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The significant interfacial resistance between solid electrolyte‐electrode interfaces is a major bottleneck for the practical application of solid‐state lithium batteries. This resistance is primarily caused by the formation of space charge layers (SCLs), resulting from the redistribution of ionic carriers at the interface between dissimilar materials with varying chemical potentials, which lead to insufficient carriers and sluggish lithium‐ion transport. In this study, a conjugated structure polymer is constructed through in situ polymerization onto the oxide electrolyte, forming charge‐rich SCLs on the organic/inorganic interface, and enabling the interfacial layer to maintain superior ion transfer and contact. The Li solid NMR spectra and computational study suggest that optimized SCLs offer effective pathways for Li+ conduction in the electrolyte, thereby enhancing the interfacial conduction. Furthermore, the designed electrolyte induces the formation of an inorganic‐rich interphase layer on the lithium anode, enabling rapid lithium‐ion transport and uniform Li deposition. Consequently, the lithium symmetric cell with this electrolyte operates for more than 5100 h, while LiFePO4/Li solid‐state batteries can stably cycle up to 800 times at 5 C. This interfacial modification strategy provides a new perspective for the rational design of the charge‐rich SCLs and advances the understanding of the SCLs inside the electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The dysregulation of the Janus family tyrosine kinase‐signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK‐STAT) is closely related to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), whereas the clinical value of phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5) remains elusive. Herein we performed a prospective study on clinical significance of flow cytometry‐based pSTAT5 in adult B‐ALL patients. A total of 184 patients were enrolled in the Precision‐Classification‐Directed‐Target‐Total‐Therapy (PDT)‐ALL‐2016 cohort between January 2018 and December 2021, and STAT5 phosphorylation was detected by flow cytometry at diagnosis. Based on flow‐pSTAT5, the population was classified into pSTAT5low (113/184, 61.1%) and pSTAT5high (71/184, 38.9%). Overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival (EFS) were inferior in pSTAT5high patients than in those with pSTAT5low (OS, 44.8% vs. 65.2%, p = 0.004; EFS, 23.5% vs. 52.1%, p < 0.001), which was further confirmed in an external validation cohort. Furthermore, pSTAT5 plus flow‐based minimal residual disease (MRD) postinduction defines a novel risk classification as being high risk (HR, pSTAT5high + MRD+), standard risk (SR, pSTAT5low + MRD−) and others as moderate‐risk group. Three identified patient subgroups are distinguishable with disparate survival curves (3‐year OS rates, 36.5%, 56.7% and 76.3%, p < 0.001), which was confirmed on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 3.53, p = 0.003). Collectively, our study proposed a novel, simple and flow‐based risk classification by integrating pSTAT5 and MRD in favour of risk‐guided treatment for B‐ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the noise interference and the weak characterization ability of the fault vibration signal of rotation vector (RV) reducer crankshaft bearing, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory results for the available fault diagnosis methods. For that, this paper proposes a variable‐speed‐condition fault diagnosis method with WSO‐VMD and ResNet‐SWIN. A signal reconstruction method with WSO‐VMD was carried out, Firstly, the performance of VMD algorithm is improved by using war strategy optimization algorithm to select parameters adaptively. Then the signal is reconstructed considering the fault characteristic frequency, so as to realize the noise reduction of the signal. By using the residual network module and attention mechanism to replace the first stage of the original SWIN model, a novel ResNet‐SWIN fault diagnosis model is established to enhance the feature extraction ability for the weak signal. The experiments with the constant‐operating‐condition and the variable‐operating‐condition are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that, whether at variable‐speed or constant‐speed conditions, WSO algorithm has been proven to be the fastest convergence speed compared with WOA, SSA, and NGO optimization algorithms, and by the signal reconstruction with WSO‐VMD, the variance evaluation indicator of the reconstructed signal has 36%, 21%, 46%, and 40%, respectively. ResNet‐SWIN model has achieved the optimal diagnosis accuracy compared with SWIN, VIT, and CNN‐SVM models in both variable‐speed and constant‐speed conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata, an important predator, is widely used to control aphids, whiteflies, mites, thrips, and lepidopteran pests. Diapause control technology is key to extending C. septempunctata shelf‐life and commercialization. Lipid accumulation is a major feature of reproductive diapause, but the function of AKH signaling as a regulator of lipid mobilization in reproductive diapause remains unclear. This study aimed to identify and characterize AKH and AKHR genes, and clarify their functions in reproductive diapause. RESULTS: The relative expression levels of CsAKH and CsAKHR were the highest in the head and fat body, respectively, and were significantly decreased under diapause conditions, both in developmental stages and tissues (head, midgut, fat body, and ovary). Furthermore, CsAKH and CsAKHR expression was increased significantly after juvenile hormone (JH) injection, but CsMet silencing significantly inhibited CsAKH and CsAKHR expression, whereas CsMet knockdown blocked the induction effect of JH. CsAKH and CsAKHR knockdown significantly reduced water content, increased lipid storage, and promoted the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis, but significantly blocked ovarian development, and induced forkhead box O (FOXO) gene expression in C. septempunctata under reproduction conditions. By contrast, injection of AKH peptide significantly inhibited FOXO expression, reduced lipid storage, and increased water content in C. septempunctata under diapause conditions. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that CsAKH and CsAKHR are involved in the regulation of lipid accumulation and ovarian development during diapause in C. septempunctata, and provide a promising target for manipulating C. septempunctata diapause. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic reconnection, an essential mechanism in plasma physics that changes magnetic topology and energizes charged particles, plays a vital role in the dynamic processes of the Jovian magnetosphere. The traditional Vasyliūnas cycle only considers the effect of magnetic reconnection at the nightside magnetodisk. Recently, magnetic reconnection has been identified at the dayside magnetodisk in Saturn's magnetosphere and can impact dayside auroral processes. In this study, we provide the first evidence that the dayside magnetodisk reconnection can also occur at Jupiter. Using data from the Galileo and Voyager 2 spacecraft, we have identified 18 dayside reconnection events with radial distances in the range of 30–60 Jupiter radii (RJ). We analyzed the particle (electron and ion) flux, energy spectra, and characteristic energy of these dayside events and compared them to the nightside events. The statistical results show that the energy spectra and characteristic energy of electrons/ions in dayside and nightside magnetic reconnection events are comparable. On average, the characteristic energy of ions on the dayside is higher than that on the nightside. Based on the limited data set, we speculate that the occurrence rate of dayside magnetodisk reconnection should be significant. The dayside Jovian magnetodisk reconnection seems to have a comparable effect on providing energetic particles as that at nightside and to be one of the key processes driving dynamics within the Jovian magnetosphere. Plain Language Summary: Jupiter has the strongest magnetic field among the planets in our solar system. Particles in the space around Jupiter are affected by its magnetic field. Changes in the strength and structure of the local magnetic field, known as magnetic reconnection, cause those particles to undergo rapid acceleration leading to their energization. In the past, magnetic reconnection was thought to be difficult to occur on Jupiter's dayside magnetodisk. In contrast, the recent observation of reconnection at Saturn's dayside magnetodisk strongly implied the possibility of a similar process at Jupiter. In this paper, taking advantage of the archived data from the Galileo and Voyager 2 spacecraft, we provide the first evidence that the dayside magnetodisk reconnection can occur at Jupiter and have an important effect on the energization of particles. Key Points: Dayside magnetodisk reconnection events at 30–60 RJ are identified in the Jovian magnetosphere for the first time18 dayside events are analyzed to compare with nightside events regarding particle flux, energy spectra, and characteristic energyMagnetodisk reconnection at the dayside is as effective as that at the nightside in providing energetic particles to the magnetosphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique structural features of hard carbon (HC) make it a promising anode candidate for sodium‐ion batteries (SIB). However, traditional methods of preparing HC require special equipment, long reaction times, and large energy consumption, resulting in low throughputs and efficiency. In our contribution, a novel synthesis method is proposed, involving the formation of HC nanosheets (NS‐CNs) within minutes by creating an anoxic environment through flame combustion and further introducing sulfur and nitrogen sources to achieve heteroatom doping. The effect of heterogeneous element doping on the microstructure of HC is quantitatively analyzed by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and image processing technology. Combined with density functional theory calculation, it is verified that the functionalized HC exhibits stronger Na+ adsorption ability, electron gain ability, and Na+ migration ability. As a result, NS‐CNs as SIB anodes provide an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 542.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and excellent rate performance with a reversible capacity of 236.4 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 1200 cycles. Furthermore, full cell assembled with NS‐CNs as the can present 230 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 150 cycles. Finally, in/ex situ techniques confirm that the excellent sodium storage properties of NS‐CNs are due to the construction of abundant active sites based on the novel synthesis method for realizing the reversible adsorption of Na+. This work provides a novel strategy to develop novel carbons and gives deep insights for the further investigation of facile preparation methods to develop high‐performance carbon anodes for alkali‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the statistical features of magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) coupling using a two‐way M‐I model, the GT configuration of the Multiscale Atmosphere Geospace Environment (MAGE) model. The M‐I coupling characteristics, such as field‐aligned current, polar cap potential, ionospheric Joule heating, and downward Alfvénic Poynting flux, are binned according to the interplanetary magnetic field clock angles over an entire Carrington Rotation event between 20 March and 16 April 2008. The MAGE model simulates similar distributions of field‐aligned currents compared to empirical Weimer/AMPS models and Iridium observations and reproduces the Region 0 current system. The simulated convection potential agrees well with the Weimer empirical model and displays consistent two‐cell patterns with SuperDARN observations, which benefit from more extensive data sets. The Joule heating structure in MAGE is generally consistent with both empirical Cosgrove and Weimer models. Moreover, our model reproduces Joule heating enhancements in the cusp region, as presented in the Cosgrove model and observations. The distribution of the simulated Alfvénic Poynting flux is consistent with that observed by the FAST satellite in the dispersive Alfvén wave regime. These M‐I coupling characteristics are also binned by the Kp indices, indicating that the Kp dependence of these patterns in the M‐I model is more effective than the empirical models within the Carrington Rotation. Furthermore, the MAGE simulation exhibits an improved M‐I current‐voltage relation that closely resembles the Weimer model, suggesting that the updated global model is significantly improved in terms of M‐I coupling. Plain Language Summary: Geospace, the region of space surrounding Earth, encompasses the magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) system and is strongly influenced by the solar wind. The interaction between the magnetosphere and ionosphere, known as M‐I coupling, is crucial for understanding and forecasting space weather. In this study, we use an updated global physics‐based model of the coupled M‐I system to simulate various M‐I parameters, including field‐aligned current, polar cap potential, ionospheric Joule heating, and downward Alfvénic Poynting flux, and their responses to different upstream solar wind conditions over an entire 28‐day Carrington Rotation event. The statistical analysis of our simulation is validated by comparing it with observations and empirical models. The comparisons for different interplanetary magnetic field orientations and Kp indices suggest the updated M‐I model produces reasonable average patterns and demonstrates significant improvements in M‐I coupling characteristics. Our study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of M‐I coupling and improves our ability to predict and mitigate the impact of space weather events on our technology. Key Points: Statistics of M‐I coupling in a coupled geospace model are analyzed and validated with empirical models and observationsThe comparisons for different interplanetary magnetic field orientations and Kp indices suggest the updated M‐I model produces reasonable average patternsThe updated model exhibits a significantly improved M‐I current‐voltage relation compared with previous model results [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pd/BEA is chosen as a model passive NOx adsorber (PNA) to elucidate the effect of the feed gas composition on the NOx adsorption/desorption behavior. The Brønsted acid and the partially hydrolyzed framework Al (P‐HAl(OH)) sites in HBEA adsorb NO and NO2 under dry conditions. Moreover, the performance of HBEA is not affected by CO, while CO inhibits nitrate formation and promotes NO adsorption via the Pd(NO)(CO) complexes formation over Pd/BEA. H2O inhibits NO adsorption over the Brønsted acid and P‐HAl(OH) sites, and ionic Pd is the only active site for NOx adsorption under wet conditions. Furthermore, NO adsorption over hydrated Pd (Pd2+(OH)(NO)(H2O)3) is weaker than NO adsorption over bare ionic Pd (Z2[Pd2+(NO)], Z[Pd2+(OH)(NO)]). Dehydration of Pd2+(OH)(NO)(H2O)3 forms more stable Z[Pd2+(OH)(NO)] during desorption. The NO adsorption capacity of Pd/BEA improves in the presence of CO under both dry and wet conditions by forming a stable carbonyl–nitrosyl complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of designing superconductors with high Tc has been a long‐standing endeavor. However, the widespread incorporation of doping in high Tc superconductors significantly impacts electronic structure, intricately influencing Tc. The complex interplay between the structural composition and material performance presents a formidable challenge in superconductor design. Based on a novel generative model, diffusion model, and doping adaptive representation: three‐channel matrix, we have designed a high Tc superconductors inverse design model called Supercon‐Diffusion. It has achieved remarkable success in accurately generating chemical formulas for doped high Tc superconductors. Supercon‐Diffusion is capable of generating superconductors that exhibit high Tc and excels at identifying the optimal doping ratios that yield the peak Tc. The doping effectiveness (55%) and electrical neutrality (55%) of the generated doped superconductors exceed those of traditional GAN models by more than tenfold. Density of state calculations on the structures further confirm the validity of the generated superconductors. Additionally, we have proposed 200 potential high Tc superconductors that have not been documented yet. This groundbreaking contribution effectively reduces the search space for high Tc superconductors. Moreover, it successfully establishes a bridge between the interrelated aspects of composition, structure, and property in superconductors, providing a novel solution for designing other doped materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many test coverage metrics have been proposed to measure the deep neural network (DNN) testing effectiveness, including structural coverage and nonstructural coverage. These test coverage metrics are proposed based on the fundamental assumption: They are correlated with test effectiveness. However, the fundamental assumption is still not validated sufficiently and reasonably, which brings question on the usefulness of DNN test coverage. This paper conducted a revisiting study on the existing DNN test coverage from the test effectiveness perspective, to effectively validate the fundamental assumption. Here, we carefully considered the diversity of subjects, three test effectiveness criteria, and both typical and state‐of‐the‐art test coverage metrics. Different from all the existing studies that deliver negative conclusions on the usefulness of existing DNN test coverage, we identified some positive conclusions on their usefulness from the test effectiveness perspective. In particular, we found the complementary relationship between structural and nonstructural coverage and identified the practical usage scenarios and promising research directions for these existing test coverage metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disease that causes chronic pain and serious complications, presenting a significant challenge to treat. Promising approaches for treating RA involve signaling pathways modulation and targeted therapy. To this end, a multifunctional nanosystem, TPC‐U@HAT, has been designed for RA therapy, featuring multitargeting, dual‐stimuli response, and on‐demand drug release capabilities. TPC‐U@HAT is composed of a probe/prodrug TPC, a JAK1 kinase inhibitor upadacitinib, and the drug carrier HAT. TPC is composed of an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE)‐active NIR‐II chromophore TPY and an NF‐κB/NLRP3 inhibitor caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), connected via boronic ester bond which serves as the reactive‐oxygen‐species‐responsive linker. The carrier, HAT, is created by grafting bone‐targeting alendronate and hydrophobic tocopheryl succinate onto hyaluronic acid chains, which can encapsulate TPC and upadacitinib to form TPC‐U@HAT. Upon intravenous injection into mice, TPC‐U@HAT accumulates at inflamed lesions of RA through both active and passive targeting, and the overexpressed hyaluronidase and H2O2 therein cleave the hyaluronic acid polymer chains and boronate bonds, respectively. This generates an AIE‐active chromophore for detection and therapeutic evaluation of RA via both optoacoustic imaging and NIR‐II fluorescent imaging and concomitantly releases CAPE and upadacitinib to exert efficacious therapy by inhibiting NF‐κB/NLRP3 and JAK‐STAT pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Years of geomagnetic observatory data during the geomagnetic quiet days (Kp ≤ 3) at the low and middle dip latitudes from INTERMAGNET and SuperMAG were utilized. Seasonal models of Sq currents for two longitudinal chains at each year and under two solar activity levels (F10.7 index are ∼75 and 125 sfu) were constructed by spherical harmonic analysis. It is found that there are significant seasonal variations of Sq currents in the Asian‐Oceanian (A‐O) and North‐South American (N‐SA) longitude sectors under different solar activities. First, the focus intensity J increases faster in local winter than in summer for both two hemispheres as solar activity strengthens. J of ionospheric currents in the northern hemisphere (NH) during local winter is higher than that in the southern hemisphere during its winter. This asymmetric activity in the N‐SA chain increases with the solar activity becomes stronger. Second, with solar activity increases, the ionospheric current focus of N‐SA chain in the NH shifts toward the lower latitudes during two solstices, while internal current focus of both two chains move toward the lower latitudes during the December solstice. Seasonal variations of Sq currents in the two chains exhibit longitudinal effects. With increasing solar activity, the two hemispheric focuses of the ionospheric currents in the A‐O chain both move closer to the midday longitude sector, while in the N‐SA chain, only the focus in the NH shifts toward noon. The results reveal details of the seasonal variations of Sq currents. Key Points: Seasonal models of Sq currents at low and middle latitudes were constructed by spherical harmonic analysis in two longitudinal chainsThe characteristics of the seasonal variations and their dependence on solar activity for the A‐O and North‐South American chains were obtainedThe longitudinal effects of the seasonal variations in Sq currents were revealed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mega‐corpus‐callosum syndrome with cerebellar hypoplasia and cortical malformations is a rare neurological disorder that is associated with typical clinical and imaging features. The syndrome is caused by pathogenic variants in the MAST1 gene, which encodes a microtubule‐associated protein that is predominantly expressed in postmitotic neurons in the developing nervous system. Methods: Fetal DNA from umbilical cord blood samples and genomic DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes were subjected to whole‐exome sequencing. The potential causative variants were verified by Sanger sequencing. Results: A 26‐year‐old primigravid woman was referred to our prenatal center at 25 weeks of gestation due to abnormal ultrasound findings in the brain of the fetus. The brain abnormalities included wide cavum septum pellucidum, shallow and incomplete bilateral lateral fissure cistern, bilateral dilated lateral ventricles, hyperplastic corpus callosum, lissencephaly, and cortical dysplasia. No obvious abnormalities were observed in the brainstem or cerebellum hemispheres, but the cerebellum vermis was small. Whole‐exome sequencing identified a de novo, heterozygous missense variant, c.695T>C(p.Leu232Pro), in the MAST1 gene and a genetic diagnosis of mega‐corpus‐callosum syndrome was considered. Conclusion: This study is the first prenatal case of MAST1‐related disorder reported in the Chinese population and has expanded the mutation spectrum of the MAST1 gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of event‐triggered impulsive control (ETIC) for stochastic multi‐agent systems (SMASs) under stochastic cyber attacks is investigated. In a stochastic cyber‐attack model, it is suggested to combine denial‐of‐service (DoS) and deception attacks using two independent Bernoulli random sequences. The event triggering mechanism (ETM) in the ETIC system creates the impulsive control time sequences. It is suggested to use ETMs with waiting times to stop Zeno behavior. Based on the proposed ETMs, sufficient criteria are given for the mean square consensus of SMASs. Two simulation examples are provided to validate our ETIC scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) significantly influences the global ionospheric electrodynamics, but it is still largely unknown the high‐ and low‐latitude ionospheric electrodynamical coupling under long‐duration northward IMF Bz (NBz) and By conditions. During the long‐duration NBz and duskward By conditions (Kp < 2, AE < 100 nT, SYM‐H > −25 nT) on 20 August 2014, six pairs of magnetometer data showed that daytime equatorial electrojet (EEJ) underwent strong decreases (reach up to 90%) at wide longitudes. Thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE‐GCM) captured well the decrease and the control simulations revealed that both effects of the NBz and By significantly change the plasma convection, Joule heating, and thermospheric winds at high latitudes; and penetration electric field (PEF) due to the NBz plays an important role in the decrease of the equatorial electric field. This study indicates the significant NBz effects on the equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics even during weak geomagnetic conditions, apart from the widely believed meteorological effects. Further study should be taken to disclose the relative contribution between geomagnetic and meteorological effects on the decrease of the equatorial electric field. Plain Language Summary: Interplanetary magnetic field significantly influences the global ionospheric electrodynamics, and the electric field plays essential roles in shaping the spatio‐temporal characteristics of ionospheric plasma, generating the ionospheric plasma instabilities, and influencing various applications related to the radio wave propagation. However, limited attention has been paid to the coupling of high‐ and low‐latitude ionospheric electrodynamics under the prolonged periods of northward IMF Bz (NBz) and By conditions. During the long‐duration NBz, duskward IMF By, and weak geomagnetic conditions (Kp < 2, AE < 100 nT, SYM‐H > −25 nT) on 20 August 2014, the daytime equatorial electrojet (EEJ) underwent strong decreases (reach up to 90%) at wide longitudes from 77°W to 39°E. Thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE‐GCM) effectively captured the decrease and the control simulations revealed that both effects of the NBz and By significantly change the plasma convection, Joule heating, and thermospheric winds at high latitudes; and penetration electric field due to the NBz plays an important role in the decrease of the equatorial electric field. This study highlights the significant NBz effects on the equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics even during weak geomagnetic conditions. This effect is different from the widely believed meteorological effects, which modulate the ionospheric dynamo by the lower atmospheric waves. Key Points: Thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model reproduces well the observed long‐duration decreases of equatorial electrojet at wide longitudes (∼120°) during the weak geomagnetic activityBoth effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz and By significantly change the plasma convection, Joule heating, and thermospheric winds at high latitudesPenetration electric field due to IMF Bz is important to the decrease of the equatorial electric field [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutral winds and plasma motions from the Ionospheric Connection Explorer mission were used to investigate dynamic processes associated with large regional total electron content (TEC) differences in a narrow longitudinal zone exceeding ∼45 TECU obtained from dense Beidou geostationary receivers at low latitudes over South Asia. The TEC east‒west asymmetry was defined to quantify this difference, which exceeded ∼5 TECU per 1° longitude distance and occurred around the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest on 31 March 2021 under geomagnetically quiescent conditions. Moreover, the magnetic meridional ion velocity exhibited a large longitude difference around the EIA crest during periods with strong ionospheric east‒west asymmetry. Furthermore, the longitude difference variation was consistent with the TEC east‒west asymmetry variation during 11–21 March 2020 and 27 March–4 April 2021. No significant correlations between TEC east‒west asymmetry and longitude differences under conditions with neutral winds and magnetic zonal ion drifts were observed in either case. The different vertical plasma drifts could contribute to ionospheric changes with a zonal range of a few hundred kilometers. Plain Language Summary: Recently, a sharp regional ionospheric longitudinal change over a few degrees was observed, and the regional ionospheric change in a narrow longitudinal zone (∼45 TECU) was much greater than the global variation (∼2–4 TECU) in the longitudinal wave‐4 patterns. The physical processes that cause such strong regional ionospheric change are poorly understood. Here, neutral wind and plasma drift data from Ionospheric Connection Explorer, along with observations from dense Beidou geostationary receivers over South Asia, were used to explore ionospheric dynamic processes associated with large regional total electron content (TEC) variations. The different vertical plasma drifts driven by zonal electric fields may be a key factor in the formation of strong ionospheric variation, as indicated by the significant correlation between the TEC east‒west asymmetry and longitude differences in magnetic meridional ion velocity in both the case study and statistical results. Neutral winds also greatly control the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) morphology; however, their longitude differences are not directly correlated with strong local ionospheric changes. This study provides an important view to understand the sharp ionospheric changes in a narrow longitudinal zone. Key Points: The strong east‒west asymmetry in total electron content (TEC) exceeded ∼5 TECU per 1° longitude is detected at the northern equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crestPlasma drift and neutral wind observations were used to explore dynamic processes associated with regional TEC changes in the EIA regionDifferent vertical plasma drifts driven by zonal electric fields could contribute to regional TEC changes around the EIA crest [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Homozygous or compound heterozygous ROBO3 gene mutations cause horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS). This is an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by congenital absence or severe restriction of horizontal gaze and progressive scoliosis. To date, almost 100 patients with HGPPS have been reported and 55 ROBO3 mutations have been identified. Methods: We described an HGPPS patient and performed whole‐exome sequencing (WES) to identify the causative gene. Results: We identified a missense variant and a splice‐site variant in the ROBO3 gene in the proband. Sanger sequencing of cDNA revealed the presence of an aberrant transcript with retention of 700 bp from intron 17, which was caused by a variation in the noncanonical splicing site. We identified five additional ROBO3 variants, which were likely pathogenic, and estimated the overall allele frequency in the southern Chinese population to be 9.44 × 10−4, by a review of our in‐house database. Conclusion: This study has broadened the mutation spectrum of the ROBO3 gene and has expanded our knowledge of variants in noncanonical splicing sites. The results could help to provide more accurate genetic counseling to affected families and prospective couples. We suggest that the ROBO3 gene should be included in the local screening strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low ionic conductivity and poor alkali resistance have long been the problems of the anion exchange membrane (AEM) of alkaline fuel cell. Herein, epichlorohydrin functionalized by three different cations (piperidine cation, imidazole cation and trimethylammonium cation) are respectively used to modify polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare a series of PVA based AEMs, and the AEMs are cross‐linked by p‐phthalaldehyde. 1H NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopy confirm the successful functionalization of epichlorohydrin and the successful preparation of the AEMs. The ion exchange capacity, water uptake, swelling ratio, mechanical properties, thermal stability, OH− conductivity, morphology and alkaline stability of the AEMs are assessed and compared. The experimental results suggest that the AEM modified by piperidine cation owns continuous ion channels and obvious microphase separation structure, resulting in an OH− conductivity of 94.13 mS cm−1 at 80°C. And its alkali resistance is also relatively good (87.16%, 360 h). Besides, crosslinking by p‐phthalaldehyde effectively lowers the swelling ratio, increases the thermal stability and improves the mechanical properties of the AEMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Telenomus remus (Nixon) is a dominant natural enemy controlling the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Continuous rearing of egg parasitoids on alternative hosts is crucial for mass production and cost reduction. However, to ensure the effectiveness of natural enemy products against target pests in the field, it is necessary to evaluate the parasitoid quality during the mass‐rearing process. Despite the successful rearing of this parasitoid on the alternative host Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) eggs, less attention has been paid to the quality of parasitoids continuously reared for multiple generations. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of T. remus reared on S. litura eggs for 30 generations via morphological characteristics, flight ability, and life table analysis. RESULTS: Wing length, wing width, body length, and right hind tibia length of T. remus did not differ among the different generations. However, the body length of female parasitoids was significantly longer than that of males for any generation. Although the proportion of 'flyers' and 'deformed' T. remus varied among generations, the flight ability did not decline significantly after rearing on S. litura eggs. Moreover, T. remus continuously reared on S. litura eggs maintained stable parasitism performance and life table parameters on the target host S. frugiperda eggs. CONCLUSION: S. litura eggs are suitable hosts for the mass‐rearing of T. remus. This study can be subsequently used to guide the production and facilitate the application of T. remus in the control of S. frugiperda. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jiamusi (JME) radar is the first high‐frequency coherent scatter radar independently developed in China. In this study, we investigate the statistical characteristics of the Jiamusi radar scattering occurrence rate from the F‐region ionosphere between 40°N and 65°N geomagnetic latitude (MLAT) from March 2018 to November 2019. Then, the diurnal and seasonal variations in scattering echoes and their dependence on geomagnetic conditions are statistically investigated. It is shown that the local time of the peak scattering occurrence rate varies depending on the seasons, that is, approximately 20–22.5 magnetic local time (MLT) in summer, 17.5–20.5 MLT in equinox, and 16–17.5 MLT in winter, which is closely associated with the time of sunset. The occurrence rate also increases with the enhancement of the Kp index. To further understand the mechanism of these features, we simulate the distribution of the gradient drift instability (GDI) indicator ∇n·V→/n $\nabla n\cdot \overrightarrow{V}/n$ by using the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). The analysis results indicate that the GDI may be one of the factors that contribute to these characteristic features. Key Points: Using the JME radar data to study the diurnal, seasonal, and Kp dependencies of mid‐latitude F‐region scattering occurrence rateAt night, there is a long and narrow area with an increasing scattering occurrence rate in the mid‐latitudeGradient drift instability may influence the distribution characteristics of the scattering occurrence rate of the Jiamusi radar observation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracyclines such as doxorubicin (Dox) are effective chemotherapeutic agents; however, their use is hampered by subsequent cardiotoxicity risk. Our understanding of cardiomyocyte protective pathways activated following anthracycline‐induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) remains incomplete. Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) 3 (Igfbp‐3), the most abundant IGFBP family member in the circulation, is associated with effects on the metabolism, proliferation, and survival of various cells. Whereas Igfbp‐3 is induced by Dox in the heart, its role in AIC is ill‐defined. We investigated molecular mechanisms as well as systems‐level transcriptomic consequences of manipulating Igfbp‐3 in AIC using neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and human‐induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes. Our findings reveal that Dox induces the nuclear enrichment of Igfbp‐3 in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Igfbp‐3 reduces DNA damage, impedes topoisomerase IIβ expression (Top2β) which forms Top2β‐Dox‐DNA cleavage complex leading to DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB), alleviates detyrosinated microtubule accumulation—a hallmark of increased cardiomyocyte stiffness and heart failure—and favorably affects contractility following Dox treatment. These results indicate that Igfbp‐3 is induced by cardiomyocytes in an effort to mitigate AIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes are created on Al in a phosphonic acid electrolyte solution through one‐step anodic oxidation and modified with polydimethysiloxane using a vapor deposition technique. In this context, the anodic oxidation time is tuned during its process. As such, the Al surface's wettability, and self‐cleaning property are controlled by the tunable anodic oxidation time, for the anodic oxidation, time can regulate the structure of the AAO and the proportion of the air‐liquid interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To translate and test the psychometric properties of a Chinese version scale to measure the Fear of Activity in patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Design: A cross‐sectional design. Methods: The translation of the scale to measure Fear of Activity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease included three steps, forward‐back translation, expert discussion and pilot survey. The internal consistency and test–retest reliability were used to assess the reliability of the Chinese version scale of the Fear of Activity. Content, construct, criterion, and known‐group validity of the scale were also evaluated. Data Sources: A total of 275 patients with Coronary Artery Disease were recruited from a university‐affiliated hospital in Guangzhou, southern China. Results: The overall content validity index of the Chinese version scale of the Fear of Activity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease was 0.90. Principal component analyses extracted four factors with a cumulative variance contribution of 57.5%. There is a strong correlation (r = 0.83) between this scale and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart. The total scores of the Chinese version scale of the Fear of Activity in female patients were higher than those in male patients with Coronary Artery Disease, indicating that the scale was able to distinguish the differences between low and high score groups. The Internal consistency and test–retest reliability coefficients of the scale were 0.74 and 0.82, respectively. Conclusion: The Chinese version scale of the Fear of Activity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease, which consists of 21 items with four dimensions, is a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the fear of activity in patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: The Chinese version scale of the Fear of Activity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease can be used to assess the levels of fear of activity in patients with Coronary Artery Disease and explores the factors that influence fear of activity in the population. Impact: This study translates and confirms the psychometric properties of the Chinese version scale of the Fear of Activity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease in China. It is useful in both research and clinical fields to explore the fear of activity and its associated factors in patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Reporting Method: The study design followed the guideline of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement. Patient or Public Contribution: Patients in a university‐affiliated hospital participated in this study and contributed to data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete defect information is of vital importance to building maintenance. Increasingly, computer vision has been explored for automated concrete defect detection. However, existing studies suffer from the challenging issue of false positives. In addition, 3D reconstruction of the defects to pinpoint their positions and geometries has not been sufficiently explored. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel computational approach for detecting and reconstructing concrete defects from geotagged aerial images. A bundle registration algorithm is devised to align a batch of aerial photographs with a building information model (BIM). The registration enables the retrieval of material semantics in BIM to determine the regions of interest for defect detection. It helps rectify the camera poses of the aerial images, enabling precise defect reconstruction. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, which significantly reduced the false discovery rate from 70.8% to 56.8%, resulting in an intersection over union 6.4% higher than that of the traditional method. The geometry of the defects was successfully reconstructed in 3D world space. This study opens a new avenue to advance the field of defect detection by exploiting the rich information from BIM. The approach can be deployed at scale, supporting urban renovation, numerical simulation, and other smart applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show the possible existence of a significant axial asymmetry in the reconnection separator at the Jovian magnetopause using first‐principle, physics‐based global simulations. Under eastward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions near Jupiter's orbit, reconnection occurs at the southern‐dusk and northern magnetopause with large shear angles between the magnetospheric and magnetosheath magnetic fields. When driven by the westward IMF, the reconnection position switches to the northern‐dusk and southern magnetopause. Component reconnection at the southern‐dusk/northern‐dusk magnetopause is associated with the interaction of the IMF with the nearly‐dipolar background fields. Nearly‐antiparallel reconnection near the noon‐midnight plane at the northern/southern magnetopause is related to the dawn‐dusk asymmetric, helical, closed lobe magnetic fields, which is a consequence of significant planetary corotation effects and not expected at Earth. Such configuration is testable as Juno has proceeded its orbit to the high‐altitude cusps and provides new insight into the interpretation of measurements from other rotationally‐driven systems. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental plasma process for understanding the dynamic evolution of planetary magnetospheres. It is related to the breaking and reconnecting of magnetic fields from two different sources. Depending on the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), reconnection at a planetary magnetopause is a combination of antiparallel and component reconnection of magnetic fields in the outer magnetosphere and the inner magnetosheath. In the terrestrial magnetosphere, magnetopause reconnection that is dominated by solar wind‐magnetosphere interactions is generally symmetric about the Sun‐Earth axis in solar‐magnetospheric coordinates regardless of the IMF orientation. However, this axial symmetry may not exist in planetary magnetospheres where the time scale of planetary rotation is much shorter than the solar wind transition, especially at Jupiter that has a faster planetary rotation and a significantly larger magnetosphere than Earth's. This study focuses on an unusual asymmetry in magnetospheric configuration and magnetopause reconnection at Jupiter and its relationship with fast planetary rotation. Key Points: Unlike at Earth, magnetopause reconnection at Jupiter may exhibit a significant axial asymmetry under east‐west interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditionsThis asymmetry is caused by the helical, closed lobe magnetic field with dawn‐dusk asymmetry due to fast Jovian rotationReconnection may occur at northern and southern‐dusk magnetopause under eastward IMF and has a north‐south reversal for westward IMF [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancy originated from leukemia stem cells (LSC). Emerging evidence suggests T‐cell immunoglobulin mucin‐3(Tim3) as surface marker for LSC. However, the clinical significance and biology of Tim‐3 in AML remain to be determined, especially those LSCs. In public AML databases as well as our data, we separated AML patients into Tim‐3high and Tim‐3low subsets using the X‐tile software and evaluated the associations between Tim‐3 and overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort revealed that high Tim‐3 expression in leukemic cells was linked with poor prognosis (DFS: p = 0.018; OS: p = 0.041). Furthermore, multiple regression analysis shows that Tim‐3 was an independent factor for the prognosis (HR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.15–4.44, p = 0.017). Validation cohort of public gene expression omnibus (GEO) confirmed that Tim‐3 was a prognostic candidate in AML. Besides, in our internal cohort, we also confirmed that over expression of Tim‐3 protein in LSC/LPC made poor prognosis in AML. Additionally, we revealed that the LSC markers AKR1C3, CD34, and MMRN1 were upregulated in the Tim‐3high group of TCGA. We found that the upregulated genes in the Tim‐3high group were mainly enriched in immune response, cytokine binding and cell adhesion molecules, and JAK–STAT signaling pathway, by gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Collectively, we revealed that, for the first time, upregulation of Tim‐3 in LSCs at the level of gene and protein expression is associated with poor prognosis and the important biological feature of Tim‐3 of LSC in AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene) (SEBS) has been widely studied in the field of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) due to its superior flexibility and chemical stability, but the poor dimensional stability of functionalized SEBS restricts its further application. Thus, we adopt an effective strategy to reinforce AEMs based on SEBS via grafting poly (2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) using Williamson ether synthesis reaction. With the addition of PPO, grafted membranes exhibit outstanding comprehensive properties, such as mechanical strength, chemical stability, especially dimensional stability. SEBS‐PPO‐QA‐1 grafted membrane with the highest content of PPO showed the best tensile strength (20.54 MPa), and restrained swelling behavior (swelling ratio of 4.81% at 25°C). Moreover, the conductivity retention of SEBS‐PPO‐QA‐1 grafted membrane is up to 92.71% at 80°C after 10 days alkaline treatment. The ion exchange capacity of SEBS‐PPO‐QA‐3 grafted membrane is 1.719 mmol/g, and the ionic conductivity of SEBS‐PPO‐QA‐3 grafted membrane reach 58.27 mS/cm at 80°C and 25.53 mS/cm at 20°C. Therefore, the SEBS‐PPO‐QA‐X grafted membranes, which combine the advantages of PPO and SEBS, are promising in AEM application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) for the treatment of patients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Materials and methods: A meta‐analysis was conducted, and the efficacy and safety of CPI were assessed. Results: A total of 13 studies with 980 patients were included. The pooled objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate were 47.2% and 64.4%, separately. In addition, patients with primary tumor located in head and neck (odds ratio [OR]: 0.374, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.219–0.640, p < 0.001) and positive expression of programmed death ligand 1 (OR: 0.364, 95% CI: 0.158–0.842, P = 0.018) had superior ORR during CPI treatment. The incidence of progression free survival at 6 and 12 months was 59.3% and 52.8%, and 80.6% and 76.4% for overall survival. As for safety, the overall incidence of adverse events with all grades and 3–4 grade was 76.9% and 20.2%. Conclusions: Our systematic review confirmed the satisfying efficacy and acceptable toxicity of CPI for advanced CSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded as a progressive neurodegenerative dementia, characterized by degeneration of distinct neuronal populations. A case–control study was carried out using high‐resolution mass spectrometry to explore AD‐associated urinary metabolic biomarkers from 30 AD patients and 30 cognitively normal (CN) individuals. In total, 49 metabolites were determined and validated as known compounds using LC/MS analysis. Using the two‐sample t‐test statistical analysis (P < 0.05), 19 metabolites were shown to be significantly different from AD to CN. A diagnostic model of the receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed with a combination of nine molecules out of 19 metabolites, it yielded a separation with an area under the curve value of 0.976 between the two groups. This study indicated that urinary metabolites showed a significant expression between AD and CN. AD‐related metabolites enable to satisfy the diagnostic power of disease discrimination. In addition, as a noninvasive approach, urine collection is done easily in clinical diagnosis of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous silica is a versatile material for energy, environmental, and medical applications. Here, for the first time, we report a flame aerosol synthesis method for a class of mesoporous silica with hollow structure and specific surface area exceeding 1000 m2 g−1. We show its superior performance in water purification, as a drug carrier, and in thermal insulation. Moreover, we propose a general route to produce mesoporous nanoshell‐supported nanocatalysts by in situ decoration with active nanoclusters, including noble metal (Pt/SiO2), transition metal (Ni/SiO2), metal oxide (CrO3/SiO2), and alumina support (Co/Al2O3). As a prototypical application, we perform dry reforming of methane using Ni/SiO2, achieving constant 97 % CH4 and CO2 conversions for more than 200 hours, dramatically outperforming an MCM‐41 supported Ni catalyst. This work provides a scalable strategy to produce mesoporous nanoshells and proposes an in situ functionalization mechanism to design and produce flexible catalysts for many reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Certain types of repetitive sub-maximal knee loading cause microfatigue damage in the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) that can accumulate to produce macroscopic tissue failure. However, monitoring the progression of that ACL microfatigue damage as a function of loading cycles has not been reported. To explore the fatigue process, a confocal laser endomicroscope (CLEM) was employed to capture sub-micron resolution fluorescence images of the tissue in situ. The goal of this study was to quantify the in situ changes in ACL autofluorescence (AF) signal intensity and collagen microstructure as a function of the number of loading cycles. Methods: Three paired and four single cadaveric knees were subjected to a repeated 4 times bodyweight landing maneuver known to strain the ACL. The paired knees were used to compare the development of ACL microfatigue damage on the loaded knee after 100 consecutive loading cycles, relative to the contralateral unloaded control knee, through second harmonic generation (SHG) and AF imaging using confocal microscopy (CM). The four single knees were used for monitoring progressive ACL microfatigue damage development by AF imaging using CLEM. Results: The loaded knees from each pair exhibited a statistically significant increase in AF signal intensity and decrease in SHG signal intensity as compared to the contralateral control knees. Additionally, the anisotropy of the collagen fibers in the loaded knees increased as indicated by the reduced coherency coefficient. Two out of the four single knee ACLs failed during fatigue loading, and they exhibited an order of magnitude higher increase in autofluorescence intensity per loading cycle as compared to the intact knees. Of the three regions of the ACL - proximal, midsubstance and distal - the proximal region of ACL fibers exhibited the highest AF intensity change and anisotropy of fibers. Conclusions: CLEM can capture changes in ACL AF and collagen microstructures in situ during and after microfatigue damage development. Results suggest a large increase in AF may occur in the final few cycles immediately prior to or at failure, representing a greater plastic deformation of the tissue. This reinforces the argument that existing microfatigue damage can accumulate to induce bulk mechanical failure in ACL injuries. The variation in fiber organization changes in the ACL regions with application of load is consistent with the known differences in loading distribution at the ACL femoral enthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ternary memristor full adder is designed based on the literal operation and module‐3 plus operation. Literal operation and module‐3 plus operation are the important operations in the tri‐valued algebra system. Multiple‐valued logic can increase the amount of information carried by the signals and reduce the number of devices and connections. The combination of multiple‐valued logic and memristor is an exploration of new devices and new structures. The novel ternary memristor full adder owns the advantage of simpler structure without decoding units to convert ternary signals to binary at the terminals, and all the signals operated by the circuit are ternary. Compared with the traditional ternary full adder, the number of devices and the power consumption are greatly reduced. Simulation results of different memristor models verified the correctness and applicability of the circuit design. It provides a new idea for the design method of memristor circuits, especially multiple‐valued memristors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are congenital cleft facial deformities that are abnormal developments caused by errors in the fusion process of the embryo's face. Surgery is an important treatment, but postoperative scars will still cause psychological shadows to patients. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy of Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) in preventing and treating postoperative CL/P scars and improving scar quality. Methods: A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for relevant trials. All relevant trials were performed before June 30, 2021. The data were entered into Revman 5.3 software, and a meta‐analysis was conducted by using the random‐effects model or fixed‐effects model. Results: Four randomized controlled trials involving 161 cases were included. Through quantitative analysis, BTXA showed significant differences in preventing and treating postoperative CL/P scars in terms of scar width (MD: −0.20; [95% CI, −0.30, –0.10], p < 0.0001) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (MD: 1.30; [95% CI, 1.06, 1.55], p < 0.0001), although no significant difference was noted on the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) (MD: −0.75; [95% CI, −1.68, 0.19], p = 0.12) between the two groups. Conclusion: In preventing and treating postoperative CL/P scar hypertrophy, we found that BTXA injection can show better results. There was no statistically significant difference between the results after omitting Navarro's study or Chang's study because of the time of injection—before/during surgery or adult CL/P scars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined the response of geomagnetic daily variation and ionospheric currents to the solar annular eclipse that passed through China at 10:00–17:30 LT on 21 June 2020. We utilized geomagnetic field data obtained from the Geomagnetic Network Center of China, Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration and International Real‐time Magnetic Observatory Network, which extend from middle latitudes to equatorial regions in China and surrounding areas. It is found that the eclipse obscuration reduces the intensity of geomagnetic daily variation at most stations as compared with the 5‐quiet‐day average. The response of geomagnetic daily variation to the solar eclipse depends on local time and latitude. In most shadowed areas of the eclipse, there is a reduction of northward (southward) component of the meridional magnetic daily field (ΔX) below (above) ∼30° magnetic latitudes. The solar eclipse can also induce a decrease of the zonal magnetic field variation (ΔY). Meanwhile, we observed that the solar eclipse reduces the intensity of vertical geomagnetic component (ΔZ) at the stations around the early afternoon aside the eclipse totality. In general, these geomagnetic responses imply that the solar eclipse can reduce the ionospheric solar quiet (Sq) current system. These ionospheric currents and ground geomagnetic field disturbances during the solar eclipse are also verified by a global physical model. The simulation demonstrates that the ionospheric currents in the southern hemisphere, where the solar eclipse does not cover, also have a weak response. Overall, the ionospheric current disturbance induced by the solar eclipse shows a counter‐Sq pattern. Key Points: The solar eclipse effects on global ionospheric electrodynamics are studied by extensive geomagnetic data in China and a numerical modelIonospheric electrodynamic response to the annular solar eclipse shows a local time and latitudinal dependenceThe ionospheric current system caused by the solar eclipse has a counter‐Sq pattern [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on transmittance contrast of MXene electrodes, a general strategy for constructing self‐powered photodetectors with high response is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many vision‐based indoor localization methods require tedious and comprehensive pre‐mapping of built environments. This research proposes a mapping‐free approach to estimating indoor camera poses based on a 3D style‐transferred building information model (BIM) and photogrammetry technique. To address the cross‐domain gap between virtual 3D models and real‐life photographs, a CycleGAN model was developed to transform BIM renderings into photorealistic images. A photogrammetry‐based algorithm was developed to estimate camera pose using the visual and spatial information extracted from the style‐transferred BIM. The experiments demonstrated the efficacy of CycleGAN in bridging the cross‐domain gap, which significantly improved performance in terms of image retrieval and feature correspondence detection. With the 3D coordinates retrieved from BIM, the proposed method can achieve near real‐time camera pose estimation with an accuracy of 1.38 m and 10.1° in indoor environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone cancer pain (BCP) is the most frequently observed chronic cancer pain, and its development remains largely unexplored. Dysregulation of non‐coding RNAs greatly contributes to the pathogenesis of BCP. In the present study, we found a new long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), NONRATT009773.2, and investigated its role in the spinal cord of BCP rats. Our results showed that NONRATT009773.2 was significantly up‐regulated in BCP model rats, whereas depletion of NONRATT009773.2 attenuated BCP. In contrast, overexpression of NONRATT009773.2 triggered pain‐like symptoms in normal animals. Moreover, NONRATT009773.2 functioned as a microRNA (miRNA) sponge to absorb miR‐708‐5p and up‐regulated miRNA downstream target CXCL13, which plays fundamental roles in the initiation and maintenance of neuroinflammation and hyperalgesia. Collectively, our current findings indicated that NONRATT009773.2 could be employed as a new therapeutic target for BCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid metabolism is essential for stemness maintenance, self‐renewal, and differentiation of stem cells, however, the regulatory function of cholesterol metabolism in erythroid differentiation is poorly studied. In the present study, a critical role for cholesterol homeostasis in terminal erythropoiesis is uncovered. The master transcriptional factor GATA1 binds to Sterol‐regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2) to downregulate cholesterol biosynthesis, leading to a gradual reduction in intracellular cholesterol levels. It is further shown that reduced cholesterol functions to block erythroid proliferation via the cholesterol/mTORC1/ribosome biogenesis axis, which coordinates cell cycle exit in the late stages of erythroid differentiation. The interaction of GATA1 and SREBP2 also provides a feedback loop for regulating globin expression through the transcriptional control of NFE2 by SREBP2. Importantly, it is shown that disrupting intracellular cholesterol hemostasis resulted in defect of terminal erythroid differentiation in vivo. These findings demonstrate that fine‐tuning of cholesterol homeostasis emerges as a key mechanism for regulating erythropoiesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a vital diagnostic tool in the management of cardiovascular diseases. The advent of advanced CMR technologies combined with artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to simplify imaging, reduce image acquisition time without compromising image quality (IQ), and improve magnetic field uniformity. Here, we aim to implement two AI‐based deep learning techniques for automatic slice alignment and cardiac shimming and evaluate their performance in clinical cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Two deep neural networks were developed, trained, and validated on pre‐acquired cardiac MRI datasets (>500 subjects) to achieve automatic slice planning and shimming (implemented in the scanner) for CMR. To examine the performance of our automated cardiac planning (EasyScan) and AI‐based shim (AI shim), two prospective studies were performed subsequently. For the EasyScan validation, 10 healthy subjects underwent two identical CMR protocols: with manual cardiac planning and with AI‐based EasyScan to assess protocol scan time difference and accuracy of cardiac plane prescriptions on a 1.5 T clinical MRI scanner. For the AI shim validation, a total of 20 subjects were recruited: 10 healthy and 10 cardio‐oncology patients with referrals for a CMR examination. Cine images were obtained with standard cardiac volume shim and with AI shim to assess signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), overall IQ (sharpness and MR image degradation), ejection fraction (EF), and absolute wall thickening. A hybrid statistical method using of nonparametric (Wilcoxon) and parametric (t‐test) assessments was employed for statistical analyses. Results: CMR protocol with AI‐based plane prescriptions, EasyScan, minimized operator dependence and reduced overall scanning time by over 2 min (∼13 % faster, p < 0.001) compared to the protocol with manual cardiac planning. EasyScan plane prescriptions also demonstrated more accurate (less plane angulation errors from planes manually prescribed by a certified cardiac MRI technologist) cardiac planes than previously reported strategies. Additionally, AI shim resulted in improved B0 field homogeneity. Cine images obtained with AI shim revealed a significantly higher SNR (12.49%; p = 0.002) than those obtained with volume shim (volume shim: 32.90 ± 7.42 vs. AI shim: 37.01 ± 8.87) for the left ventricle (LV) myocardium. LV myocardium CNR was 12.48% higher for cine imaging with AI shim (149.02 ± 39.15) than volume shim (132.49 ± 33.94). Images obtained with AI shim resulted in sharper images than those obtained with volume shim (p = 0.012). The LVEF and absolute wall thickening also showed that differences exist between the two shimming methods. The LVEF by AI shim was shown to be slightly larger than LVEF by volume shim in two groups: 2.87% higher with AI shim for the healthy group and 1.70% higher with AI shim for the patient group. The LV absolute wall thickening (in mm) also showed that differences exist between shimming methods for each group with larger changes observed in the patient group (healthy: 3.31%, p = 0.234 and patient group: 7.29%, p = 0.059). Conclusions: CMR exams using EasyScan for cardiac planning demonstrated accelerated cardiac exam compared to the CMR protocol with manual cardiac planning. Improved and more uniform B0 magnetic field homogeneity also achieved using AI shim technique compared to volume shimming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model is used to investigate the responses of ionospheric electrodynamic processes to the solar flares at the flare peaks and the underlying physical mechanisms on September 6 and 10, 2017. Simulations show that solar flares increased global daytime currents and reduced the eastward electric fields during the daytime from the equator to middle latitudes. Furthermore, westward equatorial electric fields and equatorial counter electrojets occurred in the early morning. At the flare peak, these electrodynamic responses are predominantly related to the enhanced E‐region conductivity by flares, as the responses of neutral winds and F‐region conductivity to flares are negligible. Specifically, the Cowling conductance enhancement is not the major process causing the reduction of zonal electric fields. This electric field reduction is primarily associated with the decrease of the ratio between the field line‐integrated wind‐driven currents and the conductance. The flare‐induced conductivity enhancement is larger but the background wind speed is smaller in the E‐region than in the F‐region, as a result, the increase of total integrated wind‐driven currents is less than the conductance enhancement. Key Points: Flare‐induced conductivity enhancement, which is dominant over the decrease of eastward electric fields, increases global daytime currentsE‐region conductivity enhancement decreases the ratio between integrated wind‐driven currents and conductance and reduces electric fieldsThe conductance enhancement tends to induce westward electric fields and equatorial counter electrojets in the early morning [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcystin is a harmful hepatic toxin produced by cyanobacteria, is a serious threat due to its toxicity to water ecosystems, and it is found recently that TiO2 photocatalyst is effective in degradation of microcystin. In this study, hierarchical porous Bi2WO6/ TiO2 composite photocatalysts were synthesized with a novel hydrothermal method by using rice husk as the biological template. The results showed that the original micro‐ and nanopores of rice husk were efficiently replicated by the synthesized porous TiO2 photocatalyst with a specific surface area of 137.09 m2/g, which increased by nearly 100 m2/g over the surface area. SEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS spectra showed that heterogeneous structures were formed by Bi2WO6 and TiO2, with which process the crystal structures of both were not affected. In the meantime, we studied the effect of hierarchical porous TiO2 photo‐catalyst, pure TiO2 photo‐catalyst, Bi2WO6 photo‐catalyst, Bi2WO6/ hierarchical porous TiO2 photo‐catalyst on degradation of 1 mg/L MC‐LR, and the results showed that to use the unique silicon‐carbon structure of rice husk to prepare hierarchical porous TiO2 photo‐catalyst can have the degradation rate of 53.5%, which is higher than that of commercially available TiO2 photo‐catalyst by 13.8%. Compared with a single photo‐catalyst, the photo‐catalytic activity of Bi2WO6/ hierarchical porous TiO2 photo‐catalyst is significantly improved. The optimal mingling amount of Bi2WO6 is 0.2 mol/mol. At this time, the degradation rate of MC‐LR is 85.3%, and the main active substances for degradation are h+ and ·OH. In addition, the degradation process of MC‐LR fit well with the kinetic model of Quasi Primary Reaction. The insight of green synthesis of Bi2WO6/ TiO2 composite photocatalysts for degradation of microcystins was provided by this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Chilo suppressalis and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis are destructive rice pests co‐occurring in major rice‐growing areas in China. RNA interference (RNAi)‐based insect‐resistant genetically engineered (IRGE) crops provide a promising approach for pest management by suppressing gene expression or translation. A microRNA (miRNA)‐mediated IRGE rice line expressing endogenous Chilo suppressalis miRNA Csu‐novel‐260, showing significant resistance against Chilo suppressalis, provides an attractive control strategy for Chilo suppressalis by suppressing the expression of the disembodied (dib) gene expression. However, whether this transgenic line also shows the resistance against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis remains unknown. RESULTS: A spatiotemporal expression analysis of Csu‐novel‐260 in the transgenic rice line was performed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) to determine the paddy field pest exposure dose. In diet feeding assays, a chemically synthesized Csu‐novel‐260 agomir at 200 fmol g–1 significantly inhibited Chilo suppressalis pupation. However, larval development, survival and pupal weight were not significantly affected. Additionally, the transgenic line significantly affected Cnaphalocrocis medinalis pupation but not larval survival. The qRT‐PCR showed that Csdib and Cmdib expression levels were significantly suppressed when the two pests fed on the transgenic line. Additionally, the transgenic line significantly decreased Cry1C‐resistant and Cry1C‐susceptible Chilo suppressalis larval survival in detached rice tissue feeding assays, indicating that Cry1C‐resistant Chilo suppressalis was not cross‐resistant to Csu‐novel‐260 expressed in miRNA‐mediated IRGE rice. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that miRNA‐mediated IRGE rice significantly inhibited Chilo suppressalis and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis pupation. The results provide a new viewpoint for the application of RNAi‐based plants and the inspiration for environmental risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host–virus protein–protein interactions play key roles in the life cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). We conducted a comprehensive interactome study between the virus and host cells using tandem affinity purification and proximity‐labeling strategies and identified 437 human proteins as the high‐confidence interacting proteins. Further characterization of these interactions and comparison to other large‐scale study of cellular responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection elucidated how distinct SARS‐CoV‐2 viral proteins participate in its life cycle. With these data mining, we discovered potential drug targets for the treatment of COVID‐19. The interactomes of two key SARS‐CoV‐2‐encoded viral proteins, NSP1 and N, were compared with the interactomes of their counterparts in other human coronaviruses. These comparisons not only revealed common host pathways these viruses manipulate for their survival, but also showed divergent protein–protein interactions that may explain differences in disease pathology. This comprehensive interactome of SARS‐CoV‐2 provides valuable resources for the understanding and treating of this disease. SYNOPSIS: Host‐virus protein‐protein interactions play key roles in the lifecycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. This study built a host‐virus protein‐protein interaction network, and compared two key SARS‐CoV‐2 encoded viral proteins, NSP1 and N proteins, with the interactomes of their counterparts in other human coronaviruses. Protein‐protein interactome network between the SARS‐CoV‐2 and host cells were built using tandem affinity purification and proximity labeling strategies.Interactome analysis revealed 437 host‐virus interactions which elucidated how distinct SARS‐CoV‐2 viral proteins participate in its lifecycle.Pan‐coronavirus and virus‐specific interacting host genes were identified by the comparison of NSP1 or N proteins among all seven human coronaviruses.G3BP1/G3BP2‐N and PYCR1/PYCR2‐NSP1 are strong interactions uncovered in SARS‐CoV‐2 and SARS‐CoV‐1 but not in other known human coronaviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]