depends on individualized factors but may be as high as 82% in those with teratoma. Key Points: What's already known about this topic? Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) has changed the outcome of fetuses diagnosed prenatally with large neck massesPrenatal planning is essential for successful fetal and maternal outcomes in fetuses with cervical teratoma What does this study add? Structural neck involvement and development of polyhydramnios are important and may be an indication for EXITNone‐elective EXIT was required in more than half of patients which highpoints the importance of 24/7 availability of an experienced multidisciplinary teamMore than half of neonates were discharged with a gastrostomy tubeMore than half of neonates were discharged with permanent cranial nerve injury [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine trends in real‐world utilization and in‐hospital adverse events from Watchman implantation since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration in 2015. Background: The risk of embolic stroke caused by atrial fibrillation is reduced by oral anticoagulants, but not all patients can tolerate long‐term anticoagulation. Left atrial appendage occlusion with the Watchman device has emerged as an alternative therapy. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study utilizing data from National Inpatient Sample for calendar years 2015–2017. The outcomes assessed in this study were associated complications, in‐hospital mortality, and resource utilization trends after Watchman implantation. Trends analysis were performed using analysis of variance. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of mortality. Results: A total of 17 700 patients underwent Watchman implantation during the study period. There was a significantly increased trend in the number of Watchman procedures performed over the study years (from 1195 in 2015 to 11 165 devices in 2017, p <.01). A significant decline in the rate of complications (from 26.4% in 2015% to 7.9% in 2017, p <.01) and inpatient mortality (from 1.3% in 2015% to 0.1% in 2017, p <.01) were noted. Predictors of in‐hospital mortality included a higher CHA2DS2‐VASc score (odds ratio [OR]: 2.61 per 1‐point increase, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.91–3.57), chronic blood loss anemia (OR: 3.63, 95% CI: 1.37–9.61) and coagulopathy (OR: 4.90, 95% CI: 2.32–10.35). Conclusion: In contemporary United States clinical practice, Watchman utilization has increased significantly since approval in 2015, while complications and in‐patient mortality have declined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invasion of cancer is brought about by continuous interaction of malignant cells with their surrounding tissue microenvironment. Investigating the remodeling of local extracellular matrix (ECM) by invading cells can thus provide fundamental insights into the dynamics of cancer progression. In this paper, we use an active untethered nanomechanical tool, realized as magnetically driven nanomotors, to locally probe a 3D tissue culture environment. We observed that nanomotors preferentially adhere to the cancer‐proximal ECM and magnitude of the adhesive force increased with cell lines of higher metastatic ability. We experimentally confirmed that sialic acid linkage specific to cancer‐secreted ECM makes it differently charged, which causes this adhesion. In an assay consisting of both cancerous and non‐cancerous epithelia, that mimics the in vivo histopathological milieu of a malignant breast tumor, we find that nanomotors preferentially decorate the region around the cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of indolylkojylmethane (IKM) derivatives (1–23) was synthesized using a multicomponent one‐pot reaction under solvent‐free condition using a heterogeneous catalyst. The synthesized compounds were screened against breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB‐231, MCF7, and T47D. The structure‐activity relationship revealed that IKM synthesized from aliphatic aldehydes (9–11) were active against all three cell lines and showed IC50 value of 0.15 μM–3.93 μM. IKM synthesized from aromatic aldehydes having electron‐donating group (1, 5, and 6) specifically inhibited the proliferation of the MDA‐MB‐231 cell line. The effect of various substituted indoles (12–17) was also studied and observed that compound 14 synthesized from 5‐cyanoindole, specifically inhibited T47D cell line proliferation. Replacing indole (1) with nucleophiles (18–23) in IKM decreased the antiproliferative activity. Compound 10 synthesized from kojic acid, indole and octanal was found to be most potent with IC50 values of 0.21, 0.15, and 3.45 μM against MDA‐MB‐231, MCF7, and T47D, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indole‐3‐carbinol is a natural compound present in cruciferous plants, which upon digestion, converts into 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) under acidic pH of the stomach. In recent years, various methods have been developed to improve the synthesis of DIM and its analogs because of different pharmacological activities like anticancer, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, etc. Among them, DIMs anticancer activity by modulation of protein expression in cell signaling pathways and other factors has widely studied. This review describes the antiproliferative activity of DIMs and its mode of action, which resulted in apoptosis in various cancerous cells. We have performed a literature search on DIMs anticancer activity over the last ten years (2011–2020) and reported in this review. Several fascinating DIM attributes against cancer suggest it as a potential candidate for further drug development programs. This review will guide the medicinal chemist to find the mechanistic pathways involved in the inhibition of proliferation in cancerous cells by novel DIMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]