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This paper draws from our own experiences of sexism within Business Schools to bring attention to the effects of the operation of a highly masculinized, white, cis‐gendered, and patriarchal culture, whether enacted by men or women, and to how we come to be silenced within it. Our work reflects on intersectional issues of race, health (mental and physical), and care‐work, using faction built from six paired interviews to tell a truth we feel unable to tell individually. This piece highlights the real fear of repercussions that still persist for female academics, and uses the acts of collecting data and writing differently to offer the authors a safe space in which to resist both overt and structural sexism in Business Schools. It highlights the need to take seriously those subtleties of sexism that we are often expected to put up with, those difficult‐to‐name aspects of our working lives that leave us feeling it would be "silly" to complain and act as a form of micro‐coercive control over our lives. We operationalize our collective voice as a form of activism in the academy that is situated within our individual silences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many extended reality (XR) devices present different views to the left and right eyes. Unwanted colorimetric differences between these views can cause perceptual artifacts that degrade binocular image quality. We present an image‐computable model designed to predict the appearance of binocular views with colorimetric differences in XR displays. The model is fitted to data from a recent perceptual study in which people provided multidimensional responses about the appearance of stimuli simulating an optical see‐through augmented reality device with interocular intensity differences. This work can be used to create preliminary assessments of binocular artifact appearance and inform XR display design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To further understand specific risk factors for the development of postpartum depression (PPD) amongst mothers of infants with common otolaryngologic diagnoses. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed to screen for PPD in mothers of infants presenting to the pediatric otolaryngology clinic. After obtaining consent for inclusion, subjects were administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, which was completed during the visit. The primary outcome measure was the rate of positive screening, with additional data obtained to include demographic and diagnostic information. Results: The overall rate for positive PPD screening in included subjects was 18.8%. An increased rate of positive PPD screening was demonstrated amongst the subgroups of frequent noisy breathing (25%) and lip tie (26.7%). Conclusion: This study provides additional insight into risk factors for the development of PPD. This highlights the potential benefit of increased screening within the population of mothers presenting to the pediatric otolaryngologic clinic, which could improve long‐term health outcomes for both mother and child. Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:973–976, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium and sodium metal batteries continue to occupy the forefront of battery research. Their exceptionally high energy density and nominal voltages are highly attractive for cutting‐edge energy storage applications. Anode‐free metal batteries are also coming into the research spotlight offering improved safety and even higher energy densities than conventional metal batteries. However, uneven metal nucleation and growth which leads to dendrites continues to limit the commercialisation of conventional and anode‐free metal batteries alike. This review connects models and theories from well‐established fields in metallurgy and electrodeposition to both conventional and anode‐free metal batteries. These highly applicable models and theories explain the driving forces of uneven metal growth and can inform future experiment design. Finally, the models and theories that are most relevant to each anode‐related cell component are identified. Keeping these specific models and theories in mind will assist with rational design for these components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain (CBT‐CP) is an evidence‐based treatment for improving functioning and pain intensity for people with chronic pain with extensive evidence of effectiveness. However, there has been relatively little investigation of the factors associated with successful implementation and uptake of CBT‐CP, particularly clinician and system level factors. This formative evaluation examined barriers and facilitators to the successful implementation and uptake of CBT‐CP from the perspective of CBT‐CP clinicians and referring primary care clinicians. Methods: Qualitative interviews guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research were conducted at nine geographically diverse Veterans Affairs sites as part of a pragmatic clinical trial comparing synchronous, clinician‐delivered CBT‐CP and remotely delivered, technology‐assisted CBT‐CP. Analysis was informed by a grounded theory approach. Results: Twenty‐six clinicians (CBT‐CP clinicians = 17, primary care clinicians = 9) from nine VA medical centers participated in individual qualitative interviews conducted by telephone from April 2019 to August 2020. Four themes emerged in the qualitative interviews: (1) the complexity and variability of referral pathways across sites, (2) referring clinician's lack of knowledge about CBT‐CP, (3) referring clinician's difficulty identifying suitable candidates for CBT‐CP, and (4) preference for interventions that can be completed from home. Conclusions: This formative evaluation identified clinician and system barriers to widespread implementation of CBT‐CP and allowed for refinement of the subsequent implementation of two forms of CBT‐CP in an ongoing pragmatic trial. Identification of relative difference in barriers and facilitators in the two forms of CBT‐CP may emerge more clearly in a pragmatic trial that evaluates how treatments perform in real‐world settings and may provide important information to guide future system‐wide implementation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) regulates vascular health. Dietary methionine restriction (MetR) impacts age‐related adiposity, and this study addresses its effects in PVAT. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice at 8, 52, and 102 weeks of age were fed a standard (0.86%) or low‐methionine (0.12%) diet for 52 weeks in 8‐week‐old and 52‐week‐old mice and for 15 weeks in 102‐week‐old mice. Results: Mice with dietary MetR were resistant to weight gain and maintained a healthy blood profile. Aging increased lipid accumulation, and MetR reversed this phenotype. Notch signaling in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) was decreased by MetR but increased in gonadal white adipose tissue. However, the Notch phenotype of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was not affected by MetR. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) was increased in PVAT, iWAT, and BAT by MetR when initiated in young mice, but this effect was lost in middle‐aged mice. Conclusions: Lipid in mouse PVAT peaked at 1 year of age, consistent with peak body mass. MetR reduced body weight, normalized metabolic parameters, and decreased lipid in PVAT in all age cohorts. Mice fed a MetR diet from early maturity to 1 year of age displayed an increased thermogenic adipocyte phenotype in iWAT, PVAT, and BAT, all tissues with thermogenic capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolayer atomic crystals show significant advantages in improving charge storage kinetics for electrode materials. While notable progress is made, challenges remain in producing nanocrystals with desirable configurations, dimensions, and crystallographic properties. Here, 1D single‐crystal nanobelts assembled from monolayer sodium titanate nanobelts are reported with highly exposed active sites as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The unique structural properties of the 1D single‐crystal nanobelts offer excellent electrochemical activity, electrochemo‐mechanical stability, and well‐maintained structural integrity, leading to highly efficient sodium ion storage performance. Insights into the electrochemical reaction processes, as revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy, in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, and theoretical calculations, indicate that the 1D single‐crystal nanobelts enable favorable sodium ion storage kinetics and a low‐strain characteristic. This facilitates fast charge/discharge capability and long‐term cycling stability for up to 5000 cycles at 20 C. Moreover, the 1D single‐crystal nanobelts demonstrate practical applicability. A pouch cell assembled with the 1D single‐crystal nanobelts anode and iron‐based Prussian blue cathode exhibits highly stable cycling, achieving a low capacity fading ratio of ≈0.05% per cycle over 150 cycles. This study provides an innovative design principle to enhance the charge storage capability of electrode materials through intelligent structural nanoengineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological sensory systems share a number of organizing principles. One such principle is the formation of parallel streams. In the visual system, information about bright and dark features is largely conveyed via two separate streams: the ON and OFF pathways. While brightness and darkness can be considered symmetric and opposite forms of visual contrast, the response properties of cells in the ON and OFF pathways are decidedly asymmetric. Here, we ask whether a simple contrast-encoding model predicts asymmetries for brights and darks that are similar to the asymmetries found in the ON and OFF pathways. Importantly, this model does not include any explicit differences in how the visual system represents brights and darks, but it does include a common normalization mechanism. The phenomena captured by the model include (1) nonlinear contrast response functions, (2) greater nonlinearities in the responses to darks, and (3) larger responses to dark contrasts. We report a direct, quantitative comparison between these model predictions and previously published electrophysiological measurements from the retina and thalamus (guinea pig and cat, respectively). This work suggests that the simple computation of visual contrast may account for a range of early visual processing nonlinearities. Assessing explicit models of sensory representations is essential for understanding which features of neuronal activity these models can and cannot predict, and for investigating how early computations may reverberate through the sensory pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient FGF stimulation of various cell types results in FGF memory-a sustained blockage of efficient proliferative response to FGF and other growth factors. FGF memory establishment requires HDAC activity, indicating its epigenetic character. FGF treatment stimulates proinflammatory NFκB signaling, which is also critical for FGF memory formation. The search for FGF-induced mediators of FGF memory revealed that FGF stimulates HDAC-dependent expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL1α. Similarly to FGF, transient cell treatment with recombinant IL1α inhibits the proliferative response to further FGF and EGF stimulation, but does not prevent FGF receptor-mediated signaling. Interestingly, like cells pretreated with FGF1, cells pretreated with IL1α exhibit enhanced restructuring of actin cytoskeleton and increased migration in response to FGF stimulation. IRAP, a specific inhibitor of IL 1 receptor, and a neutralizing anti-IL1α antibody prevent the formation of FGF memory and rescue an efficient proliferative response to FGF restimulation. A similar effect results following treatment with the anti-inflammatory agents aspirin and dexamethasone. Thus, FGF memory is mediated by proinflammatory IL1 signaling. It may play a role in the limitation of proliferative response to tissue damage and prevention of wound-induced hyperplasia. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 650-658, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various life cycle stages of cyst-producing dinoflagellates often appear differently colored under the microscope; gametes appear paler while zygotes are darker in comparison to vegetative cells. To compare physiological and photochemical competency, the pigment composition of discrete life cycle stages was determined for the common resting cyst-producing dinoflagellate Scrippsiella lachrymosa. Vegetative cells had the highest cellular pigment content (25.2 ± 0.5 pg · cell−1), whereas gamete pigment content was 22% lower. The pigment content of zygotes was 82% lower than vegetative cells, even though they appeared darker under the microscope. Zygotes of S. lachrymosa contained significantly higher cellular concentrations of β-carotene (0.65 ± 0.15 pg · cell−1) than all other life stages. Photoprotective pigments and the de-epoxidation ratio of xanthophylls-cycle pigments in S. lachrymosa were significantly elevated in zygotes and cysts compared to other stages. This suggests a role for accessory pigments in combating intracellular oxidative stress during sexual reproduction or encystment. Resting cysts contained some pigments even though chloroplasts were not visible, suggesting that the brightly colored accumulation body contained photosynthetic pigments. The differences in pigmentation between life stages have implications for interpretation of pigment data from field samples when sampled during dinoflagellate blooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the response of fine roots to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration has important implications for carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Root architecture is known to play an important role in how trees acquire soil resources in changing environments. However, the effects of elevated CO2 on the fine-root architecture of trees remain unclear., We investigated the architectural response of fine roots exposed to 14 yr of CO2 enrichment and 6 yr of nitrogen (N) fertilization in a Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) forest. Root traits reflecting geometry, topology and uptake function were measured on intact fine-root branches removed from soil monoliths and the litter layer., CO2 enrichment resulted in the development of a fine-root pool that was less dichotomous and more exploratory under N-limited conditions. The per cent mycorrhizal colonization did not differ among treatments, suggesting that root growth and acclimation to elevated CO2 were quantitatively more important than increased mycorrhizal associations., Our findings emphasize the importance of architectural plasticity in response to environmental change and suggest that changes in root architecture may allow trees to effectively exploit larger volumes of soil, thereby pre-empting progressive nutrient limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary device for personal computing has consistently evolved over the years, from desktops to mobile devices, and now to the newly emerging trend of wearable computing. Wearable computing is expected to be integral to consumer electronics, with the primary mode of interaction for the user often being a near-eye display. To prepare for the shift to near-eye displays, several limitations of current-generation near-eye displays must be addressed, including the inability to provide fully natural focus cues for all users, which can lead to discomfort. A core issue causing these limitations is the optics of the systems themselves, with current displays simply being unable to reproduce changes in focus that natural vision entails. In addition, the form factor often makes it difficult for users with refractive errors to use their corrective eyewear. With two prototype near-eye displays employing computational optics, we demonstrate how these issues can be overcome using display modes that adapt to the user. These prototype systems make use of focus-tunable lenses, mechanically actuated displays, and gaze tracking technology to customize the experience to each specific user to correct common refractive errors, and provide natural focus cues by dynamically updating scene depth based on where a user looks in a scene. These and other advances in computational optics hint at a future in which computational optics enable some users to experience better vision in the virtual world than in the real one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale, long-term FACE (Free-Air CO2 enrichment) experiments indicate that increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations will influence forest C cycling in unpredictable ways. It has been recently suggested that responses of mycorrhizal fungi could determine whether forest net primary productivity ( NPP) is increased by elevated CO2 over long time periods and if forests soils will function as sources or sinks of C in the future. We studied the dynamic responses of ectomycorrhizae to N fertilization and atmospheric CO2 enrichment at the Duke FACE experiment using minirhizotrons over a 6 year period (2005-2010). Stimulation of mycorrhizal production by elevated CO2 was observed during only 1 (2007) of 6 years. This increased the standing crop of mycorrhizal tips during 2007 and 2008; during 2008, significantly higher mortality returned standing crop to ambient levels for the remainder of the experiment. It is therefore unlikely that increased production of mycorrhizal tips can explain the lack of progressive nitrogen limitations and associated increases in N uptake observed in CO2-enriched plots at this site. Fertilization generally decreased tree reliance on mycorrhizae as tip production declined with the addition of nitrogen as has been shown in many other studies. Annual NPP of mycorrhizal tips was greatest during years with warm January temperatures and during years with cool spring temperatures. A 2 °C increase in average late spring temperatures (May and June) decreased annual production of mycorrhizal root tip length by 50%. This has important implications for ecosystem function in a warmer world in addition to potential for forest soils to sequester atmospheric C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root systems are important for global models of below-ground carbon and nutrient cycling. Notoriously difficult sampling methods and the fractal distribution of root diameters in the soil make data being used in these models especially susceptible to error resulting from under-sampling. We applied the concept of species accumulation curves to root data to quantify the extent of under-sampling inherent to minirhizotron and soil coring sampling for both root uptake and carbon content studies. Based on differences in sample size alone, minirhizotron sampling missed approximately one third of the root diameters observed by soil core sampling. Sample volumes needed to encounter 90% of root diameters averaged 2481 cm3 for uptake studies and 5878 cm3 for root carbon content studies. These results show that small sample volumes encounter a non-representative sample of the overall root pool, and provide future guidelines for determining optimal sample volumes in root studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella species translocate effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm using a type III secretion system (TTSS). The translocation machinery probably contacts the eukaryotic cell plasma membrane to effect protein transfer. Data presented here demonstrate that both SspB and SspC, components of the translocation apparatus, are inserted into the epithelial cell plasma membrane 15 min after Salmonella typhimurium infection. In addition, a yeast two-hybrid interaction between SspC and an eukaryotic intermediate filament protein was identified. Three individual carboxyl-terminal point mutations within SspC that disrupt the yeast two-hybrid interaction were isolated. Strains expressing the mutant SspC alleles were defective for invasion, translocation of effector molecules and membrane localization of SspC. These data indicate that insertion of SspC into the plasma membrane of target cells is required for invasion and effector molecule translocation and that the carboxyl terminus of SspC is essential for these functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]