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This article discusses a case of chronic vomiting in a 16-year-old female. The patient had a history of a pancreatic tumor and liver lesion, which were successfully treated with surgery. However, she continued to experience vomiting post-surgery, leading to weight loss and other complications. After further investigation, it was determined that the vomiting was psychogenic and related to an eating disorder. The patient received outpatient treatment and behavioral interventions, which resulted in weight gain and stabilization. The article highlights the importance of considering eating disorders as a potential cause of chronic vomiting and emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity. Young people with ADHD have poorer educational and social outcomes than their peers. We aimed to better understand educational experiences of young people with ADHD in the UK, and make actionable recommendations for schools. Methods: In this secondary analysis of qualitative data, we used Thematic Analysis to analyse information relating to experiences of education from 64 young people with ADHD and 28 parents who participated in the Children and adolescents with ADHD in Transition between Children's services and adult Services (CATCh‐uS) study. Emerging patterns within and across codes led to organization of the data into themes and subthemes through an iterative process. Results: Two main themes were generated. The first described young people's early experiences of education, often within a mainstream setting; we labelled this the problematic provision loop, as this was a negative cycle that was repeated several times for some participants. The second theme described young people's more positive progression through education once they progressed out of the problematic loop. Conclusions: Educational experiences for young people with ADHD are often negative and fraught with complication. Young people with ADHD often found themselves on a more positive trajectory after they were placed in an alternative form of education provision (mainstream or otherwise), or where they were able to study topics that interest them and play to their strengths. We make recommendations that commissioners, local authorities and schools could consider in order to better support those with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines compulsory vaccination from the perspective of Nozick's theory of rights. It argues that the unvaccinated are a threat, even if unintended, to the rights of others. The reasons Nozick provides for when such threats may be forcibly prevented, such as the identifiability of the rights violator, general fear of the risky activity, probability of harm, and the general benefits of the activity, are examined, and it is argued that those reasons weigh in favour of prohibition of the threat and hence in favour of compulsory vaccination. It is also argued that anyone opposed to compulsory vaccination on Nozickian grounds faces a dilemma: if they reject compulsory vaccination, they also risk rejecting the very foundations of the legitimacy of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings of a systematic scoping review spanning 30 years (1990-2020) that sought to understand the structures and processes influencing education research activities in UK higher education (HE). Review work of this scale has not previously been undertaken on the topic. The purpose of the review was to 'take stock' of research in the field, identify continuing and emerging areas of concern regarding education research as a profession, and point to directions for future research. Seven databases were searched and additional strategies included citation chasing and hand- searching. We located 114 peer- reviewed journal articles and one doctoral thesis. Six themes emerged relating to formal structures/processes: culture of performativity and accountability; funding regime; impact agenda; 'what works' agenda; heated debates; and professional bodies. A further six themes related to informal structures/processes: academic pressures; affective issues; non- traditional academics; second- career researchers; career stages; and departmental cultures. The themes were complex and appeared to interact with each other. Evidence of the negative influence of neoliberal regimes on working conditions and well- being emerged more strongly in the past decade. The review indicates that further research is required into the experiences and academic identities of education researchers from under- represented or non- traditional groups (i.e., women, ethnic minority, working- class, disabled, LGBTQ+ academics). There is also a need for more studies in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales to understand their unique political- economic- educational contexts. The findings have relevance to education researchers and policy- makers in countries across the globe, particularly in comparable HE systems (e.g., North America, Australia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Careful history-taking in patients with anorexia nervosa is important, with particular attention to eating disorder behaviours such as water intoxication. It is hypothesised that the patient's presentation of delirium was secondary to severe hyponatraemia which is a consequence of water intoxication resulting from psychogenic polydipsia. [Extracted from the article]

Relative energy deficiency syndrome (RED-S) may manifest as impairment of cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine and bone health, and can have significant consequences on growth and gonadal function. As such, the patient's hypovolaemic testes strongly support a prolonged period of hypogonadism.4 The patient also demonstrated low bone mineral density and significantly delayed skeletal maturation. [Extracted from the article]

Commercially available monoclinic tungsten oxide WO3 (Pearson symbol mP32) is investigated electrochemically for its selectivity and sensitivity towards potassium ion detection. Electroreduction in aqueous potassium chloride solution shows two distinct phases, identified as tungsten bronzes KxWO3 (phase 1: maximum x1≈ 0.1 and phase 2: maximum x2≈0.3). In situ synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction reveals the concomitant structural changes, and both phases are identified as new, so far unreported, perovskite‐derived potassium bronzes (space group P4/nmm and I4‾ 3 m, respectively). In cyclic voltammetry, only the first insertion step is found to be reversible. Potentiostatic insertion and the subsequent voltammetric de‐insertion show selectivity toward potassium against lithium and sodium in 0.1 M aqueous solutions. The sensitivity towards potassium is analysed in a concentration range between 1 mM and 100 mM. Two linear regions are found for the response, which we relate to two different rate‐determining steps, depending on the concentration of potassium in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Depression and anxiety lead to reduced treatment adherence, poorer quality of life, and increased care costs amongst cancer patients. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is an effective treatment, but dropout reduces potential benefits. Smart-message reminders can prevent dropout and improve effectiveness. However, smart-messaging is untested for MBCT in cancer. This study evaluates smart-messaging to reduce dropout and improve effectiveness in MBCT for cancer patients with depression or anxiety.Methods: Fifty-one cancer patients attending MBCT in a psycho-oncology service were offered a smart-messaging intervention, which reminded them of prescribed between-session activities. Thirty patients accepted smart-messaging and 21 did not. Assessments of depression and anxiety were taken at baseline, session-by-session, and one-month follow-up. Logistic regression and multilevel modelling compared the groups on treatment completion and clinical effectiveness. Fifteen post-treatment patient interviews explored smart-messaging use.Results: The odds of programme completion were eight times greater for patients using smart-messaging compared with non-users, controlling for age, gender, baseline depression, and baseline anxiety (OR = 7.79, 95% CI 1.75 to 34.58, p = .007). Smart-messaging users also reported greater improvement in depression over the programme (B = -2.33, SEB = .78, p = .004) when controlling for baseline severity, change over time, age, and number of sessions attended. There was no difference between groups in anxiety improvement (B = -1.46, SEB = .86, p = .097). In interviews, smart-messaging was described as a motivating reminder and source of personal connection.Conclusions: Smart-messaging may be an easily integrated telehealth intervention to improve MBCT for cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the precise postsynthetic control of the composition of β‐Fe1+xSe by electrochemistry with simultaneous tracking of the associated structural changes via in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. We access the full phase width of 0.01

11-beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) deficiency is the second most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and causes virilisation, hypertension and hypokalaemia. Our case highlights the complexity of gender assignment in children with virilising CAH and the need for ongoing evaluation of patient satisfaction with gender assignment both at an individual and population level. Relevant background history included non-salt wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and parental consanguinity (second cousins). [Extracted from the article]

Anorexia nervosa ( AN) is a mental health disorder of complex aetiology. Previous neuroimaging studies have found consistent global reductions in global grey matter volume of underweight girls with AN; however, differences in regional grey matter volumes are less consistent. The aims of this study were to investigate grey matter regional volumes of adolescent girls with AN before and after weight recovery and the relationship of any changes with clinical characteristics. We collected high-resolution T1-weighted images from 26 underweight girls with AN before weight gain and 20 healthy control volunteers. Clinical features were assessed using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. AN subjects displayed reduced grey matter volumes in the insula, amygdala, prefrontal, hippocampal and cingulate cortices and the precuneus, relative to healthy controls. In a subset of 10 AN subjects who were followed after weight recovery, grey matter volumes increased to near-control levels in the orbito- and medial prefrontal, insular, left hippocampal and mid- and posterior cingulate cortices and precuneus. The recovery of the right anterior thalamus and the left orbitofrontal cortex was correlated with improvements in eating concerns and shape concerns, respectively. However, large parts of the anterior cingulate cortex, caudate nuclei and right hippocampus did not display any grey matter recovery following a short-term of treatment. These results show that in adolescents with AN, some brain regions display marked recovery in grey matter volume following weight recovery, whereas others do not, considering grey mater recovery possibly linked to symptom improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a potentially lethal eating disorder. This case example of a male, G, aged 17 years with ARFID illustrates the multiplicity of health problems related to nutritional deficiencies which may develop in an adolescent of normal weight. Of particular concern was the diagnosis of subacute combined degeneration (SCD) of the spinal cord and the real possibility that G may have irreversible damage to his spinal cord. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient with SCD of the spinal cord due to ARFID. The adolescent was found to be deficient in Vitamin A, E, K, D, B12, and folate. Management required vitamin replacement, initial nasogastric feeding and the slow introduction of a varied diet. This patient will require long term rehabilitation. Medical practitioners need to be attuned to abnormal eating patterns in children and adolescents and refer for specialist care early [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The family meal is an integral component of Maudsley family-based treatment for anorexia nervosa. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are different types of family meal, as suggested in the treatment manual, and whether within session processes differ according to meal type. Method Thirty video-recorded family meal sessions from a randomised controlled trial were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Results Analyses revealed two types of family meal. In the first, the patient ate one mouthful more than they were willing to eat. This meal type was characterised by processes that were consistent with the Maudsley model. In the second, the patient ate what was asked of them with little to no difficulty. Therapist and family avoidance differentiated this meal type from the first. Discussion The current findings, along with the existing theory, suggest that avoidance may have reduced the therapeutic impact of the meal for many families. Strategies to challenge therapist and family avoidance are suggested. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local structures around Fe and As were probed using X-ray absorption spectroscopy in metastable derivatives of NaFeAs obtained by deintercalation of the metals with iodine in THF at room temperature. The deintercalated product with a defective ThCr2Si2 structure is unattainable through conventional high temperature routes due to the size-mismatch between the eight-coordinate site and the Na+ radius in the ThCr2Si2 structure type, and is poorly crystalline. X-ray absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) measurements show a shift of the Fe K-edge consistent with oxidation of iron to the +3 oxidation state. Changes to the features in the XANES at the As K-edge and analysis of the Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) data from both Fe and As K-edges show that the local structures of Fe and As may only be modelled adequately using a highly defective ThCr2Si2 structural model. This shows that deintercalation of both Na and Fe from NaFeAs occurs to produce NaFe1.7As2, which shares local structural features with the related iron selenides K0.8Fe1.6Se2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study that aims to investigate the effectiveness of stimulant medication on the amount of growth and pubertal development in boys suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (AHDH), a neurobehavioral disorder. Data collected from the control group with 174 recruits and the group of 65 subjects undergoing treatment was compared. It concluded that the ingestion of stimulant medication for over 3 years hampered the physical development during puberty.

The synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties of the brown oxide selenide Sr2Mn2O4Se are described. The compound crystallises in space group Pnma with room temperature lattice parameters a = 9.4825(1), b = 10.3356(1) and c = 6.23895(8) Å. The structure contains Mn3+ ions in highly distended MnO4Se2 octahedra with selenide ions in the axial positions. These octahedra share two of their faces with neighbouring octahedra with the result that all the manganese and oxide ions are involved in the formation of undulating $\rm^{1}_{\infty}$[MnO4/2]- chains directed along the a axis, which form corrugated chains along the c axis by sharing the selenide vertices of the octahedra. These chains are isolated from one another along the b axis. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that the compound does not obey the Curie-Weiss law below room temperature and there is a magnetic transition at 160(5) K associated with antiferromagnetic ordering of the Mn3+ moments. The magnetic structure measured at 5 K is described by a k = (0, 0, 0) propagation vector and nearest neighbour moments are coupled antiferromagnetically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate whether recent Australian practice conforms to the draft 2009 National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) guidelines on the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods: Data from the 2007 Special Review on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents in New South Wales (NSW) were examined. Results: Two hundred seven approved stimulant prescribers in NSW responded to a detailed survey on treatment practice (including 121 paediatricians and 67 psychiatrists). Overall, the practice identified in this survey of NSW approved stimulant prescribers was consistent with that recommended in the draft NHMRC guidelines. Paediatricians were more likely to inform families of developmental therapies. Most prescribers (67%) considered stimulants to be the first line of treatment for at least half of their patients. Psychiatrists were more likely to use stimulants as first-line treatments, while those recently qualified were less likely to prescribe. Half of the prescribers were willing to consider prescribing for children 4 years of age and younger. Paediatricians were more likely to consider prescribing to this age group, while those recently qualified were less likely. There were no significant differences in prescribing practice between child and adult psychiatrists. Most prescribers (67-97%) routinely monitored patients on stimulants for weight, height, blood pressure and academic progress. Psychiatrists were less likely to review these parameters than paediatricians, with this difference being largely due to adult psychiatrists. Conclusions: There are significant differences in prescribing practice between paediatricians and psychiatrists. These variations may reflect differing training programs and patient populations, and merit close consideration in any review arising from the publication of the recent NHMRC guideline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine resting awake EEG in adolescent AN participants before and after refeeding to determine if EEG abnormalities in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) are reversible. Method: In 37 adolescent first admission AN patients and 45 healthy controls, EEG was recorded during short duration ‘‘eyes open’’ and ‘‘eyes closed’’ awake resting conditions. Repeat testing occurred in 28 AN participants after refeeding and subsequent weight gain. Results: In ‘‘eyes open,’’ underweight AN participants exhibit reduced relative alpha power and increased beta power in frontal brain regions. A significant increase in alpha, and decrease in beta and delta power was observed within participants after refeeding. In ‘‘eyes closed’’, underweight AN participants had elevated theta in parietal-occipital regions which remained after refeeding. Discussion: EEG abnormalities (reduced alpha/increased beta power) in AN normalizes with refeeding, while increased theta power persists in parietal-occipital regions in an eyes closed context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-use efficiency in grapevines is dependent on the aerial and below-ground environment of the plant. Specifically, transpiration efficiency, the ratio of net carbon fixation to water loss, may be influenced by soil moisture and the leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. The interactive effect of these abiotic parameters, however, has not been suitably investigated in field-grown grapevines. Accordingly, gas exchange of an anisohydric variety, Semillon, was assessed across a number of vineyards in two warm grape-growing regions of New South Wales (NSW) to ascertain how soil moisture and VPD interact to affect transpiration efficiency at the leaf level. Leaf gas exchange measurements demonstrated that the rate of transpiration ( E) was driven by VPD, particularly under high soil moisture. Both high VPD and low soil moisture decreased photosynthesis ( A) and instantaneous leaf transpiration efficiency ( A/ E). Increased intrinsic leaf transpiration efficiency ( A/ g) in response to drying soil was limited to vines growing in a non-irrigated vineyard. In this site, A/ g was negatively related to vine water status. VPD did not have a substantial influence on A/ g in any vineyard. While VPD is the main driver for A/ E, soil moisture is an important determinant of A/ g. Under high VPD, stomatal closure in Semillon leaves was not substantial enough to suitably curtail transpiration, and as a consequence A/ E declined. These data indicate that in warm climates, irrigation scheduling of anisohydric varieties must take into account both VPD and soil moisture so that vine water status can be maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The limited efficacy of treatments for eating disorders has been well documented. Yet few studies have explored patients’ views about recovery or how culturally dominant ideas might be implicated in recovery or failure to recover. Aims: This paper explores how ‘self’, ‘eating disorders’ and ‘recovery’ are discursively constructed in patients’ accounts of their treatment experiences. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 39 participants, hospitalised, either in Britain or Australia, for anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia. Participants were asked to discuss past and present treatment experiences and their views on their recovery and future. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed qualitatively using a discourse analytic methodology. Results: Participants frequently construed their eating disorder in very negative ways whilst recovery was often positively construed as, for example, entailing happiness, freedom from fear and the ability to live a fuller life. However, many, though not all, participants also talked about recovery as hard or impossible to imagine for themselves. Discussion: The paper explores how both the imagining and the seeming inability to imagine their own recovery can be understood in relation to participants’ self-constructions and to culturally dominant notions of personhood and eating disorders. The implications of the analysis for therapeutic interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the nature and severity of cognitive functioning impairment in adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN) when underweight and following weight gain. Method: In 37 first admission adolescent (12–18 years) AN patients and 45 matched controls, general cognitive functions were assessed at baseline and follow-up using the IntegNeuro-computerized battery. AN participants were tested between days 3 and 10 of their admission when underweight, with retesting conducted after weight restoration. Results: When underweight, AN participants performed more poorly than controls on sensori-motor speed tasks and exhibited a susceptibility to interference, but had superior working memory. Once the weight is restored, individuals significantly improved relative to their own performance. Relative to controls, they were significantly faster on attention and executive function tasks, exhibited superior verbal fluency, working memory, and a significantly superior ability to inhibit well-learnt responses. Discussion: Cognitive impairments in adolescent AN appear to normalize with refeeding and weight gain. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the relationship between skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI) in North European Caucasian and East Asian young women with and without anorexia nervosa (AN) in two countries. Method Height, weight and skinfold thicknesses were assessed in 137 young women with and without AN, in Australia and Singapore. The relationship between BMI and the sum of triceps, biceps, subscapular and iliac crest skinfolds was analysed with clinical status, ethnicity, age and country of residence as covariates. Results For the same BMI, women with AN had significantly smaller sums of skinfolds than women without AN. East Asian women both with and without AN had significantly greater skinfold sums than their North European Caucasian counterparts after adjusting for BMI. Conclusion Lower BMI goals may be appropriate when managing AN patients of East Asian ancestry and the weight for height diagnostic criterion should be reconsidered for this group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To compare the macronutrient intakes of women with and without anorexia nervosa (AN) across cultures. Method Participants were women with AN (n = 39) and without AN (n = 89) of North European and East Asian backgrounds recruited in Australia and Singapore. Energy and the percentage energy contributed by protein (%protein), fat (%fat) and carbohydrate (%CHO) were assessed from participant's diet histories and analysed in terms of cultural group, acculturation, socio-economic status (SES) and education level. Results AN status was associated with lower energy and higher %CHO. Greater %protein was associated with greater acculturation to Western culture and lower SES, but not AN. Greater %fat was associated with lower SES and lower acculturation in women with AN, but with higher acculturation in controls. Greater %CHO was also associated with higher SES. Conclusion The findings may represent Western diets' higher protein and fat contents, ‘Western’ knowledge of weight-loss diets, and affordability of low fat foods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate body image disturbance in young women with and without an eating disorder (ED) across two different ethnic groups in Australia and Singapore. Method The relationship of body image disturbance to cultural orientation and socio-cultural factors was analysed in 154 women with and without an ED. Participants were from the following backgrounds: North European Australian, East Asian Australian, Singaporean Chinese (SC) and North European expatriates in Singapore. Results Irrespective of cultural group, women with an ED had similar body dissatisfaction. Among those without an ED, SC women reported greater body dissatisfaction than all other cultural groups. Finally, within each cultural group, ED participants reported significantly higher body dissatisfaction than their non-ED counterparts with the exception of SC women where there was no difference. Discussion Socio-cultural factors other than body image may play more important roles in SC women's ED psychopathology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional trade unions throughout the postsocialist world embraced ‘social partnership’ as a means to secure their institutional survival in a radically changed economic and political environment. The commitment of national governments to social partnership ebbed and flowed through the 1990s, but it was confirmed, at least rhetorically, in Central and Eastern Europe by the prospect and requirements of accession to the European Union. This article explores the fate of social partnership in the ‘other half’ of Europe, the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, where social dialogue has largely been abandoned and trade unions alternatively marginalised or subordinated to the state apparatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study explored the perspectives of adolescent girls diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and parents about the influence of siblings on sufferers' experiences of anorexia. In-depth interviews were conducted with 24 girls and 24 parents and analysed using constant comparative methods. Findings indicated that siblings can have both a positive and negative influence on girls through their presence in the family, responses to the illness, and impact on parents. A number of contributing factors affected the influence of siblings including: the sibling's understanding of anorexia; lifestyles; pre-anorexia relationships; whether parents and girls encouraged or discouraged a sibling's involvement with the anorexia; sibling and family characteristics; and professional interventions. The findings are presented as a conceptual framework that illustrates the relationships between these different dimensions. The findings underline the significance of sibling influence and the clinical value of further research into relationships between siblings and other family members in cases of anorexia nervosa. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on issues and topics related to neutrality and perfectionism in the context of state paternalism. According to the ideal of state neutrality, government action should not be based on any conception of the good. Perfectionism, by contrast, rejects the requirement of neutrality, holding that the state may, and perhaps has a duty to, take a stand on what is a worthwhile way of life in order to help people lead good lives.

The contribution of nurses is a significant but notably under-researched aspect of hospital-based eating disorders treatment. This paper reports a qualitative interview-based study in which 15 nurses were interviewed about nursing children and adolescents diagnosed with eating disorder. A discourse analytic methodology was employed to analyse the resulting interview transcripts and focuses, in particular, on elucidating the various ways in which ‘eating disorders nursing’ was construed in participants' accounts. Three key constructions were revealed in which ‘eating disorders nursing’ was discursively constituted (i) as ‘loving’ or empathetic support, (ii) as a surveillance and disciplining of patients and (iii) as a constant and ever-present care. The implications of these constructions are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 10 new member states and candidate countries from Central and Eastern Europe have made the institutional reforms embodied in the acquis communautaire, including developing institutions of social dialogue which are supposed to ease the path to entry into the European Monetary Union (EMU). This review assesses the challenges facing the Central and Eastern European countries in achieving the targets set for EMU entry and questions whether the existing institutions of social dialogue will be able to bear the strain of achieving those targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this study was to understand relations between cognitive and affective self-evaluations about the body for adolescent girls in the context of their diverse experiences of the body. Method. The project involved adolescent girls (N ¼ 141), including underweight to overweight schoolgirls, and hospitalized girls with anorexia nervosa (AN). Materials were brief, reliable inventories of self-concepts about body, movement and appearance, and feelings about the body. Results. Measurement models confirmed the related yet discrete self-concepts about the body, movement and appearance, and feeling OK, guilt, worry, disgust, and anger about the body. Self-concepts and feelings were not correlated with body weight, and were sensitive and specific for girls with AN versus low-weight schoolgirls. Relations among self-concepts and feelings about the body vary with the context. In particular, self-concepts and feelings about the body were incongruent for AN girls with acute experiences of making self-evaluations of their bodies. Discussion. It is clear that self-evaluations by adolescent girls do not necessarily reflect actual body weight. Findings suggest that associations between thoughts and feelings about the body vary with diverse experiences of the body. Results support brief, reliable, and valid indicators of self-concepts and feelings about the body that are vital in the design of prevention, intervention, and monitoring, and the evaluation of programmes for girls in clinical and educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study examined the range of meanings that female adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa attach to nasogastric feeding (NGF). In-depth interviews were conducted with 23 patients. Qualitative analysis revealed that patients attached four broad meanings to NGF: an unpleasant physical experience; a necessary or helpful intervention; a physical and/or psychological signifier of anorexia; and a focus in a broader struggle for control. Importantly, individual patients sometimes attached multiple and seemingly contradictory meanings to NGF, and the meanings patients attached to NGF shaped their responses to treatment. The findings illustrate the difficulties of a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to NGF and the importance of accommodating patients' perspectives into clinical practice. The implications for the institution of NGF are discussed and a framework for developing clinical protocols that accommodate patients' constructions of NGF is proposed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies the constraints and opportunities facing trade unions in post-socialist societies through a comparison of the Russian and Chinese cases. The paper charts the changing role of trade unions in the integration of state-socialist economies into global capitalism and argues that this presents the trade unions with a dilemma: whether to reconstitute their traditional role through collaboration with management and the state apparatus, or whether to develop their ability to defend the rights and interests of workers. While the former offers the line of least resistance, there are progressive elements pushing for change in both trade union movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic reform in China has seen the replacement of the administrative regulation of labour relations by their contractual regulation, with an increasing emphasis on the role of the collective contract system. Studies of the introduction of the system emphasized the determining role of the state. In this paper we examine the more recent development of the collective contract system and conclude that it is primarily the continued integration of the trade union into management at the workplace that prevents collective consultation from providing an adequate framework for the regulation of labour relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important facet of host–pathogen interaction, Staphylococcus aureus has the ability to adhere to human extracellular matrix (ECM) components via a range of surface proteins. Here we have shown that IsdA has broad-spectrum ligand-binding activity, including fibrinogen and fibronectin. Mapping studies revealed a distinct domain responsible for ligand binding. This domain is present in a number of iron-regulated proteins of S. aureus and in other Gram-positive organisms. The isdA gene is only expressed in iron-limited conditions under the control of Fur and not in standard laboratory media. Such conditions occur in serum in vitro and during infection. Whole cell binding and clumping assays revealed that when the bacteria are grown under iron-limited conditions, IsdA constitutes a physiologically relevant adhesin to both fibrinogen and fibronectin. Thus for S. aureus, iron is an important marker for the host environment, to which the bacterium responds by differential regulation of at least one element of its adhesive strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the sociological study of emotion, contrasting constructionist and psychoanalytic accounts of envy as an emotion. Relationship between sociology, biology and emotion; Discussion on social action, agency, gender and the embodiment of the emotions; Explanation on the tension between biology and social constructionism in relation to the study of emotion.

This paper reports new AMS dates for Late Pleistocene occupation of the Ayamaru Plateau in the central Bird's Head of Papua. Two cave sites, Kria Cave and Toé Cave, together provide occupation sequences that span the Holocene and extend back to the Last Glacial Maximum. The associated faunal remains suggest that this lowland area has supported continuous rainforest cover throughout the entire period of occupation. During the Last Glacial Maximum a suite of montane mammal species extended their altitudinal range down onto the plateau, some persisting locally until around 6000 BP. While the Late Pleistocene age of the basal deposit in Toé Cave was previously suggested, new AMS radiocarbon dates on Casuarius eggshell confirm occupation from 24,000 cal BP. Amino acid racemisation data paired with the AMS dates, provide additional support for the improved chronology. The new dates indicate consistent human exploitation of lowland rainforest environments in a relatively rugged and remote region of the central Bird's Head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will argue that the inclusion of certain aspects of psychoanalytic theory into sociological analysis can be particularly enlightening in specific areas of social research where traditional theory and practice have failed to explain phenomena satisfactorily. This is arguably the case in the explanation of hatred and exclusion, where powerful affective forces fuel racist discourse and support structures of discimination. This is not presented as an antithesis or critique of contemporary sociological methodologies, rather as an addition, a tool through which another dimension of exploration is added to give a greater understanding of conflict arising in social life. This paper seeks to reveal the affective forces that shape motivation in everyday life, influencing social structure and leading to the maltreatment of people because of their 'otherness'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the claims that employment in the new Russian private sector relies heavily on informal and unregistered labour agreements and that the violation of existing labour law by new private employers is driven by their need for more flexible working arrangements. The paper shows that these claims are unsupported on every count. The new private sector does not rely heavily on informal or illegal forms of employment and there is no evidence that it uses labour more flexibly, in any of the usual senses of the term, than the traditional sectors of the economy. The conclusion is that there is no economic justification for the systematic violation of the existing labour legislation. It is suggested, therefore, that enforcement of the existing law is a precondition for its effective reform in those areas in which it might be a barrier to restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of a detailed study of two ‘independent’ unions, representing pilots and air traffic controllers, this paper argues that there are very limited prospects for independent trade unionism in Russia at present. The air traffic controllers' union has adopted a resolutely independent and militant strategy of pursuing the sectional interests of its members, which has brought it into conflict with management, other unions and the government. The pilots' union, by contrast, has sought to consolidate the position of its members as a labour aristocracy, collaborating closely with management to secure its privileged position. The success of the pilots contrasts starkly with the heavy defeat suffered by the air traffic controllers following their strikes in August and December 1992, indicating the barriers that face the attempt to create trade unions independent of management in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agues that the key to the regeneration of trade-unionism in Russia is the development of effective forms of participatory trade unionism within the workplace. Dominant Western conceptions of Soviet unions; Role of trade unions and industrial relations in the Soviet system; Growth of industrial conflict and rise of independent workers' movement since 1991; Industrial relations in the transition to market economy.

Compares surgical training in Great Britain and in Hong Kong, China. Enforcement of the European Working Time Directive for junior doctors in Great Britain in August 2004; Issues that should be addressed when examining the pros and cons of the training system in Great Britain; Surgical exposure in Hong Kong.

The title compounds (x ≈ 0.2; 0.02 < y 0.15) are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous mixtures of FeSe, LiOH, and variable amounts of Fe powder (autoclave, 200 °C, 12 d, yield given in g) and characterized by powder XRD, neutron powder diffraction, single crystal XRD, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, muon-spin rotation spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]