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Recent estimates of the crustal thickness of Mars show a bimodal result of either ∼20 or ∼40 km beneath the InSight lander. We propose an approach based on random matrix theory applied to receiver functions (RFs) to further constrain the subsurface structure. Assuming a spiked covariance model for our data, we first use the phase transition properties of the singular value spectrum of random matrices to detect coherent arrivals in the waveforms. Examples from terrestrial data show how the method works in different scenarios. We identify three previously undetected converted arrivals in the InSight data, including the first multiple from a deeper third interface. We then use this information to jointly invert RFs with the absolute S‐wave velocity information in the polarization of body waves. Results show a crustal thickness of 43 ± 5 km beneath the lander with two mid‐crustal interfaces at depths of 8 ± 1 and 21 ± 3 km. Plain Language Summary: Recent analysis of seismic data from InSight shows that the crustal thickness beneath the InSight lander can be either 20 or 40 km. To resolve this ambiguity, we apply results from random matrix theory to receiver function (RF) analysis. The distribution of singular values of a random matrix shows well‐behaved deterministic properties that can be used to separate them from those of an underlying coherent signal if present. We use examples from terrestrial data to show how the method works. When applied to RFs computed from InSight seismic data, we identify three new energy arrivals, including one that supports the existence of a deeper third layer. Using this information, we simultaneously inverted the RF data along with the measured incidence angle of body waves. Results show a crustal thickness of 43 ± 5 km beneath the lander with two mid‐crustal interfaces at depths of 8 ± 1 and 21 ± 3 km. Key Points: We apply recent results from random matrix theory to identify crustal phases in noisy receiver functions for Mars from InSight dataOnce identified, we jointly invert these phases with frequency‐dependent apparent S‐wave velocity curvesResults show a crustal thickness of 43 km with two inter‐crustal discontinuities at 8 and 21 km beneath the lander [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of crustal structure and thickness is essential in understanding the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets. Initial planetary missions with seismic instrumentation on board face the additional challenge of dealing with seismic activity levels that are only poorly constrained a priori. For example, the lack of plate tectonics on Mars leads to low seismicity, which could, in turn, hinder the application of many terrestrial data analysis techniques. Here we propose using a joint inversion of receiver functions and apparent incidence angles, which contain information on absolute S‐wave velocities of the subsurface. Since receiver function inversions suffer from a velocity depth trade‐off, we in addition exploit a simple relation that defines apparent S‐wave velocity as a function of observed apparent P‐wave incidence angles to constrain the parameter space. We then use the Neighborhood Algorithm for the inversion of a suitable joint objective function. The resulting ensemble of models is then used to derive uncertainty estimates for each model parameter. In preparation for the analysis of data from the InSight mission, we show the application of our proposed method on Mars synthetics and sparse terrestrial data sets from different geological settings using both single and multiple events. We use information‐theoretic statistical tests as model selection criteria and discuss their relevance and implications in a seismological framework. Key Points: We propose the joint inversion of receiver functions and apparent S‐wave velocity curves to estimate crustal thicknessUsing the Neighborhood Algorithm, we show how a full uncertainty estimate can be computed from an ensemble solutionThe method is applied to Martian synthetics and terrestrial data sets comprising single and multiple events [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an analysis of olivine-rich exposures at Bellicia and Arruntia craters using Dawn Framing Camera ( FC) color data. Our results confirm the existence of olivine-rich materials at these localities as described by Ammannito et al. () using Visual Infrared Spectrometer ( VIR) data. Analyzing laboratory spectra of various howardite-eucrite-diogenite meteorites, high-Ca pyroxenes, olivines, and olivine-orthopyroxene mixtures, we derive three FC spectral band parameters that are indicators of olivine-rich materials. Combining the three band parameters allows us, for the first time, to reliably identify sites showing modal olivine contents >40%. The olivine-rich exposures at Bellicia and Arruntia are mapped using higher spatial resolution FC data. The exposures are located on the slopes of outer/inner crater walls, on the floor of Arruntia, in the ejecta, as well as in nearby fresh small impact craters. The spatial extent of the exposures ranges from a few hundred meters to few kilometers. The olivine-rich exposures are in accordance with both the magma ocean and the serial magmatism model (e.g., Righter and Drake ; Yamaguchi et al. ). However, it remains unsolved why the olivine-rich materials are mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere (approximately 36-42°N, 46-74°E) and are almost absent in the Rheasilvia basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]