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Background and Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased dementia risk. Nocturnal hypoxemia, which can be more severe during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, may be a key mechanism. This study examines how REM hypoxemia affects memory and explores whether hippocampal vulnerability to hypoxemia mediates this effect in older adults at risk for dementia. Methods: Older adults aged ≥50 years (N = 338) with subjective or mild cognitive impairment (i.e., objective impairment) underwent neuropsychological, mood, and medical assessment, magnetic resonance imaging scanning (n = 135), and overnight polysomnography. Verbal learning and memory were assessed with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. REM sleep hypoxemia was measured using the Oxygen Desaturation Index‐3% (REM‐ODI). Hippocampal subfield (CA1, CA3, subiculum, and dentate gyrus) volumes were derived from T1 and high‐resolution hippocampus T2 scans. We determined whether the relationship between REM‐ODI and learning and memory was mediated by hippocampal subfield volume. Analyses were repeated in non‐REM sleep to determine whether the effects were REM‐specific. Results: Although there was not a direct effect of REM‐ODI on verbal learning (p > 0.05) or memory (p > 0.05), mediation analyses showed a significant indirect effect of high REM‐ODI on poorer verbal learning (β = −0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.238 to −0.005) and memory (β = −0.100, 95% CI = −0.255 to −0.005), which was mediated by CA1 volume. These associations were absent in non‐REM sleep (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Hypoxemia during REM sleep may impair memory in people at risk for dementia by reducing CA1 hippocampal volume. Research is needed to explore whether interventions targeting REM sleep hypoxemia are protective against memory decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a leading global cause of musculoskeletal‐related disability, osteoarthritis (OA) represents a public health urgency. Understanding of disease pathogenesis has advanced substantially in the past decade, yet no disease‐modifying therapeutics have advanced to the clinic. To address this challenge, the CARE‐AP (Cartilage Repair strategies to alleviate Arthritis Pain) collaborative research team was convened to bring together relevant multidisciplinary expertise and perspectives from across the VA research community nationwide. The first CARE‐AP Annual Research Symposium took place (virtually) in February 2022 with roughly 90 participants. A number of innovative and therapeutic strategies were discussed, including siRNA approaches coupled with novel nanoparticle‐based delivery systems, cellular engineering approaches to develop reparative cells that can probe the joint environment and respond to disease‐specific cues, and novel biofabrication techniques to improve tissue engineering and effect "biological joint replacement." In addition, challenges and advances in rehabilitation approaches, imaging outcomes, and clinical studies were presented, which were integrated into a framework of recommendations for running "preclinical trials" to improve successful clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A holistic review is given of the Southern Ocean dynamic system, in the context of the crucial role it plays in the global climate and the profound changes it is experiencing. The review focuses on connections between different components of the Southern Ocean dynamic system, drawing together contemporary perspectives from different research communities, with the objective of closing loops in our understanding of the complex network of feedbacks in the overall system. The review is targeted at researchers in Southern Ocean physical science with the ambition of broadening their knowledge beyond their specific field, and aims at facilitating better‐informed interdisciplinary collaborations. For the purposes of this review, the Southern Ocean dynamic system is divided into four main components: large‐scale circulation; cryosphere; turbulence; and gravity waves. Overviews are given of the key dynamical phenomena for each component, before describing the linkages between the components. The reviews are complemented by an overview of observed Southern Ocean trends and future climate projections. Priority research areas are identified to close remaining loops in our understanding of the Southern Ocean system. Plain Language Summary: The United Nations has identified 2021–2030 as the Decade of Ocean Science, with a goal to improve predictions of ocean and climate change. Improved understanding of the Southern Ocean is crucial to this effort, as it is the central hub of the global ocean. The Southern Ocean is the formation site for much of the dense water that fills the deep ocean, sequesters the majority of anthropogenic heat and carbon, and controls the flux of heat to Antarctica. The large‐scale circulation of the Southern Ocean is strongly influenced by interactions with sea ice and ice shelves, and is mediated by smaller scale processes, including eddies, waves, and mixing. The complex interplay between these dynamic processes remains poorly understood, limiting our ability to understand, model and predict changes to the Southern Ocean, global climate and sea level. This article provides a holistic review of Southern Ocean processes, connecting the smallest scales of ocean mixing to the global circulation and climate. It seeks to develop a common language and knowledge‐base across the Southern Ocean physical science community to facilitate knowledge‐sharing and collaboration, with the aim of closing loops on our understanding of one of the world's most dynamic regions. Key Points: Contemporary perspectives are reviewed on the different components of the Southern Ocean dynamic system from distinct research communitiesKey connections between different components of Southern Ocean dynamics are highlightedCross‐cutting priorities for future Southern Ocean physical science are identified [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Obstructive sleep apnea is a common comorbidity that occurs in individuals with obesity. It classically manifests with excessive daytime sleepiness, resulting in reduced quality of life, workplace productivity, and an increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. Weight gain plays an important role in its pathogenesis through worsening upper airway collapsibility, and current treatment options are targeted towards mechanically overcoming upper airway obstruction and weight loss. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy remains the most widely prescribed treatment for obstructive sleep apnea but poor tolerance is a common barrier to effective treatment. Sustainable weight loss is an important treatment option but can be difficult to achieve without bariatric surgery. The recent advances in incretin‐based pharmacotherapies represent a promising avenue not only in achieving long‐term weight loss but also in treating obstructive sleep apnoea and alleviating the burden of its symptoms and comorbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo‐HCT) recipients are at risk for morbidity and mortality from human adenovirus (HAdV). HAdV can be detected in an asymptomatic state, referred to as infection or with signs or symptoms of illness, referred to as disease. Standardized case definitions are needed to distinguish infection from disease and allow for consistent reporting in both observational cohort studies and therapeutic clinical trials. Methods: A working group of experts in virology, transplant infectious disease, and HCT was assembled to develop HAdV infection and disease definitions with the degree of certainty (i.e., possible, probable, and proven). Definitions were further refined through an iterative process and independently applied by two central review committees (CRCs) to 20 pediatric allo‐HCT recipients with at least one HAdV‐positive PCR. Results: Initial HAdV infection and disease definitions were developed and updated through an iterative process after reviewing clinical and virological details for 81 subjects with at least one positive HAdV PCR detected in a clinical specimen. Independent application of final definitions to 20 HAdV positive allo‐HCT recipients by two CRCs yielded similar number of HAdV infection or disease events but with variation of degree of certainty for some events. Conclusions: Application of definitions by a CRC for a study of HAdV infection and disease is feasible and can provide consistency in the assignment of outcomes. Definitions need further refinement to improve reproducibility and to provide guidance on determining clinical improvement or worsening after initial diagnosis of HAdV infection or disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) commonly reactivates after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), potentially leading to CMV disease and significant morbidity and mortality. To reduce morbidity and mortality, many centers conduct weekly CMV blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) surveillance testing with subsequent initiation of antiviral therapy upon CMV DNAemia detection. However, the impact of CMV DNAemia on subsequent hospitalization risk has not been assessed using models accounting for the time‐varying nature of the exposure, outcome, and confounders. Methods: All allogeneic HCTs at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from January 2004–April 2017 were considered for inclusion. Patients were monitored with CMV surveillance via PCR testing for up to 105 days after HCT receipt. We estimated the association between CMV DNAemia and rate of hospitalization using marginal structural models (MSM). Results: There were 343 allogeneic HCT episodes in 330 with CMV surveillance; median age was 9.0 (range: 0.1–26.2) and 46.5% were female. And 24.1% of HCT patients had at least one positive CMV blood PCR during the follow‐up period. Median time to CMV DNAemia detection was 19 days (range: 4–97). The MSM estimated the incidence rate ratios for an association of CMV DNAemia with hospitalization to be 1.24, (95% confidence interval: 1.04–1.47). Conclusions: CMV DNAemia was associated with an increased hospitalization in the post‐HCT period. The MSM accounted for time‐varying nature of the outcome, exposure and confounders. The findings support prevention of CMV DNAemia in this population. We recommend further investigation into the effectiveness and safety of prophylaxis versus pre‐emptive CMV prevention approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most discussions of innovation leadership focus on the role of the top leader. Such leaders are advised to be visionary, to control and coordinate the efforts of those below them, and to empower subordinates to engage in innovation activities. Most innovation efforts, however, also require teamwork, bringing together diverse individuals to combine divergent talents to develop novel solutions to complex problems. Leadership of such teams, research shows, benefits from shared leadership (e.g., Wassenaar & Pearce. 2018. The Nature of Leadership, 167–88). The rub is that these two sources of leadership are often seen as polar opposites and that the presence of the one negates the use of the other. We contend, however, that to realize the true potential of innovation teams requires the long‐run paradoxical integration and simultaneous deployment of both vertical and shared leadership, along with the short‐run tandem moderation of vertical versus shared leadership, depending on the issues confronting the team, as the innovation process unfolds. We synthesize the literature surrounding this issue and articulate a model of moderated paradoxical leadership to guide future research into this space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonicotinoids are a group of nicotine‐related chemicals widely used as insecticides in agriculture. Several studies have shown measurable quantities of neonicotinoids in the environment but little is known regarding their impact on soil microbial populations. The purpose of this systematic review was to clarify the effects of neonicotinoids on soil microbiology and to highlight any knowledge gaps. A formal systematic review was performed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses) guidelines using keywords in PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science. This resulted in 29 peer‐reviewed articles, whose findings diverged widely because of variable methodologies. Field‐based studies were few (28%). Imidacloprid was the most widely used (66%) and soil microbial communities were most sensitive to it. Spray formulations were used in 83% of the studies and seed treatments in the rest. Diversity indices were the most frequently reported soil microbial parameter (62%). About 45% of the studies found that neonicotinoids had adverse impacts on soil microbial community structure, composition, diversity, functioning, enzymatic activity and nitrogen transformation. Interactions with soil physicochemical properties were poorly addressed in all studies. The need for more research, particularly field‐based research on the effects of neonicotinoids on soil microorganisms was highlighted by this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the primary research challenges for cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells is addressing its open‐circuit voltage (VOC) deficit. While theoretical studies and single crystal work show VOC > 1 V is possible, devices remain stubbornly low at ≈800–900 mV. As absorber opto‐electronic properties (e.g., hole density, carrier lifetime) are improved, device modeling suggests that interfaces become limiting. Because CdTe‐based devices are typically grown in the superstrate configuration, the back interface is relatively accessible for manipulation and study, while the front interface (i.e., the heterojunction region) is buried under microns of material and inaccessible. NREL has developed a novel technique to thermomechanically cleave polycrystalline CdTe device stacks directly at the front interface, enabling characterization and controlled manipulation of this important region. Herein, recent work, primarily from NREL, will be reviewed, including considerations for achieving successful delamination; key scientific discoveries about the front interface that have been enabled by this technique; and practical applications, such as flexible, low‐cost solar with high power‐to‐weight ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle (NP) supra‐assembly offers unique opportunities to tune macroscopic hydrogels' mechanical strength, material degradation, and drug delivery properties. Here, synthetic, reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive NPs are physically cross‐linked with hyaluronic acid (HA) through guest‐host chemistry to create shear‐thinning NP/HA hydrogels. A library of triblock copolymers composed of poly(propylene sulfide)‐b‐poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide‐co‐N‐(1‐adamantyl)acrylamide) are synthesized with varied triblock architectures and adamantane grafting densities and then self‐assembled into NPs displaying adamantane on their surface. Self‐assembled NPs are mixed with β‐cyclodextrin grafted HA to yield eighteen NP/HA hydrogel formulations. The NP/HA hydrogel platform demonstrates superior mechanical strength to HA‐only hydrogels, susceptibility to oxidative/enzymatic degradation, and inherent cell‐protective, antioxidant function. The performance of NP/HA hydrogels is shown to be affected by triblock architecture, guest/host grafting densities, and HA composition. In particular, the length of the hydrophilic second block and adamantane grafting density of self‐assembled NPs significantly impacts hydrogel mechanical properties and shear‐thinning behavior, while ROS‐reactivity of poly(propylene sulfide) protects cells from cytotoxic ROS and reduces oxidative degradation of HA compared to HA‐only hydrogels. This study provides insight into polymer structure‐function considerations for designing hybrid NP/HA hydrogels and identifies antioxidant, shear‐thinning hydrogels as promising injectable delivery platforms for small molecule drugs and therapeutic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the semiconductor bulk properties reaching target values for highly efficient solar cells, efforts are applied to reduce losses at solar cell interfaces and contacts. Advances in understanding back contacts in thin‐film polycrystalline CdTe solar cells, a leading thin‐film PV technology, are reported. By using X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Kelvin probe spectroscopy, time‐ and energy‐resolved photoluminescence, defects at the back contact are analyzed. Densities of recombination centers and charged defects that induce near‐back‐contact band bending, both resulting in recombination losses, were estimated. Electro‐optical and surface analysis results are integrated into a device model, simulating the performance of CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells with 902 mV open circuit voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a major source of morbidity and mortality for hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. Non‐invasive biomarkers, such as the beta‐D‐glucan assay, may improve the diagnosis of IFD. The objective was to define the utility of surveillance testing using Fungitell® beta‐D‐glucan (BDG) assay in children receiving antifungal prophylaxis in the immediate post‐HCT period. Methods: Weekly surveillance blood testing with the Fungitell® BDG assay was performed during the early post‐HCT period in the context of a randomized trial of children, adolescents, and young adults undergoing allogeneic HCT allocated to triazole or caspofungin prophylaxis. Positivity was defined at the manufacturer cutoff of 80 pg/ml. IFD was adjudicated using blinded central reviewers. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for the Fungitell® BDG assay for the outcome of proven or probable IFD. Results: A total of 51 patients (out of 290 patients in the parent trial) contributed blood specimens. In total, 278 specimens were evaluated. Specificity was 80.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 75.6%–85.3%), and NPV was over 99% (95% CI: 86.8%–99.9%). However, there were no true positive results, resulting in sensitivity of 0% (95% CI: 0.0%–84.2%) and PPV of 0% (95% CI: 0.0%–6.7%). Conclusions: Fungitell® BDG screening is of limited utility in diagnosing IFD in the post‐HCT period, mainly due to high false‐positive rates. Fungitell® BDG surveillance testing should not be performed in children during the early post‐HCT period while receiving antifungal prophylaxis as the pretest probability for IFD is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin‐film solar cells such as CdTe are a major commercial photovoltaic technology, with more than 25 GW installed worldwide and levelized costs of electricity competitive with fossil fuels. Further progress may result from integrating CdSeyTe1−y absorbers with MgxZn1−xO contacts, but the device efficiency is difficult to maximize due to coupled dependence on chemical composition of both alloys. Herein, a high‐throughput approach is demonstrated to codesign chemical compositions in alloyed MgxZn1−xO/CdSeyTe1−y thin‐film solar cells, using combinatorial libraries of PV devices with orthogonal composition gradients in CdSeyTe1−y absorbers and MgxZn1−xO contacts. It is found that the solar cell performance is a strong and coupled function of both elemental compositions, with efficiency up to 17.7% (VOC = 836 mV, fill factor = 69%, JSC = 30.6 mA cm−2) at atomic compositions of Mg/(Mg + Zn) ≈18% and average Se/(Se + Te) ≈4%. These performance trends among >100 devices are explained by >100 ns lifetime of photoexcited charge carriers at the MgxZn1−xO/CdSeyTe1−y interface where strong Se accumulation is also observed. This study reports the optimal compositions of the commercially relevant MgxZn1−xO/CdSeyTe1−y solar cells and demonstrates a general approach to codesigning performance of alloyed thin‐film solar cells and other optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1.24 eV bandgap, 18.8% power conversion efficiency Ag‐alloyed chalcopyrite (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 (ACIGS) solar cells are characterized to relate voltage and efficiency improvements to electro‐optical (EO) characteristics. Shockley–Read–Hall recombination center defect density, identified and characterized through deep level transient spectroscopy and time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), is reduced through potassium and copper treatment optimization. Concomitantly, longer minority carrier lifetimes are achieved, which increases open‐circuit voltage (VOC). Near‐conduction band defects associated in earlier studies with light‐induced current instability are also mitigated. Analysis of charge‐carrier dynamics after single‐ and two‐photon excitation is used to separate recombination at the front interface and in the absorber bulk. From TRPL decay simulations, the authors estimate ranges of key solar cell material characteristics: bulk carrier lifetime τbulk = 110–210 ns, charge‐carrier mobility μ = 110–160 cm2 V−1 s−1, and front interface recombination velocity Sfront = 700–1050 cm s−1. This lowest‐reported Sfront for ACIGS absorbers originates from the notched conduction band grading, which also makes the impact of the back interface recombination negligible. It is suggested in the results that solar cell performance enhancements can be made most readily with two distinct strategies: improving device architecture and reducing semiconductor defect densities. Using these approaches, power conversion efficiency in large‐area solar cells is improved by 1.1% absolute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, the impact of asymptomatic CMV infections (ie, DNAemia) on clinical outcomes is not well established. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of children undergoing first SOT at our institution from January 2012 to June 2018. We evaluated the epidemiology of CMV infections and performed multivariable Cox regression to assess the association between CMV DNAemia without disease or CMV disease (syndrome or end‐organ disease) on negative outcomes (death, re‐transplantation, or moderate/severe rejection) within the first year after SOT. Results: Among 271 individuals, 43 (15.9%) developed ≥1 CMV infection during the first year after SOT. There were 56 unique CMV infections including 14 episodes of CMV disease. In 167 patients offered CMV prophylaxis, only 8 (4.8%) developed their first CMV DNAemia episode while on prophylaxis 32 developed CMV DNAemia after prophylaxis completion; only 1 episode of CMV disease occurred while on antiviral prophylaxis. When accounting for receipt of ATG, oral steroids, and number of immunosuppressives on a given day, CMV disease was more strongly associated with negative outcomes (Hazard Ratio (HR): 3.28, 95% CI: 0.73–14.64; p =.12) than CMV DNAemia without disease (HR 1.42, 95% CI: 0.19– 10.79; p =.74), although not to a statistically significant degree. Conclusions: Most CMV infections occurred after completion of antiviral prophylaxis. CMV disease was more strongly associated with negative outcomes than asymptomatic CMV DNAemia and should be the focus of CMV prevention practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an indirect band gap in the visible and a direct band gap at a much higher energy, boron phosphide (BP) holds promise as an unconventional p‐type transparent conductor. This work reports on reactive sputtering of amorphous BP films, their partial crystallization in a P‐containing annealing atmosphere, and extrinsic doping by C and Si. The highest hole concentration to date for p‐type BP (5 × 1020 cm−3) is achieved using C doping under B‐rich conditions. Furthermore, bipolar doping is confirmed to be feasible in BP. An anneal temperature of at least 1000 °C is necessary for crystallization and dopant activation. Hole mobilities are low and indirect optical transitions are stronger than that predicted by theory. Low crystalline quality probably plays a role in both cases. High figures of merit for transparent conductors might be achievable in extrinsically doped BP films with improved crystalline quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin is commonly used for sleep and jetlag at low doses. However, there is less documentation on the safety of higher doses, which are being increasingly used for a wide variety of conditions, including more recently COVID‐19 prevention and treatment. The aim of this review was to investigate the safety of higher doses of melatonin in adults. Medline, Scopus, Embase and PsycINFO databases from inception until December 2019 with convenience searches until October 2020. Randomised controlled trials investigating high‐dose melatonin (≥10 mg) in human adults over 30 years of age were included. Two investigators independently abstracted articles using PRISMA guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed by a committee of three investigators. 79 studies were identified with a total of 3861 participants. Studies included a large range of medical conditions. The meta‐analysis was pooled data using a random effects model. The outcomes examined were the number of adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs) and withdrawals due to AEs. A total of 29 studies (37%) made no mention of the presence or absence of AEs. Overall, only four studies met the pre‐specified low risk of bias criteria for meta‐analysis. In that small subset, melatonin did not cause a detectable increase in SAEs (Rate Ratio = 0.88 [0.52, 1.50], p =.64) or withdrawals due to AEs (0.93 [0.24, 3.56], p =.92), but did appear to increase the risk of AEs such as drowsiness, headache and dizziness (1.40 [1.15, 1.69], p <.001). Overall, there has been limited AE reporting from high‐dose melatonin studies. Based on this limited evidence, melatonin appears to have a good safety profile. Better safety reporting in future long‐term trials is needed to confirm this as our confidence limits were very wide due to the paucity of suitable data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) are increasingly being used as cleaner fish to control parasitic sea lice, one of the most important threats to salmon farming. However, lumpfish cannot survive feeding solely on sea lice, and their mortality in salmon net‐pens can be high, which has welfare, ethical and economic implications. The industry is under increasing pressure to improve the welfare of lumpfish, but little guidance exists on how this can be achieved. We undertook a knowledge gap and prioritisation exercise using a Delphi approach with participants from the fish farming sector, animal welfare, academia and regulators to assess consensus on the main challenges and potential solutions for improving lumpfish welfare. Consensus among participants on the utility of 5 behavioural and 12 physical welfare indicators was high (87–89%), reliable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.79, 95CI = 0.69–0.92) and independent of participant background. Participants highlighted fin erosion and body damage as the most useful and practical operational welfare indicators, and blood parameters and behavioural indicators as the least practical. Species profiling revealed profound differences between Atlantic salmon and lumpfish in relation to behaviour, habitat preferences, nutritional needs and response to stress, suggesting that applying a common set of welfare standards to both species cohabiting in salmon net‐pens may not work well for lumpfish. Our study offers 16 practical solutions for improving the welfare of lumpfish and illustrates the merits of the Delphi approach for achieving consensus among stakeholders on welfare needs, targeting research where is most needed and generating workable solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Checkpoint‐blockade therapy (CBT) is approved for select colorectal cancer (CRC) patents, but additional immunotherapeutic options are needed. We hypothesized that vaccination with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and Her2/neu (Her2) peptides would be immunogenic and well tolerated by participants with advanced CRC. A pilot clinical trial (NCT00091286) was conducted in HLA‐A2+ or ‐A3+ Stage IIIC‐IV CRC patients. Participants were vaccinated weekly with CEA and Her2 peptides plus tetanus peptide and GM‐CSF emulsified in Montanide ISA‐51 adjuvant for 3 weeks. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded per NIH Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3. Immunogenicity was evaluated by interferon‐gamma ELISpot assay of in vitro sensitized peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphocytes from the sentinel immunized node. Eleven participants were enrolled and treated; one was retrospectively found to be ineligible due to HLA type. All 11 participants were included in AEs and survival analyses, and the 10 eligible participants were evaluated for immunogenicity. All participants reported AEs: 82% were Grade 1‐2, most commonly fatigue or injection site reactions. Two participants (18%) experienced treatment‐related dose‐limiting Grade 3 AEs; both were self‐limiting. Immune responses to Her2 or CEA peptides were detected in 70% of participants. Median overall survival (OS) was 16 months; among those enrolled with no evidence of disease (n = 3), median OS was not reached after 10 years of follow‐up. These data demonstrate that vaccination with CEA or Her2 peptides is well tolerated and immunogenic. Further study is warranted to assess potential clinical benefits of vaccination in advanced CRC either alone or in combination with CBT. What's new? Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (Her2) are cancer‐associated antigens that are overexpressed in most colorectal cancer cases, making them promising targets for vaccine‐based immunotherapy. Here, the authors show that vaccination with HLA‐A2‐ and HLA‐A3‐restricted CEA and Her2 peptides is well‐tolerated by patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Immunogenicity was equivalent or superior to more costly vaccination strategies. These data encourage further evaluation of clinical benefits from CEA and Her2 vaccination and support the possibility that cancer‐associated peptide vaccination may enhance responses to checkpoint blockade therapy in patients with colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Senataxin (SETX) is a DNA/RNA helicase critical for neuron survival. SETX mutations underlie two inherited neurodegenerative diseases: Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia type 2 (AOA2) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis type 4 (ALS4). Methods: This review examines SETX key cellular processes and we hypothesize that SETX requires SUMO posttranslational modification to function properly. Results: SETX is localized to distinct foci during S‐phase of the cell cycle, and these foci represent sites of DNA polymerase/RNA polymerase II (RNAP) collision, as they co‐localize with DNA damage markers 53BP1 and H2AX. At such sites, SETX directs incomplete RNA transcripts to the nuclear exosome for degradation via interaction with exosome component 9 (Exosc9), a key component of the nuclear exosome. These processes require SETX SUMOylation. SETX was also recently localized within stress granules (SGs), and found to regulate SG disassembly, a process that similarly requires SUMOylation. Conclusion: SETX undergoes SUMO modification to function at S‐phase foci in cycling cells to facilitate RNA degradation. SETX may regulate similar processes in non‐dividing neurons at sites of RNAP II bidirectional self‐collision. Finally, SUMOylation of SETX appears to be required for SG disassembly. This SETX function may be crucial for neuron survival, as altered SG dynamics are linked to ALS disease pathogenesis. In addition, AOA2 point mutations have been shown to block SETX SUMOylation. Such mutations induce an ataxia phenotype indistinguishable from those with SETX null mutation, underscoring the importance of this modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High pressure is a powerful thermodynamic tool for exploring the structure and the phase behaviour of the crystalline state, and is now widely used in conventional crystallographic measurements. High‐pressure local structure measurements using neutron diffraction have, thus far, been limited by the presence of a strongly scattering, perdeuterated, pressure‐transmitting medium (PTM), the signal from which contaminates the resulting pair distribution functions (PDFs). Here, a method is reported for subtracting the pairwise correlations of the commonly used 4:1 methanol:ethanol PTM from neutron PDFs obtained under hydrostatic compression. The method applies a molecular‐dynamics‐informed empirical correction and a non‐negative matrix factorization algorithm to recover the PDF of the pure sample. Proof of principle is demonstrated, producing corrected high‐pressure PDFs of simple crystalline materials, Ni and MgO, and benchmarking these against simulated data from the average structure. Finally, the first local structure determination of α‐quartz under hydrostatic pressure is presented, extracting compression behaviour of the real‐space structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crayfish are invasive polytrophic keystone species, which are phylogenetically unique on the African continent. The Australian redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is invasive in southern African freshwater systems including the Zambezi River Basin. Surveys conducted across the Zambezi Basin (Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Zambia) between 2017 and 2019 showed that C. quadricarinatus is broadly distributed across the Upper and Middle Zambezi and is rapidly spreading through natural and human‐mediated means across several ecoregions.The probability of capture (Pcapture), catch per unit effort (CPUE) and population characteristics of C. quadricarinatus from the recent Barotse floodplain invasion were compared with older invasions from Lake Kariba and Kafue River.The Pcapture and CPUE of C. quadricarinatus in the recently invaded region of the Barotse floodplain were similar to those of the older invasions. Mass and carapace length of C. quadricarinatus from the Barotse floodplain were significantly lower than those of C. quadricarinatus from the older invasions. Sex ratios differed significantly between the three invasive populations. The Barotse floodplain population had a disproportionate investment in females (65.3%) and intersex individuals (8.4%). No crayfish were detected in the Zambezian Headwaters or the Okavango Floodplains ecoregions, but current spread rates are 49 km yr−1 downstream and 12 km yr−1 upstream.Investment in population management and the prevention of spread will have high conservation value across the invaded regions in order to restrict crayfish ecological impacts via direct predation and competition. In areas where crayfish are in high abundance, existing fisheries are affected through damage to nets, leading to increased net abandonment and ghost gear pollution in invaded regions.The emphasis should be on developing cohesive transboundary biosecurity policies in southern Africa to limit further spread that will threaten the integrity of freshwater ecosystems. However, long‐term monitoring is needed to gauge invasion risk to sensitive areas such as the Okavango Floodplains ecoregion and determine field‐based ecological impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has demonstrated its applicability as a highly sensitive biomonitoring tool across small spatial and temporal scales in marine ecosystems. However, it has rarely been tested across large spatial scales or biogeographical barriers. Here, we scale up marine eDNA metabarcoding, test its ability to detect a major marine biogeographic break and evaluate its use as a regional biomonitoring tool in Australia. Location: North‐western Australia (NWA). Methods: We applied metabarcoding assays targeting the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and CO1 genes to 284 surface seawater eDNA samples collected from 71 mid‐shelf, inshore, coastal and nearshore estuarine sites over 700 km of the NWA coastline. Results: Metabarcoding detected a wide range of bony fish (404 taxa), elasmobranchs (44) and aquatic reptiles (5). We detected bioregional and depth differentiation within inshore bony fish communities. These findings support the presence of a marine biogeographic break, which is purported to occur in the vicinity of Cape Leveque, demarcating the border between the Kimberley and Canning bioregions. Inshore bony fish and elasmobranch communities, as well as coastal bony fish assemblages, were additionally found to differ between the South and North Kimberley regions suggesting previously unrecognized subregional differentiation amongst these taxa. The overall compositional data have been used to update distribution information for a number of endangered, elusive and data‐deficient taxa, including sawfish (family: Pristidae), northern river shark (Glyphis garricki) and wedgefish (genus: Rhynchobatus). Main conclusions: eDNA metabarcoding demonstrated a high level of sensitivity that was able to discern fine‐scale patterns across the large‐scale, remote and oceanographically complex region of North‐western Australia. Importantly, this study highlights the potential of integrating broad‐scale eDNA metabarcoding alongside other baseline surveys and long‐term monitoring approaches, which are crucial for the sustainable management and conservation of marine biodiversity in this unique marine region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CARES Act authorized the Municipal Liquidity Facility (MLF) with an explicit purpose of aiding state and local governments with their liquidity needs during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Unlike other federal liquidity facilities authorized by the Act that offered short‐term financing to certain dealers and institutional investors in municipal securities, the MLF offered direct access to liquidity to eligible state and local governments. In this article we describe the MLF, including its legal arrangements, structural characteristics, and public policy features. We then empirically evaluate the pricing, credit rating, and issuer eligibility requirements of the MLF, in the context of other federal interventions, using difference‐in‐differences and interrupted time series analysis techniques. Finally, we propose suggestions for the evolution of the MLF and the Federal Reserve's liquidity provision role in response to continued exposure to and recovery from the COVID‐19 pandemic. Applications For Practice: The Municipal Liquidity Facility (MLF) provides an example that the Federal Reserve can quickly and successfully create a direct lending instrument to state and local governments in its role as "market maker of last resort" to help support the liquidity needs of these governments.Modifications to the direct lending terms of future MLF‐like instruments, including lower credit spreads and availability to a greater and more diverse group of eligible borrowers, could increase its use by state and local governments.To mitigate potential moral hazard problems, future MLF‐like interventions may be structured to target benefits to not serve as a de facto federal bailout to poorly financially managed governments.Federal Reserve interventions supporting municipal market buy side, in addition to sell side activities (like the MLF), may be a multifaceted and efficacious approach to municipal market stabilizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrides are commonly studied for their properties relevant to numerous coating applications, and have been recently used to synthesize newly predicted materials in thin‐film form. However, the thermodynamic stability of such nitride materials is difficult to experimentally evaluate, due to the limited thermal budget of thin films. Herein, it is shown that the thermal stability of nitride films can be extended using protection layers. Specifically, it is found that zirconium nitride (ZrN) thin films are stable up to at least 1200 °C annealing temperature in N2 atmosphere, if aluminum nitride (AlN) diffusion barriers and capping layers are used. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements show the expected thermodynamically stable rocksalt structure of ZrN, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the compact microstructure of these ZrN films. Without such protection layers, the transient bixbyite Zr2ON2 phase and high‐temperature ZrSi2 phase are observed after annealing by XRD, SEM, and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), due to side reaction with the native surface oxide (ZrOx) and the substrate (Si), respectively. These results demonstrate that protection layers are beneficial to increase the thermal budget of nitride thin films, for evaluating rgw thermodynamic stability of new nitride materials, for capturing transient metastable phases during crystallization, and for using functional nitride coatings in extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdTe photovoltaics has achieved one of the lowest levelized costs of electricity among all energy sources. However, for decades, carrier lifetimes have been inferior to those of other prevalent solar cell materials. This quality has inhibited common methods to improve solar cell efficiency such as back‐surface fields, electron reflectors, or bifacial solar cells. In this work, a significant increase in carrier lifetime to values exceeding 200 ns in fully functional CdTe solar cells is demonstrated. The increased lifetime is achieved by large CdSeTe grains at the absorber/emitter interface, intragrain passivation in the absorber layer, and chemical passivation by forming nanoscale oxidized tellurium species at the transparent conducting oxide interface. The carrier lifetime is correlated to the open‐circuit voltage and enables paths for back‐surface manipulation and novel cell architectures to further improve CdTe photovoltaic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hemodialysis (HD) with medium cut‐off (MCO) dialyzers may expand molecular clearance, predominantly larger middle molecules (molecular weight 25–60 kDa). However, the impact of MCO dialyzers on long‐term clearance of various other components of the uremic milieu is unknown. The tRial Evaluating Mid cut‐Off Value membrane clearance of Albumin and Light chains in HemoDialysis patients (REMOVAL‐HD) provided an opportunity to assess the effect of MCO dialyzers on protein‐bound uremic toxins and novel markers of mineral metabolism. Methods: This exploratory sub‐study of REMOVAL‐HD evaluated changes in protein‐bound solutes (total and free indoxyl sulfate [IS] and p‐cresyl sulfate [PCS]) and mineral metabolism markers (intact fibroblast growth factor‐23 [iFGF23], fetuin‐A and endogenous calciprotein particles [CPP‐1 and CPP‐2]). Mid‐week, pre‐HD serum samples were collected at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of MCO use in stable adult patients. Change from baseline to Week 12 and 24 was estimated using linear mixed effects models. Findings: Eighty‐nine participants were studied (mean age 67 ± 15 years, 38% female, 51% diabetic, median urine output 200 ml/24 h). Serum iFGF23 was reduced at Week 12 compared to baseline (−26.8% [95%CI −39.7, −11.1], p = 0.001), which was sustained at Week 24 (−21.7% [95%CI ‐35.7, −4.5], p = 0.012). There was no significant change in serum IS, PCS, fetuin‐A, CPP‐1, or CPP‐2. Discussion: The use of a MCO dialyzer over 24 weeks was associated with a sustained reduction in FGF23, while other measured components of the uremic milieu were not significantly altered. Further studies are required to determine whether FGF23 reduction is associated with improved patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma) is a promising immunohistochemical marker in distinguishing benign from malignant primary cutaneous melanocytic lesions and lymph node deposits. We hypothesize that PRAME may also reliably identify melanoma metastases that are clinically detected in skin, lymph nodes, or small intestine. Methods: A total of 155 cases of metastatic melanoma to lymph node (N = 54) and non‐lymph node (N = 101) sites were stained with an antibody against PRAME. Nuclear expression was scored in tumor cells as negative, 1% to 25% (1+), 26% to 50% (2+), 51% to 75% (3+), or 76% to 100% (4+). Results: PRAME expression was seen in 151/155 (97.4%) cases, with 4+ expression in 64 cases (41.3%), 3+ expression in 46 cases (29.7%), 2+ expression in 18 cases (11.6%), and 1+ expression in 23 cases (14.8%). Lymph node metastases were more likely to show lower expression as compared to metastases to other anatomic sites (P = 0.003). Conclusions: A high level of PRAME immunoreactivity was identified in this cohort of metastatic melanoma. Lymph node metastases showed more focal or absent PRAME expression as compared to metastases to other sites. Overall, PRAME is a useful tool for confirming the diagnosis of melanoma in a metastatic setting, in both nodal and visceral deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a Commentary on Luo et al. (2022), 234: 513–526. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neointimal hyperplasia (NH) is a main source of failures in arteriovenous fistulas and vascular grafts. Several studies have demonstrated the promise of perivascular wraps to reduce NH via promotion of adventitial neovascularization and providing mechanical support. Limited clinical success thus far may be due to inappropriate material selection (e.g., nondegradable, too stiff) and geometric design (e.g., pore size and spacing, diameter). The influence of pore size and spacing on implant neovascularization is investigated here for a new biodegradable, thermoresponsive shape memory polymer (SMP) perivascular wrap. Following an initial pilot, 21 mice were each implanted with six scaffolds: four candidate SMP macroporous designs (a–d), a nonporous SMP control (e), and microporous GORETEX (f). Mice were sacrificed after 4 (N = 5), 14 (N = 8), and 28 (N = 8) days. There was a statistically significant increase in neovascularization score between all macroporous groups compared to nonporous SMP (p <.023) and microporous GORETEX (p <.007) controls at Day 28. Wider‐spaced, smaller‐sized pore designs (223 μm‐spaced, 640 μm‐diameter Design c) induced the most robust angiogenic response, with greater microvessel number (p <.0114) and area (p <.0055) than nonporous SMPs and GORETEX at Day 28. This design also produced significantly greater microvessel density than nonporous SMPs (p = 0.0028) and a smaller‐spaced, larger‐sized pore (155 μm‐spaced, 1,180 μm‐sized Design b) design (p =.0013). Strong neovascularization is expected to reduce NH, motivating further investigation of this SMP wrap with controlled pore spacing and size in more advanced arteriovenous models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐pressure neutron diffraction measurements of polycrystalline LaFeO3 are collected up to 5.5 and 6.4 GPa at 290 and 110 K, respectively. The bulk moduli are determined as B0(290 K) = 170(3) GPa and B0(110 K) = 175(1) GPa. The unit cell is found to compress anisotropically at both temperatures with the a‐axis compressing preferentially. A crossover in lattice parameters is observed, from a > c to c > a, at 2 GPa at 290 K and at 1.7 GPa at 110 K. The magnetic moment remains unchanged over the pressure range investigated, with a value of 4.4 μB and 4 μB at 110 and 290 K, respectively. Analysis of the octahedral tilting angles and the spontaneous lattice strains shows an increased orthorhombic distortion with pressure, but shows no trend toward a change in symmetry. High‐pressure Raman spectroscopy measurements at room temperature are in agreement with the diffraction data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteomyelitis is a debilitating infection of bone that results in substantial morbidity. Staphylococcus aureus is the most commonly isolated pathogen causing bone infections and features an arsenal of virulence factors that contribute to bone destruction and counteract immune responses. We previously demonstrated that diflunisal, a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, decreases S. aureus‐induced bone destruction during osteomyelitis when delivered locally from a resorbable drug delivery depot. However, local diflunisal therapy was complicated by bacterial colonization of the depot's surface, highlighting a common pitfall of devices for local drug delivery to infected tissue. It is, therefore, critical to develop an alternative drug delivery method for diflunisal to successfully repurpose this drug as an antivirulence therapy for osteomyelitis. We hypothesized that a nanoparticle‐based parenteral delivery strategy would provide a method for delivering diflunisal to infected tissue while circumventing the complications associated with local delivery. In this study, we demonstrate that poly(propylene sulfide) (PPS) nanoparticles accumulate at the infectious focus in a murine model of staphylococcal osteomyelitis and are capable of efficaciously delivering diflunisal to infected bone. Moreover, diflunisal‐loaded PPS nanoparticles effectively decrease S. aureus‐mediated bone destruction, establishing the feasibility of systemic delivery of an antivirulence compound to mitigate bone pathology during osteomyelitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) on their surrounding medium, we study the diffuse X‐ray emission from galaxy groups and clusters by coupling the Astrophysical Plasma Emission Code (APEC) with the cosmological hydrodynamic simulation involving AGN feedback. We construct a statistical sample of synthetic Chandra X‐ray photon maps to observationally characterize the effect of AGN on the ambient medium. We show that AGN are effective in displacing the hot X‐ray emitting gas from the centers of groups and clusters, and that these signatures remain evident in observations of the X‐ray surface brightness profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of gas bubbles on the air‐sea CO2 flux during Hurricane Frances (2004) is studied using a large‐eddy simulation model that couples ocean surface boundary layer turbulence, gas bubbles, and dissolved gases. In the subtropical surface ocean where gases are slightly supersaturated, gases in bubbles can still dissolve due to hydrostatic pressure and surface tension exerted on bubbles. Under the simulated conditions, the CO2 efflux with an explicit bubble effect is less than 2% of that calculated using a gas flux formula without explicit inclusion of bubble effect. The use of a gas flux parameterization without bubble‐induced supersaturation contributes to uncertainty in the global carbon budget. The results highlight the importance of bubbles under high winds even for soluble gases such as CO2 and demonstrate that gas flux parameterization derived from gases of certain solubility may not be accurate for gases of very different solubility. Plain Language Summary: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and is the gas most responsible for global warming. The ocean is an important sink of anthropogenic atmospheric CO2, yet the exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere is not fully understood. This study reexamines the exchange of CO2 under hurricanes over the low‐latitude ocean, using hurricane Frances (2004) as an example. Previous studies show that hurricanes significantly facilitate the outgassing of CO2 due to the extreme wind. Those studies, however, do not explicitly consider gas bubbles. Gas bubbles, entrained into the ocean when ocean wave breaks, are ubiquitous under hurricanes also due to the extreme wind. While in the ocean, gas bubbles not only move around under the influence of the chaotic wind‐driven currents and their own buoyancy, but they also exchange gases with the water. Our study, using state‐of‐the‐art computer models that concurrently simulate the chaotic ocean currents, gas bubbles, and dissolved gases, demonstrates that hurricane plays a significantly smaller role in the ocean‐atmosphere transfer of CO2 than previously estimated. Key Points: Gas bubbles reduce CO2 efflux from supersaturated water by a factor of 50 under hurricane winds for the simulated conditionsBubble‐induced supersaturation should be included in gas flux parameterization for CO2 in high wind conditionsParameterizations derived using O2, N2, and inert gases may not be accurate for CO2 that has a very different solubility [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Guided by a functional account of awe, we aimed to test the hypothesis that people who often feel awe are also more curious (Studies 1 and 2), and that this relationship in turn relates to academic outcomes (Study 3).Method: In Study 1 (n = 1,005), we used a self-report approach to test the relationship between dispositional awe and curiosity. In Study 2 (n = 100), we used a peer-report approach to test if participants' dispositional awe related to how curious they were rated by their friends. In Study 3, in a sample of 447 high school adolescents we tested if dispositional awe related to academic outcomes via curiosity.Results: We found that dispositional awe was positively related to people's self-rated curiosity (Study 1) and how curious they were rated by their friends (Study 2). In Study 3, we found that dispositional awe was related to academic outcomes via curiosity.Conclusions: We conclude that among the seven positive emotion dispositions tested, awe was related to unique variance in curiosity, and this link in turn predicted academic outcomes. This work further characterizes awe as an epistemic emotion and suggests that activities that inspire awe may improve academic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding, a technique for retrieving multispecies DNA from environmental samples, can detect a diverse array of marine species from filtered seawater samples. There is a growing potential to integrate eDNA alongside existing monitoring methods in order to establish or improve the assessment of species diversity. Remote island reefs are increasingly vulnerable to climate‐related threats and as such there is a pressing need for cost‐effective whole‐ecosystem surveying to baseline biodiversity, study assemblage changes and ultimately develop sustainable management plans. We investigated the utility of eDNA metabarcoding as a high‐resolution, multitrophic biomonitoring tool at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia (CKI)—a remote tropical coral reef atoll situated within the eastern Indian Ocean. Metabarcoding assays targeting the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and CO1 genes, as well as the 18S rRNA nuclear gene, were applied to 252 surface seawater samples collected from 42 sites within a 140 km2 area. Our assays successfully detected a wide range of bony fish and elasmobranchs (244 taxa), crustaceans (88), molluscs (37) and echinoderms (7). Assemblage composition varied significantly between sites, reflecting habitat partitioning across the island ecosystem and demonstrating the localisation of eDNA signals, despite extensive tidal and oceanic movements. In addition, we document putative new occurrence records for 46 taxa and compare the efficiency of our eDNA approach to visual survey techniques at CKI. Our study demonstrates the utility of a multimarker metabarcoding approach in capturing multitrophic biodiversity across an entire coral reef atoll and sets an important baseline for ongoing monitoring and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study integrated concepts from upper echelons, group process and social cognition theories to investigate how demographic diversity and group processes influence strategic consensus within the top management team (TMT), where strategic consensus is defined as the degree to which individual mental models of strategy overlap. Data from 76 high-technology firms in the United States and Ireland were used to examine three alternative models. The results showed that while demographic diversity alone did have effects on strategic consensus the overall fit of the model was not strong. Adding two intervening group process variables, interpersonal conflict and agreement-seeking, to the model greatly improved the overall relationship with strategic consensus. For the most part, TMT diversity had negative effects on strategic consensus. The model with superior fit showed both direct and indirect effects of diversity on strategic consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial adaptations for survival and dispersal may directly influence landscape stability and potential for dust emission in drylands where biological soil crusts (biocrusts) protect mineral soil surfaces from wind erosion. In the Lake Eyre basin of central Australia we operated a wind tunnel on sandy soils and collected the liberated material, which was subjected to DNA sequencing to identify the microbial community composition. Microbial composition of entrained dust was compared with that of the source sand dune soil in addition to nearby claypan and nebkha soils and water channels that together form a recycling sediment transport system. Wind was found to preferentially liberate 359 identified taxa from sand dunes, whereas 137 identified taxa were found to resist wind erosion. Water channel communities included many taxa in common with the soil samples. We hypothesize that the ease with which soil microbes become airborne is often linked to whether the organism is adapted for dispersal by wind or vegetative growth and that biocrust organisms found in water channels may sometimes use a fluvial dispersal strategy, which exploits rare flooding events to rapidly colonize vast pans that are common in drylands. We explain likely geomorphic implications of microbial dispersal strategies which are a consequence of organisms engineering the environment to provide their particular needs. By identifying microbes fitting expectations for these dispersal strategies based on differential abundance analyses, we provide a new perspective for understanding the role of microbiota in landscape stability. Key Points: Microbial communities of dryland ephemeral lake bed, dunes, and river channels are characterizedWind preferentially mobilizes specific microbes from soil surface biocrustsMicrobial dispersal adaptations may influence soil stability by promoting or inhibiting adhesion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroxidation of glycerol has been carried out in a polyoxometalate (POM)‐based microfluidic reactor, which was fabricated on a capillary by using a layer‐by‐layer strategy. Lactic acid (LA) is produced selectively in high yield with a TOF as high as 20 000 h−1, compared to a TOF of 200 h−1 in batch mode. This POM microfluidic reactor is readily prepared, scalable, highly stable, reusable, and also potentially applicable to selective oxidation of other bio‐wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large‐scale geomorphic drivers that operate at continental scale are often climate driven. Changes in land use can accelerate wind erosion. The range of land management practises within one land use can have dramatic effect on ground cover and wind erosion. This study uses meteorological observations, land use, land management and dust concentration measurements of 129 dust events recorded between 1990 and 2007 to describe a dust chronology of Mildura, in south‐eastern Australia. Frontal and frontal trough weather systems account for 74% of dust events. Furthermore, 88% of dust events come from rangelands in the northwest and the cropping lands to the southwest. The cropping areas to the southwest are the most common source of dust, accounting for 66% of events There is no relationship between rainfall and dust activity in this study, suggesting that land‐management practices, especially on cropping lands, over‐ride the controlling effect of rainfall. When cropping lands received above average rainfall in spring and summer during the 1990s, cultivation for weed control lead to rapid decline in ground cover that predisposed the land to wind erosion in following summer and autumn. In drought years, dust blows into Mildura from all directions suggesting that dust is climate driven rather than controlled by land use. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the use of radiotherapy for parotid IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD), initially misdiagnosed as Kimura's disease, with sustained good partial response in a 37‐year‐old male. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of radiation for extra‐orbital IgG4‐RD, albeit inadvertently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]