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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) is widely viewed as an ecosystem engineer to help plants adapt to adverse environments. However, a majority of the previous studies regarding AMF's eco‐physiological effects are mutually inconsistent. To clarify this fundamental issue, we conducted an experiment focused on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants with or without AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) inoculation. Two water regimes (80% and 40% field water capacity, FWC80 (CK) and FWC40 (drought stress) and four planting densities (6 or 12 plants per pot as low densities, 24 or 48 plants per pot as high densities) were designed. AMF inoculation did not show significant effects on shoot biomass, grain yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) under the low densities, regardless of water regimes. However, under the high densities, AMF inoculation significantly decreased shoot biomass, grain yield and WUE in FWC80, while it significantly increased these parameters in FWC40, showing density and/or moisture‐dependent effects of AMF on wheat performance. In FWC40, the relationships between reproductive biomass (y‐axis) vs. vegetative biomass (x‐axis) (R‐V), and between grain biomass (y‐axis, sink) vs. leaf biomass (x‐axis, source) fell into a typical allometric pattern (α > 1, P < 0.001), and the AMF inoculation significantly increased the values of α. Yet in FWC80, they were in an isometric pattern (α ≈ 1, P < 0.001) and AMF addition had no significant effects on α. Similarly, AMF did not significantly change the isometric relationship between leaf biomass (i.e., metabolic rate) and shoot biomass (body size) in FWC80, while it significantly decreased the α of allometric relationship between both of them in FWC40 (α > 1, P < 0.001). We therefore, sketched a generalized model of R‐V and sink‐source relationships as affected by AMF, in which AMF inoculation might enhance the capabilities of sink acquisition and utilization under drought stress, while having no significant effect under the well watered conditions. Our findings demonstrate dual density‐ and moisture‐dependent effects of AMF on plant development and provide new insights into current ecological applications of AMF as an ecosystem engineer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical, convenient, and efficient palladium-catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira reaction of aryl iodides was developed. With formic acid as the CO source and dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide as the activator, various alkynones were produced in good to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palladium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl halides represents a straightforward pathway for the synthesis of aromatic aldehydes. The known reductive carbonylation procedures either require CO gas or complexed compounds as CO sources. In this communication, we developed a palladium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl iodides with formic acid as the formyl source. As a convenient, practical, and environmental friendly methodology, no additional silane or H2 was required. A variety of aromatic aldehydes were isolated in moderate to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Notably, this is the first procedure on using formic acid as the formyl source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to automatically classify epiphyses in the distal radius and ulna using a support vector machine (SVM) and to examine the accuracy of the epiphyseal growth grades generated by the support vector machine. X-ray images of distal radii and ulnae were collected from 140 Chinese teenagers aged between 11.0 and 19.0 years. Epiphyseal growth of the two elements was classified into five grades. Features of each element were extracted using a histogram of oriented gradient (HOG), and models were established using support vector classification (SVC). The prediction results and the validity of the models were evaluated with a cross-validation test and independent test for accuracy ( P A). Our findings suggest that this new technique for epiphyseal classification was successful and that an automated technique using an SVM is reliable and feasible, with a relative high accuracy for the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient palladium-catalyzed carbonylative coupling of aryl iodides and terminal alkynes with formic acid as the CO precursor has been developed. A variety of alkynones were obtained in good yields in a one-pot manner for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A palladium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl iodides with formic acid as the formyl source is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel procedure on palladium‐catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl iodides has been developed. Using formic acid, found in the venom of ants, as the sources of both CO and reductant, a variety of aromatic aldehydes were isolated in moderate to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. More information can be found in the Communication by X.F. Wu et al. on page 5835 ff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonylation. A palladium ‐ catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira coupling with formic acid as the CO source has been developed by Xiao ‐ Feng Wu et   al. in their Communication on page 1870, which is featured on the Inside Cover. Using aryl iodides and terminal alkynes as the substrates, and acid anhydride as the additive, the corresponding alkynones were isolated in moderate ‐ to ‐ good yields. Good functional group tolerance can be observed as well. Compared with the known procedures, one of the most obvious advantages of this method is easy operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic Fe(III)-complexes based on novel bis(phenol)-functionalized benzimidazolium cation are synthesized and applied to the cross-coupling of Grignard reagents (I) with primary and secondary alkyl halides (II) bearing β-hydrogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]