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Aim Methodology Results Conclusions To assess Spanish dentists' management preferences for deep caries removal and exposed pulps in permanent teeth.A web‐based open and anonymous survey was distributed by social media and a specific website for this project amongst dentists practicing in Spain. The questionnaire comprised 40 questions, divided into five sections: (1) demographic data and professional activity; (2) carious tissue removal; (3) decision‐making regarding pulp exposure; (4) direct pulp capping and (5) pulpotomy procedures in permanent teeth. Results were descriptively analysed. Logistic regression (95% CI) analyses and X2 tests were carried out.A total of 538 responses were received. Half the respondents (53.7%) preferred to perform complete caries excavation for shallow and moderate carious dentin lesions, and selective excavation to firm dentin for deep lesions (57.8%). Selective removal to soft dentin and stepwise removal were much less indicated (15.4% and 10.9%, respectively). Exposed pulps in asymptomatic teeth were treated by direct pulp capping (over 80%), decreasing in the presence of reversible pulpitis symptoms (57.1%). If irreversible pulpitis was diagnosed, a pulpectomy would be performed by 53.5% and 89.9% of the respondents in, respectively, immature and mature teeth. Pulpotomy was performed routinely only by 26.4% of the clinicians. Patients' attitudes and priorities were the most relevant criteria when performing direct pulp capping and pulpotomy, together with the history of pain and the presence of bleeding. Regarding the clinical procedure, dry cotton was preferred to obtain haemostasis and Biodentine was the material of election.Caries removal preferences and management of pulp exposure by dentists practicing in Spain deviated from vital pulp treatment guidelines, mainly regarding indications and case selection. Pulp exposure was managed by direct pulp capping in asymptomatic cases, whilst immature permanent molars favoured the indication of pulpotomy when pulpitis was diagnosed. Most clinicians used hydraulic calcium silicate cement, specifically Biodentine, to perform vital pulp treatments. Postgraduate formation and continuing education in caries lesions management and vital pulp treatments were consistently related to more conservative and updated decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the penetration of hydrogen peroxide (HP) into the pulp chamber and the color change of different bleaching varnishes in low concentrations used for at‐home bleaching. Materials and Methods: Ninety healthy premolars were used, randomly distributed into nine groups (n = 10) according to bleaching varnish (PL, PolaLuminate; VS, VivaStyle Paint On Plus; CA, Cavex Bite&White whitening pen and; AW AlignerWhite) and time (10 and 30 min), and a control group (no bleaching). The penetration of HP was evaluated by UV–Vis spectroscopy. To evaluate the color change (ΔEab, ΔE00, ΔWID) a digital spectrophotometer was used (α = 0.05). Results: The AW group in 10 min and the control group showed similar and lower HP penetration in the pulp chamber when compared to the other groups (p = 0.003). Increasing the application time to 30 minutes elevated the amount of HP inside the pulp chamber for all groups (p = 0.003), except for PL (p > 0.05). When applied for 30 min all bleaching varnishes showed higher color change (ΔWID) when compared to 10 min (p = 0.04). Conclusions: For all bleaching varnishes evaluated, PolaLuminate applied for 30 min showed lower penetration into the pulp chamber and higher bleaching effects. Clinical Significance: The use of bleaching varnishes seems promising for teeth bleaching, but it varies according to user product and protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cariology is today a broad‐based discipline and in the Spanish university teaching field, all this knowledge is not unified in a curriculum. Therefore, the aim was to develop a consensus text based on the European Core Curriculum, updated, and adapted to the characteristics of the Spanish university environment. Materials and Methods: A Spanish Cariology Curriculum Group (SCCG) was set up with members of the Spanish Society of Epidemiology and Oral Public Health (SESPO), Spanish Society of Conservative and Aesthetic Dentistry (SEOC) and Spanish Society of Paediatric Dentistry (SEOP) and university experts to adapt the European Core Curriculum in Cariology for undergraduate dental students (ECCC) for Spain. The work was carried out online during 2018 and 2019, and also face‐to‐face meetings took place to obtain a draft curriculum open for discussion that was presented to all the Spanish universities. The final modifications to the document were specified in a Consensus Conference of Spanish universities offering a Degree in Dentistry that took place in Madrid on 19 November 2019. Results: Thirty‐eight university experts, under SCCG supervision, participated in the elaboration of the new framework document. A total of 16 universities, from 23 invited, reached a consensus as to the contents of the Spanish Curriculum in Cariology for undergraduate dental students. This new Curriculum emphasises learning outcomes, uses a consensus‐based terminology pertaining to caries and other hard‐tissue conditions, and introduces a new domain of competence in Domain III of ECCC. Conclusion: This new Cariology Curriculum is the result of a very broad‐based consensus of university experts in Spain and lays the foundation for the implementation of an integrated teaching of Cariology in Spain in adherence to Alliance for a Caries Free Future (ACFF) objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at determining the plasma disposition kinetics of eprinomectin (EPM) and EPM excretion pattern through milk after topical administration to dairy cattle at the recommended dose of 0.5 mg/kg and at 1 and 1.5 mg/kg. A high variability in the plasma concentration profiles was observed among animals, particularly in the Cmax values, with a coefficient of variation between 39 and 53%. The Cmax and AUC values were significantly affected by the dose administered at 1.5 mg/kg. However, such differences did not seem to follow a linear pattern among treatments. These parameters did not differ among dose rates after dose normalization; nevertheless, the simulation of a linear kinetic disposition showed a mean plasma AUC value of 254 ng.d/ml instead of the observed value of 165 ng.d/ml. EPM concentration profiles in milk were significantly lower than those measured in plasma. The Cmax and AUC milk‐to‐plasma ratios ranged from 0.14 to 0.26 and 0.16 to 0.21, respectively (p>0.05). The low milk‐to‐plasma ratio of EPM accounted for a low percentage of the fraction of the administered dose excreted through milk, being significantly higher at a dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg (0.07%) of EPM than at 1.5 mg/kg (0.04%) (p<0.05). The topical administration of EPM to lactating dairy cows at higher doses than that recommended for gastrointestinal nematodes showed a milk excretion pattern with a zero milk withdrawal period. In conclusion, the administration of topical EPM formulation at 1 or 1.5 mg/kg may be a valuable tool to be used in regional strategic deworming programs aimed to control ectoparasite infections in dairy production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental work reproduces the fipronil extra‐label administration performed by producers in laying hens. The scientific goal was to characterize the residual concentrations in eggs from treated hens and suggest the withdrawal periods that should be respected to avoid risk for consumers. Thirty‐four laying hens were allocated into two groups: Group A was treated with fipronil in feed, two single doses of 1 mg kg−1 day−1; Group B was administered a single dose of 1 mg kg−1 by the topical route. Fipronil egg residues were quantified by HPLC‐MS/MS. Fipronil and its sulphone metabolite (fipronil‐SO2) were measured in egg after both treatments. The highest egg residual profile was always for fipronil‐SO2. Mean maximum egg concentrations (Cmax) of 228.5 ± 79.8 ng/g (fipronil) and 1,849 ± 867 ng/g (fipronil‐SO2) were found after fipronil administration in feed. The lowest residual levels were quantified after the topical treatment with Cmax of 27.1 ± 4.9 and 163 ± 26 ng/g for fipronil and fipronil‐SO2. Mean fipronil marker residues and established MRLs allowed calculating the withdrawal periods, the shortest being 74 days after topical administration. Such a long withdrawal period is difficult to meet in egg production systems. Thus, the extra‐label use of fipronil in laying hens should not be recommended under any circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyse changes in radicular dentine composition after different irrigation regimes using attenuated total reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR). Dentine slices from human single‐root teeth were immersed in: (i) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1, 5 and 20 min; (ii) 17% EDTA for 1 min; and (iii) 5.25% NaOCl for 20 min, and 17% EDTA and 5.25% NaOCl, both for 1 min. Carbonate/mineral, Amide I/mineral and Amide III/CH2 ratios were determined using ATR‐FTIR before and after immersion in the irrigation solutions tested. Results showed that 5.25% NaOCl significantly decreased carbonate/mineral, Amide I/mineral and Amide III/CH2 ratios (P < 0.05). Application of 17% EDTA produced no change in carbonate/mineral ratio (P = 0.120), while an increase in Amide I/mineral in apical third (P = 0.002) and Amide III/CH2 (P < 0.001) was observed. The combination of NaOCl, EDTA and NaOCl increased carbonate/mineral ratio in coronal third (P = 0.037), and Amide I/mineral (P = 0.003) and Amide III/CH2 (P = 0.001) ratios. In conclusion, irrigation solutions tested significantly affected radicular dentine composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Squamous epithelia of the head and neck undergo continuous cell renewal and are continuously exposed to mutagenic hazard, the main cause of cancer. How they maintain homeostasis upon cell cycle deregulation is unclear. Methods: To elucidate how head and neck epithelia respond to cell cycle stress, we studied human keratinocytes from various locations (oral mucosa, tonsil, pharynx, larynx, and trachea). We made use of genotoxic or mitotic drugs (doxorubicin [DOXO], paclitaxel, and nocodazole), or chemical inhibitors of the mitotic checkpoint kinases, Aurora B and polo‐like‐1. We further tested the response to inactivation of p53, ectopic cyclin E, or to the chemical carcinogen 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Results: All treatments provoked DNA damage or mitosis impairment and strikingly triggered squamous differentiation and polyploidization, resulting in irreversible loss of clonogenic capacity. Conclusion: Keratinocytes from head and neck epithelia share a cell‐autonomous squamous DNA damage‐differentiation response that is common to the epidermis and might continuously protect them from cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work characterized the egg residual concentrations of albendazole (ABZ) and its sulphoxide (ABZSO) and sulphone (ABZSO2) metabolites and evaluated their effect on egg fertility and hatchability after ABZ treatments to laying hens. Seventy hens were allocated in groups: Group‐1 was the control without treatment; Group‐2 received a single ABZ oral dose (10 mg/kg); Group‐3, ‐4 and ‐5 were treated with ABZ in medicated feed over 7 days at 10, 40, or 80 mg kg−1 day−1, respectively. Eggs were analyzed to determine the ABZ/metabolite level by HPLC or subjected to incubation to evaluate the fertility and hatchability. Only ABZSO and ABZSO2 metabolites were quantified in egg after ABZ single oral administration with maximum concentrations of 0.47 ± 0.08 and 0.30 ± 0.07 μg/ml, respectively. ABZ and its metabolites were found in eggs after 7‐day ABZ treatments. The egg residue exposure estimated as AUCs (areas under the concentration vs. time curve) were 100.5 (ABZ), 56.3 (ABZSO) and 141.3 μg hr g−1 (ABZSO2). ABZ administration did not affect the egg fertility at any dosages. Egg hatchability was not affected by ABZ treatment at 10 mg/kg in medicated feed, but it decreased when the dose was 4–8 times higher. These results should be considered when ABZ is used for deworming laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

p21CIP is a potent cell cycle inhibitor often up-regulated in differentiation. Protooncogene MYC induces cell growth and proliferation, inhibits differentiation and represses p21CIP. However, both molecules are involved in processes of polyploidisation, cell size increase, differentiation and senescence. It is unclear why MYC has a dual role in differentiation. We have previously shown that overexpression of p21CIP in K562 myeloid cells induces megakaryocytic differentiation with polyploidy. We have now investigated the requirements for p21CIP to block mitosis and induce differentiation in the presence of overactivated MYC. Silencing and over-expression studies showed that p21CIP is required to induce differentiation. However, the expression of p21CIP needs to be transient to irreversibly inhibit mitosis but not DNA replication, what leads to polyploidy. Transient overexpression of p21CIP caused early down-regulation of mitotic Cyclins and up-regulation of G1/S Cyclins D and E, changes typical of endoreplication. Interestingly, over-activation of MYC did not release the proliferative block imposed by p21CIP and instead, accelerated cell size increase, megakaryocytic differentiation and polyploidisation. Our data suggests that in some systems p21CIP takes part in a mitosis control driving MYC-induced cellular growth into differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2069-2078, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the influence of curing mode on the surface hardness of seven resin cements used to lute indirect composite restorations. Materials and Methods: Seven commercial dual-curing resin cements were tested: two were total-etch (RelyX ARC [3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA] and Variolink II [Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein]); one was self-etch (Multilink Automix [Ivoclar Vivadent]), and four were self-adhesive (RelyX Unicem [3M ESPE], Maxcem Elite [Kerr Corp., Orange, CA, USA], SmartCem2 [Dentsply, Detrey, GmbH, Konstanz, Germany], and G-Cem [GC CORPORATION, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, Japan]). Three specimens (0.5 ¥ 6.5mm) of each material were prepared for each of three experimental groups: Group 1 (cements allowed to self cure); Group 2 (cements light-cured for 40 seconds); and Group 3 (cements light-cured for 80 seconds). All specimens were cured through a 4-mm-thick composite cylinder (Filtek Z250-A3). Surface microhardness numbers were determined at 20 min after preparation. Results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Student–Newman–Keuls tests (p < 0.05). Results: Superficial hardness was significantly influenced by the resin cement tested (p < 0.0001), the curing mode (p < 0.0001), and their interaction (p < 0.0001). RelyX ARC exhibited the highest mean microhardness values regardless of the curing mode. Light-curing significantly increased the microhardness of all resin cements studied, and these values increased even further with a doubling of irradiation time. Self-adhesive cements exhibited different behavior according to the curing mode. RelyX Unicem was highly sensitive to light irradiation, showing the lowest mean values in the self-curing mode. After light irradiation for 40 or 80 seconds, Maxcem Elite exhibited the lowest mean hardness values of all the resin cements tested. Conclusion: The microhardness of resin cements is highly dependent on the brand. Dual-curing resin cements should always be light irradiated for longer periods than that recommended by manufacturers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dual-curing resin cements should always be light-cured for longer irradiation times, as light irradiation for 80 seconds yields the highest microhardness values in comparison with selfcuring or light irradiation for 40 seconds. However, some self-adhesive resin cements exhibit low microhardness values when used to cement 4-mm-thick indirect composite restorations regardless of the curing mode applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]