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Biological particles, as a fraction of organic particles, potentially play a crucial role in ice nucleation processes. However, the contributions and relationships of biological components and organic matter (OM) to atmospheric ice nucleation remain largely unexplored. Here, total ice nucleating particles (INPs), heat‐resistant INPs, lysozyme‐resistant INPs, nanoscale INPs (<0.22 μm), and heat‐resistant nanoscale INPs in precipitation collected at the summit of Mt. Lu, China, were determined using droplet freezing assays coupled with corresponding pretreatments. Heat‐sensitive INPs and lysozyme‐sensitive INPs were considered as biological INPs and bacterial INPs, respectively. Microorganisms and OM molecules in precipitation were identified by high‐throughput sequencing technology and ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry, respectively. Results revealed a predominant biological (heat‐sensitive) composition (78.8% and 93.2%) of total and nanoscale INPs at temperatures above −15°C. Specifically, bacterial (lysozyme‐sensitive) INPs accounted for 36.1% of the biological INPs at temperatures above −15°C. A notable correlation between sulfur‐containing organic compounds, mainly proteinaceous and lignin‐like substances, and INPs was uncovered, with a co‐occurrence network linking these compounds to Gram‐positive bacteria and Agaricomycetes. This study underscored the possible significance of sulfur‐containing organic compounds in the ice nucleation capacity of biological INPs, further shedding light on the ice nucleation mechanisms and potential sources of biological INPs. Plain Language Summary: Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are particles that facilitate the freezing of water at temperatures above the homogenous freezing point, impacting cloud formation and precipitation processes in the atmosphere. This study identified different types of INPs, microbes, and organic matter in precipitation sampled from Mt. Lu in southeastern China and investigated the connections among them. The findings suggested that a significant portion of INPs were of biological origin. Sulfur‐containing organic compounds likely played an important role in ice nucleation, which may originate from certain microbial taxa. This study helps us understand the role of microbes and organic molecules in ice formation, which has broader implications in areas such as preserving biological materials at low temperatures or facilitating artificial snow production. Key Points: Biological materials predominated among the ice nucleating particles (INPs) identified in precipitationSulfur‐containing organic compounds, associated with specific microbial taxa, likely acted as efficient INPs in precipitationThis study provides a preliminary understanding of the connections among INPs, organic matter, and microorganisms [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cu‐glutathione (GSH) redox system, essential in biology, is designed here as a supramacromolecular assembly in which the tetrahedral 18e Cu(I) center loses a thiol ligand upon adsorption onto ZIF‐8, as shown by EXAFS and DFT calculation, to generate a very robust 16e planar trigonal single‐atom Cu(I) catalyst. Synergy between Cu(I) and ZIF‐8, revealed by catalytic experiments and DFT calculation, affords CO2 conversion into high‐value‐added chemicals with a wide scope of substrates by reaction with terminal alkynes or propargyl amines in excellent yields under mild conditions and reuse at least 10 times without significant decrease in catalytic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface ligands crucially influence the structure and luminescence of metal nanoclusters (NCs). In this study, three [Ag25(SPhCl)16−xClx(DPPB)6]2+ (x = 0 for Ag25, x = 1 for Ag25‐Cl, and x = 4 for Ag25‐4Cl) featuring thiol and Cl ligand combinations are synthesized and investigated. Ag25‐4Cl, which has the smallest number of rigid thiol ligands, exhibits the strongest photoluminescence (PL) and chemiluminescence (CL), and its PL quantum yield is 73.43% higher than that of Ag25. Structural analysis indicates that Cl ligands, being smaller and less sterically hindering than thiols, compress the motif layer towards the core, reducing non‐radiative transitions and boosting radiative ones to enhance PL. All three NCs exhibit CL in the presence of singlet oxygen, demonstrating the ability of the NCs to react with radicals and scavenge them. CL and radical scavenging experiments show that Ag25‐4Cl exhibits the highest CL and the lowest radical reaction ability, indicating that CL intensity of an NC depends more on its intrinsic luminescence ability and less on its ability to react with radicals. The regulation of luminescence by ligands and the CL and radical‐scavenging behavior of NCs are expected to be extended to other NC systems and related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabi‐like splitting effect in acoustics is demonstrated in a hybrid metasurface. The hybrid metasurface is composed of a membrane‐type acoustic metasurface and a Fabry–Perot (F–P) cavity. It is found that the transmission resonance of the F–P cavity is modulated to spectrum with two peaks around the resonant frequencies. The transmission valley in the middle of the two transmission peaks is caused by the antiresonance effect, and the phenomenon is similar to the Rabi‐splitting effect in quantum physics. The results are promising for utilization in designing acoustic wave devices like filtering and acoustic sensors with new mechanisms in hybrid metasurfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving coupling between plasma oscillators can significantly modulate their intrinsic optical characteristics. In this paper, strong coupling generated by the surface plasma of MXene and Au nanobipyramids (NBPs) for broadband ultrafast nonlinear optical modulation is reported. The femtosecond transient absorption spectra reveal that the ultrafast hot electron transfer occurred in the Au/MXene nanohybrids at <200 fs. Au/Ta4C3Tx nanohybrids outperform the outstanding broadband saturable absorption (SA), with a saturation intensity 106 times less than that of the initial MXene. Laser excitation at 1100 nm results in reverse saturable absorption for Ta4C3Tx nanosheets and a strong SA for Au/Ta4C3Tx nanohybrids, which extends the range of SA. Theoretical calculations indicate that excellent nonlinearity is synergistically achieved via hot electron transfer and plasmon coupling. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra reveal that Au NBPs offer the additional occupied state for carriers through the transfer process and extend the carrier lifetime considerably. This study provides theoretical guidance for the exploration of remarkable novel nonlinear‐active 2D layer‐based materials and candidates for the practical applications of saturable absorbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of fossil energy leads to wanton emission of CO2 and serious environmental problems. The exploration of high‐performance catalysts plays a pivotal role in CO2 resource utilization. In this paper, CuCeyK catalysts are prepared by wet impregnation method using ordered mesoporous SiO2 as support for the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. The physicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts are characterized by H2‐TPR, BET, XRD, Quasi in‐situ XPS, H2‐TPD, and CO2‐TPD techniques. The results demonstrate thatthe Cu0 species can form synergistic effects with oxygen vacancies (Ov) to enhance the CuCeyK catalytic performance. Additionally, the electronic effects between Ce and Cu not only enhances the adsorption and activation performances of the catalyst towards CO2 and H2 molecules, but also effectively suppresses the sintering of Cu0 species, thereby enhancing the stability of the corresponding catalyst. It is worth mentioning that the Ce content also directly affects the catalytic performances of the CuCeyK catalyst. The CuCe15K catalyst with a Ce content of 15% displays excellent CO2 hydrogenation performances, and the CO2 conversion and CO selectivity up to 41 % and 100 % at 420 °C, respectively. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most modification strategies of polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based solid polymer electrolyte focus on improving the room temperature ionic conductivity, while disregarding its inherent flammability that poses substantial safety hazard. Herein, a self‐extinguishing quasi‐solid‐state polymer electrolyte (PTTF‐SPE), which combines excellent room temperature electrochemical properties and high safety, has been developed by introducing triethyl phosphate (TEP) as a low‐cost and highly effective flame retardant. The cross‐linking structure derived from −CH2−CH2−O− segments of tetramethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) and PEO makes a contribution to a high amorphous state of polymer. A robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed by preferential decomposition of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) that acts as a film‐forming additive, which can prevent TEP from degradation at lithium metal anode. The optimized PTTF‐SPE exhibits high ionic conductivity (0.54×10−3 S/cm) and lithium transference number (0.71) at room temperature. The LiFePO4||Li battery demonstrates excellent cycle life over 500 cycles at 0.5 C with a high average discharge capacity of 131 mAh/g. A symmetric Li||Li battery that operating for 850 hours indicates a good compatibility of PTTF‐SPE towards lithium metal. This work provides a new idea for developing high‐energy‐density and high‐safety lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) for room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is a degenerative cartilage disease. 17β‐estradiol (E2) aggravates the pathological process of TMJOA; however, the mechanisms of its action have not been elucidated. Thus, we investigate the influence of E2 on the cellular biological behaviors of synoviocytes and the molecular mechanisms. Methods: Primary fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLSs) isolated from rats were treated with TNF‐α to establish cell model, and phenotypes were evaluated using cell counting kit‐8, EdU, Tanswell, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). The underlying mechanism of E2, FTO‐mediated NLRC5 m6A methylation, was assessed using microarray, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation, qPCR, and western blot. Moreover, TMJOA‐like rat model was established by intra‐articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), and bone morphology and pathology were assessed using micro‐CT and H&E staining. Results: The results illustrated that E2 facilitated the proliferation, migration, invasion, and inflammation of TNF‐α‐treated FLSs. FTO expression was downregulated in TMJOA and was reduced by E2 in FLSs. Knockdown of FTO promoted m6A methylation of NLRC5 and enhanced NLRC5 stability by IGF2BP1 recognition. Moreover, E2 promoted TMJ pathology and condyle remodeling, and increased bone mineral density and trabecular bone volume fraction, which was rescued by NLRC5 knockdown. Conclusion: E2 promoted the progression of TMJOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most hackneyed malignancies. Even patients with identical clinical symptoms and the same TNM stage still exhibit radically different clinical outcomes after receiving equivalent treatment regimens, indicating extensive heterogeneity of CRC. Myriad molecular subtypes of CRC have been exploited for decades, including the most compelling consensus molecular subtype (CMS) classification that has been broadly applied for patient stratification and biomarker‐drug combination formulation. Encountering barriers to clinical translation, however, CMS classification fails to fully reflect inter‐ or intra‐tumor heterogeneity of CRC. As a consequence, addressing heterogeneity and precisely managing CRC patients with unique characteristics remain arduous tasks for clinicians. Review: In this review, we systematically summarize molecular subtypes of CRC and further elaborate on their clinical applications, limitations, and future orientations. Conclusion: In recent years, exploration of subtypes through cell lines, animal models, patient‐derived xenografts (PDXs), organoids, and clinical trials contributes to refining biological insights and unraveling subtype‐specific therapies in CRC. Therapeutic interventions including nanotechnology, clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR‐associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), gut microbiome, and liquid biopsy are powerful tools with the possibility to shift the immunologic landscape and outlook for CRC precise medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production through water electrolysis is a viable method to reduce reliance on conventional energy sources. Nonetheless, water electrolysis necessitates using effective electrocatalysts to enhance the efficiency of converting electrical energy into chemical energy. Compared with the high cost of platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru)‐based materials show significant promise as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, a Ru cluster supported on a nitrogen‐doped carbon substrate containing an atomically dispersed nickel electrocatalyst is synthesized (NiRu‐NC). In NiRu‐NC electrocatalyst, Ru clusters act as primary active sites, while atomically dispersed Ni atoms act as auxiliary sites. The HER activity of Ru clusters is enhanced by modifying the electronic structure of Ru sites. This unique structure enhances the interaction between the Ru cluster and the substrate, showing excellent HER performance in an alkaline environment. The overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 is only 25 mV, and the Tafel slope is 29 mV dec−1. In continuous operation for 24 h, the overpotential value hardly rose, indicating exemplary stability behavior of the applied NiRu‐NC electrocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface structure and chemical properties of Y‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) have been subjects of intense debate over the past three decades. However, a thorough understanding of chemical processes occurring at YSZ powders faces significant challenges due to the absence of reliable reference data acquired for well‐controlled model systems. Here, we present results from polarization‐resolved infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) obtained for differently oriented, Y‐doped ZrO2 single‐crystal surfaces after exposure to CO and D2O. The IRRAS data reveal that the polar YSZ(100) surface undergoes reconstruction, characterized by an unusual, red‐shifted CO band at 2132 cm−1. Density functional theory calculations allowed to relate this unexpected observation to under‐coordinated Zr4+ cations in the vicinity of doping‐induced O vacancies. This reconstruction leads to a strongly increased chemical reactivity and water spontaneously dissociates on YSZ(100). The latter, which is an important requirement for catalysing the water‐gas‐shift (WGS) reaction, is absent for YSZ(111), where only associative adsorption was observed. Together with a novel analysis Scheme these reference data allowed for an operando characterisation of YSZ powders using DRIFTS (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy). These findings facilitate rational design and tuning of YSZ‐based powder materials for catalytic applications, in particular CO oxidation and the WGS reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Oberflächenstruktur und die chemischen Eigenschaften von Yttrium‐stabilisiertem Zirkoniumdioxid (YSZ) waren in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten Gegenstand intensiver Diskussionen. Ein umfassendes Verständnis der chemischen Prozesse, die bei YSZ‐Pulvern ablaufen, ist jedoch aufgrund der fehlenden Erhebung von zuverlässigen Referenzdaten für gut kontrollierte Modellsysteme mit erheblichen Herausforderungen verbunden. Wir stellen hier die Ergebnisse aus der polarisationsaufgelösten Infrarot‐Reflexions‐Absorptions‐Spektroskopie (IRRAS) vor, die für unterschiedlich orientierte, Yttrium‐dotierte ZrO2‐Einkristalloberflächen nach der Adsorption von CO und D2O erhalten wurden. Die IRRAS‐Daten zeigen, dass die polare YSZ(100)‐Oberfläche eine Rekonstruktion erfährt, die durch eine ungewöhnliche rotverschobene CO‐Bande bei 2132 cm−1 gekennzeichnet ist. Berechnungen gemäß der Dichtefunktionaltheorie ermöglichten es, diese unerwartete Beobachtung mit unterkoordinierten Zr4+‐Kationen in der Nähe der durch die Dotierung induzierten O‐Fehlstellen in Verbindung zu bringen. Diese Rekonstruktion führt zu einer stark erhöhten chemischen Reaktivität und zu einer spontanen Dissoziation von Wasser an YSZ(100). Letzteres, eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Katalyse der Wassergas‐Shift (WGS)‐Reaktion fehlt für YSZ(111), wo lediglich eine assoziative Adsorption beobachtet wurde. Zusammen mit einem neuartigen Analyseschema ermöglichten diese Referenzdaten eine operando‐Charakterisierung von YSZ‐Pulvern mithilfe der DRIFTS (Diffuse‐Reflexions‐Infrarot‐Fourier‐Transform‐Spektroskopie). Diese Erkenntnisse erleichtern das rationale Design und die Abstimmung von YSZ‐basierten Pulvermaterialien für katalytische Anwendungen, insbesondere für die CO‐Oxidation und die WGS‐Reaktion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive hydrogels have shown significant potential in the realm of flexible electronics; however, using water as a solvent introduces problems such as low‐temperature freezing and water loss. One possible solution to address these limitations is replacing water with deep eutectic solvents (DES). In this study, the PHEAA–gelatin–MXene (PGM) eutectogels are constructed with poly(N‐hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (PHEAA) and gelatin as the main components, and MXene nanosheets are added as nanofillers. The PGM eutectogels exhibit exceptional tensile and compressive mechanical properties, including remarkable stretchability (940%), high strength (0.5 MPa), high toughness (1.39 MJ m−3), and impressive compressive strength (0.3 MPa at 80% strain). Additionally, the PGM eutectogels demonstrate excellent adhesion, anti‐freezing, and long‐term anti‐drying abilities. Moreover, the PGM eutectogels multifunctional sensors allow high sensitivity, which enables accurate real‐time and stable monitoring of human activities over a wide temperature range. Consequently, the PGM eutectogels hold great potential as candidates in fields such as flexible wearable devices, personal healthcare, and human–machine interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of scientific research, the introduction of external physical methods not only adds extra freedom to the design of electro‐catalytical processes for green technologies but also effectively improves the reactivity of materials. Physical methods can adjust the intrinsic activity of materials and modulate the local environment at the solid‐liquid interface. In particular, this approach holds great promise in the field of electrocatalysis. Among them, the ultrasonic waves have shown reasonable control over the preparation of materials and the electrocatalytic process. However, the research on coupling ultrasonic waves and electrocatalysis is still early. The understanding of their mechanisms needs to be more comprehensive and deep enough. Firstly, this article extensively discusses the adhibition of the ultrasonic‐assisted preparation of metal‐based catalysts and their catalytic performance as electrocatalysts. The obtained metal‐based catalysts exhibit improved electrocatalytic performances due to their high surface area and more exposed active sites. Additionally, this article also points out some urgent unresolved issues in the synthesis of materials using ultrasonic waves and the regulation of electrocatalytic performance. Lastly, the challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed, providing new insights for improving the catalytic performance of transition metal‐based electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, converter steelmaking is the main method for steelmaking, the performance of bottom blowing and bath stirring would obviously affect the efficient and stable smelting of high‐quality clean steel. At present, the uniform bottom gas distribution mode is mostly applied in converter steelmaking, which would probably lead to unstable stirring performance and inadequate mixing at the later stage of furnace campaign. Therefore, a nonuniform bottom gas distribution mode is proposed herein, which intends to improve the mixing efficiency. The physical and numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the influence of gas flowrate, nozzle configurations, and bottom gas distribution mode on bath stirring and mixing. In the results, it is shown that the large and asymmetric circulation flow is formed due to the nonuniform gas distribution for each nozzle, which enhances stirring in the horizontal direction and ultimately improves mixing efficiency. Compared with the uniform gas distribution mode, when gas distribution ratio of nonuniform bottom blowing is 3:1, the mixing time is reduced by 29%, the average velocity of liquid steel is increased from 0.0342 to 0.0404 m s−1, the ratio of the dead zone is decreased by 26.23%, and the proportion of active flow region is added by 10.49%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed non‐skin cancer in women. To achieve early and accurate diagnosis, three‐dimensional (3D) cone‐beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) modalities are used. Importantly, the comparison of reconstruction accuracy of both CBBCT and DBT has rarely been investigated, thus constituting a research gap. This study systematically investigated the performances of the CBBCT and DBT for different reconstruction algorithms using both BR3D breast phantom and breast images. We acquired clinical breast images and scanned the BR3D phantom for additional breast images. These acquired images were used to simulate projection data using predefined CBBCT and DBT geometries. The simulated projections were reconstructed using five different reconstruction algorithms. To evaluate the reconstruction accuracy, we calculated average image quality assessment (IQA) indices, including peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), root mean square error (RMSE), and others, across different algorithms and modalities. The pooled PSNR, SSIM, and RMSE for DBT and CBBCT images are (31.6265 ± 0.8725), (0.9353 ± 0.0077), and (0.0270 ± 0.0025) and (29.7007 ± 0.9249), (0.9136 ± 0.0130), and (0.0342 ± 0.0040), which implies that the overall IQA indices of DBT are superior to CBBCT; therefore, DBT tends to reveal more BC detectability as the diagnosis outcome would largely depend on good quality images. The results show that DBT gives an improved result for all algorithms compared to CBBCT, although further experimental trials may be needed to establish the findings fully. The findings suggest that using DBT may enhance the accuracy of BC diagnosis compared to CBBCT due to its superior image quality in clinical practice, emphasizing the importance of selecting optimal reconstruction algorithms for improved diagnostic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In order to investigate the correlation between the pore size distribution of biomass activated carbon adsorbents (BACAs) and VOCs (volatile organic compounds) adsorption/desorption performance. Four BACAs with same specific surface area but different pore size distribution were prepared under different experimental conditions and processes. RESULTS: The impact of the pore size distribution of BACAs on the adsorption/desorption performance of benzene, toluene and xylene was investigated. The results indicated that the adsorption ability of the prepared BACAs for benzene, toluene and xylene was mostly affected by the pore sizes distributed in the 2.60 ~ 3.25, 2.68 ~ 3.35and 4.20 ~ 4.90 nm ranges, respectively, when the studied BACAs had similar specific surface area (SBET ≈ 1080 m2 g−1). However, the desorption amount of adsorbed benzene molecules mainly relied on the pore structures of BACAs having pore sizes in the 3.95 ~ 4.60 nm range. CONCLUSION: The pore structures of BACAs distributed in different pore size ranges have various effects on the phenyl VOCs adsorption capacity. Benzene adsorption on the BACAs was mainly affected by the microporous structures. The pore structure with larger pore size was more favorable for the desorption of the adsorbed toluene and xylene molecules compared to the adsorbed benzene molecules. Benzene, toluene and xylene had low residual rates in the studied activated carbon adsorbents attesting to their superior regenerative properties. This work could provide an important reference for the design, preparation, and selection of activated carbon adsorbents for the adsorption capacity of benzene, toluene and xylene. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amino acid substitutions in Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase 2 (KPC‐2) that have arisen in the clinic are observed to lead to the development of resistance to ceftazidime‐avibactam, a preferred treatment for KPC bearing Gram‐negative bacteria. Specific substitutions in the omega loop (R164‐D179) result in changes in the structure and function of the enzyme, leading to alterations in substrate specificity, decreased stability, and more recently observed, increased resistance to ceftazidime/avibactam. Using accelerated rare‐event sampling well‐tempered metadynamics simulations, we explored in detail the structural role of R164 and D179 variants that are described to confer ceftazidime/avibactam resistance. The buried conformation of D179 substitutions produce a pronounced structural disorder in the omega loop ‐ more than R164 mutants, where the crystallographic omega loop structure remains mostly intact. Our findings also reveal that the conformation of N170 plays an underappreciated role impacting drug binding and restricting deacylation. The results further support the hypothesis that KPC‐2 D179 variants employ substrate‐assisted catalysis for ceftazidime hydrolysis, involving the ring amine of the aminothiazole group to promote deacylation and catalytic turnover. Moreover, the shift in the WT conformation of N170 contributes to reduced deacylation and an altered spectrum of enzymatic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mathematics homework is highly prevalent in East Asia. Teachers and parents expect mathematics homework to improve students' performance; however, studies have not clearly defined the effectiveness of the assignment of different amounts of homework. Aims: This study analyses the differential effect of homework amount on various facets of Chinese students' mathematics achievement using a longitudinal design. It aims, thereby, to contribute to the existing knowledge of homework effectiveness and mathematics learning and to provide insights for student development. Sample: The sample included 2383 grade 9 students from a mid‐sized city with a moderate level of economic and educational development in central China. Methods: We administered a student‐reported questionnaire, collected school reports of mathematics achievements to track retrospective longitudinal variations in mathematics over half a year and analysed the differential effectiveness of homework on mathematics achievement at four hierarchical cognitive levels with Hierarchical Linear Model. Results: The results indicated that assigning more homework at the class level could enhance students' mathematics achievement at a low cognitive level, although this effectiveness tended to disappear when the set homework time reached about 1.5–2 h. We did not find evidence that assigning more homework enhances students' mathematics achievement at higher cognitive levels. Conclusions: Overall, this study provides evidence on the effectiveness of homework and offers implications for educational practice and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal nanoclusters possess excellent electrochemical, optical, and catalytic properties, but correlating these properties remains challenging, which is the foundation to generate electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Herein, we report for the first time that a structurally determined Pt1Ag18 nanocluster generates intense ECL and simultaneously enhances the ECL of carbon dots (CDs) via an electrocatalytic effect. Pt1Ag18 nanocluster show aggregation‐induced emission enhancement and aggregation‐induced ECL enhancement under light and electrochemical stimulation, respectively. In the presence of tripropylamine (TPrA) as a coreactant, solid Pt1Ag18 shows unprecedented ECL efficiency, which is more than nine times higher than that of 1 mM Ru(bpy)32+ with the same TPrA concentration. Potential‐resolved ECL spectra reveal two ECL emission bands in the presence of TPrA. The ECL emission centered at 650 nm is assigned to the solid Pt1Ag18 nanocluster, consistent with the peak wavelength in self‐annihilation ECL and photoluminescence of the solid state. The ECL emission centered at 820 nm is assigned to the CDs on the glassy carbon electrode. The electrocatalytic effect of the nanoclusters enhanced the ECL of the CDs by a factor of more than 180 in comparison to that without nanoclusters. Based on the combined optical and electrochemical results, the ECL generation pathways and mechanisms of Pt1Ag18 and CDs are proposed. These findings are extremely promising for designing multifunctional nanocluster luminophores with strong emissions and developing ratiometric sensing devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved organic sulfur (DOS) is an important component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and widely exists at the land‐atmosphere interface. However, the characterization of DOS at the molecular level among different environmental samples in coastal regions has not been sufficiently focused. Here, we investigated DOS in aerosol, rainwater, and river water samples in Shanghai using an improved method–online liquid chromatography coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LC‐FT‐ICR MS). This system is utilized to separate DOS from complicated environmental matrices. The results showed that the average relative abundance of DOS in three different environmental media (aerosol, rainwater, and river water samples) accounted for 16.8%, 21.9% and 13.1%, respectively. The common molecules of the three mediums in coastal Shanghai contain an abundance of aromatic and aliphatic DOS of anthropogenic origin in addition to the natural sources of sea spray. Notably, results from a new structural classification scheme for DOS demonstrate that anthropogenic sulfonates and their derivatives are widely spread, although their molecular diversity in different medium was recorded due to complex environmental conditions and diverse sources. Plain Language Summary: Ion suppression of abundant non‐sulfur containing species hinders the detection of dissolved organic sulfur species by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. A newly developed method is proposed to evaluate organic sulfur‐containing compounds at the molecular level using an online liquid chromatography coupled to ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry, which was applied to aerosol, rainwater, and river water samples in Shanghai. Our study suggests that the novel method allows a detailed investigation of organic sulfur‐containing compounds and provides molecular evidence of the ubiquitous presence of anthropogenic DOS in the ambient environment. Key Points: The ubiquity of natural and anthropogenic dissolved organic sulfur was observed at the water‐atmosphere interfaceNatural dissolved organic sulfur at the coastal water‐atmosphere interface is mainly from sea spray‐based biological sourcesOnline liquid chromatography coupled to FT‐ICR Mass Spectrometry is an ideal system to separate dissolved organic sulfur [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research examined whether Mandarin‐speaking children could use function words to learn novel verbs and recognize verbs in a new sentential context. In Experiment 1, 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children were taught two novel verbs supported by the verb marker "zài." The 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children successfully used the function word "zài" to learn novel verbs, but the 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds failed to interpret the novel words as verbs. In Experiment 2 and 3, the children had to recognize the newly learned verbs in new sentences containing a different function word (a different verb‐biased marker "le" or a non‐verb‐biased marker "shì"). Results showed that the 5‐year‐old children could recognize the newly learned verbs with another verb‐biased marker "le," but only the 6‐year‐old children could recognize the newly learned verbs with the non‐verb‐biased marker "shì." The study verified that Mandarin‐speaking children could use the function word "zài" to determine a novel word as a verb and revealed that such an ability appeared between the ages of 4 and 5 years. In addition, the ability to extend a newly learned verb across different morphosyntactic markers is developed in 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of highly emissive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores has long been a goal for both understanding mechanism and advancing detection applications. In this study, we employ ligand engineering to boost the ECL performance of bimetallic Au12Ag13 nanoclusters, substituting the PPh3 ligand with P(Ph‐OMe)3. The results demonstrate a 3.6‐fold enhancement in ECL efficiency following ligand exchange when compared to Au12Ag13‐PPh3, particularly in the presence of 1 mM tri‐n‐propylamine (TPrA) as a coreactant – surpassing the performance of the conventional Ru(bpy)32+ luminophore. Voltammetric analysis reveals the presence of both oxidative and reductive ECL signals under sweeping potentials, with corresponding ECL spectra collected. Proposed ECL mechanisms are rooted in the anodic and cathodic activities of Au12Ag13‐P(Ph‐OMe)3 nanoclusters. Notably, this work captures extremely high and transient ECL signals, sequentially activating LUMO and HOMO states, reminiscent of the behavior observed in Au12Ag13‐PPh3. Our findings present a promising strategy to enhance the ECL of metal nanoclusters, holding potential for further applications in sensing and detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single atom catalysts had been widely used in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the relationship between local coordination environment and catalytic activity were unclear. In this work, the effect of N‐defect and axial halogen atoms on electrocatalytic OER/ORR activity of FeN4 catalysts were investigated by density functional theory calculations (DFT). When the overpotential was the only criterion, FeN3Br was the optimal candidates for OER, followed by FeN3F, FeN4I, FeN4Cl and FeN4Br; FeN4I, FeN4Br and FeN4Cl were also the promising candidates for ORR. FeN4I, FeN4Br and FeN4Cl may be excellent ORR catalysts in an acidic media because of the low overpotential and reaction barrier of kinetics rate limiting step. In summary, N‐defect and axial halogen atoms can effectively balance kinetics, thermodynamics and catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the environmental issues caused by discarded panels, this work demonstrates a novel high performance near‐infrared detachable polarizer (NIR‐POL). The adhesive used in NIR‐POL incorporated infrared‐sensitive materials and acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive modification techniques. The NIR‐POL exhibits adhesion properties and reliability that meet the panel requirements. Disassembling the 32‐inch panel takes only 2.5 minutes using the constructed automated NIR polarizer removal equipment, leaving no residue on the panel. This technology facilitates reworking, recycling, and reutilization for display green manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions Nanofertilisers can enhance the efficiency of nutrient utilization in crop production. Nevertheless, it is unclear how soil microbial and enzyme activities are affected by the application of nanofertilisers to wheat inter‐root soil.The study aims to investigate the influences of nanocarbon (NC) and nano‐calcium carbonate (NCC) on soil enzyme activities and microbial community in the open field setting.The effects of nanofertilisers on soil wheat rhizosphere soil were studied through the evaluation of soil microbial quantity, enzyme activity, and microbial diversity.The findings revealed that the combined utilization of nanofertilizers and compound fertilizers (CF) led to an augmentation in the diversity of the soil microbial community. When comparing the effects of 100% composite nanofertilizers (100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC) with the control (CK) (100% CF), it was observed that the activities of urease (EC 3.5.1.5), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), sucrase (EC.3.2.1.26), as well as the number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, increased by 22.4%, 7.7%, 17.8%, 9.3%, 35.9%, 27.7%, and 26.0%, respectively. Similarly, the employment of 70% composite nanofertilizers (70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC) also resulted in an enhancement of these aforementioned indicators. The magnitude of increase over the 100% CF was 19.0%, 6.6%, 13.6%, 6.2%, 26.8%, 21.3%, and 23.5%, respectively. Notably, there was no significant difference observed between 100% CF + 50% NC + 50 % NCC and 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC within the 0–35 d after anthesis. Furthermore, both 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC and 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC contributed to an improvement in the species uniformity and operational taxonomic unit abundance of wheat rhizosphere microorganisms, while also increasing the abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria compared to the CK. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria was found to be elevated in the nanomaterials‐treated groups, both at 0–7 d and 14–21 d after anthesis, and positively correlated with soil enzyme activities and soil microbial populations.These results indicate that the application of composite nanofertilizers can enhance the soil microenvironment in wheat fields, particularly under reduced fertilization conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about antibody responses to natural Omicron infection and the risk factors for poor responders in patients with hematological malignancies (HM). We conducted a multicenter, prospective cohort study during the latest Omicron wave in Chongqing, China, aiming to compare the antibody responses, as assessed by IgG levels of anti‐receptor binding domain of spike protein (anti‐S‐RBD), to Omicron infection in the HM cohort (HMC) with healthy control cohort (HCC), and solid cancer cohort (SCC). In addition, we intend to explore the risk factors for poor responders in the HMC. Among the 466 HM patients in this cohort, the seroconversion rate was 92.7%, no statistically difference compared with HCC (98.2%, p = 0.0513) or SCC (100%, p = 0.1363). The median anti‐S‐RBD IgG titer was 29.9 ng/mL, significantly lower than that of HCC (46.9 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) or SCC (46.2 ng/mL, p < 0.0001). Risk factors associated with nonseroconversion included no COVID‐19 vaccination history (odds ratio [OR] = 4.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.75–12.00, p = 0.002), clinical course of COVID‐19 ≤ 7 days (OR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.31–6.25, p = 0.008) and severe B‐cell reduction (0–10/μL) (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.32–7.88, p = 0.010). Risk factors associated with low anti‐S‐RBD IgG titer were clinical course of COVID‐19 ≤ 7 days (OR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.59–4.18, p < 0.001) and severe B‐cell reduction (0–10/μL) (OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.57–5.24, p < 0.001). This study reveals a poor antibody responses to Omicron (BA.5.2.48) infection in HM patients and identified risk factors for poor responders. Highlights that HM patients, especially those with these risk factors, may be susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 reinfection, and the postinfection vaccination strategies for these patients should be tailored. Clinical trial: ChiCTR2300071830. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the role of FOXC1 (Forkhead Box C1) in regulating immune response genes and the tumor microenvironment in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). The study found that FOXC1 can suppress the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a proinflammatory cytokine, by interfering with the interaction between the NF-κB transcription factor and the IL-1β promoter. FOXC1 overexpression also attenuated the expression of other inflammation-associated genes. These findings suggest that FOXC1 may have anti-inflammatory properties in cancer cells and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor immunosuppression. [Extracted from the article]

Mechanical cues play a crucial role in activating myofibroblasts from quiescent fibroblasts during fibrosis, and the stiffness of the extracellular matrix is of significant importance in this process. While intracellular force mediated by myosin II and calcium influx regulated by Piezo1 are the primary mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to mechanical forces, their intercellular mechanical interaction remains to be elucidated. Here, hydrogels with tunable substrate are used to systematically investigate the crosstalk of myosin II and Piezo1 in fibroblast to myofibroblast transition (FMT). The findings reveal that the two distinct signaling pathways are integrated to convert mechanical stiffness signals into biochemical signals during bladder‐specific FMT. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the crosstalk between myosin II and Piezo1 sensing mechanisms synergistically establishes a sustained feed‐forward loop that contributes to chromatin remodeling, induces the expression of downstream target genes, and ultimately exacerbates FMT, in which the intracellular force activates Piezo1 by PI3K/PIP3 pathway‐mediated membrane tension and the Piezo1‐regulated calcium influx enhances intracellular force by the classical FAK/RhoA/ROCK pathway. Finally, the multifunctional Piezo1 in the complex feedback circuit of FMT drives to further identify that targeting Piezo1 as a therapeutic option for ameliorating bladder fibrosis and dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar‐driven interface evaporation is one of the most promising technologies for desalination and wastewater purification. However, in the ebb and flow of the tide, water absorbed in the hydrophilic evaporator bottom would significantly change, leading to the shape deformation of the system and further failure of solar steam generation. Here it is reported that the moisture‐thermal stable and superhydrophilic alumina‐based ceramics can be fabricated by a selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing strategy. The printed alumina‐based ceramics possess superhydrophilicity. Along the side surface of the printed sample, a 5 µL water droplet can be fast absorbed in 14 ms. Most importantly, they can maintain stable and high evaporation efficiency even after being dried out for ten times, demonstrating the excellent physical resistance to continuous moisture‐thermal transition. Finally, the "I‐shaped" evaporators are printed with salt‐resistant ability, which can maintain a steady high evaporation efficiency in seawater and 20 wt% brine for long‐term steam generation process. The moisture‐thermal stable alumina‐based ceramics prepared in this work will provide inspiration for stable solar steam generation materials, and expand the development of 3D printing functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of high energy density while achieving long cycle life remains a challenge in developing transition metal (TM) oxide cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Here, we present a concept of precisely manipulating structural evolution via local coordination chemistry regulation to design high‐performance composite cathode materials. The controllable structural evolution process is realized by tuning magnesium content in Na0.6Mn1−xMgxO2, which is elucidated by a combination of experimental analysis and theoretical calculations. The substitution of Mg into Mn sites not only induces a unique structural evolution from layered–tunnel structure to layered structure but also mitigates the Jahn–Teller distortion of Mn3+. Meanwhile, benefiting from the strong ionic interaction between Mg2+ and O2−, local environments around O2− coordinated with electrochemically inactive Mg2+ are anchored in the TM layer, providing a pinning effect to stabilize crystal structure and smooth electrochemical profile. The layered–tunnel Na0.6Mn0.95Mg0.05O2 cathode material delivers 188.9 mAh g−1 of specific capacity, equivalent to 508.0 Wh kg−1 of energy density at 0.5C, and exhibits 71.3% of capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 5C as well as excellent compatibility with hard carbon anode. This work may provide new insights of manipulating structural evolution in composite cathode materials via local coordination chemistry regulation and inspire more novel design of high‐performance SIB cathode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the hourly rainfall gauge data and ERA5 reanalysis for the period 1980–2020, typical synoptic patterns responsible for summer regional hourly extreme precipitation events (RHEPE) over the middle and lower Yangtze River basin have been objectively identified using a circulation clustering method. It is found that the Meiyu front with different locations and intensities imbedded in the East Asian summer monsoon, and landfalling typhoons are the leading contributors. As the dominant synoptic pattern, the Meiyu front pattern is associated with ∼92% of the total RHEPE occurrence and can be categorized into a southerly strong‐Meiyu type and a northerly weak‐Meiyu type. The RHEPE occurrence shows a predominant morning peak associated with the southerly strong‐Meiyu type and a secondary late afternoon peak related to the northerly weak‐Meiyu type, in which the Meiyu front is pushed northward by the strengthened western North Pacific subtropical high accompanied by accelerated low‐level southwesterly flow. Plain Language Summary: Using ERA5 reanalysis and hourly gauge rainfall measurements in summers of 1980–2020, this study investigates the driving mechanisms and temporal variation of summer regional hourly extreme rainfall events over the middle and lower Yangtze River basin. Typical synoptic patterns responsible for the summer regional hourly rainfall extremes are objectively identified using spectral clustering analysis. The Meiyu front with different locations and intensities imbedded in East Asian summer monsoon and the landfalling typhoons are the synoptic patterns leading to the regional hourly rainfall extremes. The diurnal twin peaks (morning and late afternoon) in the occurrence of regional hourly rainfall extremes are related to the Meiyu front with different locations and intensities. The results from this investigation may help improve the prediction and climate risk assessment of regional extreme rainfall events. Key Points: The Meiyu front imbedded in the East Asian summer monsoon and landfalling typhoons are the leading contributors of summer regional hourly extreme precipitation events (RHEPE) over middle and lower Yangtze River basinThe Meiyu front pattern can be sorted into a southerly type with strong Meiyu front and a northerly type with weak Meiyu frontThe northerly weak Meiyu front pattern with active convection contributes the most to the afternoon diurnal peak of RHEPE occurrence [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccines based on tumour‐specific antigens are a promising approach for immunotherapy. However, the clinical efficacy of tumour‐specific antigens is still challenging. Twelve conjugates with self‐assembly properties were designed and synthesized using MAGE‐A1 peptide and TLR2 agonist, combined with different covalent bonds. All the developed conjugates formed spherical nanoparticles with a diameter of approximately 150 nm, and enhanced the efficacy of the peptide vaccines with the better targeting of lymph nodes. All the conjugates could well bind to serum albumin and improve the plasma stability of the individual antigenic peptides. In particular, conjugate 6 (N‐Ac PamCS‐M‐6) had a more significant ability to promote dendritic cell maturation, CD8+ T cell activation, and subsequent killing of tumour cells, with an in vivo tumour inhibition rate of 70 ± 2.9%. The interaction between specific response and the different conjugation modes was further explored, thereby providing a fundamental basis for novel immune anti‐tumour molecular platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hot compression tests of medium carbon V and V–Ti microalloyed steels are carried out at the temperature of 900–1100 °C and strain rate of 0.01–10 s−1. Three physical constitutive models based on creep theory are studied, the prediction accuracy is compared and analyzed by employing the correlation coefficient (R) and average absolute relative error (AARE), and the deformation/diffusion mechanisms are discussed. The results show that Ti has obvious hardening effect in V microalloyed steel and retards the onset of dynamic recrystallization. The physical constitutive model containing the theoretical value of creep exponent 5 can accurately describe the hot flow behavior of both steels, the prediction accuracy of which is comparable to that of the model containing exponent n, reflecting that the dominant deformation mechanism of both steels is dislocation climbing. Furthermore, a modified physical constitutive model combining diffusion mechanisms of lattice diffusion and grain boundary diffusion shows higher accuracy (R = 0.996, AARE = 3.81% of V steel and R = 0.994, AARE = 4.52% of V–Ti steel), indicating that the diffusion mechanism is controlled not only by lattice diffusion but also by grain boundary diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural spider silks with striking performances achieve extensive investigations. Nonetheless, a lack of consensus over the mechanism of the natural spinning hinders the development of artificial spinning methods where the regenerated spider silks generally show poor performances compared with the natural fibers. As is known, the Plateau–Rayleigh instability tends to break solution column into droplets and is considered a main challenge during fiber‐spinning. Here in this study, by harnessing the viscoelastic properties of the regenerated spidroin dope solution via organic salt–zinc acetate (ZA), this outcome can be avoided, and dry‐spinning of long and mechanically robust regenerated spider silk ribbons can be successfully realized. The as‐obtained dry‐spun spider silk ribbons show an enhanced modulus up to 14 ± 4 GPa and a toughness of ≈51 ± 9 MJ m−3 after the post‐stretching treatment, which is even better than that of the pristine spider silk fibers. This facile and flexible strategy enriches the spinning methodologies which bypass the bottleneck of precisely mimicking the complex natural environment of the glands in spiders, shining a light to the spider‐silk‐based textile industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic, devastating disease primarily occurring in premature infants. To date, intervention strategies to prevent or treat BPD are limited. We aimed to determine the effects of umbilical cord blood‐derived exosomes (UCB‐EXOs) from healthy term pregnancies on hyperoxia‐induced lung injury and to identify potential targets for BPD intervention. A mouse model of hyperoxia‐induced lung injury was created by exposing neonatal mice to hyperoxia after birth until the 14th day post birth. Age‐matched neonatal mice were exposed to normoxia as the control. Hyperoxia‐induced lung injury mice were intraperitoneally injected with UCB‐EXO or vehicle daily for 3 days, starting on day 4 post birth. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were insulted with hyperoxia to establish an in vitro model of BPD to investigate angiogenesis dysfunction. Our results showed that UCB‐EXO alleviated lung injuries in hyperoxia‐insulted mice by reducing histopathological grade and collagen contents in the lung tissues. UCB‐EXO also promoted vascular growth and increased miR‐185‐5p levels in the lungs of hyperoxia‐insulted mice. Additionally, we found that UCB‐EXO elevated miR‐185‐5p levels in HUVECs. MiR‐185‐5p overexpression inhibited cell apoptosis, whereas promoted cell migration in HUVECs exposed to hyperoxia. The luciferase reporter assay results revealed that miR‐185‐5p directly targeted cyclin‐dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), which was downregulated in the lungs of hyperoxia‐insulted mice. Together, these data suggest that UCB‐EXO from healthy term pregnancies protect against hyperoxia‐induced lung injuries via promoting neonatal pulmonary angiogenesis partially by elevating miR‐185‐5p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chromosomal heterogeneity leads to the abnormal expression and mutation of tumor‐specific genes. Drugs targeting oncogenes have been extensively developed. However, given the random mutation of tumor suppressor genes, the development of its targeted drugs is difficult. Methods: Our early research revealed that artificial circular single‐stranded DNA (CSSD) can restore multiple tumor suppressor genes to inhibit tumor malignant progression by adsorbing miRNA. Here, we improved CSSD to a fully closed single‐stranded DNA with G quadruplex DNA secondary structure (G4‐CSSD), which made G4‐CSSD with higher acquisition rate and decreased degradation. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Human Protein Atlas database were used to predict tumour suppressor genes in colon cancer. Cellular and animal experiments were performed to validate the role of G4‐CSSD in cancer cell progression. Results: In colon cancer, we observed the simultaneous low expressions of chloride channel accessory 1 (CLCA1), UDP‐GlcNAc:betaGal beta‐1,3‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase 6 (B3GNT6) and UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member A3 (UGT2A3), which indicated an favourable prognosis. After repressing miR‐590‐3p with G4‐CSSD590, the upregulation of CLCA1, B3GNT6 and UGT2A3 inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of colon cancer cells. Conclusions: This study may provide basis for new treatment methods for colon cancer by restoration of tumor suppressor genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large‐scale use of fossil fuels had resulted in massive emission of CO2 and a series of serious environmental problems, which directly threatening human survival and sustainable development. CO2 is also the abundant carbon resource in C1 family. CO2 catalytic hydrogenation to CH4 is one of the effective ways to ultilize CO2 with low energy and high efficiency, which has been widely concerned in recent years. Suppoted nano‐Co/CeO2‐δ catalysts were prepared and evaluated their CO2 hydrogenation performances. XRD, H2‐TPR, H2‐TPD and CO2‐TPD had been conducted to study the physicochemical properties of the prepared Co/CeO2‐δ catalysts. The Co loading significantly affects the physicochemical properties and CO2 hydrogenation performances. The active metal Co species were highly diepersed on the CeO2 support surface. The number of active metal Co species, which formed by H2 reduction, increased with the increasing of Co loading. And the ability to adsorb and activate the reactant H2 and CO2 molecules was also enhanced, which effectively promoted the CO2 hydrogenation performances. Among of the studied Co/CeO2‐δ catalysts, the CoCe09 catalyst with Co loading of 9 % showed the best CO2 catalytic hydrogenation activity. In the reaction temperature of 240–400 °C, the CO2 conversion and CH4 selectivity follow the order: CoCe01

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite (HOIP) ferroelectrics with high Curie temperature (Tc), typified by the lead halide hybrid perovskite ferroelectrics, are developing rapidly owing to their maneuverable ferroelectricity at high temperatures. However, acquiring high‐Tc lead‐free HOIP ferroelectrics via rational strategy still needs development. In this study, a brand‐new program by modulating the steric confinement in a cuplike cavity to design high‐Tc bismuth‐halide ferroelectrics [H2mdap]BiX5 (H2mdap = N‐Methyl‐1,3‐Propanediamine, X = Cl (1), Br (2), I(3)) is proposed. Emphatically, the Tc enhanced dramatically from 264 K of 3 to 318 K of 2 and 377 K of 1, induced by the substitution of Br and Cl to I, accompanied with an interesting transition from second‐order phase transition (for 3) to the first‐order one (for 1 and 2). The extent of Tc increase is up to 113 K, which far outweighs that of reported Pb‐halide hybrid ferroelectrics. Structural and computational analyses elucidate that this unprecedented improvement of Tc is due to the higher phase transition energy barriers induced by modulating the steric confinement of cuplike cavity via halogen substitution. These results will provide new inspiration for designing high‐Tc lead‐free HOIP ferroelectrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered transition metal oxide (NaxTMO2), being one of the most promising cathode candidates for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), have attracted intensive interest because of their nontoxicity, high theoretical capacities, and easy manufacturability. However, their physical and electrochemical properties of water sensitivity, sluggish Na+ transport kinetics, and irreversible multiple‐phase translations hinder the practical application. Here, a concept of surface lattice‐matched engineering is proposed based on in situ spinel interfacial reconstruction to design a spinel coating P2/P3 heterostructure cathode material with enhanced air stability, rate, and cycle performance. The novel structure and its formation process are verified by transmission electron microscopy and in situ high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction. The electrode exhibits an excellent rate performance with the highly reversible phase transformation demonstrated by in situ charging/discharging X‐ray diffraction. Additionally, even after a rigorous water sensitivity test, the electrode materials still retain almost the same superior electrochemical performance as the fresh sample. The results show that the surface spinel phase can play a vital role in preventing the ingress of water molecules, improving transport kinetics, and enhancing structural integrity for NaxTMO2 cathodes. The concept of surface lattice‐matched engineering based on in situ spinel interfacial reconstruction will be helpful for designing new ultra‐stable cathode materials for high‐performance SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing abrasion‐resistant superhydrophobic matters is challenging due to the fragile feature of the introduced micro‐/nanoscale surface roughness. Besides the long‐term durability, large scale at meter level, and 3D complex structures are of great importance for the superhydrophobic objects used across diverse industries. Here it is shown that abrasion‐resistant, half‐a‐meter scaled superhydrophobic objects can be one‐step realized by the selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing technology using hydrophobic‐fumed‐silica (HFS)/polymer composite grains. The HFS grains serve as the hydrophobic guests while the sintered polymeric network provides the mechanical strength, leading to low‐adhesion, intrinsic superhydrophobic objects with desired 3D structures. It is found that as‐printed structures remained anti‐wetting capabilities even after undergoing different abrasion tests, including knife cutting test, rude file grinding test, 1000 cycles of sandpaper friction test, tape test and quicksand impacting test, illustrating their abrasion‐resistant superhydrophobic stability. This strategy is applied to manufacture a shell of the unmanned aerial vehicle and an abrasion‐resistant superhydrophobic shoe, showing the industrial customization of large‐scale superhydrophobic objects. The findings thus provide insight for designing intrinsic superhydrophobic objects via the SLS 3D printing strategy that might find use in drag‐reduce, anti‐fouling, or other industrial fields in harsh operating environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical synthesis of ammonia is a sustainable green ammonia synthesis technology. The core reaction involved in this process‐the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a slow kinetic reaction, which requires efficient catalysts to improve the ammonia yield rate. A series of UiO‐66‐NH2/CNT‐X (X=0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 g) electrocatalysts with different carbon nanotube (CNT) content were synthesized by hydrothermal method. UiO‐66‐NH2/CNT‐0.15 with appropriate CNT content has the highest NH3 yield of 1.85×10−10 mol cm−2 s−1 (22.644 μg h−1 mgcat−1) at −0.3 V (vs. RHE), and the Faradaic efficiency (FE) is 37.78 %. The main reason is that the conductivity of CNT improves the charge transfer efficiency and ensures the effective electron conduction path of the catalyst. Besides, CNT in UiO‐66‐NH2/CNT‐X composite material inhibits the aggregation of UiO‐66‐NH2 particles, exposes more active sites and reduces the particle size of UiO‐66‐NH2. So, the synergistic effect between UiO‐66‐NH2 particles and CNT improves the ammonia yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]