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Large aqueous ions are interesting because they are useful in materials science (for example to generate thin films) but also because they serve as molecular models for the oxide-aqueous mineral interface where spectroscopy is difficult. Here we show that new clusters of the type M[(μ-OH)2Co(NH3)4]3(NO3)6 (M=Al, Ga) can be synthesized using Werner's century-old cluster as a substitutable framework. We substituted Group 13 metals into the hexol Co[(μ-OH)2Co(NH3)4]36+ ion to make diamagnetic heterometallic ions. The solid-state structure of the hexol-type derivatives were determined by single-crystal XRD and NMR spectroscopy and confirmed that the solid-state structure persists in solution after dissolution into either D2O or [D6]DMSO. Other compositions besides these diamagnetic ions can undoubtedly be made using a similar approach, which considerably expands the number of stable aqueous heteronuclear ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Although the United States 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act is considered meager by international standards, significant variation in family leave policies exists across U. S. states. This article develops a political theory-driven by mobilized interest groups-to explain variation in the duration and pay level of state parental leave policies. Methods Employing four different measures of family leave policy, we use ordinary least squares and logit models to test the effects of partisanship, women in the legislature, and evangelical populations on parental leave outcomes. Results We find that states with a pattern of Democratic Party controlled legislatures and high percentages of legislative seats occupied by women see more generous parental leave protections, while states with large populations of evangelical Christians see less generous policies. Conclusion Family leave policies are the product of a battle between competing visions of the family and the state, shaped by partisanship, gender, and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review: [42 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]