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The North Pacific distribution of coastal aleocharines has been explained as the result of either dispersal or vicariance. The rove beetle genus Psammostiba is a marine littoral group that occurs on the Pacific coasts of the Northern Hemisphere. We performed phylogenetic analysis of Psammostiba using molecular characters (4685 bp) to investigate their biogeographic patterns. The data were analysed using parsimony, Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Model‐based analyses showed the same pattern of Psammostiba species relationships, but parsimony analysis yielded different species relationships for the unresolved clade of Psammostiba. According to the reconstruction of the ancestral areas, both vicariance (two events) and dispersal (one event) have played roles in shaping its current distribution. Biogeographical analyses suggest that the common ancestor of Psammostiba occurred widely along the Pacific coasts of the Northern Hemisphere and underwent vicariance events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the world, the number of species establishing outside of their native range has and continues to increase rapidly. Some of these non‐native species are invasive and can cause negative environmental, economic, and social impacts, including declines in native biodiversity. Species can become established either through natural dispersal or with intentional or inadvertent human assistance, but the relative importance of these two modes over time has been little studied. We compiled data on 116 moth species that became established in Great Britain (GB) between 1900 and 2019. We classed each species as either an immigrant, which had colonised naturally, or an adventive, which had colonised through human assistance, and categorised species as feeding on either native or non‐native larval host plants. We found that the rate of moth species establishment has accelerated steadily, at 21% increase per decade, showing no signs of saturation. Immigrant species showed a steady rate of establishment between 1900 and 1935, followed by a significant acceleration of 11% per decade thereafter, which most closely matches the rate of immigrants that feed on native host plants. Immigrants that feed on non‐native host plants show a slower increase across the whole time period compared to all species, of 13% per decade. Adventive species show a similar rate of increase in establishment to all moth species, at a rate of 26% per decade. Adventives on non‐native host plants show a similar trend, but we find evidence for a post‐1980s increase in the rate of establishment for adventives that feed on native host plants. Our results indicate that the global case for enhanced biosecurity, around both the monitoring of natural colonisations and for the horticultural trade, remains very strong as non‐native colonisations are showing no signs of saturation with ongoing environmental and economic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In long‐distance dispersal events, colonising species typically begin with a small number of founding individuals. A growing body of research suggests that establishment success of small founding populations can be determined by the context of the colonisation event and the new environment. Here, we illuminate the importance of these sources of context dependence. Using a spatially explicit, temporally dynamic, mechanistic, individual‐based simulator of a model amphibian species, the cane toad (Rhinella marina), we simulated colonisation scenarios to investigate how (1) the number of founding individuals, (2) the number of dispersal events, (3) landscape's spatial composition and configuration of habitats ('spatially heterogeneous landscapes') and (4) the timing of arrival with regards to dynamic environmental conditions ('dynamic environmental conditions') influence the establishment success of small founding populations. We analysed the dynamic effects of these predictors on establishment success using running‐window logistic regression models. We showed establishment success increases with the number of founding individuals, whereas the number of dispersal events had a weak effect. At ≥ 20 founding individuals, propagule size swamps the effects of other factors, to whereby establishment success is near‐certain (≥ 90%). But below this level, confidence in establishment success dramatically decreases as number of founding individuals decreases. At low numbers of founding individuals, the prominent predictors are landscape spatial heterogeneity and dynamic environmental conditions. For instance, compared to the annual mean, founding populations with ≤ 5 individuals have up to 18% higher establishment success when they arrive in 'packed' landscapes with relatively limited and clustered essential habitats and right before the breeding season. Accounting for landscape spatial heterogeneity and dynamic environmental conditions is integral in understanding and predicting population establishment and species colonisation. This additional complexity is necessary for advancing biogeographical theory and its application, such as in guiding species reintroduction efforts and invasive alien species management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT There is an apparent contradiction between the sedentary lifestyle and direct development of meiofaunal organisms and their widely observed distribution. This study is situated within the theoretical framework of ecological connectivity, metacommunities, and the impact of substrate type, particularly in the unique context of oceanic islands, offering a crucial perspective to unravel the complexities of meiofaunal dispersal and connectivity. We here studied the spatial distribution of meiofauna on natural and artificial beaches of an oceanic island, that is, Gran Canaria (Canary Is., NE Atlantic Ocean). The results revealed higher abundance and richness of meiofauna on artificial substrates compared to natural ones, with nematodes, copepods, and annelids being the dominant groups. The meiofaunal community composition differed significantly between natural and artificial beaches, suggesting colonisation of artificial beaches by natural beach communities. Notably, certain species were exclusively found on artificial beaches. The study highlighted the importance of substrate type in influencing meiofaunal composition, with artificial beaches providing new ecological niches and resources for meiofauna. The dissimilarity between beaches was attributed to morphospecies exclusive to either artificial or natural substrates, emphasising the role of dispersal mechanisms. These findings contribute to understanding the metacommunity dynamics of meiofauna in oceanic islands and call for further research on dispersal potential and biogeography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Candida spp. is an opportunistic pathogen that causes superficial and invasive infections with nosocomial outbreaks without strict hygiene protocols. Herein, we assessed oral colonisation by Candida spp. in 209 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients between July 2021 and April 2022, conducting clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological characterisation of those developing oral or invasive candidiasis. Methods: Initial oral swabs were collected within 24 h of admission in the ICU, followed by collections on Days 2, 4, 6 and 8. Swabs from denture‐wearing patients, abiotic surfaces, healthcare professionals' hands, and retroauricular regions were also obtained. Recovered yeasts and filamentous fungi were identified using MALDI‐TOF MS and morphological characteristics, respectively. Genetic similarity of Candida spp. isolates was evaluated using Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and the antifungal susceptibility profile was determined by broth microdilution. Results: In the study, 64.11% of patients were orally colonised by Candida spp. Of these, 80.59% were colonised within the first 24 h. Oral colonisation also occurred on subsequent days: 50%/Day 2, 26.92%/Day 4, and 11.53%/Days 6 and 8. Of the patients, 8.61% had oral candidiasis, mainly pseudomembranous. Among orally colonised patients, 2.23% developed invasive candidiasis. Besides, 89.47% of healthcare professionals evaluated were colonised. MALDI‐TOF MS identified different yeast species, and C. albicans (45.34%), C. tropicalis (15.7%), and C. parapsilosis sensu stricto (9.88%) were the most prevalent. AFLP analysis indicated a high genetic correlation (≥97%) between C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates from patients and professionals. Three resistant C. albicans isolates were also found. Conclusion: This study reported a diversity of yeast and filamentous fungi species in ICU patients and highlighted early Candida spp. colonisation risks for invasive candidiasis, as well as the potential horizontal transmission in the nosocomial setting, emphasising the need for effective infection control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive alien species are one main driver of biodiversity loss and can cause severe economic costs. Effective management of such species requires early detection of colonising individuals, but this is often hampered by biological or economic constraints.Trachymela sloanei (Blackburn, 1896), an Australian Eucalyptus defoliator beetle, is an invasive alien species that has spread to the Americas, Asia and most recently Europe.We analyse the expansion of T. sloanei in the Iberian Peninsula both at regional and local scales, study its phenology and relative abundance, and explore the use of nest boxes for early detection.The species is spreading steadily, and the area potentially affected has increased dramatically in a few years. Both adults and larvae were observed between June and November, suggesting the occurrence of several overlapping generations. More than 300 individuals were found aggregated behind single nest boxes.We conclude that the installation and monitoring of nest boxes or similar structures (e.g., cork boards) can facilitate early detection of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia Day continues to be a divisive event in Australia. The contentious public holiday currently falls on January 26, a date which marks the beginning of colonisation in Australia and the subsequent persecution of Australian First Nations peoples. Despite the date's controversial historical ties, some Australians remain in support of 'saving the date'. The current study aimed to deepen understanding of Australians' thoughts and opinions regarding Australia Day, including their reasons in support of changing or saving the January 26 date. Responses from 208 Australian citizens, collected via a national survey, were thematically examined. While analysis confirmed a division in attitudes towards Australia Day, greater support for date change was found among younger Australians. The current study applies and extends Social Identity Theory, identifying key themes which were linked to support for date change and improved intergroup relations within the Australia Day context. Themes included acknowledgement of colonisation and the damage done to First Nations peoples, participants' political views, and educational awareness. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications which may assist with breaking down the social barriers that support date‐change resistance, helping Australians move towards a more inclusive future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the northern hemisphere, many species' ranges are shifting northwards with climate change. Here I present evidence, from the first large‐scale citizen science study of the Hippoboscidae in the United Kingdom, for the colonisation of the United Kingdom by three species of Diptera in the family Hippoboscidae, which are obligate ectoparasites of birds. The Swallow Louse Fly, Ornithomya biloba; the Nightjar Louse Fly, Pseudolynchia garzettae and the Pigeon Louse Fly, Pseudolynchia canariensis were previously considered to be vagrants from more southerly latitudes but the presence of a pair taken possibly in the act of copulation, gravid females and the increase in numbers of the various species provides good evidence of local breeding activity. I discuss the potential for further northwards range shift and whether the presence of three new species of parasite may have implications for the spread of avian disease within the region. I also include a concise key to the genus Pseudolynchia and images of P. canariensis, P. garzettae and O. biloba to aid further identification of these species in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of taxonomically cryptic species is essential for the effective conservation of biodiversity. Freshwater‐limited organisms tend to be genetically isolated by drainage boundaries, and thus may be expected to show substantial cryptic phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity. By comparison, populations of diadromous taxa, that migrate between freshwater and marine environments, are expected to show less genetic differentiation. Here we test for cryptic diversity in Australasian populations (both diadromous and non‐diadromous) of two widespread Southern Hemisphere fish species, Galaxias brevipinnis and Galaxias maculatus. Both mtDNA and nuclear markers reveal putative cryptic species within these taxa. The substantial diversity detected within G. brevipinnis may be explained by its strong climbing ability which allows it to form isolated inland populations. In island populations, G. brevipinnis similarly show deeper genetic divergence than those of G. maculatus, which may be explained by the greater abundance of G. maculatus larvae in the sea allowing more ongoing dispersal. Our study highlights that even widespread, 'high‐dispersal' species can harbour substantial cryptic diversity and therefore warrant increased taxonomic and conservation attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are a type of spatial population simulation. They are arguably well‐suited to guide conservation in human‐altered landscapes, but their appropriateness for a wide range of species and landscape types has often been questioned. Here, we provide an overview of how SPOM research has expanded over the last three decades and discuss the untapped potential for these models to inform current conservation strategies. Location: Worldwide. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of studies that have fitted SPOMs to real species and landscapes. We assessed temporal trends in SPOMs' use in conservation and management studies, their taxonomic and geographic coverage, and the attributes of studied landscapes. We quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated whether the authors' modelling choices reflected the perceived advantages and disadvantages of SPOMs. Results: The proportion of SPOMs used to answer conservation questions has increased over time. Questions of where, when and how to conserve have all been addressed, sometimes considering additional aspects such as cost‐effectiveness and climate change. Taxonomic diversity coverage has increased over time, and SPOMs have been used in landscapes with a higher proportion of suitable habitat. They have, however, been predominantly applied in temperate biomes. Few studies have explored parameter extrapolation in taxonomically and ecologically related species with mixed results. Main Conclusions: Over the past three decades, authors have exploited the simplicity and flexibility of SPOMs to answer a broad range of questions with practical implications. The use of SPOMs in less fragmented landscapes, and for an increasing range of taxa, suggests that the strictest definitions of their applicability can be challenged. Stochastic patch occupancy models have untapped potential for informing conservation under climate change. Given the urgent need to plan for large numbers of species with limited data for fitting, SPOMs could better fulfil their potential to guide conservation if parameters could be extrapolated to data‐deficient landscapes and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the prevalence of group B Streptococcus (GBS) carriage among parturient women and neonates, and the relative risk of vertical transmission, the relative risk of early and late‐onset GBS and the pooled incidence of early‐late‐onset GBS infection. Methods: A systematic search of relevant cohort studies from three electronic databases to identify all relevant studies published up to 7 November 2022. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Estimates were pooled using random‐effects meta‐analyses. Results: A total of 54 articles with 355 787 matched pairs of parturient women and neonates from 30 countries were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of GBS colonisation was 17.1% among the pregnant women and 1.0% among neonates. The pooled prevalence of vertical transmission of GBS was 4.5% and the pooled relative risk of GBS colonisation of neonates born to mothers with GBS was 9.9. Conclusion: We support the implementation of targeted intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for all women who are positive for GBS as well as women with risks factors for early onset GBS in their infants regardless of their GBS colonisation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We explore the theoretical and methodological aspects of decolonising speech and language therapy (SLT) higher education in the United Kingdom. We begin by providing the background of the Rhodes Must Fall decolonisation movement and the engagement of South African SLTs in the decoloniality agenda. We then discuss the evolution of decoloniality in SLT, highlighting its focus on reimagining the relationships between participants, students, patients and the broader world. Objective: The primary objective of this discussion is to fill a gap in professional literature regarding decoloniality in SLT education. While there is limited research in professional journals, social media platforms have witnessed discussions on decolonisation in SLT. This discussion aims to critically examine issues such as institutional racism, lack of belonging, inequitable services and limited diversity that currently affect the SLT profession, not just in the United Kingdom but globally. Methods: The methods employed in this research involve the engagement of SLT academics in Critical conversations on decolonisation. These conversations draw on reflexivity and reflexive interpretation, allowing for a deeper understanding of the relationship between truth, reality, and the participants in SLT practice and education. The nature of these critical conversations is characterised by their chaotic, unscripted and fluid nature, which encourages the open discussion of sensitive topics related to race, gender, class and sexuality. Discussion points: We present our reflections as academics who participated in the critical conversations. We explore the discomfort experienced by an academic when engaging with decolonisation, acknowledging white privilege, and the need to address fear and an imposter syndrome. The second reflection focuses on the experiences of white academics in grappling with their complicity in a system that perpetuates racism and inequality. It highlights the need for self‐reflection, acknowledging white privilege and working collaboratively with colleagues and students toward constructing a decolonised curriculum. Finally, we emphasise that while action is crucial, this should not undermine the potential of dialogue to change attitudes and pave the way for practical implementation. The paper concludes by emphasising the importance of combining dialogue with action and the need for a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved in decolonising SLT education. Conclusion: Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the background, objectives, methods and key reflections related to the decolonisation of SLT higher education in the United Kingdom. It highlights the challenges, discomfort and responsibilities faced by academics in addressing decoloniality and emphasizes the importance of ongoing critical conversations and collective action in effecting meaningful change. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject: Prior to this paper, it was known that the decolonial turn in speech and language therapy (SLT) was a recent focus, building on a history of professional transformation in South Africa. However, there was limited literature on decoloniality in professional journals, with most discussions happening on social media platforms. This paper aims to contribute to the literature and provide a critical conversation on decolonising SLT education, via the United Kingdom. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: This paper adds a critical conversation on decolonising SLT higher education. It explores theoretical and methodological aspects of decoloniality in the profession, addressing issues such as institutional racism, lack of sense of belonging, inequitable services and limited diversity. The paper highlights the discomfort experienced by academics in engaging with decolonisation and emphasizes the importance of reflection, collaboration and open dialogue for meaningful change. Notably we foreground deimperialisation (vs. decolonisation) as necessary for academics oriented in/with the Global North so that both processes enable each other. Deimperialisation is work that focuses the undoing of privilege exercised by academics in/with the Global North not only for localising their research and education agenda but checking their rite of passage into the lives of those in the Majority World. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: The paper highlights the need for SLT practitioners and educators to critically examine their practices and curricula to ensure they are inclusive, decolonised and responsive to the diverse needs of communities. The discussions emphasise the importance of addressing institutional racism and promoting a sense of belonging for research participants, SLT students and patients. This paper offers insights and recommendations that can inform the development of more equitable and culturally responsive SLT services and education programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of the Asia Pacific Economic History Review explores the impact of colonisation on Indigenous populations across the Pacific and American West from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century. Three of the contributing articles examine ways of modelling Indigeous populations at point of contact and the scale and pace of subsequent declines. A further two explore the problematics of counting violent deaths on the frontier and reconstructing the factors motivating settler aggression. The last article examines the impact of colonisation on sex ratios and the implications of this for marriage rates between and within different ethnicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there have been many attempts to calculate pre‐contact Aboriginal population sizes for Tasmania, estimates have varied from as little as 800 to as many as 20,000. We adapt a technique employed by Noel Butlin to model Australian continental populations in 1788 to the peculiar circumstances of Tasmania. We conclude that higher, rather than lower, pre‐contact populations are likely. While the direct and indirect consequences of conflict were a serious contributor to the collapse in population, introduced disease played a significant role. This included sexually transmitted disease (a cause of declining fertility), as well as pulmonary disorders and crusted scabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMFs) that are involved in phosphorus mobilisation and turnover have limited ability to mineralise phytate alone. The endofungal bacteria in the ectomycorrhizal fruiting body may contribute to achieving this ecological function of ECMFs. We investigated the synergistic effect and mechanisms of endofungal bacteria and ECMF Suillus grevillea on phytate mineralisation. The results showed that soluble phosphorus content in the combined system of endofungal bacterium Cedecea lapagei and S. grevillea was 1.8 times higher than the sum of C. lapagei and S. grevillea alone treatment under the phytate mineralisation experiment. The S. grevillea could first chemotactically assist C. lapagei in adhering to the surface of S. grevillea. Then, the mineralisation of phytate was synergistically promoted by increasing the biomass of C. lapagei and the phosphatase and phytase activities of S. grevillea. The expression of genes related to chemotaxis, colonisation, and proliferation of C. lapagei and genes related to phosphatase and phytase activity of S. grevillea was also significantly upregulated. Furthermore, in the pot experiment, we verified that there might exist a ternary symbiotic system in the natural forest in which endofungal bacteria and ECMFs could synergistically promote phytate uptake in the plant Pinus massoniana via the ectomycorrhizal system. Summary Statement: ECMF could recruit endofungal bacteria to synergistically promote phytate mineralisation by regulating gene expression related to Po mineralisation in the combined system, which takes advantage of the absorption of Po by P. massoniana through its ectomycorrhizal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastropoda are an exceptionally successful group with a rich and diverse fossil record. They have conquered land and freshwater habitats multiple times independently and have dispersed across the entire globe. Since they are important constituents of fossil assemblages, they are often used for palaeoecological reconstruction, biostratigraphic correlations, and as model groups to study morphological and taxonomic evolution. While marine faunas and their evolution have been a common subject of study, the freshwater component of the fossil record has attracted much less attention, and a global overview is lacking. Here, I review the fossil record of freshwater gastropods on a global scale, ranging from their origins in the late Palaeozoic to the Pleistocene. As compiled here, the global fossil record of freshwater Gastropoda includes 5182 species in 490 genera, 44 families, and 12 superfamilies over a total of ~340 million years. Following a slow and poorly known start in the late Palaeozoic, diversity slowly increased during the Mesozoic. Diversity culminated in an all‐time high in the Neogene, relating to diversification in numerous long‐lived (ancient) lakes in Europe. I summarise well‐documented and hypothesised freshwater colonisation events and compare the patterns found in freshwater gastropods to those in land snails. Furthermore, I discuss potential preservation and sampling biases, as well as the main drivers underlying species diversification in fresh water on a larger scale. In that context, I particularly highlight the importance of long‐lived lakes as islands and archives of evolution and expand a well‐known concept in ecology and evolution to a broader spectrum: scale‐independent ecological opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Candida auris has become a worrisome multi‐drug resistant healthcare‐associated pathogen due to its capacity to colonise patients and surfaces and to cause outbreaks of invasive infections in critically ill patients. Objectives: This study evaluated the outbreak in our setting in a 4‐year period, reporting the risk factors for developing candidemia in previously colonised patients, the therapeutic measures for candidemia and the outcome of candidemia and colonisation cases among all C. auris isolates and their susceptibility to antifungals. Methods: Data were retrospectively collected from patients admitted to Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia (Spain) from September 2017 to September 2021. A retrospective case–control study was designed to identify risk factors for developing C. auris candidemia in previously colonised patients. Results: C. auris affected 550 patients, of which 210 (38.2%) had some clinical sample positive. Isolates were uniformly resistant to fluconazole, 20 isolates were resistant to echinocandins (2.8%) and four isolates were resistant to ampfotericin B (0.6%). There were 86 candidemia cases. APACHE II, digestive disease and catheter isolate were proven to be independent risk factors for developing candidemia in previously colonised patients. Thirty‐day mortality rate for C. auris candidemia cases was 32.6%, while for colonisation cases was 33.7%. Conclusions: Candidemia was one of the most frequent and severe infections caused by C. auris. The risk factors identified in this study should help to detect patients who are at more risk of developing candidemia, as long as an adequate surveillance of C. auris colonisation is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role and causality of the microbial ecosystem on the skin in relation to the development of hand eczema (HE) is still unknown. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of different bacterial colonisations in HE patients and their association with the severity, symptoms and aetiology of the disease. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study of 167 HE patients, bacterial swabs from lesional skin were collected for culturing. Patients were categorised according to bacterial colonisation, HE severity, HE symptoms and HE aetiology. Results: The majority of the patients were tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (n = 131, 78.4%) and/or commensal skin flora (CSF; n = 130, 77.8%), while other bacteria species were found only sporadically. Severe HE was significantly more prevalent in skin with S. aureus (odds ratio [OR]: 5.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.21–11.94) and less common in skin with CSF (OR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.05–0.88). S. aureus colonisation was also associated with atopic HE aetiology (p < 0.001) and acute HE symptoms such as blisters, erosions and crusts (p = 0.003). Conclusions: The main colonisation of HE patients is with S. aureus and is associated with disease severity, acute HE symptoms and atopic HE aetiology. CSF is associated with mild HE, which could result in new therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds are known as 'plants out of place', but how do we come to understand what belongs in place and what does not? Organisms that thrive beyond boundaries of control threaten life that is 'in place', or nature. As a threat to life and nature, weeds are transformed into objects of hate and elimination. Exploring the collective hate of weeds helps to untangle the affective dimensions of colonisation. Using the story of the blackberry in Dunedin, both through its settler history and contemporary relationship with urban foragers, this paper describes how weeds have become powerful affective objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloeon dipterum is one of the rare exotic aquatic insect species found in the American continent. The species was recently introduced to Argentina. Apart from a few recent records concentrated in a small area in Argentina, there are no data available on its distribution on the continent. Using modelling techniques, we predicted for the first time the current and future areas of high invasion risk in South America.We produced species distribution models (SDMs) using six algorithms and based on 4672 occurrences and 20 environmental variables for both current conditions and future scenarios (GCMs: CanESM5 and MIROC6/SSPs: 2‐4.5 and 5‐8.5).The models predicted two large contiguous areas of high suitability and stability over time in all future forecasts (Paraná and coastal pathways), both of which are connected to the colonised area in Argentina and extend to Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil. The models also identified two potential new areas for introduction, Patagonia (Chile and Argentina) and the northeast of Brazil. However, introduction is considered unlikely in the highly suitable area in the Brazilian Northeast due to the lack of connectivity with donor areas. Models provide specific regions that can be used to detect colonisation expansion and improve our ability to implement measures to prevent introduction.Our results provide evidence that C. dipterum will be a long‐term element of South American diversity. Its persistence in distinctive climatic scenarios may pose a threat to resident controphic species, such as Callibaetis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although groundwater exchange processes are known to modulate atmospheric influences on stream temperature and flow, the implications for ecological stability are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated temporal change in stream fish communities across a gradient of groundwater influence defined by karst terrain (carbonate parent materials) within the Potomac River basin of eastern North America. We surveyed 12 sites in 2022 that had been sampled 29–30 years previously with similar methods. We also collected stream temperature data from each site and used the regression slope of the air‐water temperature relationship to index stream thermal sensitivity and groundwater exchange processes. Sites in karst terrain exhibited strong groundwater controls on stream temperature, and fish communities were more stable over time in these locations than elsewhere. However, stream thermal sensitivity was a stronger predictor of species persistence than the spatial distribution of karst terrain in contributing areas, highlighting the ecological importance of local variation in groundwater discharge processes. The presence of calcium precipitates (marl) in stream substrates was associated with low thermal sensitivity and ecological stability over time, and we suggest such visible features may be a useful indicator of climate change refugia in stream ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lives of children and young people are conditioned in important ways by the imperial and colonial intimacies that have shaped our world. Yet, we know relatively little about how they encounter and comprehend the histories, legacies, and continuities of colonisation and racial capitalism, nor how this comes to shape their political orientations and practices. This article introduces a series of five papers that examine the everyday practices, reflections, and desires of young people in different parts of the world as they seek to understand where they fit in imperial constellations that cross generations, borders, and oceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Candida auris is an emerging pathogen in health care‐associated infections. In contrast to many other countries with rising numbers of C. auris, only seven cases have been reported in Germany from 2015 to 2017, mostly from patients who received prior medical treatment abroad. We therefore established a mandatory screening for C. auris colonisation at our tertiary care centre for all patients who were admitted as international patients or previously hospitalised in a foreign country within the past 6 months. Methods: Colonisation of patients was assessed using a previously established screening protocol for multidrug resistant bacteria. Since 2017, all screening samples were additionally analysed for C. auris using CHROMagar Candida (CHROMagar, Paris, France). Yeast isolates were identified using matrix‐assisted laser ionisation time‐of‐flight (MALDI TOF), except for C. albicans (identified by the typical green colour on chromogenic agar). Data were analysed retrospectively. Results: Our study cohort included 655 patients and an overall number of 1399 samples. Fifty‐three patients were colonised with Candida species (C. albicans, n = 37; C. glabrata, n = 14; others n = 9). No case of C. auris was detected. Candida spp. were mainly detected from respiratory samples (5.4% positive) and gastrointestinal specimen (5.2%). Laboratory costs were 14,689 € and analyses resulted in 98.7 h of additional technician's work. Conclusion: No colonisation with C. auris was detected among patients with previous hospitalisation abroad. Universal C. auris screening of patients with any contact to foreign health care does not seem to be cost‐effective in our setting and more targeted screening strategies have to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To study whether overcrowding and/or nurse understaffing preceded four bacterial outbreaks during a 5-year period in a Norwegian university hospital neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: A repeated cross-sectional study based on prospectively collected data from the Norwegian neonatal network's (NNN) web-based electronic database, digital work schedules and information about the outbreaks from logs, reports and publications. Number of admitted patients, category 4–5 patients (i.e., with the highest nurse to patient ratio), rostered nursing staff and nurse specialists were analysed in relation to periods (1) >28 days before individual outbreaks, (2) ≤28 days before, (3) during and (4) after outbreaks. Overcrowding and understaffing were compared between the four periods with Chi-square test and post hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction. Results: When all outbreaks were analysed together, overcrowding was more frequent in the periods within 28 days of outbreaks compared to the other periods (p < 0.001). For understaffing, the periods within 28 days of outbreaks were only different from the periods >28 days before outbreaks (p < 0.001). The trends regarding individual outbreaks were less consistent, but there were more category 4–5 patients before and during the outbreaks. Conclusion: Bacterial outbreaks in a 5-year period were weakly associated with overcrowding and understaffing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Society Islands, multi‐phase coastal sites with successive occupations spanning several centuries have been difficult to find and have been poorly studied, resulting in a vague understanding of this archipelago's founding cultural complex and its adaptations to specific island environments through time. Discovery and excavation of ScMo‐350, a well‐stratified coastal site in Haumi, Moʻorea, Society Islands, provides robust sample sizes for understanding the timing and function of early Māʻohi coastal settlements and their constellation of use through time. My discussion of the site focuses on four topics: methodological issues for identifying early colonization sites in Central Eastern Polynesia; site stratigraphy and dating; the timing of island colonization on Moʻorea and its comparison to the Faʻahia site on Huahine; and preliminary analysis of ScMo‐350 sub‐surface features and artifacts to understand site function and its change through time. Bayesian analysis of short‐lived samples from ScMo‐350's earliest deposits and those from the Faʻahia site are described in an effort to refine our understanding of the Society Islands' Colonization Phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum forma specialis cepae strains are pathogens causing Fusarium basal rot of onion, which is a major problem in onion cultivation worldwide. In this work, the pathogenicity and toxin production of different F. oxysporum isolates, originating either from mature harvested onions or from onion sets, were studied. The F. oxysporum isolates belonging to the f. sp. cepae phylogenetic clade had the full set of seven secreted in xylem (SIX) genes and the gene C5, whereas all the other F. oxysporum isolates tested were negative for these virulence‐related genes. However, in the pathogenicity test on onion seedlings the separation between the f. sp. cepae isolates and the others was not clear‐cut. One of the f. sp. cepae isolates that had low in planta expression levels of SIX9 showed only mild virulence on the seedlings. A different F. oxysporum isolate, which did not have the known virulence‐related genes, was pathogenic on seedlings, although non‐pathogenic on mature bulbs. Thus, the two different pathogenicity assays frequently used, seedling survival test and onion bulb inoculation test, measure partially different features of the fungal isolates. Coinfection with pathogenic and non‐pathogenic isolates caused more severe disease in the mature onion bulbs than the pathogenic isolate alone. All the isolates tested for toxin production capacity on rice medium produced beauvericin and, in addition, the non‐pathogenic isolates produced moniliformin. Small amounts of beauvericin were detected in the infected onion bulbs. The amount of beauvericin did not show significant correlation with the fungal colonisation level or symptom severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Smith's Generall Historie of Virginia (1624) was produced at a time when the English settlements in Virginia were in a perilous position. The English colonists were still reeling from an Indigenous attack in 1622 which had left hundreds of colonists dead and a number of settlements destroyed. Smith, while ostensibly producing a history of the early English settlements, also sought to provide a remedy to the dire circumstances his fellow Englishmen and women found themselves in. This article examines Smith's argumentative strategy, arguing that it is reliant on recasting the colonial past both textually and visually. Moving beyond the current scholarship that has largely focused on narrow sections of the text, this article demonstrates the productive power of print in the early modern period, illustrating how the Generall Historie provoked new ideas about Indigenous people, their character, and how they should be approached by English colonists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native freshwater fish are experiencing global declines. Determining what drives native fish resilience to disturbance is crucial to understanding their persistence in the face of multiple stressors. Fish colonisation ability may be one factor affecting population resilience after disturbance. We conducted displacement experiments in headwater streams in Wyoming, USA, to evaluate mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii) and mountain sucker (Catostomus platyrhynchus) colonisation ability. Specifically, we (1) determined whether fish could colonise sites rapidly after displacement, (2) evaluated site‐level factors affecting colonisation, and (3) compared species‐level differences in movement and colonisation capabilities. Mountain sucker recovered to pre‐displacement abundances within 6–11 weeks, but mottled sculpin were still at slightly reduced abundances. For both species, the majority of colonists were unmarked new individuals and size–structure was similar to pre‐displacement size–structure. Fish colonisation was best predicted by pre‐displacement abundance and an interaction between per cent riparian cover and species identity. The slower colonisation rate of mottled sculpin may relate to movement ability as average daily movement rate and movement extent were significantly greater for mountain sucker. Our results demonstrate that colonisation is one mechanism allowing fish populations to be resilient in the face of disturbance and that species' traits provide insight into fish colonisation capabilities. Experimental approaches provide mechanistic insight into colonisation dynamics, enhancing our understanding of native fish resilience in degraded stream ecosystems and their response to restoration actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding amphibian population dynamics is integral to mitigating severe declines that are occurring due to threats such as habitat removal and chytrid‐induced disease. Few studies have focused on sex‐specific population dynamics, despite the potential for these processes to alter colonisation and population turn‐over in newly created habitats. Here, we investigate sex‐specific population dynamics in the threatened green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) using intensive capture‐recapture methods in a newly created wetland complex and control sites. As hypothesised, females took longer to reach maturity compared to males. The length of female maturation was 3.9 times greater than that of males (428.68 days ± 107.6 SD and 110.16 days ± 20.59 SD, respectively). This resulted in a one‐year delay in female population size increase compared to the male population. The operational sex ratio (OSR) in the second year of monitoring in the created wetlands had the most disproportionate male bias out of any year and any site (12/1 male/female, male proportion = 0.92 ± 0.89–0.94 95% CI). In the third year, the OSR had become less male biased (2.6/1, male proportion = 0.72 ± 65–0.78 95% CI), likely attributed to the maturing of the females produced in the first year breeding events. We did not find any evidence that survival or detection probability influenced the observed OSRs in the created wetlands. Based on survival rates of each sex, we estimate that males are 77 times more likely to reach sexual maturity compared to females. We postulate that the combination of chytrid‐induced disease and sex‐biased maturation rates may be a driver of declines, especially in populations with limited recruitment. We encourage future research into investigating sex‐specific population dynamics of amphibians, especially relating to reintroduction ecology and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of new roads has the potential to provide new habitats and increase biodiversity value. The cutting and verges of the Weymouth Relief Road, Dorset, completed in 2011, replicate low‐fertility chalk grassland in an area previously occupied by arable farmland and improved grassland.We examine the results of post‐construction butterfly surveys carried out in 2012–2020 to test whether butterfly abundance, species richness and species diversity increased in the post‐construction period. Analysis is also undertaken of the factors affecting the colonisation of the verges by butterfly populations.Butterfly abundance increased in the post‐construction period when assessed by two methods: mean counts per survey visit and maximum counts. Species richness also increased, but no significant trends were observed with respect to species diversity. The 30 butterfly species recorded on the verges represent 51% of Britain's resident or regularly occurring migrant species and include habitat‐restricted chalkland species.The most significant factor affecting speed of colonisation of the cutting and verges was an index of local presence, defined as the number of 1 km squares where two or more individuals of a species had been recorded prior to road construction in a 10 km square centred on the site. The separation distance between the site and the nearest butterfly population did not significantly affect the speed of colonisation.Our results validate the low‐fertility approach to road verge establishment and management. The experience of the Weymouth Relief Road is influencing future road verge construction and management in the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the factors modulating range expansion is essential to accurately predict changes in the spatial distribution of populations. By preventing population growth after dispersal, Allee effects can lead to front stops in discrete space, called 'pinning' if permanent. However, other mechanisms, such as positive density‐dependent dispersal, have also been shown to affect the rate of range expansion and generate discrete‐space front stops, albeit temporarily. In this study, we investigated the stability of the front stops generated by such mechanisms in relation to the carrying capacity of the environment. To this end, we performed artificial range expansions in discrete space using stochastic simulations and microcosm experiments. Simulation results confirmed that density‐dependent dispersal alone can generate sustained front stops, albeit for a limited range of carrying capacities. We also highlighted the synergy between Allee effects and density‐dependent dispersal on pinning emergence. Experimental results, obtained using a model species known to exhibit density‐dependent dispersal, but without Allee effects, confirmed the model results. Furthermore, our study raises the issue of carefully considering the conditions for pinning stability, in a stochastic context and depending on the time‐scale considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Deep tissue Candida invasion represents a special entity among neonates with invasive candidiasis. We aimed to explore the risk factors and clinical outcomes for deep tissue Candida invasion among neonates with invasive candidiasis. Methods: A retrospective data review of neonates admitted to NICU of Madinah maternity and children hospital, KSA from January 2012 to December 2019 was done. Data were analysed between infants with or without deep tissue candidiasis among infants with invasive candidiasis. Invasive candidiasis was defined as positive blood or catheter collected urine culture for Candida. Deep tissue Candida invasion was defined as an infection of the central nervous system, eyes, heart, skeletal system, lungs, liver or kidneys. Result: A total of 14 (11%) out of 130 neonates with invasive candidiasis had deep tissue Candida invasion. Persistent positive blood culture for Candida [OR 15.2, 95% CI (2.0–114), p =.01], prematurity [OR 7.6, 95% CI (1.04–56.4), p =.04] and prolonged antibiotic duration [OR 1.3, 95% CI (1.02–1.6), p =.03] are independent risk factors for deep tissue Candida invasion. Deep tissue Candida invasion was associated with significantly higher rates of cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, heart failure and longer length of hospital stay compared to infants without deep tissue invasion. Conclusion: Persistent Candida growth in blood cultures, prematurity and long‐term antibiotic use are significant risk factors for deep tissue Candida invasion. Deep tissue Candida invasion is associated with prolonged hospital stay and higher neonatal morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP) is a frequent infection in HIV‐positive and also in immunocompromised HIV‐negative patients. PCR analysis of pulmonary samples has become an essential element in PCP laboratory diagnosis. Currently, many commercially PCR‐based tests are available for P jirovecii detection and need to be evaluated. Objectives: We evaluated the performance of the RealStar®P jirovecii PCR kit for PCP diagnosis. Methods: We performed the RealStar®P jirovecii PCR and an in‐house PCR in 219 pulmonary samples. We then assessed the performance of the RealStar®P jirovecii PCR kit by classifying patients in proven, probable, possible PCP or no final diagnosis, on the basis of the clinical and radiological signs and direct examination of bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Results: The results showed excellent concordance (96.8%) with another in‐house PCR, previously used in the laboratory. The available clinical data allowed classifying 219 patients as having proven PCP (n = 6), probable PCP (n = 27), possible PCP (n = 29) and no final diagnosis of PCP (n = 157). The RealStar®P jirovecii PCR kit performed well with samples from patients with proven and probable PCP, as indicated by the detection of P jirovecii DNA in all these samples. The percentage of positive samples in the possible PCP category was 75.9%. In patients with no final diagnosis of PCP, P jirovecii DNA was detected in 13.4% of samples, indicating colonisation by this pathogen. Conclusions: The RealStar®P jirovecii PCR kit shows excellent performance for PCP diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Colonisation, i.e. the establishment of dispersed individuals in an unoccupied area, is a fundamental biological process that drives the distribution and range dynamics of organisms. It is crucial to understand the basic mechanisms of colonisation, especially in invasive species. 2. In this study, we investigated the importance of dispersal success (the proportion of settlers and founders) and intrinsic population growth rate for colonisation ability in phytophagous mites that spread both passively and actively. We performed laboratory experiments using two eriophyid mite species: Aceria tosichella [wheat curl mite (WCM)] and Abacarus hystrix [cereal rust mite (CRM)]. These are obligate herbivores of economic importance because they feed on cereal plants, including wheat. 3. To test the colonisation ability of WCM and CRM on wheat when dispersed actively by walking and passively when blown by air currents, we estimated the number of individuals that established new populations after dispersal and calculated the intrinsic population growth rate (r) for both species. 4. WCM had a higher colonisation ability on wheat than CRM. This resulted from the higher dispersal success of WCM; however, the two species did not differ in r. This pattern was consistent for both dispersal modes. Moreover, both species had higher colonisation success when dispersing actively, albeit with a very limited spatial range. 5. These results underline the role of successful dispersal in the colonisation ability of species. The knowledge of the colonisation process of WCM and CRM is important for understanding their invasiveness and for predicting their potential geographical distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now well known that patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection admitted in ICU and mechanically ventilated are at risk of developing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). Nevertheless, symptomatology of IPA is often atypical in mechanically ventilated patients, and radiological aspects in SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia and IPA are difficult to differentiate. In this context, the significance of the presence of Aspergillus in airway specimens (detected by culture, galactomannan antigen or specific PCR) remains to be fully understood. To decipher the relevance of the detection of Aspergillus, we performed a comprehensive review of all published cases of respiratory Aspergillus colonisation and IPA in COVID‐19 patients. The comparison of patients receiving or not antifungal treatment allowed us to highlight the most important criteria for the decision to treat. The comparison of surviving and non‐surviving patients made it possible to unveil criteria associated with mortality that should be taken into account in the treatment decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidimensional analysis of community stability has recently emerged as an overarching approach to evaluating ecosystem response to disturbance. However, the approach has previously been applied only in experimental and modelling studies.We applied this concept to an 18‐year time series (2000–2017) of macroinvertebrate community dynamics from a southeast Alaskan river to further develop and test the approach in relation to the effects of two extreme flood events occurring in 2005 (event 1) and 2014 (event 2).Five components of stability were calculated for pairs of pre‐ or post‐event years. Individual components were tested for differences between pre‐ and post‐event time periods. Stability components' pairwise correlations were assessed and ellipsoids of stability were developed for each time period and compared to a null model derived from the permuted dataset.Only one stability component demonstrated a significant difference between time periods. In contrast, 80% of moderate and significant correlations between stability components were degraded post‐disturbance and significant changes to the form of stability ellipsoids were observed. Ellipsoids of stability for all periods after the initial disturbance (2005) were not different to the null model.Our results illustrate that the dimensionality of stability approach can be applied to natural ecosystem time‐series data. The major increase in dimensionality of stability observed following disturbance potentially indicates significant shifts in the processes which drive stability following disturbance. This evidence improves our understanding of community response beyond what is possible through analysis of individual stability components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parthenogenetic reproduction has only previously been demonstrated in two species of agromyzid leafminer flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae), both from the genus Phytomyza. The plantain leafminer, Phytomyza plantaginis, is Palaearctic in origin, and bisexual populations have been observed in this region. However, historically, only females had been collected in the Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical and Oceanian regions. Here, we show that southern Australian samples of this species from Plantago spp. can be composed of both parthenogenic and bisexual populations. In sites around Melbourne, males were present, although the sex ratio was female biased, with females comprising 75% of sampled individuals. In contrast, males were absent from collections in western and northern Victoria, Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Western Australia. Female P. plantaginis flies were reared from three Plantago host plants (Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major and Plantago coronopus), although females were particularly common from Pl. lanceolata. Insect cages set up with leafminers from sites where only females occurred produced only females, while cages with leafminers from sites where males occurred produced both sexes and mating was observed. Individuals from all populations were infected by Wolbachia endosymbionts, suggesting that the presence/absence of Wolbachia is not directly responsible for the parthenogenesis. However, there was an association between a mtDNA variant (PP.02) and sexual reproduction, in that this variant was absent in areas where only females were collected but present in all males and some females from areas with sexual populations. The mechanism responsible for parthenogenesis in P. plantaginis remains unknown but is linked to maternal factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rapid and reliable laboratory methods are required for detecting the nosocomial yeast Candida auris. AurisID® (Olm Diagnostics) is a real‐time PCR assay approved for detecting C. auris in fungal cultures and directly from blood samples, involving a nucleic acid extraction as a prior step. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to validate the AurisID® kit for direct detection of C. auris from surveillance samples without prior DNA extraction and to analyse the results of implementing this methodology to our daily laboratory routine protocol for C. auris surveillance studies. Methods: Our PCR method using the AurisID® kit was compared with our routine protocol, consisting of culture in CHROMagar® Candida and identification by mass spectrometry. A total of 113 swabs were used for validation and 136 pair of surveillance samples were tested. Limit of detection (LOD) was determined by using swabs in Amies transport medium, which were spiked in a series of dilutions of a C. auris standardised suspension (0.5 McFarland). Results: The PCR method showed high sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive value and predictive negative value (96.6%, 100%, 100% and 98.2%, respectively) when compared with the routine protocol. LOD was 500 CFU/ml, which corresponds to approximately 1 CFU/PCR. Conclusions: Our PCR method using the AurisID® kit allows a reduction in the turnaround time for surveillance of C. auris compared with other methods. These results are expected to contribute to control C. auris outbreaks, allowing isolation of patients and cleaning of environmental surfaces in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Primary succession after a volcanic eruption is a major ecological process, but relatively little is known about insects that colonise barren lava before plants become established. 2. On Hawai'i Island, the endemic cricket, Caconemobius fori Gurney & Rentz, 1978, is known as the first multicellular life form to colonise lava after an eruption from Kīlauea Volcano. In the Kona region, a congener, Caconemobius anahulu Otte, 1994 inhabits unvegetated lava flows from Hualālai Volcano, but little has been documented about its distribution. 3. Our aim was to characterise the presence/absence of Caconemobius spp. across lava flows that are largely unvegetated, but differ in age since eruption and connectivity to older flows. We used baited live traps to survey 9 month–50 year‐old Kīlauea lava flows for C. fori, and ∼220 year‐old Hualālai lava flows for C. anahulu. 4. We found no evidence that C. fori has colonised the Kīlauea flows from the 2018 eruption. However, we did discover that C. fori was persistent and widespread on Kīlauea lava up to 50 years old within Hawai'i Volcanos National Park. We also captured C. anahulu across much of the Hualālai lava flows we surveyed in Kona. 5. We demonstrated that C. fori do not always arrive on new lava within months after an eruption, in contrast to previous reports, and that both C. fori and C. anahulu can remain on lava longer than previously appreciated. Vegetation successional state may be more important than true age for the persistence of these endemic crickets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Exchange of plant lineages between Australia and Southeast Asia has had a substantial impact on the evolution of Australia's northern, tropical flora, with important ramifications for its conservation and biosecurity. Despite this, floristic exchange tracks between northern Australia and Southeast Asia remain poorly understood. To address this, we conducted a molecular phylogeographic case study to identify exchange tracks between Australia and Southeast Asia. Location: India, Southeast Asia, Australia and Pacific islands. Taxon: The widespread tropical monsoonal tree species Aglaia elaeagnoidea (Meliaceae). Methods: We conducted a DArTseq phylogeographic study of 141 herbarium and silica‐dried samples sourced from across the range of A. elaeagnoidea. We analysed 176,331 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 90,456 loci using multivariate, admixture, genetic differentiation and coalescent methods to characterise phylogeographic and phylogenetic patterns. These analyses were considered in the context of an environmental niche model for the last glacial maximum. Results: Two exchange tracks were identified: one from New Guinea to Cape York Peninsula in north‐east Australia, and a second from Timor‐Leste to the Kimberley Plateau of north‐west Australia. The Cape York Peninsula track is contemporary, characterised by ongoing genetic exchange, whereas the Kimberley Plateau track is historic, facilitated by multiple past exposures of the Arafura Shelf during the Pleistocene. Overall, we suggest that phylogeographic patterns of A. elaeagnoidea have resulted from a combination of repeated range expansion and contraction cycles concurrent with Quaternary climate fluctuations and stochastic dispersal events. Main conclusions: This study provides the first molecular phylogeographic evidence for two floristic exchange tracks between northern Australia and Southeast Asia. It also highlights the influence of Quaternary climate fluctuations on the complex biogeography of the region, and supports the idea that the Kimberley Plateau and Cape York Peninsula in northern Australia have separate biogeographic histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bumblebees are one of the most commonly studied pollinators, but they are declining in large parts of their distribution. Whether bumblebees can cope with anthropogenic disturbances such as climate change and habitat loss depends largely on their dispersal capacity. While bumblebee queen dispersal is estimated to be only a few kilometres, bird migration sites have documented mass‐migration events with peak migration of 70 bumblebee queens per minute, indicating that bumblebees can migrate over larger distances than previously thought.The open‐access database trektellen.org contains 10 daily counts of >1,000 migrating queens past single points in the Netherlands, and one in the United Kingdom (total bumblebee records 65,430; range 1–11,142 individuals), mostly in early spring. Such mass‐migration events are poorly documented in the scientific literature, and usually when describing migrations of other insects such as syrphids and social wasps.Most common European bumblebee species were documented to migrate. Bumblebees were observed flying at sea, coming from sea and flying towards the sea, showing that they can cross large water bodies. The wind direction might have helped to concentrate migration at landscape bottlenecks. On 1 day, bumblebee mass‐migration was documented on two sites located 200 km apart. Together with the concentrated and directional flight this suggests that they can migrate for several hundreds of kilometres.Because most mass‐migration events occur in spring, large‐scale shortage in suitable nesting sites may be the trigger for mass‐migration (e.g. due to high queen survival or low vole numbers). Future studies should test whether this is the case, or whether bumblebees show annual seasonal migration.Synthesis and applications. Much remains unclear about bumblebee migration, but it may have large consequences for the conservation of bumblebees and the ecosystem services they provide. For example, bumblebees in highly disturbed areas like agricultural landscapes may be continuously supplemented by queens from far‐away productive natural areas. This suggests that large‐scale conservation initiatives are required to maintain viable populations of common and endangered species. Structured observations and modern‐day technology, like isotope analyses or radar monitoring, may shed light on the drivers and consequences of the overlooked phenomenon of bumblebee migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat modification and fragmentation are key factors responsible for fish population decline worldwide. Previous assessments documented a total of 72 species extinctions for the sole class of Actinopterygii. However, global extinctions are difficult to monitor or study based on fossil records. By contrast, local extinctions occurring at the population level are easier to study. Given this context, an important question relates to whether extinction dynamics studied at the local scale can provide useful information to understand extinctions occurring at larger scales. This would be the case if local extinctions were not balanced by recolonisation as in a classic metapopulation. Our aim is thus to explain the observed regional (per basin) persistence of 252 fish populations by testing contribution of local extinction rates and more generally metapopulation dynamics components.To address this aim, we used the annual extinction probability of 252 regional populations of up to 14 species inhabiting 18 coastal rivers, which became isolated c. 8,500 years ago. We specifically compared extinction probabilities obtained by seven theoretical models to investigate whether regional extinction rates (i.e. loss from a river system) were correlated to local extinction rates (i.e. loss from an occupied site) and the role of metapopulation dynamics to explain regional persistence.Using empirical data, we showed the importance of variables related to metapopulation dynamics to explain extinction rates across the 18 river systems. As expected, the regional extinction rate decreased with the colonisation rate, area, metapopulation size, and percentage of occupied localities. By contrast, an inconsistent relationship emerged between regional and local extinction rates, as species with high local extinction rates were not particularly prone to regional extinction.Our results provide strong support for the contribution of colonisation rates to explain persistence. Overall, our results show that the equilibrium number of occupied localities could be a good predictor of the long‐term persistence of metapopulations in rivers. Finally, our results suggest the importance of connectivity to maintain sustainable populations within the river system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed seeds are introduced to agronomic systems naturally or through human‐mediated seed dispersal, and introduced seeds have a high chance of being resistant to selective, in‐crop herbicides. However, colonisation (invasion) rates for a weed species are usually much lower than rates of seed dispersal. The current research investigated colonisation of a winter annual wheat cropping system in Western Australia by a range of winter or summer annual weed species. The weed seeds were sown (at 100 seeds/m2) directly before seeding the crop in 2016 and allowed to grow in the following 3 years of wheat. Selective herbicides were not applied, to simulate growth of weed populations if the initial seed had been resistant to herbicide. Bromus diandrus, Hordeum leporinum, Rumex hypogaeus, Sonchus oleraceus, Polygonum aviculare, Lolium rigidum, Citrullus amarus and Tribulus terrestris colonised the crop, while Dactyloctenium radulans, Chloris truncata and Salsola australis failed to establish over 3 years. The most successful weed was B. diandrus, with a plant density of 1,170/m2 by the third year and seed production of 67,740/m2. The high density of B. diandrus reduced wheat density by 76% in the third year and reduced average yield by 36%. Lolium rigidum reduced average yield by 11%, and the other weed species did not affect crop yield. Further research is required on the invasiveness of these species in other regions, but it is clear that the spread of B. diandrus to new areas or the introduction of resistant B. diandrus seeds via contaminated grain should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria and viruses were analysed in the upper respiratory tract of symptomatic pig farmers and their domestic pigs. Eighty six human nasal and 495 (50 pools) porcine snout swabs were collected in Schleswig‐Holstein, Germany. Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (62.8%, 54/86), human rhino‐ and coronaviruses (HRV, 29.1%, 25/86; HCoV, 16.3%, 14/86) were frequently detected in humans, while Haemophilus parasuis (90.0%, 45/50), Mycoplasma hyorhinis (78.6%, 11/14), Enterovirus G (EV‐G, 56.0%, 28/50) and S. aureus (36.0%, 18/50), respectively, were highly prevalent in pigs. The detection of S. aureus in human follow‐up samples indicates a carrier status. The methicillin‐resistant phenotype (MRSA) was identified in 33.3% (18/54) of nasal swabs and in one of 18 (5.6%) pooled snout swabs that were tested positive for S. aureus. Strains were indicative of the livestock‐associated clonal complex CC398, with t011 being the most common staphylococcal protein A type. Enterobacterales and non‐fermenters were frequently isolated from swabs. Their detection in follow‐up samples suggests a carrier status. All were classified as being non‐multiresistant. There was no example for cross‐species transmission of viruses. In contrast, transmission of S. aureus through occupational contact to pigs seems possible. The study contributes to the 'One Health' approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often, colonisation is considered a single, past event; in actuality, colonisation is a continual enculturating practice that galvanises historical Indigenous inequality and colonial privilege. This study deconstructs social tension surround Australia Day—the national day of celebration that for some is seen as the date marking the beginning of Australia but for others marks invasion. Given that the date of celebration marks the beginning of non‐Indigenous privilege and Indigenous disadvantage in Australia, debate exists as to whether the date should remain the same. Twelve people, self‐identified as wanting the date of Australia Day to stay the same, participated in semistructured interviews; transcripts were analysed using causal layered analysis. Findings suggest an unstable national identity centred on a denial of past and present oppression of Indigenous peoples—the past is conceptualised as having little relevance to present‐day Indigenous inequalities. Findings generated appear transferable to understanding social tensions that arise in colonised states globally, particularly relating to Indigenous inequalities and colonist privilege. Exploring Australia Day acts as a conduit for understanding how social psychological barriers occur to deny historical and present social injustices and positively constructs oppression within colonist states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The questions of when and how humans reached Sahul, the Pleistocene continent of Australia and New Guinea, has remained a central issue of Australian archaeology since its development as an academic discipline in the mid‐twentieth century. Modelling this event has persistently appealed to minimal assumptions – the simplest watercraft, the shortest routes, the smallest viable colonising groups. This paper argues that Australian archaeology can no longer ignore the way our understanding of this initial colonisation is being reshaped by current genomic research. It reviews this evidence and concludes that a colonising wave of hundreds or perhaps low thousands of people was involved. If correct, it suggests that we need to rethink our models, modify or discard the minimalist assumptions that have so far driven them and consider how this different paradigm affects our understanding of early settlement in Sahul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the influence of biological traits (morphology, physiology, reproduction, and life history), ecological traits (geographic distribution, habitat associations, food habits), and introduction attributes (propagule pressure, human use of a species, residence time) on invasion success of native and introduced stream fishes during the colonisation and spread stages in an Appalachian (U.S.A.) river basin.Colonisation success was positively related to residence time, benthic feeding, an equilibrium life‐history strategy, and nest spawning. Successful spread was associated with tolerance to increased temperature and an equilibrium life‐history strategy. The spread of introduced fishes was negatively related to gamefish status. No effect of propagule pressure was detected.Traits linked to invasion success were consistent with the hypothesis that human land‐use practices increase the invasibility of highland catchments by creating novel conditions better suited to lowland and equilibrium invaders.We found biological traits to be more useful than ecological traits in predicting invasion success and suggesting invasion mechanisms. Parental care and nest association can facilitate invasions over large spatial extents for both native and introduced fishes. Analyses of suites of traits can reveal mechanisms of invasions and tactics for controlling them; such mechanisms and tactics may be system‐specific and scale‐dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores affect, colonial privilege, and the cultural politics of national commemoration in Aotearoa New Zealand. Based on focus‐group interviews around two major national days, we examine means through which feelings and emotions are deployed in ways that enable the reproduction of social advantage. Situating affect within patterns of relationship, four interrelated affective‐discursive practices are explored. In relation to Waitangi Day, agents tend to work under the rubric of anger and confusion. For Anzac Day, being grateful and moved shapes the interaction, although participants often indicate preferences towards "having a day off." Given the colonial context in which these practices circulate, analysis observes the associated freedom and ease by which affective‐discursive privilege is (re)produced. Often incongruent and rarely challenged, privilege allows associated actors to do what they want, when they want, however they want. This affective climate authorizes the ongoing reproduction of, and justification for, membership to a higher‐status ethnic group of which unearned opportunities and entitlements remain its everyday, expected currency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: To assess the diagnostic value of serum Candida mannan antigen (MN) and anti‐mannan IgG and IgM antibodies for candidiasis. Methods: This study was a prospective cohort study. Clinical data and venous blood samples from 23 medical centres in Beijing, China were collected between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2018. All collected specimens were tested within one week for serum Candida MN and IgG and IgM antibodies using an ELISA kit. Results: A total of 452 patients were enrolled, including 188 patients in the Candida exposure groups (56 patients with Candida bloodstream infection, 69 patients with Candida‐positive tracheal aspirate cultures and 63 patients with Candida‐positive urine cultures) and 264 patients in the control groups (212 healthy controls and 52 patients with bacteraemia). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the 56 patients with Candida bloodstream infection and 212 healthy controls showed that serum MN and IgG had good diagnostic value. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) values were 0.812 (95% CI, 0.750‐0.873) and 0.866 (95% CI, 0.808‐0.924), respectively, wherein the MN specificity and sensitivity were 86.79% and 60.71%, and the IgG were 84.43% and 80.36%, respectively. The AUC of the combination of serum MN and IgG was 0.871(95% CI, 0.813‐0.929), and the specificity and sensitivity were 93.87% and 57.14%. Conclusions: The serum levels of Candida MN and its IgG antibody have diagnostic value for Candida bloodstream infection, and combination of MN and IgG can improve diagnostic specificity and may provide a new approach for diagnosis of candidaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part 1: The history: Peter Ammann This sketches the background to this project, starting from Jung's interest in African culture, critically reviewing his colonial, exploitative attitudes, while balancing this with his true interest and willingness to be changed by his encounter with the 'other'. Vera Buhrmann pursued her interest in African healing traditions in a deeply respectful manner, but a reciprocal interest was lacking. When Peter met Nomfundo Mlisa, clinical psychologist and traditional healer with a keen interest in Jung, the project of true dialogue between Jungian analysts and African traditional healers was initiated. Hogsback video excerpt: Themes are umbilini/intuition, and dreams from African and Western perspectives. Descriptions are given by traditional health practitioners and Jungian analysts, outlining similarities and differences. A case is described in which the internal splitting effects of colonization is clearly demonstrated. A dream is shared and African and Western interpretations are offered. See https://jungsouthernafrica.co.za/traditional-health-practitioners/ Part 2: The context: Fred Borchardt Two contexts are highlighted: 1. The social activist movement #RhodesMustFall, initiated on 9 March 2015. The protests were focused on the repression of indigenous thought systems by colonialism. Our project had to take into account how colonization impacted on indigenous healing systems. Our tool in this work is the analytical psychology of Jung, which offers a basis for entering into dialogue with other cultures. 2. The discourse in Jungian circles about apologizing to people from African descent for the way in which they were described in Jungian literature. Monkey Valley video excerpt: Ester Haumann, Jungian analyst, in reflecting on the trauma of the Boer War in her immediate ancestry, poses the provocative question: how does it happen that the oppressed becomes the oppressor? It emerges that when trauma is unprocessed, it is repeated. Vella Maseko, African traditional healer and clinical psychologist, responds with concern about the pain of the nation in South Africa, and asks how do we, as healers, respond to this. See https://jungsouthernafrica.co.za/traditional-health-practitioners/ Part 3: The traditional health practitioner's stand and worldview: Nomfundo Mlisa Jungian analysts and traditional healers have initiated critical dialogues based on diverse critical political as well as historical impediments that have impacted negatively on traditional health systems. This highlights the link between Jungian and traditional healing theory. A call for self-introspection through Johari Window theory across cultures is expressed to allow encounters with each other, within us and between us. The need for rainbow therapy is coined, making South African Jungian analysts and the traditional healers, pioneers in initiating a rainbow therapy. Part 4: Conclusion: Renee Ramsden This dialogue was conceived of as a small group of practitioners from both disciplines, who could get to know and trust each other. In the second conference a narrative approach was favoured, which worked very well. Both sides were able to describe their journeys towards becoming healers, and similarities were striking. The healing effect of finding common ground through respectful receiving of each other, was profound. Perhaps this could offer a healing pattern of relating which could function like an ecological 'seedbomb'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]