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Objectives: Rhinoscleroma is classically described as a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis which primarily affects the nose and nasopharynx. When present, tracheal manifestations will be seen late in the disease course rather than on initial presentation. We describe a rare case of nonendemic rhinoscleroma that presented with tracheal lesions as an initial manifestation of disease. Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: An 88‐year‐old male presented with longstanding dysphonia. Flexible laryngoscopy demonstrated a septal perforation and diffuse glottic lesions. CT neck demonstrated a nonobstructive polypoid tracheal lesion and mucosal thickening of the paranasal sinuses. Biopsy confirmed an atypical lympho‐histiocytic proliferation and microorganisms within macrophages on Grocott methenamine silver and Steiner stains consistent with rhinoscleroma. He was referred for rheumatology and pulmonology consultation. Conclusion: Systemic diseases rarely affect the trachea, and even less frequently is a tracheal lesion identified as the initial manifestation of disease. The most common systemic diseases that affect the trachea include relapsing polychondritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, amyloidosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The literature surrounding nasolaryngotracheal rhinoscleroma is limited, especially in nonendemic areas. It is necessary to include unusual etiologies of airway lesions in the differential diagnosis, which warrants comprehensive airway evaluation including biopsy. Level of Evidence: 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Hematologic malignancy involving the trachea is rare. It is even less common for tracheal involvement to be the initial manifestation of this disease. We present a case report highlighting an unusual diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that first presented with prominent tracheal manifestations. There have been only three other published case reports of extramedullary AML with involvement of the trachea. Methods: We discuss direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy findings, including pinkish‐white irregular lesions, which were similar to findings described in the available literature for tracheal AML. Results: Laboratory findings from our case are reported, including peripheral smear demonstrating 57% blasts and bone marrow biopsy confirming the diagnosis of AML, and the relevance of these findings is discussed. Conclusion: In patients with unusual airway lesions, laboratory testing and a comprehensive airway evaluation including biopsy are necessary to narrow the differential diagnosis. Level of Evidence: 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) of the larynx is a rare disease with few cases reported in the literature. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of laryngeal KS, including patient characteristics, treatment, and clinical outcomes. Data Sources: PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library. Review Methods: A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted. An electronic search and bibliographic examination of articles pertaining to laryngeal KS were performed. Demographic data, tumor site, treatment strategies, follow‐up, and outcome were analyzed. Results: A total 77 cases from 50 articles were included in the review. The mean age was 47.6 years (range, 8‐81). There was an 8.6:1 male:female ratio. The most common presenting symptoms were dyspnea (n = 35) and hoarseness (n = 25). Laryngeal KS arose most frequently in the supraglottic region (n = 16). Chemotherapy alone (n = 27) was the most common treatment modality in patients with AIDS‐associated KS, and surgical excision alone (n = 7) was most common in patients with other subtypes of KS (eg, classic, transplant associated). Average follow‐up was 20.4 months (range, 0.75‐120). Most patients with AIDS‐associated KS died of other causes (n = 25), but most patients with other subtypes of KS were alive with no evidence of disease at follow‐up (n = 13). Conclusion: This review contains the largest pool of laryngeal KS cases to date. Long‐term outcomes were generally unfavorable, often due to advanced HIV disease at the time of diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]