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Aim: Since 1999, the development of more than 100 “Maisons des Adolescents” (MDAs) has enabled young persons to gain access to specific care in integrated youth‐friendly facilities in France. To contribute to the development and standardization of international youth‐friendly health care services, this review provides insight into the French MDA facilities. Methods: This socio‐historical analysis includes a systematic review of articles referring to the MDAs (selection through title and/or abstract), ministry reports and newspaper articles, from 1999 to 2018. Results: If the various medical programmes of MDAs depend on the priorities of local teams rather as well as on official regulations, all MDAs offer the following essential services: a “Health and Prevention Space” open daily; multidisciplinary consultations; a mobile team visiting youth hospitalized in medical units; a mobile team able to meet adolescents at their homes; an open centre for art workshops; refresher and remedial courses for school work; network meetings and parent support groups. The MDAs from the start addressed an age group (young people aged 11‐21 years) rather than an illness. They thus provide primary prevention for adolescents according to the World Health Organization definition of health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well‐being.” This medical and political movement was shaped by the epistemological background of its first leaders. Conclusion: Although more cohort studies to evaluate their early interventions would be useful, the success of the MDA network is already widely acknowledged by users, professionals and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have led us to hypothesize that m-calpain plays a pivotal role in myoblast fusion through its involvement in cell membrane and cytoskeleton component reorganization. To support this hypothesis, a convenient and simple myoblast culture model using frozen embryonic myoblasts was developed, which resolved a number of problems inherent to cell primary culture. Biological assays on cultured myoblasts using different media to define the characteristics of the fusion process were first conducted. Proteinase was detectable before the initiation of the fusion process and was closely correlated to the phenomenon of fusion under each culture condition studied. In addition, the study of calpastatin showed that the initiation of fusion does not require a decrease in the level of this endogenous inhibitor of calpains and also confirmed that calpastatin may be implicated in the determination of the end of fusion. On the other hand, analysis of the evolution of myogenic factors revealed that myogenins, MyoD and Myf5, increase very significantly during the formation of multinucleated myotubes. Moreover, the antisense technique against myogenin is capable of preventing the process of fusion by 50%, confirming the pivotal role of this factor in the early stages of differentiation. The possible role of myogenic regulator factors on m-calpain gene expression is discussed.