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Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to analyze the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients rehabilitated using a single implant supporting a crown with a cantilever extension or two implants supporting two single crowns. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, a systematic review of relevant literature published from 2000 was conducted in the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and MEDLINE databases. Moreover, a manual search was performed. A meta‐analysis of the resulting data was carried out. Peri‐implant marginal bone level, probing pocket depth, prevalence of technical and mechanical complications, implant survival rate, and prosthesis survival rate were assessed. Results: The meta‐analysis showed a non‐statistically significant change in the peri‐implant marginal bone level and probing pocket depth in the cantilever group and revealed a non‐significant prevalence of technical complications, showing a 27% rate in the cantilever group. The analysis of the prosthesis survival rate in the cantilever group showed a mean survival rate of 99% while the comparison of the implant survival between the two groups revealed an odds ratio of 0.50. Conclusions: The use of a single implant supporting a crown with a cantilever extension does not result in lower implant survival rate if compared with two implants supporting two single crowns. Moreover, a high prosthesis survival rate was observed in the cantilever group even if the high prevalence of complications should be carefully considered by the clinician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) International Prognostic Index (IPI) stratifies patients based on clinical, molecular, and biochemical features; however, B‐cell markers also influence CLL outcomes. Here, prognostic roles of CD11c, CD38, and CD49d were first evaluated, and then an immunophenotypic score was combined with CLL‐IPI for risk stratification of CLL patients. Methods: A total of 171 CLL subjects were included, and surface marker expression was assessed by flow cytometry. Levels ≥30% were chosen as cut‐off of positivity to a marker; then values of 1 (for CD11c and CD38) or 3 (for CD49d) were assigned and scores determined for each patient's clone immunophenotype. Results: CD49d positivity was significantly associated with simultaneous expression of CD11c and/or CD38, unmutated IGHV status, and higher β2‐microglobulin levels compared to those with CD49d negativity. Moreover, CD49d+ patients experienced a shorter progression‐free survival and time to treatment. When the immunophenotypic score was combined with CLL‐IPI, patients with high‐risk immunophenotype had a significantly lower time‐to‐treatment regardless CLL‐IPI. Conclusions: Our results suggested clinical utility of an integrated prognostic score for better risk stratification of CLL patients. These results require further validation in prospective larger studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with immunosuppression and human herpesvirus 8 infection, while rarely described in myeloid malignancies. Here, we illustrate a rare case of chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, who developed a human herpesvirus 8‐related Kaposi's sarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This is a systematic review and meta‐analysis to estimate the overall prevalence of proximal contact loss (PCL) and determine the distribution and clinical features of PCL. Methods: This systematic review was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. As this was a systematic review of prevalence, the condition, context, and population framework was followed. The focus question was: What is the prevalence and distribution of PCL in implant‐supported restorations? Two investigators independently examined the literature in four databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane) for suitable articles published before November 11, 2020, with no start‐date restriction; an additional search was conducted by hand. A standardized data extraction chart was utilized to extract the relevant information from the selected studies. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 11,699 restorations were evaluated in the final sample. The overall prevalence was 20% at the implant restoration level (among 4984 implants) and 26.6% at the contact point level (among 2603 contact points). The frequency of PCL was higher on the mesial side, both at the implant restoration level (13.8%) and at the contact point level (21.9%), than on the distal side, where the prevalence was 3.3% and 11.0%, respectively. The event rate in the maxilla and in the mandible at the contact level was 21.4% and 21.9%, respectively. Conclusions: PCL is a frequent complication. Approximately 29% of contact points develop this condition, which may cause food impaction and damage to the interproximal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examined how optimal colour/illumination conditions and the efficacy of the iPad, LuxIQ and Smart Bulb varied as a function of print size in younger, older and visually impaired adults. Methods: Participants with visual impairments and simulated low vision (SLV) read the MNRead using the iPad, LuxIQ and Smart Bulb. Results: In the impairment condition at 1.20 logMAR, the iPad (M = 9.49, 95% CI [3.18, 19.42]) and LuxIQ (M = 15.95, 95% CI [9.54, 24.86]) improved the reading speeds. At 0.80 logMAR (SLV), all devices improved reading speeds of older adults (iPad (M = 28.70, 95% CI [14.65, 42.51]); LuxIQ (M = 49.63, 95% CI [30.04, 69.68]); Smart Bulb (M = 23.11, 95% CI [3.33, 42.11])), but in younger adults only the LuxIQ (M = 13.04, 95% CI [3.21, 21.27]) did so. In the impairment condition, the iPad (M = 5.54, 95% CI [0.31, 12.13]) and LuxIQ (M = 13.90, 95% CI [7.88, 23.49]) improved reading speeds. In the SLV condition, age was a significant predictor of reading speed at 1.20 logMAR (F3,164 = 10.74, p < 0.001, Adj. R2 = 0.16). At 0.80 logMAR, age and luminance, but not colour, were significant predictors (F3,164 = 52.52, p < 0.001, Adj. R2 = 0.49). In the impairment condition, both age and lux were significant predictors of reading speed at 1.20 (F3,85 = 7.14, p < 0.001, Adj. R2 = 0.20) and 0.80 logMAR (F3,85 = 7.97, p < 0.001, Adj. R2 = 0.22), but colour was not. Conclusions: Light source effectiveness and optimal colour/illumination vary as a function of print size. It appears that print size is the most important factor for improving reading speed. As print size decreases, luminance becomes crucial, and only at the smallest print sizes does the effect of colour become useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of root‐shape inserts mounted on a reciprocating handpiece during the procedure of root surface debridement (RSD) on extracted teeth. Three different approaches were compared: ultrasonic scaling, employment of root‐shape inserts mounted on a reciprocating handpiece, and a combination of both. Materials and Methods: A total of 51 extracted teeth were divided into three groups. The first group was instrumented with an ultrasonic scaler, the second group with flexible root‐shape inserts mounted on a reciprocating handpiece (grain size 40, 15, and 4 μm), whereas the final group underwent a combination of both approaches. The time required for the instrumentation was taken. The specimens were subjected to optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the photographs were evaluated by three examiners who were blinded to the study. The parameters included were: SEM roughness index (SRI) for the roughness calculation, remaining calculus Index (RCI) to evaluate the residual calculus deposits, and loss of tooth substance index (LTSI) to evaluate the loss of tooth substance caused by instrumentation. Result: The results revealed that the time taken for the instrumentation was on average longer when the root‐shape inserts were employed alone, meanwhile the combined approach did not show significant difference in comparison with the ultrasonic scaling. The lower average RCI was obtained with a combined approach. The use of root‐shape inserts seems to cause a moderate increase in LTSI, especially in a combined approach, whereas it resulted in a better average SRI. Conclusion: The employment of root‐shape inserts seems to be effective in the RSD for its ability to obtain a smooth and calculus‐free instrumented surface, especially when used in combination with an ultrasonic scaler, and their use can so represent a valid approach to be tested in further in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentition has been traditionally used to estimate the age of subadults from archaeological samples. However, age estimations face some difficulties related to the factors that affect tooth preservation and the lack of standards with adequate references for past populations. Moreover, the differences within and among populations associated with the origin of the population, the sex of the individuals, and other factors make it difficult to develop standards in samples with no adequate references. The aim of this work was to explore a procedure that allows sequencing individuals according to their degree of dental development by employing simultaneously the information available of the target individual and the rest of the sample. The information of dental development as well as post‐mortem tooth loss was recorded in computed tomography images and by macroscopic examination in subadults from two archaeological samples from South America. Then, we performed a multiple imputation to estimate the degree of development of missing teeth and carried out a principal component analysis for summarizing the information of the formation of permanent teeth. The first principal component was used to obtain a dental development score and to establish a continuous sequence of the individuals on the basis of their degree of dental maturation. Our results show that multivariate analysis can be applied for ordering individuals according a sequence of maturation in archaeological studies, even in the presence of post‐mortem tooth loss. Furthermore, multivariate methods allow to evaluate the contribution of each tooth to maturation sequences. As a whole, the procedure proposed here is a promissory tool for cases where the use of chronological age sequences built from nonpopulation‐specific standard can lead to misrepresentations of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The apical portion of the implant osteotomy receives less irrigation and cooling during surgical preparation. High bone temperature, above the critical 10°C threshold, may impair osseointegration, particularly around dense cortical bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the apical cortical plate temperature increase with two different devices and pressure loads in a porcine rib ex vivo model.Methods: A total of 24 implant sites were prepared on porcine ribs, divided into 4 groups of 6 samples each, according to the device used (conventional drill system or piezosurgery) and pressure load applied (1,000 g or 1,500 g). A rubber dam was used to isolate the apical cortical plate from the cooling effect of irrigation. Temperature variation measurements were taken using an infrared thermometer.Results: The piezosurgery unit was two times more likely to increase the osteotomy temperature by 10°C (OR = 2; 95% CI 1.136, 3.522; P < 0.05). The average temperature increase was 0.07°C (SD = 0.10) for group 1 (drill system 1,000 g); 0.22°C (SD = 0.26) for group 2 (drill system 1,500 g); 9.18°C (SD = 4.51) for group 3 (piezosurgery 1,000 g); and 8.17°C (SD = 6.12) for group 4 (piezosurgery 1,500 g). The piezosurgery site preparation had significantly higher temperature increase than did the conventional drill site preparation (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in temperature change between the two pressure loads applied (P = 0.78). Temperature increases exceeded the critical 10°C threshold in half of the samples prepared with the piezoelectric device.Conclusions: Bone overheating using a piezosurgery unit is a potential risk during implant site preparation. The piezosurgical device resulted in significantly higher temperatures than did conventional drilling at the apical cortical portion of the osteotomy. The temperature increase was often higher than the critical 10°C threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peri-implant infections are associated with the establishment and maturation of a bacterial biofilm characterized by a predominance of Gram-negative fusiform anaerobic species. The decontamination of implant surfaces is then crucial for a successful peri-implant therapy.Methods: Twenty-one smooth and 21 rough implants, divided into four groups according to surface and treatment modality, were contaminated with Streptococcus sanguinis and then placed in an incubator with the atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C for 24 hours to allow the bacteria to grow. After 24 hours, the test groups were treated with controlled release 14% doxycycline gel injecting the gel circumferentially over the surface of the implant for 3 minutes, while the control groups were irrigated with sterile saline for 1 minute. The implants were then vortexed into triptych soy broth to allow the bacteria to detach from the surface, diluted 1:100 and plated. Colony forming units (CFU) were counted 48 hours after incubation.Results: The use of a 14% doxycycline gel minimized CFU counts compared to control groups, with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05). The reduction of CFUs in the smooth test group is more marked than in the rough test group, but the difference doesn't reach statistically significance (P = 0.215).Conclusions: The use of 14% doxycycline gel in implant surface decontamination was efficacious in this in-vitro study. Adjunctive use of locally delivered 14% doxycycline gel might be a viable option in the management of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis considering its efficacy in reducing bacterial colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with B-cell malignancies who become infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to advanced age, use of B-cell-depleting therapies, and immunodeficiency. In 9/21 pts (43%) the treatment was not interrupted (4 patients in induction therapy and 5 patients in maintenance therapy) all with mild COVID symptoms, no COVID-related complication was documented in these patient. Of the patients who died, 1 had finished induction therapy (R-BAC) while 5 were on maintenance therapy (3 rituximab and 2 obinutuzumab). [Extracted from the article]

This study reports the establishment of a bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) 3D culture model and the application of this model to define sensitivity and resistance biomarkers of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patient bone marrow samples in response to Cytarabine (Ara‐C) treatment. By mimicking physiological bone marrow microenvironment, the growth conditions were optimized by using frozen BMMCs derived from healthy donors. Healthy BMMCs are capable of differentiating into major hematopoietic lineages and various types of stromal cells in this platform. Cryopreserved BMMC samples from 49 AML patients were characterized for ex vivo growth and sensitivity to Ara‐C. RNA sequencing was performed for 3D and 2D cultures to determine differential gene expression patterns. Specific genetic mutations and/or gene expression signatures associated with the ability of the ex vivo expansion and response to Ara‐C were elucidated by whole‐exome and RNA sequencing. Data analysis identified unique gene expression signatures and novel genetic mutations associated with sensitivity to Ara‐C treatment of proliferating AML specimens and can be used as predictive therapeutic biomarkers to determine the optimal treatment regimens. Furthermore, these data demonstrate the translational value of this ex vivo platform which should be widely applicable to evaluate other therapies in AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The periodontal health distal of second molars (M2) is often compromised because of third molar (M3) impactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate healing and periodontal status of mandibular M2 after M3 surgical extraction.Methods: Eighty-nine consecutive patients with 89 asymptomatic M3 who needed surgical extraction of one fully- or semi-impacted M3 entered this study. Clinical measurements, probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP), were compared for M2 at baseline (T0) and 6-months (T1) postsurgical extraction. Multiple logistic regression analysis assessed different risk factors for postoperative changes of periodontal parameters.Results: Six-month M2 PPD improved at disto-vestibular (T0-5.2/T1-3.0 mm) and disto-lingual (T0-5.4/T1-3.2 mm) sites. The average attachment gains at T1 were 1.9 and 2 mm, respectively (P < 0.05). BOP, PI, and GI showed significant clinical improvements after extractions. Fifty-three out of 72 (73.6%) M2 presenting a PPD ≥ 4mm at baseline healed at 6 months recall without periodontal pockets. Older age (mean 55 years, SD 16.7; range 26 to 81) and mean distal PPD at baseline of 7 mm was more likely to be associated with PPD ≥ 4 mm 6 months postextraction (P < 0.05). Past history of periodontitis patients were 41 times more likely to present PPD ≥ 4 mm after healing (OR = 41.4; 95% CI = 10.9 to 156.5, P < 0.05).Conclusion: Mandibular M3 extractions seem to improve overall periodontal health distal of M2. History of periodontitis, preoperative deep pockets and older age are independent risk factors for poorer healing and residual pockets after M3 surgical extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate short‐ and long‐run tax elasticities that capture the relationship between changes in national income and tax revenue. We show that the short‐run tax elasticity changes according to the business cycle. We estimate a two‐state Markov‐switching regression on a novel data set of tax policy reforms in 15 European countries from 1980 to 2013, showing that the elasticities during booms and recessions are statistically (and often economically) different. The elasticities of personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, indirect taxes and social contributions tend to be larger during recessions. Estimates of long‐run elasticities are in line with existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Different clinical parameters have been advocated as potential predictors of alveolar and basal jawbone morphology. The aim of this study is to describe, by tomographic means, alveolar and basal osseous dimensions of the anterior mandible in healthy individuals and evaluate potential correlations with biotype, along with other clinical parameters.Methods: One hundred consecutive healthy patients needing surgery in the posterior mandible were enrolled in this observational study (group 1 = 50 patients with thin biotype; group 2 = 50 patients with thick biotype). Data were collected for: 1) Little irregularity index for anterior crowding; 2) molar and canine class relationship; 3) previous orthodontic treatment; 4) gingival recession; and 5) band of keratinized gingiva for each of the six anterior mandibular teeth (#22 through #27). At the most mid-buccal computerized tomography slice of each tooth, other parameters were measured, including: 1) distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the bone crest; 2) tooth torque (TT); 3) labial cortical bone thickness (BT) for alveolar and basal bone; and 4) BT 5 and 10 mm apical to the tooth apex. Data were statistically analyzed, and significance was set at P ≤0.05.Results: Mean thickness of alveolar bone ranged from 6.66 to 4.51 mm (standard deviation [SD] = 1.46 for tooth #27; SD = 1.01 for tooth #25) whereas mean thickness of basal bone ranged from 8.9 to 8.2 mm (SD = 2.06 for tooth #22; SD = 2.06 for tooth #26). Mean thickness of bone at 5 mm from apex ranged from 11.94 to 10.47 mm (SD = 2.96 for tooth #25; SD = 2.22 for tooth #22), whereas mean thickness of bone at 10 mm from apex ranged from 13.75 to 11.08 mm (SD = 2.79 for tooth #25; SD = 2.53 for tooth #27). No statistically significant differences were detected among biotypes, whereas: 1) TT, 2) age, and 3) smoking habit were often predictors of reduction in BT in a multiple linear regression model. Male sex was often a predictor of positive changes in BT, and previous orthodontic therapy was a protective factor against developing bone loss >5 mm.Conclusions: Although some differences were detected among biotypes, data indicate that biotype does not play a fundamental role in influencing alveolar BT, whereas other variables (i.e., TT, sex, age, and smoking habit) do influence alveolar BT. Further studies are needed to better understand the extent of influence of each clinical variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Less invasive surgical approaches to regenerate bone intra-sinus and allow long-term functional implant stability are needed. Purpose To evaluate long-term vertical bone regeneration after sinus floor elevation and simultaneous implant placement with and without bone grafting. Methods Vertical bone gains (VBG) post-sinus elevation, with and without grafting, were evaluated in thirty individuals presenting an average residual bone height (RBH) of 4.2 mm using a standardized digital technique. Measurements were taken preoperatively, and at an average of 64.6 months follow-up. Clinically, peri-implant tissues were assessed for pocket formation and presence of inflammation to evaluate established success criteria. Results Overall, RBH averaged 4.2 ± 1.1 mm (range: 1.8-5.8) and VBG 7.7 ± 1.6 mm (range: 6.0-12.9). Mean difference of 7.6 mm between vertical bone heights (VBH) at augmented implants sites and initial RBH, 11.8 versus 4.2 mm, ( P < .0001, CI95%: 6.9-8.2) was statistically significant. RBH averaged 4.5 ± 0.8 mm and 3.8 ± 1.2 ( P = .07) and VBG 6.8 ± 0.5 and 8.5 ± 1.9 mm ( P = .003, CI95%: 0.6-2.7), for nongrafted and grafted individuals, respectively. The grafting group received an average graft volume of 0.35 ± 0.1 cc (range: 0.25-0.5) per implant site. Long-term follow-ups average 64.6 months (range: 36-144) and all implants met the success criteria. VBG ≥ 7 mm were 7.3 times more likely to develop on grafted sites (OR = 7.3, P = 0.02, CI95%: 1.2-46.2). Conclusion None to negligible amounts of grafting material are required to regenerate substantial amounts of autogenous bone into atrophic sinus cavities after simultaneous implant placement. The regenerated VBH seems stable for functional implant stability long-term. Implant success rates were 100% at an average of 64.6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Mucosal recession (MR) and bone loss can compromise anterior implant esthetics. Purpose To evaluate tissue stability and clinical outcomes of anterior implants augmented with autogenous block transplants long-term. Materials and Methods This prospective cross-sectional clinical study analyzed facial tissue recession of anterior implants augmented with autogenous bone blocks and compared them to adjacent teeth in forty patients 52 months post-augmentation. Clinical parameters, MR and implant transparency, were assessed at delivery and follow-up. The hypothesis is that the facial mucosa of augmented implant sites is more resistant to trauma than the gingival margins of adjacent teeth. Results Teeth were seven times more likely to present a facial recession than adjacent augmented implants at 52-month follow-up (RR: 7; P < .001; 95%CI: 2.7-18.0). Augmented implant sites were six times more likely to present 'no-tissue-recession' than adjacent teeth (RR: 6.2; P < .001; 95%CI: 2.4-15.7). Mean tooth facial tissue recession was significantly higher than adjacent implants, 1.18 ± 1.05 mm (range: 0-3.5 mm) vs. 0.06 ± 0.2 mm (95%CI: 0.8-1.5; P < .0001). Thick biotype teeth were 2 times more resistant to recession than thin biotype teeth (RR: 2.03; P = .03; 95%CI: 1.2-3.5). Implant success rates were 100%. Lack of transparency and MR at facial implant sites lasted an average of 52 months and up to 144 without signs of inflammation or pocket formation regardless of the individual's biotype. Facial bone thicknesses of 2.2 mm seem optimal for tissue stability. Conclusions Autogenous bone block augmentation with staged implant placement seems to be a predictable, short-healing, reconstructive protocol in the esthetic zone maintaining stable peri-implant tissues long-term. Implant augmented sites seem more resistant to develop a recession than adjacent teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives One of the biggest challenges in the study of complex morphologies is to adequately describe shape variation. Here, we assess how the random sampling of surface points automatically obtained performs, when compared with observer-guided sampling procedures, and also evaluate the effect of sliding surface points by bending energy and minimum Procrustes distance. Material and methods Three datasets comprising structures with disparate levels of complexity and intrasample variation are as follows: mouse molars, mouse brains, and primate endocasts. Different configurations of 3D coordinates on curves and surfaces were digitized from MRI images and CT scans using semi and fully automated procedures. Shape variables were obtained by Generalized Procrustes Superpositions before and after sliding the pseudolandmarks. Multivariate analyses were used to summarize and compare shape variation. Results For the primate endocast, the semiautomated and automated strategies yield similar ordinations of specimens. Conversely, the semiautomated strategy better discriminates molar shapes between mouse groups. Shape differences among specimens are not adequately represented by the PCs calculated with surface pseudolandmarks. This is improved when the points are converted into semilandmarks by a sliding criterion. Discussion Surface semilandmarks automatically obtained from 3D models are promising although they should be used with some caution in complex structures. This approach can be taken as complementary of semiautomated procedures which perform better for assessing shape variation in localized traits previously selected while automated procedures are suitable in studies aimed at comparing overall variation in shape and when there is no previous information about highly variable anatomical regions. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:169-178, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Herpesviral-bacterial synergism may play a role in periodontitis and peri-implantitis etiopathogenesis. Periapical periodontitis ( PP) lesions can predict future apical peri-implantitis complications. Purpose This pilot study aimed to substantiate herpesviral-bacterial coinfection in symptomatic ( SP) and asymptomatic ( AP) PP and assess associations with periodontopathogen salivary contamination in patients receiving implants. Materials and Methods Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR)-based identification was performed on PP granulation tissue ( GT) from 33 SP and AP patients and compared with unstimulated whole saliva. Quantitative PCR evaluated Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV) and cytomegalovirus copy counts. Results SP GT had higher proportions of periodontopathogens. Symptomatic patients were 3.7 times more likely to be infected with EBV than AP ( p = .07; 95% CI: 0.8-16.2). SP were 2.9, 2.1, 3.6, and 1.6 times more likely to be infected with Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. The odds ratio of EBV infecting PP lesions was two times higher in those positive for the virus in saliva. Saliva Tannerella forsythia-positive patients were 15 times more likely to present this pathogen in PP lesions ( p = .038). Saliva EBV-positive individuals were 7 and 3.5 times more likely to yield GT contamination with T. forsythia and T. denticola, respectively. EBV copy counts were significantly higher in SP ( p < .01). Conclusions A causal association between EBV, specific bacterial anaerobic infection, and symptomatic PP is likely. EBV high prevalence underscores the viral etiological importance. Salivary EBV contamination is likely to be associated with viral and bacterial GT infection. Saliva PCR analysis can be a good predictor of GT specific infection and help establish antimicrobial therapy. If confirmed by prospective longitudinal clinical trials, antiviral therapy could possibly benefit SP and nonresponsive to treatment individuals and help prevent potential peri-implant infectious complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To evaluate and compare the volume of bone graft material that can be safely harvested from the mandibular symphysis and rami using a computer-aided design ( CAD) software program. Materials and Methods Preoperative computerized tomography scans from 40 patients undergoing bone augmentation procedures were analyzed. Symphysis and rami cross sections were mapped using a CAD software program ( AutoCAD®, Autodesk, Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA) to evaluate the bone volume that can be safely harvested. CAD calculations were contrasted to intrasurgical measurements in a subgroup of 20 individuals. Results CAD calculations yielded a safe harvestable osseous volume of 1.44 cm3 ± 0.49 for the symphysis and 0.82 cm3 ± 0.21 for each ramus ( p < .0001, confidence interval [ CI] 95%: 0.47-0.78). These measurements were significantly lower ( p < .0001) than the bone volumes harvested intrasurgically for both symphysis and ramus, respectively (2.40 cm3 ± 0.50 vs. 2.65 cm3 ± 0.45). CAD calculations of harvestable symphysis and ramus bone translated into an average of 2.40 cm3 ± 0.50 (range: 1.80-3.10 cm3) and 2.65 cm3 ± 0.45 (range: 1.90-3.50) of particulate bone graft intrasurgically, respectively. Ramus cortical was significantly thicker than the symphysis cortical, 2.9 ± 0.4 mm versus 2.19 mm ± 0.4 mm ( p < .0001, CI 95%: 0.45-1.03). Conclusion The symphysis and rami are good harvesting sources to obtain dense corticocancellous bone. The significant volumetric CAD differences between the symphysis and ramus seem to balance out intrasurgically and may be due to the greater cortical bone volume at the ramus area. It is plausible to harvest an average of 7.70 cm3 from the symphysis and rami alone. The use of a CAD software program can enhance surgical treatment planning prior to bone transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the pricing factor structure of Italian equity returns using 25 years of data. A two-step empirical analysis is provided where first we estimate an unrestricted multifactor model to test if there is any evidence of misspecification. Then, we estimate the restricted model through the Generalized Methods of Moments. We find that the market premium and the size premium are confirmed for a domestic Italian investor. On the contrary, weak evidence is found for the value premium. Finally, we highlight, that augmenting the model with a momentum factor may at least partially improve its performance. As a robustness check we control if the above results also hold for three shorter sub-periods taking into account the macroeconomic and financial conditions that characterized the Italian economy. The results are generally confirmed in the case of the size and value factors while the momentum effect shows an irregular trend playing any role in the first sub-period but becoming more important in the subsequent two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background: Large osseous defects that fail to heal spontaneously require ridge augmentation prior to implant placement. The periosteum can act as an effective barrier membrane. Little is known about the influence of bone decortication in enhancing guided bone regeneration outcomes. Purpose: The aim of the present study was a clinical, tomographic, and histological evaluation of bone healing in large defect sites treated with cortical perforations without the use of other membranes but the periosteum. Material and Methods: Ten consecutive patients undergoing ridge augmentation on the pre-maxilla due to severe bone loss were followed for an average of 35 months. Recipient sites were cortico-perforated and augmented using a combination of autogenous particulate and block grafts. The periosteal membrane was preserved and it fully covered the autografts. Histological analysis was performed in four sites from a trephine core taken at the time of implant osteotomy preparation. Tomographic assessment (computed tomography [CT] scan) at baseline and post-augmentation evaluated graft volume maintenance. Results: Recipient sites were re-entered for implant placement showing good incorporation of the grafts with minimal volume loss. Biopsy specimens showed viable bone rich in osteoblast-like cells with little or no inflammatory cells. Clinical exam revealed absence of implant transparency, mucosal recession, mobility, bleeding on probing, or suppuration at follow-up. CT scan evaluation showed an average increased bucco-lingual width at the recipient site of 8.1 mm ± 0.9 (2.5 fold) versus a 3.2 ± 0.9 at baseline ( p < .0001; CI 95%: 4.04-5.71 mm), maintaining on average 98% of the augmented width at 2.9 years. Conclusions: Periosteal preservation seems to be sufficient as a barrier membrane to protect particulate or block osseous grafts provided that good primary closure is achieved. Bone decortication may enhance clinical and histological outcomes. Graft viability (biopsy specimens) and volume maintenance (CT evaluation) remained stable 35 months post-augmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A facial bone (<2 mm) overlying maxillary anterior teeth may be prone to resorptive processes after ex- traction and immediate implant placement. A thin bone contributes to risk of bone fenestration, dehiscence, and soft-tissue recession. This study measures the distance between the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and alveolar bone crest and the thickness of facial alveolar bone at points 1 to 5 mm from the bone crest for the six maxillary anterior teeth. Methods: Sixty-six tomographic scans (31 males and 35 females; aged 17 to 6g years; mean age: 39.9 years) of intact anterior maxilla were randomly selected and evaluated by two calibrated and independent examiners (MG and TP). results: A high variation of CEJ-bone crest (0.8 to 7.2 mm) was detected. A significantly larger CEJ-bone crest was measured in smokers (P <0.05) and patients who were ≥50 years old (P <0.05). The average bone thickness at 3 mm from the CEJ for the maxillary right central incisor was 1.41 mm and for the maxillary left central incisor was 1.45 mm. For the maxillary right and left lateral incisors, the crestal bone thickness averaged 1.73 and 1.59 mm, respectively. For the maxillary right and left canines, the crestal bone thickness averaged 1.47 and 1.60 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The present study supports the finding of a predominantly thin facial bone overlying the six maxillary anterior teeth. Therefore, it is essential to make informed treatment decisions based on thorough site evaluation before immediate implant placement. J Periodontal 2012;83:187-197. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bone microbial contamination can impair osteogenesis. Human herpesviruses-associated vasculitis can cause vascular damage within the osseous graft and host. This study is conducted to substantiate specific contamination and assess the impact 6 months after sinus augmentation. Methods: Culture- and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based identification were done on harvested bone particles and unstimulated whole saliva in a group of 30 patients undergoing maxillary sinus augmentation. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and those without a history of periodontitis. Radiographic evaluation was done to assess and compare bone healing and volume gain at baseline and 6 months post-transplantation. Results: Seventeen patients had a history of periodontitis, and 13 did not. Ten showed culture- and PCR-negative results and belonged to the periodontally healthy group. The 17 patients with periodontitis showed culture- or PCR-positive results for the targeted periodontal pathogens. Patients with periodontitis were 2.3 times more likely to have positive salivary Epstein-Barr virus type 1 (EBV-1) than those with no history of periodontitis. The likelihood of having moderate to pronounced bone volume loss 6 months postaugmentation was 7.5 times greater in those patients presenting contamination with ≥3 specific pathogens ( Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, or Prevotella intermedia) versus those with only one (P <0.05). The odds ratio (OR) of pronounced volume loss was 16.3 times higher in those contaminated with a combination of salivary EBV- 1 and ≥3 of the previously mentioned species versus only EBV-1 (P<0.05). Individuals showing positive salivary EBV-1 had bone bacterial contamination associated 57% of the time. The OR of having bone microbial contamination in patients with a history of periodontitis was 37.5 times higher than in individuals without periodontitis. Conclusions: This study confirms contamination of bone, harvested intraorally, with key periodontopathogens in individuals undergoing sinus augmentation. Specific microbial contamination can impair osteogenesis. Saliva may act as a vehicle to transport EBV and other pathogens into the sinus. Increased bone volume loss seems to be associated with the occurrence of specific periodontal anaerobic species, salivary EBV- 1, or the combination of both. J Periodontol 2012;83:162-173. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines the effects of a semi-transparency event, the introduction of the electronic trading system (EBS), on the market quality of a typical dealership market – the FX market. We find that increasing transparency leads to smaller quote disagreement among dealers and higher trading volume, but the beneficial effects are bigger for uninformed dealers than informed dealers. We also find that information efficiency improves overall in the semi-transparent system; however, informed dealers are found to quote less aggressively in the more transparent market. We conclude that semi-transparency raises market quality in general, but that it is the uninformed dealers who benefit more from this increased quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background The present study was aimed at investigating working memory (WM) and executive functions capacities in individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) as compared with mental-age matched typically developing (TD) children. Method In order to serve the study goal, a sizeable battery of tasks tapping WM as well as attention, memory, planning, categorisation, shifting and inhibition abilities was administered to 15 individuals with WS (mean chronological age of 19.11 and mean mental age of 6.10), and to a group of 15 TD children (mean chronological age of 7.6 and mean mental age of 6.9). Results Participants with WS showed deficits in both verbal and visual-spatial modalities for selective and sustained attention, short-term memory and WM, planning and inhibition. However, considering categorisation and shifting abilities, relatively unimpaired performance emerged on those tasks relying on verbal materials. Conclusions These findings are both relevant to improve our knowledge about certain qualitative aspects of the anomalous cognitive development in WS as well as for its eventual clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are limited data on the healing potential of osseous defects in the human mandible. Animal model studies have shown that defect fill is size dependent. Methods: Twenty patients who had autogenous block transplants harvested from the mandibular symphysis were included in the study. Computerized tomography (CT) scans were carried out at an average of 26.7 months after augmentation to assess bone healing. Subgroups were compared on the basis of bone volume harvested, healing time, incision design, symphysis midline preservation, age, and gender. Percentage bone fill was calculated by comparing the preoperative and postoperative CT scans using a computer software program. Results: CT scan analysis showed a significant percentage (74.5% ± 10.36%) of bone fill at an average of 26.7 ± 22.3 months (range, 4 to 72 months). Healing time and bone volume harvested were significant variables influencing the osteogenic potential of mandibular donor-site defects. Defects <0.5 cc with a healing period of 34.2 months showed 81% ± 7.4% bone fill, whereas those >0.5 cc and 7.2 months of healing had a repair of 63.8% ± 12.2% (P<0.05; 95% CI, 2.46 to 31.93). A positive trend in bone fill was observed for subgroups receiving sulcular incisions (80%) and midline preservation (77.5%). Conclusions: The osteogenic potential of human osseous repair in the mandibular symphysis is size and time dependent. The process of osteogenesis of repair in humans seems to be multifactorial. Such factors as preservation of the periosteum and symphysis cortical midline may positively influence defect fill allowing for reharvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study analyzes the development of the spatial abilities in children aged 36–95 months and the sex-related differences by means of the free-choice and forced-choice paradigms of the eight-arm radial maze task. Clear age-related improvements were evidenced. However, a temporal window with an abrupt acceleration of specific spatial competencies acquisition was detected. The females aged 51–58 months started the task performing about 2.5 errors and ended it performing no more than 0.5 errors. The same pattern of performance was exhibited by the males aged 59–66 months. Also in the final span the 4.5-year-old females behave as the 6-year-old males. The significant correlations between 45° angles and span values in the free-choice paradigm indicated that all children tended to solve the task by employing low working memory load and by using mainly efficient procedural strategies. Furthermore, children''s ability to retain earlier information was influenced by both age and sex factors as indicated by the forced-choice paradigm findings. The present findings demonstrating the earlier acquisition of spatial competencies of the females in comparison to males, could reflect differences in foraging strategies between sexes, and/or differences in the anatomo-physiological development of specific brain structures, and/or different modulating effects of sexual hormones. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pour beaucoup de maladies, des contraintes de logistique rendent les grandes études de cohortes difficiles à effectuer. Ceci devient un inconvénient particulièrement lorsqu'une nouvelle étude est devenue nécessaire afin d'étudier le taux d'indicence d'une nouvelle population. En menant une étude de cohorte prévalente avec relance, il est possible d'estimer le taux d'incidence lorsqu'il est constant. Les auteurs obtiennent l'estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance (EMV) pour le taux d'incidence globale, λ, ainsi que ceux par âge en exploitant la relation épidémiologique, (cote de prévalence)=(taux d'incidence) × (durée moyenne) ( P/[1 − P] = λ × µ). Les auteurs obtiennent aussi les distributions des EMV et ils donnent des intervalles de confiance asymptotiques pour les paramètres. De plus, l'EMV de λ est asymptotiquement le plus efficace et il est un estimateur naturel obtenu en substituant les estimateurs du maximum de vraisemblance marginale de P et µ dans P/[1 − P] = λ × µ. La relance des sujets permet aux auteurs de développer ces procédures largement applicables. Les auteurs appliquent leur méthode à des données provenant de l'étude canadienne sur la santé et le vieillissement afin d'estimer le taux d'incidence de la démence parmi les Canadiens âgés. La revue canadienne de statistique © 2009 Société statistique du Canada [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study was aimed at evaluating spatial function in subjects with Williams syndrome by using the radial arm maze task and comparing their spatial abilities with those of mental age-matched control subjects. Two different paradigms were administered: the free-choice version for analyzing the aspects linked mainly to procedural and mnesic components, the forced-choice version for disentangling components linked to spatial working memory from the procedural ones. The findings evidenced a deficit in the acquisition of procedural competences as well as in the spatial memory processes in Williams subjects. In the free-choice paradigm, they performed worse than control subjects on all parameters analyzed. Namely, they needed more time to complete the task, did not collect all rewards, exhibited low values of the spatial span as well as low percentages of correct visits, and displayed a reduced use of the most efficient exploration strategies. Even in the forced-choice paradigm, Williams subjects made a number of errors significantly higher than control subjects. The marked impairment in spatial information processing is discussed on the light of neuro-anatomical alterations reported in Williams subjects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a heterodimeric placental glycoprotein hormone essential for human reproduction. Twenty hCG β-subunit residues, termed the seatbelt, are wrapped around α-subunit loop 2 (α2) and their positions 'latched' by a disulfide formed by cysteines at the end of the seatbelt (Cys 110) and in the β-subunit core (Cys 26). This unique arrangement explains the stability of the heterodimer but raises questions as to how the two subunits combine. The seatbelt is latched in the free β-subunit. If the seatbelt remained latched during the process of subunit combination, formation of the heterodimer would require α2 and its attached oligosaccharide to be threaded through a small β-subunit hole. The subunits are known to combine during oxidizing conditions in vitro, and studies described here tested the idea that this requires transient disruption of the latch disulfide, possibly as a consequence of the thioredoxin activity reported in hCG. We observed that alkylating agents did not modify either cysteine in the latch disulfide (Cys 26 or Cys 110) during heterodimer formation in several oxidizing conditions and had minimal influence on these cysteines during combination in the presence of mild reductants (1-3 mM β-mercaptoethanol). Reducing agents appeared to accelerate subunit combination by disrupting a disulfide (Cys 93-Cys 100) that forms a loop within the seatbelt, thereby increasing the size of the β-subunit hole. We propose a mechanism for hCG assembly in vitro that depends on movements of α2 and the seatbelt and suggest that the process of glycoprotein hormone subunit combination may be useful for studying the movements of loops during protein folding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromyographic activity of anterior temporal and masseter muscles was measured in 92 young healthy men and women with sound dentitions during rest position, contact in centric occlusion and clench. Male and female mean potentials were similar except in clench, where males had higher electromyographic levels. Mean pooled electromyographic potentials were 1.9 μV (TA) and 1.4 μV (MM) during rest position, 6.5 μV (TA) and 2.8 μV (MM) during contact in centric occlusion. Mean maximum voluntary clench potentials were 181.9 μV (TA) and 216.2 μV (MM) in men, 161.7 μV (TA) and 156.8 μV (MM) in women. Examined muscles were more asymmetric at low electromyographic activity (rest and centric occlusion) with the temporal muscle less asymmetrical than the masseter. In females temporal muscle activity tended to dominate at every contraction level, while in males masseter activity was stronger in clench, and temporal activity in centric occlusion and in rest position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The masseter, temporalis anterior and digastric anterior muscles of five volunteers have been investigated by means of surface electromyography. Each muscle was tested by three operators at different times and under three distinct conditions of intermaxillary relationship: resting, with no occlusal contact (physiological rest position); occlusion in centric occlusion (C.O.) without clenching force; and maximum voluntary clench. In all the trials the BIO-PAK system (Bio-Research Associates Inc., Milwaukee, WI, USA) was used. Measurements were made in two consecutive experimental trials separated by an interval of about 15 days. In the first trial the operators had minimal instrumental experience, while in the second trial the same operators had minimal instrumental experience, while in the second trial the same operators had performed at least 30 measurements each. The data have been analysed by a factorial variance analysis, particularly with a view to comparing the variability between operators for each volunteer subject. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences only in the first experimental trial, due to the operators' lack of experience. The study demonstrates that the electromyographic system and protocol used allow good reproducibility of measurements. Furthermore, they have potential applications in both clinics and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Somatostatin (SS) is a cyclic tetradecapeptide able to inhibit the release of growth hormone (GH) mainly through the binding to two G‐protein coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes, SSTR2 and SSTR5. These receptors are overexpressed in approximately 90% of carcinoid tumors. However, the clinical use of somatostatin is limited by its short half‐life in vivo. In order to overcome this severe drawback, a huge number of analogs have been prepared, leading to the development of Octreotide, which is currently used in the clinic, among other applications, to treat various neuroendocrine tumors and, radiolabeled by, for example, 111In, 11C, and 68Ga, for imaging SS‐secreting tumors. Despite the success of Octreotide, there is an unmet need for the development of novel, more stable and selective Octreotide‐derived radiotherapeutics. To this end, the Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne 1,3‐dipolar Huisgen's cycloaddition, the prototypic click reaction, presents a promising opportunity to replace the susceptible disulfide bridge with a durable [1,2,3]triazolyl containing bridge and to introduce conformational constraints increasing specific receptor binding. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a series of i‐to‐i + 5 1,4‐ and 4,1‐disubstituted [1,2,3]triazolyl‐bridged cyclopeptides derived from the Octreotide scaffold and their detailed conformational analysis via NMR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]