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The FtsEX membrane complex constitutes an essential component of the ABC transporter superfamily, widely distributed among bacterial species. It governs peptidoglycan degradation for cell division, acting as a signal transmitter rather than a substrate transporter. Through the ATPase activity of FtsE, it facilitates signal transmission from the cytosol across the membrane to the periplasm, activating associated peptidoglycan hydrolases. This review concentrates on the latest structural advancements elucidating the architecture of the FtsEX complex and its interplay with lytic enzymes or regulatory counterparts. The revealed three‐dimensional structures unveil a landscape wherein a precise array of intermolecular interactions, preserved across diverse bacterial species, afford meticulous spatial and temporal control over the cell division process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points: The study found a higher incidence of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and recalcitrant CRS in cadaveric organ transplant recipients compared to those receiving living donor transplants. Recipients of cadaveric transplants were 1.32 times more likely to develop CRS and 1.68 times more likely to develop medically recalcitrant CRS.Living kidney transplants significantly reduced the risk of developing CRS (OR = 0.12) and recalcitrant CRS (OR = 0.11), highlighting a potentially protective effect against these conditions. In contrast, cadaveric liver transplants were associated with an increased risk of CRS and medically recalcitrant CRS.Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated a significant difference in time to CRS onset between cadaveric and living donor transplants. Median time to CRS onset was longer for living donor recipients (21.1 months) compared to cadaveric recipients (15.6 months). This study underscores the need for transplant teams and otolaryngologist to consider donor type during transplant follow‐up due to differing risks of CRS development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical profile, associated events and safety of vericiguat in a real‐world cohort of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods: This study is a prospective and observational cohort study of patients with HFrEF and recent HF worsening episodes requiring intravenous therapy who initiated vericiguat in an HF outpatient clinic. A subanalysis of patients with ≥6 months' follow‐up was performed separately. Results: Out of 103 patients initially included, 52 had a follow‐up of at least 6 months (median follow‐up of 303 days). At baseline, the mean age was 71.3 ± 9.4 years, 27.2% were women, the median left ventricular ejection fraction was 34% (28%–39%) and 99% were taking beta‐blockers, 96.1% sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, 95.1% sacubitril–valsartan, 90.3% aldosterone antagonists and 93.2% loop diuretics. During follow‐up, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class improved (from 67.3% and 32.7% in classes III and II, respectively, to 22.4% and 75.5% at study end; P < 0.001), as did the EuroQol‐5D (EQ‐5D) and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores (from 0.83 ± 0.13 to 0.87 ± 0.12, P = 0.032, and from 60 to 79, P = 0.005, respectively). Vericiguat was well tolerated (13.5% had symptomatic hypotension, and 11.5% had discontinued treatment), and 78.8% of patients achieved the target dose of 10 mg. The number of HF‐related hospitalizations/decompensations within the previous 12 months was 2.3 ± 1.4 and decreased with vericiguat to 0.79 ± 1.14 (P < 0.001). At study end, 7.7% died (50% for HF). Conclusions: In clinical practice, treatment with vericiguat is associated with substantial improvements in functional class and quality of life and a reduction in hospitalizations for HF, with a low risk of adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are the most common cancers worldwide. Although most BCCs are amenable to local treatment, there are limited therapeutic options for surgically unresectable locally advanced and metastatic BCCs. Activation of the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway plays a significant role in the development of most BCCs. Hedgehog pathway inhibitors (HPIs) can be used to inhibit this pathway. Efficacy and safety data on HPI use in Australia is scarce. Objectives: This study aims to present the effectiveness and safety of HPI at a tertiary dermatology referral centre. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical charts of all patients with BCC treated with an HPI at a tertiary Dermatology referral centre in New South Wales, Australia from 1 January 2016 to 1 July 2023. Results: Twenty‐three patients with BCCs were treated with an HPI; 11 locally advanced, 8 multiple, 3 basal cell naevus syndrome and 1 metastatic. All patients were of Caucasian background, with a median age of 56. Across 41 treatment cycles, the median treatment duration was 4 months. The overall response rate (ORR) was 20/23 (87%) and complete response (CR) rate was 9/23 (39%); patients treated with sonidegib achieved an ORR of 11/12 (92%) and CR of 4/12 (33%), and vismodegib‐treated patients achieved an ORR of 9/11 (82%) and CR of 5/11 (45%). Patients who responded to HPI treatment also responded to a subsequent HPI rechallenge. Common treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) included muscle spasms, dysgeusia and alopecia. Dysgeusia was more frequent with vismodegib than sonidegib (p = 0.0001). There was no evidence to suggest a difference in other TEAEs between the two HPIs. Four treatment cycles were stopped due to grade 3 muscle spasm. Conclusions: In our cohort of 23 patients being treated with HPI, the ORR was 87% and CR was 39%. All patients who experienced TEAEs and had a drug holiday successfully responded to HPI rechallenge. TEAEs, particularly muscle spasms, are common reasons for treatment cessation. Clinicians should implement strategies to mitigate TEAE to improve drug survivability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The study aimed to determine the dimensionality of the Spanish version of the PQ‐16 among Colombian adolescent school students. Methods: A validation study was designed with the participation of 334 Colombian adolescent students aged between 13 and 17 (M = 15.2, SD = 1.1); 171 (52.1%) were girls, and 163 (47.9%) were boys, 229 (68.6%) were ninth‐grade students and 105 (31.4%) were tenth‐grade students. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed, internal consistency was calculated with the Kuder‐Richardson and McDonald's omega tests, and correlation with suicide ideation was computed with the Kendall correlation (r). Results: The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the PQ‐16 adequately fit a unidimensional structure: RMSEA = 0.05 (90%CI 0.04‐0.06), CFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.90, SRMR = 0.05, chi‐squared = 193.18 (df = 102, p < 0.001) and normalized chi‐squared = 1.89. This factor presented high internal consistency: Kuder‐Richardson test and McDonald's omega of 0.83. The correlation between the PQ‐16 and suicide ideation was r = 0.45 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The PQ‐16 is a one‐dimensional tool with high internal consistency and correlation with suicide ideation among schooled adolescents. Further research should explore the PQ‐16 performance against a structured clinical interview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully screen‐printed silver and copper temperature sensors were studied up to 100°C. The influence of the processing conditions and the composition of three silver and one copper commercial inks is analyzed in this study. The curing temperature is extremely relevant to stabilize the initial resistance of silver sensors, especially for those printed with the lowest solid content ink. All printed sensors showed good linear behavior in the range of 25–100°C (R2 > 0.999) except for those fabricated with the lowest solid content silver ink, which also displayed the highest hysteresis and drift. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) obtained for the copper sensors was 3.367 × 10−3 K−1 and for the three silver sensors, it ranged between 2.723 × 10−3 to 2.963 × 10−3 K−1. This TCR is higher than values reported for inkjet‐printed resistive temperature detectors. Overall, this work demonstrates that low‐cost, linear, screen‐printed temperature sensors can be successfully fabricated on flexible substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The purpose was to perform a nationwide epidemiological study of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) in Spain, analysing background incidences and seasonal variation and trying to identify incidence changes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) years. Methods: This was an observational study collecting all GBS diagnoses from the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network collected by the Ministry of Health. Patients discharged with GBS as the main diagnosis and admitted during 2018–2021 were included. Data on the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infections were obtained from the National Epidemiology Centre. Results: In total, 3147 cases were included, 832 in 2018, 861 in 2019, 670 in 2020 and 784 in 2021. Nationwide hospital incidence was 1.78 in 2018, 1.71 in 2019, 1.41 in 2020 and 1.66 in 2021, with an increased frequency in males, the elderly population and in the winter season. Eleven per cent of GBS patients needed ventilatory support. GBS and SARS‐CoV‐2 incidences did not correlate with one another (r = −0.29, p = 0.36). GBS incidence decreased during 2020 and during the COVID‐19 lockdown period in comparison to the same months of 2018–2019. Conclusions: The incidence of GBS in Spain is similar to that of other countries. Despite prior reports describing a significant increase in COVID‐19‐associated GBS in Spain, a significant drop of GBS incidence during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic was detected, probably due to prevention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This retrospective single center study aims to describe changes in the severity and organ‐specific distribution of GvHD, by comparing the outcomes of 3 distinct GvHD prophylaxis approaches. Methods: Between January 2012 and June 2022, 226 patients underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from HLA‐matched or 1‐allele mismatched related or unrelated donors. Fifty‐eight (26%) received prophylaxis with calcineurin inhibitor in combination with mycophenolate mofetil or a short course of methotrexate (Cohort‐1), 87 (38%) tacrolimus plus sirolimus (Cohort‐2), and 81 (36%) post‐transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) plus tacrolimus (Cohort‐3). Results: The incidence of grade II‐IV aGvHD was 69% vs. 41.4% vs. 27.2%; p <.01. The most significant reduction with PTCy was observed in both stage 3–4 skin and lower gastrointestinal (GI) involvement (p <.01). The incidence of moderate‐to‐severe cGvHD at 12 months was 34.5% vs. 34.5% vs. 6.2%; p <.01. Moderate‐to‐severe skin and GI cGvHD was less common after PTCy (p <.01). The 1‐year GvHD‐free/relapse‐free survival was higher with PTCy (p <.01). Conclusions: Our study indicates that PTCy‐based GvHD prophylaxis reduces the frequency and severity of both acute and chronic GvHD, with a notable decrease in severe GI and cutaneous manifestations. The higher GRFS may result in lower GvHD‐related mortality, leading to an improved quality of life among survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rett syndrome (RTT), a developmental disorder primarily affecting girls and linked to methyl‐CpG binding protein‐2 (MECP2) gene mutations, presents musculoskeletal abnormalities with varying prevalence across studies and age groups. Our aim was to delineate the prevalence of orthopaedic conditions in individuals with RTT. Method: Three databases were searched and independently screened by two reviewers to retrieve observational studies published after 2000 that recruited 10 or more patients diagnosed with RTT and reported the prevalence of any orthopaedic conditions (scoliosis, hip displacement, knee problems or foot deformities). A random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed to determine the pooled prevalence based on study weight. Results: Of 867 screened studies, 21 studies involving 9997 girls with RTT (mean age 14.1 years; range, 3–38.5) met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of scoliosis was 64.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 55.4–73.6%; I2 = 99%; P < 0.01], of hip displacement was 29.6% (95% CI 8.9–50.2%; I2 = 97%; P < 0.01) and of foot deformities was 53% (95% CI 17.5–89.2%; I2 = 98%; P < 0.01). Knee problems were reported in only one study. Scoliosis prevalence increased in studies with a high percentage of genetic testing and MECP2 positivity [69.1% (95% CI 58.9–79.2%; I2 = 99%; P < 0.01)], those with a mean age over 13 years [73% (95% CI 59.1–87%; I2 = 100%; P < 0.01)], and studies combining both variables [80.13% (95% CI 70.8–89.4%; I2 = 81%; P < 0.01)]. Conclusions: This meta‐analysis found that approximately two in three girls with RTT develop scoliosis, one in two exhibit foot deformities and one in three experience hip displacement. These findings enhance our understanding of the prevalence of orthopaedic conditions in RTT, which can guide the establishment of surveillance protocols, clinical guidelines and management strategies tailored to the needs of RTT patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Interpretation To analyze long‐term clinical and biomarker features of anti‐contactin‐1 (CNTN1) autoimmune nodopathy (AN).Patients with anti‐CNTN1+ autoimmune nodopathy detected in our laboratory from which clinical information was available were included. Clinical features and treatment response were retrospectively collected. Autoantibody, serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), and serum CNTN1 levels (sCNTN1) were analyzed at baseline and follow up.A total of 31 patients were included. Patients presented with progressive sensory motor neuropathy (76.7%) with proximal (74.2%) and distal involvement (87.1%), ataxia (71.4%), and severe disability (median INCAT at nadir of 8). A total of 11 patients (35%) showed kidney involvement. Most patients (97%) received intravenous immunoglobulin, but only 1 achieved remission with intravenous immunoglobulin. A total of 22 patients (71%) received corticosteroids, and 3 of them (14%) did not need further treatments. Rituximab was effective in 21 of 22 patients (95.5%), with most of them (72%) receiving a single course. Four patients (12.9%) relapsed after a median follow up of 25 months after effective treatment (12–48 months). Anti‐CNTN1 titers correlated with clinical scales at sampling and were negative after treatment in all patients, but 1 (20/21). sNfL levels were significantly higher and sCNTN1 significantly lower in anti‐CNTN1+ patients than in healthy controls (sNfL: 135.9 pg/ml vs 7.48 pg/ml, sCNTN1: 25.03 pg/ml vs 22,186 pg/ml, p < 0.0001). Both sNfL and sCNTN1 returned to normal levels after successful treatment.Patients with anti‐CNTN1+ autoimmune nodopathy have a characteristic clinical profile. Clinical and immunological relapses are infrequent after successful treatment, suggesting that continuous treatment is unnecessary. Anti‐CNTN1 antibodies, sNfL, and sCNTN1 levels are useful to monitor disease status in these patients. ANN NEUROL 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Ion‐mobility (IM)–derived collision cross‐section (CCS) values can serve as a valuable additional identification parameter within suspect and non‐target screening studies of environmental contaminants. However, these applications require to assess the reproducibility of CCS calculations between different IM set‐ups. Especially for the comparison of trapped and drift‐tube IM (TIMS/DTIM) derived CCS values, data for environmental applications is lacking. Methods: The presented study assessed the bias of TIMS derived CCSN2 (TIMSCCSN2) values of 48 environmental contaminants from three classes in comparison to a previously established DTIM database. Based on two sets of isomeric bisphenols, the resolving power of both systems was compared, addressing the instrumental settings which influence the resolution of TIMS measurements. Results: For 91% of the datapoints, bias between TIMSCCSN2 and DTCCSN2 values (latter set as reference) were < 2%, indicating a good inter‐platform reproducibility. TIMS resolving power was dependent on the selected mobility window and ramping times whereby a resolution of up to 116 was achieved. Similar resolving power was observed for multiplexed DTIMS data if a high‐resolution post‐processing step was implemented. Conclusions: These results provide valuable insights in CCSN2 reproducibility facilitating database transfer in future TIMS based studies. Knowledge on the influence of acquisition settings on robustness of TIMSCCSN2 calculations and resolving power can ease method development supporting efficient development and reliable identifications of emerging environmental contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of representative in vitro models recapitulating human tendon (patho)physiology is among the major factors hindering consistent progress in the knowledge‐based development of adequate therapies for tendinopathy.Here, an organotypic 3D tendon‐on‐chip model is designed that allows studying the spatiotemporal dynamics of its cellular and molecular mechanisms.Combining the synergistic effects of a bioactive hydrogel matrix with the biophysical cues of magnetic microfibers directly aligned on the microfluidic chip, it is possible to recreate the anisotropic architecture, cell patterns, and phenotype of tendon intrinsic (core) compartment. When incorporated with vascular‐like vessels emulating the interface between its intrinsic‐extrinsic compartments, crosstalk with endothelial cells are found to drive stromal tenocytes toward a reparative profile. This platform is further used to study adaptive immune cell responses at the onset of tissue inflammation, focusing on interactions between tendon compartment tenocytes and circulating T cells.The proinflammatory signature resulting from this intra/inter‐cellular communication induces the recruitment of T cells into the inflamed core compartment and confirms the involvement of this cellular crosstalk in positive feedback loops leading to the amplification of tendon inflammation.Overall, the developed 3D tendon‐on‐chip provides a powerful new tool enabling mechanistic studies on the pathogenesis of tendinopathy as well as for assessing new therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of catalase (CAT) from bovine liver as an electrocatalyst in the air electrode of a primary zinc–air battery (ZAB) with neutral electrolyte (pH 7.4) is reported. First, the use of Nafion for immobilizing CAT onto electrode surface allowed to obtain long‐term stability of the catalytic activity of CAT. Besides, analysis of the CAT and CAT‐Nafion as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was carried out by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) using a rotating ring‐disk electrode (RRDE), demonstrating a four‐electron ORR mechanism. Finally, CAT and CAT‐Nafion were tested as air electrodes in flooded ZAB and compared against human hemoglobin‐based ZAB. Our results demonstrated the significant influence of the protein coating of the heme groups on the ZAB performance, affecting greatly the discharge capacity and the power density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal migration is a fascinating phenomenon that has puzzled mankind since the time of ancient Greece. It is a process widespread across a varied range of taxa and it shines especially in birds which, because of their mobility, display an amazing diversity of routes and strategies. With the advances in tracking devices and improvements of sequencing technologies, recent work provides support for a strong genetic influence of several migratory traits across different species. However, there is little to no evidence of any common sequence‐based mechanism behind this complex behaviour, nor any unifying principle explaining it. We review how the focus in understanding the genetic basis for migratory traits should be shifted towards studying regulatory mechanisms of gene expression instead of the traditional candidate gene approach. Importantly, a role for gene expression as the underlying driver of the migratory phenotype can resolve the opposing and often strong views that migration is mainly either under genetic or environmental influence. We emphasise that research should take new directions, reinforcing that there is probably not a common genetic basis for how migration is regulated in birds. Here, we support the notion that 1) migration can only evolve this fast if it is a quantitative trait with a large standing variation; 2) the main drivers for migration evolution seem to be diverse expression–regulation mechanisms rather than gene‐level polymorphisms; and 3) non‐coding sequences of the genome, epigenetics and structural variation might be more important in shaping complex traits than previously thought. Further, we present several hypotheses outlining how these regulatory mechanisms might work across different bird species defining certain migratory traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabinoids have emerged as a potential treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This systematic review aimed to summarize the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids to treat OSA. Databases including Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, PsycINFO, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched; experimental and observational studies were eligible for inclusion. One‐hundred seventy unique records were screened, and nine studies included: five full‐text studies and four published abstracts. The five full‐text studies were judged for quality appraisal: two studies deemed at low risk for bias, one study deemed to have some concerns for bias, and two studies deemed to have high risk for bias. Seven of nine total studies were experimental designs and evaluated dronabinol, and the other two studies were observational designs evaluating cannabis. The range of cannabinoid therapy duration spanned from 1 to 6 weeks, and the median duration was 3 weeks. Eight of nine total studies reported statistically significant, positive OSA outcomes due to cannabinoid therapy including reductions in the apnea hypopnea index and improvements in patient‐reported daytime sleepiness scales. Between 70% and 80% of study participants reported neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal adverse events attributable to cannabinoids. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine does not recommend using cannabinoids to treat OSA due to a lack of long‐term safety and efficacy data. This systematic review found similar limitations, with the median cannabinoid treatment duration being only 3 weeks. Adequately powered experimental trials over longer time frames are necessary to more completely assess the long‐term efficacy and safety of cannabinoids in the treatment of OSA and its effects on common comorbid conditions, such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extremophilic nature and metabolic flexibility of Galdieria spp. highlights their potential for biotechnological application. However, limited research into continuous cultivation of Galdieria spp. has slowed progress towards the commercialization of these algae. The objective of this research was to investigate biomass productivity and growth yields during continuous photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation of Galdieria sp. RTK371; a strain recently isolated from within the Taupō Volcanic Zone in Aotearoa‐New Zealand. Results indicate Galdieria sp. RTK371 grows optimally at pH 2.5 under warm white LED illumination. Photosynthetic O2 production was dependent on lighting intensity with a maximal value of (133.5 ± 12.1 nmol O2 mgbiomass−1 h−1) achieved under 100 μmol m−2 s−1 illumination. O2 production rates slowed significantly to 42 ± 1 and <0.01 nmol O2 mgbiomass−1 h−1 during mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth regimes respectively. Stable, long‐term chemostat growth of Galdieria sp. RTK371 was achieved during photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth regimes. During periods of ammonium limitation, Galdieria sp. RTK371 increased its intracellular carbohydrate content (up to 37% w/w). In contrast, biomass grown in ammonium excess was composed of up to 65% protein (w/w). Results from this study demonstrate that the growth of Galdieria sp. RTK371 can be manipulated during continuous cultivation to obtain desired biomass and product yields over long cultivation periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laser powder bed fusion process for metals (LPBF‐M) results in the development of stochastic surface features that significantly influence the interactions between parts and their surrounding environment, as well as their mechanical properties. The process parameters influence the surface quality, which is quantified by the surface roughness. Therefore, customizing the surface roughness during the build process can significantly contribute to obtaining ready‐to‐use parts, reducing the need for extensive surface posttreatments. This paper utilizes theoretical estimations of melt pool depth under iso‐linear energy density, iso‐power, and iso‐temperature manufacturing process parameter conditions. These estimations are then compared with experimental evaluations of surface roughness and tensile strength in upright‐built specimens to extract the trends in terms of the input energy versus roughness, and the input energy versus tensile behavior. The results show that iso‐energy values yield similar roughnesses due to the consistent expected melt pool depth. Moreover, an increase in melt pool depth generates higher surface roughness, while smaller melt pool dimensions result in improved roughness. Additionally, a comparison between the melt pool size and tensile test performance reveals a detrimental impact on the tensile strength for specimens estimated to have smaller melt pool depths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Skeletal muscle, with its remarkable plasticity and dynamic adaptation, serves as a cornerstone of locomotion and metabolic homeostasis in the human body. Muscle tissue, with its extraordinary capacity for force generation and energy expenditure, plays a fundamental role in the movement, metabolism, and overall health. In this context, we sought to determine the role of p38α in mitochondrial metabolism since mitochondrial dynamics play a crucial role in the development of muscle‐related diseases that result in muscle weakness. Methods: We conducted our study using male mice (MCK‐cre, p38αMCK‐KO and PGC1α MCK‐KO) and mouse primary myoblasts. We analyzed mitochondrial metabolic, physiological parameters as well as proteomics, western blot, RNA‐seq analysis from muscle samples. Results: Our findings highlight the critical involvement of muscle p38α in the regulation of mitochondrial function, a key determinant of muscle strength. The absence of p38α triggers changes in mitochondrial dynamics through the activation of PGC1α, a central regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. These results have substantial implications for understanding the complex interplay between p38α kinase, PGC1α activation, and mitochondrial content, thereby enhancing our knowledge in the control of muscle biology. Conclusions: This knowledge holds relevance for conditions associated with muscle weakness, where disruptions in these molecular pathways are frequently implicated in diminishing physical strength. Our research underscores the potential importance of targeting the p38α and PGC1α pathways within muscle, offering promising avenues for the advancement of innovative treatments. Such interventions hold the potential to improve the quality of life for individuals affected by muscle‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Navigating obstacles involves adjusting walking patterns, particularly when stepping over them. This task may be particularly challenging for people with Parkinson disease (PD) for several reasons. This review aims to compare the spatiotemporal gait parameters of people with and without PD while stepping over obstacles. Literature Survey: A systematic literature search was conducted in six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, Embase, and SciELO) from inception to September 2023. Methodology: Studies were selected that evaluated gait parameters of people with and without PD while walking over obstacles. Two independent researchers evaluated the eligibility and extracted gait parameters during obstacle crossing. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2‐tests. Random effects models were determined for effect sizes as standardized mean differences (SMD). Synthesis: Twenty‐five studies were included in the review and 17 in the meta‐analysis. Most of the studies (58%) showed a low risk of bias. People with PD exhibit a shorter step when landing after crossing an obstacle (SMD = −0.50 [−0.69 to −0.31]). Compared to people without PD, people with PD also widen their support base (SMD = 0.27 [0.07–0.47]) and reduce gait velocity (SMD = −0.60 [−0.80 to −0.39]) when crossing the obstacle. Conclusions: People with PD adopt a more conservative motor behavior during obstacle crossing than those without PD, with a shorter step length when landing after crossing an obstacle, greater step width and lower crossing speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is an endangered cetacean that ranges throughout much of Southeast Asia and lives in coastal, estuarine, and riverine habitats including three river systems: Ayeyarwady, Mekong, and Mahakam. Many populations face risks from human interference, but overall rangewide diversity and connectivity is not well‐understood. Here we sequenced 77 complete mitogenomes from across the range of the Irrawaddy dolphin including all obligate riverine populations; eighteen of these were sequenced from historical museum specimens. Phylogenetic analysis showed haplotypes from each riverine population formed separate clades nested within the wider species implying each river system was separately invaded only once. All Irrawaddy dolphin mitogenomes were dated to a last common ancestor ~764 kya. Most lineages appeared after inundation cycles of the Sunda Shelf were initiated ~400 kya. Despite the lack of monophyly among many haplotypes from the same population, no population shared any haplotypes. Rangewide nucleotide diversity was average compared to other odontocetes, but riverine populations were especially low. Differentiation was significant among all populations analyzed with the most divergence occurring between isolated riverine populations. These analyses add more evidence for the necessity of conservation efforts directed towards riverine and other isolated populations of the Irrawaddy dolphin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many super‐Earths are on very short orbits around their host star and, therefore, more likely to be tidally locked. Because this locking can lead to a strong contrast between the dayside and nightside surface temperatures, these super‐Earths could exhibit mantle convection patterns and tectonics that could differ significantly from those observed in the present‐day solar system. The presence of an atmosphere, however, would allow transport of heat from the dayside toward the nightside and thereby reduce the surface temperature contrast between the two hemispheres. On rocky planets, atmospheric and geodynamic regimes are closely linked, which directly connects the question of atmospheric thickness to the potential interior dynamics of the planet. Here, we study the interior dynamics of super‐Earth GJ 486b (R=1.34 $R=1.34$R⊕ ${R}_{\oplus }$, M=3.0 $M=3.0$M⊕ ${M}_{\oplus }$, Teq≈700 ${\mathrm{T}}_{\text{eq}}\approx 700$ K), which is one of the most suitable M‐dwarf super‐Earth candidates for retaining an atmosphere produced by degassing from the mantle and magma ocean. We investigate how the geodynamic regime of GJ 486b is influenced by different surface temperature contrasts by varying possible atmospheric circulation regimes. We also investigate how the strength of the lithosphere affects the convection pattern. We find that hemispheric tectonics, the surface expression of degree‐1 convection with downwellings forming on one hemisphere and upwelling material rising on the opposite hemisphere, is a consequence of the strong lithosphere rather than surface temperature contrast. Anchored hemispheric tectonics, where downwellings und upwellings have a preferred (day/night) hemisphere, is favored for strong temperature contrasts between the dayside and nightside and higher surface temperatures. Plain Language Summary: The tectonic processes occurring on super‐Earths, which are rocky exoplanets with masses exceeding that of Earth, may differ significantly from those observed on the terrestrial planets in our solar system. Many super‐Earths are also expected to be tidally locked to their host star, so that always the same hemisphere faces the star. Tidal locking can lead to a strong temperature contrast between the dayside and nightside surface. Here, we investigate the influence of such strong surface temperature contrasts on the interior dynamics and tectonic behavior of super‐Earth GJ 486b, which is one of the best characterized Earth‐mass planets to date. We determined the surface temperature contrast between the dayside and nightside by assuming different efficiencies of atmospheric heat transport and ran global climate models for a set of different atmospheric compositions. Our 2D mantle convection simulations reveal that hemispheric tectonics, where cold material sinks on one hemisphere and hot material rises on the other side, emerges regardless of the surface temperature contrast if the planet has a strong lithosphere. However, a significant surface temperature contrast and an overall higher surface temperature tend to anchor the sinking cold material and rising hot material to the dayside and nightside respectively. Key Points: The mantle dynamics of super‐Earth GJ 486b are governed by the strength of the lithosphere and the day‐night surface temperature contrastDegree‐1 convection is a consequence of the strong lithosphere, rather than the temperature contrast between the dayside and nightsideA strong surface temperature contrast between the dayside and nightside can anchor downwellings to one hemisphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salvage radiotherapy (SRT) and androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) are widely used in routine clinical practice to treat patients with prostate cancer who develop biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP). However, there is no standard‐of‐care consensus on optimal duration ADT. Investigators propose three distinct risk groups in patients with prostate cancer treated with SRT in order to better define the indications and duration of ADT combined with SRT. Study design: The URONCOR 06‐24 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT05781217) is a prospective, multicentre, randomised, open‐label, phase III, clinical trial. The aim of the trial is to determine the impact of short‐term (6 months) vs long‐term (24 months) ADT in combination with SRT on distant metastasis‐free survival (MFS) in patients with prostate cancer with BCR after RP (intermediate and high risk). Endpoints: The primary endpoint is 5‐year MFS rates in patients with prostate cancer treated with long‐ vs short‐term ADT in combination with SRT. Secondary objectives are biochemical‐relapse free interval, pelvic progression‐free survival, time to start of systemic treatment, time to castration resistance, cancer‐specific survival, overall survival, acute and late toxicity, and quality of life. Methods and analysis: Total of 534 patients will be randomised 1:1 to ADT 6 months or ADT 24 months with a luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogue in combination with SRT, stratified by risk group and pathological lymph node status. Ethics and dissemination: The study is conducted under the guiding principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The results will be disseminated at research conferences and in peer‐reviewed journals. Trial registration number: EudraCT number 2021‐006975‐41. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that low‐level mixed‐phase clouds that form during idealized moist intrusions into the Arctic can exist in either a stable (stratus) or a convective (stratocumulus) state. Here, we examine the conditions that promote a transition from the stable to the convective state through idealized simulations using a three‐dimensional large‐eddy simulation model coupled with a one‐dimensional multilayer sea ice model. We find that the vertical distribution of the initial dew point temperature (Td) profile fundamentally influences whether a transition between the two states occurs or not. If the initial moisture content of the advected airmass decreases rapidly with height, then a turbulent transition is likely to occur and a stratocumulus cloud can form. However, the availability and properties of aerosols as well as the cloud ice content can delay or even prevent stratocumulus formation, regardless if the conditions in terms of the initial Td profile are favorable. A low cloud ice water content promotes a stably stratified cloud layer and delays the transition. Furthermore, if no cloud condensation nuclei are available at the base of the cloud when a cloud‐layer instability forms, then there is no new droplet formation, the buoyancy remains low and the cloud remains as a stratus. Our results suggest that the low‐level mixed‐phase cloud evolution and the thermodynamic transition of an airmass during a moist intrusion into the Arctic are closely linked to the aerosol processing by the cloud, that is, a chemical transformation, and that the two processes should be considered simultaneously. Plain Language Summary: Clouds strongly influence the energy budget of the central Arctic and tend to warm the surface, in particular during winter. We have used a detailed numerical model to study low‐altitude clouds that form when warm, moist air is transported over the Arctic pack ice. The clouds can exist as two types, either as stratus (thin clouds with little turbulent motion) or stratocumulus (thicker clouds with substantial turbulence). The thicker stratocumulus clouds warm the surface more than the thinner stratus clouds and it is therefore important to understand why some clouds transition into stratocumulus while others stay as stratus. We find that the vertical profile of atmospheric moisture plays a key role for the transition; if the air is moist at the surface but relatively dry aloft, then the transition occurs faster than if the air is relatively moist throughout the atmospheric column. Aerosol particles also play an important role for the transition; in the clean central Arctic, a lack of aerosol particles can prevent cloud droplet formation and thereby also the formation of stratocumulus clouds. Aerosol particles can also influence the formation of ice crystals in the cloud, which we show can affect if and when a stratocumulus cloud forms. Key Points: Mixed‐phase clouds that form during Arctic moist intrusions can transform from a stable (stratus) to a convective state (stratocumulus)The initial moisture profile fundamentally influences whether the transition between the two states occurs or notThe presence or absence of aerosols acting as cloud condensation or ice nuclei can delay or even prevent the transition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by unpredictable, debilitating episodes of submucosal and/or subcutaneous tissue swelling, which may be life‐threatening depending on anatomic location. The two primary management strategies for HAE are ready access to effective on‐demand treatment in all patients and the prevention of attacks (short‐term prophylaxis [STP] and long‐term prophylaxis [LTP]) in appropriate patients. All approved on‐demand and most LTP medications require subcutaneous or intravenous administration. Injection‐related challenges include trypanophobia (fear of needles), difficulty with self‐administration, injection‐site reactions (e.g., pain, erythema, bleeding, bruising), and anxiety—all contributing to poor compliance and administration delays. Oral HAE treatments may improve outcomes by reducing treatment barriers. Aim: To review oral therapies, approved or in development, for on‐demand treatment and/or prevention of HAE attacks. Materials and Methods: To provide a comprehensive review, data was obtained from publicly available resources through a targeted PubMed literature review and supplemented by information provided on company websites (search cutoff of May 31, 2024). Results: Berotralstat, an oral plasma kallikrein (PKa) inhibitor, is approved for LTP. Sebetralstat, another PKa inhibitor, is the investigational first oral on‐demand HAE treatment to complete a phase 3 trial. Deucrictibant, an oral bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, has completed phase 2 trials for on‐demand therapy and LTP. Several other oral PKa inhibitors (ATN249, VE‐4666, and VE‐4062) are in early development for LTP. Conclusion: Substantial advances have been made in the development of oral treatments for HAE. These treatments have the potential to improve and optimize clinical outcomes, satisfaction, and quality of life among patients with HAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Designing and enhancing resilient occupational health and safety systems is a challenge. This fact makes it clear that occupational health professionals must be able to develop their full range of competencies. From this premise, it is appropriate to define and deepen the strengths and weaknesses of occupational health nursing (OHN), as well as to point out the opportunities and realities that address its performance. Sources of evidence: In the history of the professionalization of this speciality, different circumstances have conditioned its projection: the absence of its own body of doctrine, the lack of professional recognition, limited autonomy, and the definition of a clear regulatory framework. In addition to an epistemological limitation and the absence of clear leadership. Discussion: In the consolidation of this speciality, there is a limited capacity to implement its own competencies, the invisibility of nursing care, the absence of leadership that incorporates research findings and difficulties in the application of scientific evidence, in addition to the influence of regulatory provisions and the idiosyncrasies of the company. Conclusions and implications for nursing and health policy: The analysis of classical models with a transformative approach invites a more fluid and coordinated communication between occupational health, occupational risk prevention, primary care and public health, a proposal that induces collaboration and a more holistic approach to care for workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass mortality events (MMEs) are defined as the death of large numbers of fish over a short period of time. These events can result in catastrophic losses to the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry and the local economy. However, they are challenging to understand because of their relative infrequency and the high number of potential factors involved. As a result, the causes and consequences of MMEs in Atlantic salmon aquaculture are not well understood. In this study, we developed a structural network of causal risk factors for MMEs for aquaculture and the communities that depend on Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique, we analysed the causes of Atlantic salmon mass mortalities due to environmental (abiotic), biological (biotic) and nutritional risk factors. The consequences of MMEs were also assessed for the occupational health and safety of aquaculture workers and their implications for the livelihoods of local communities. This structural network deepens our understanding of MMEs and points to management actions and interventions that can help mitigate mass mortalities. MMEs are typically not the result of a single risk factor but are caused by the systematic interaction of risk factors related to the environment, fish diseases, feeding/nutrition and cage‐site management. Results also indicate that considerations of health and safety risk, through pre‐ and post‐event risk assessments, may help to minimize workplace injuries and eliminate potential risks of human fatalities. Company and government‐assisted socio‐economic measures could help mitigate post‐mass mortality impacts. Appropriate and timely management actions may help reduce MMEs at Atlantic salmon cage sites and minimize the physical and social vulnerabilities of workers and local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystallography at low resolution must determine the atomic model from less experimental observations, which is challenging in the absence of a model. In addition, model bias is more severe when independent experimental data are scarce. Our methods solve the phase problem by combining the location of accurate model fragments using Phaser with density modification and interpretation of the resulting maps using SHELXE. From a partial, correct structure, the density modification process and the stereochemical constraints draw the rest of the structure, validating the result. This same principle is now exploited at low resolution. Coiled coils are important, ubiquitous structures but notoriously difficult to phase and to predict. Both correct solutions and incorrect ones are poorly discriminated by the crystallographic figures of merit as long as helices are correctly oriented. We incorporate coiled‐coil verification, designed to set up competing, incompatible structural hypotheses to probe both the results and establish the power of the data to discriminate them. Efficiency of coiled‐coil phasing and validation in test cases from 3 to 4 Å is demonstrated in ARCIMBOLDO_LITE, placing single helices, and in ARCIMBOLDO_SHREDDER, with fragments derived from AlphaFold models. SHELXE tracing at low resolution has been enhanced, maintaining its local character but extending the environment assessment. For non‐helical structures, verification is demonstrated in the fragment location process. Its use is exemplified with the solution of the VSR1 structure at 3.5 Å, depending on LLG optimization and the emergence of new features in the electron density. Relying on verification, we have extended the use of the ARCIMBOLDO software to low resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chronic Angioedema Registry (CARE) is an international disease registry that aims to improve patient care for recurrent angioedema. It collects data through questionnaires completed by physicians and patients to assess disease control, quality of life, and treatment responses. However, the outcomes may not apply to less severe cases typically seen in primary care or community settings, and the findings may not be generalizable to patients from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The document also lists conflicts of interest for authors involved in the CARE study, who have disclosed financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies and other organizations. The study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin. [Extracted from the article]

Areca ipot, a Philippine endemic species, is categorized as endangered primarily due to habitat loss. A severe outbreak of a new leaf spot disease was observed on A. ipot seedlings in a nursery. Morphological and molecular features of isolates from diseased samples were identified as Neopestalotiopsis sp. and Calonectria sp. The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by fulfilling Koch's postulates. This is the first report of Neopestalotiopsis sp. and Calonectria sp. causing leaf spot on A. ipot in the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is a zoonotic multi‐host vector‐borne pathogen of major public health importance. Although the European Food Safety Authority has recently made the monitoring of this bacterium in wildlife a priority, the role of wild lagomorphs in the transmission and maintenance of C. burnetii is poorly understood. Aims: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with C. burnetii circulation in European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) and to assess the presence of this pathogen in ticks that feed on them in Mediterranean ecosystems in Spain, the country with the highest number of reported cases of Q fever in Europe. Methods: A total of 574 spleen samples were collected from 453 wild rabbits and 121 Iberian hares, and 513 ticks (processed in 120 pools) between the 2017/2018 and 2021/2022 hunting seasons. Results: C. burnetii DNA was detected in 103 (17.9%; 95% CI: 14.8–21.1) of the 574 wild lagomorphs tested. By species, prevalence was 16.3% (74/453; 95% CI: 12.9–19.7) in the European wild rabbit and 24.0% (29/121; 95% CI: 16.4–31.6) in the Iberian hare. At least one positive lagomorph was found on 47.9% of the 96 hunting estates sampled and in every hunting season since 2018/2019. Two risk factors associated with C. burnetii infection were as follows: outbreak of myxomatosis on the hunting estate in the month prior to sampling and high tick abundance observed by gamekeepers on the hunting estate. C. burnetii DNA was also found in 33 of the 120 (27.5%; 95% CI: 19.5–35.5) tick pools tested. The pathogen was detected in 66.7% (4/6), 29.2% (26/89) and 21.4% (3/14) of Haemaphysalis hispanica, Rhipicephalus pusillus and Hyalomma lusitanicum pools respectively. Conclusions: This study provides new epidemiological data on C. burnetii in European wild rabbits and is the first survey on this zoonotic pathogen performed in Iberian hares. Our results indicate widespread endemic circulation of C. burnetii and highlight the importance of both wild lagomorph species as natural reservoirs of this zoonotic bacterium in Mediterranean ecosystems in southern Spain, which may be of public and animal health concern. The high prevalence and wide diversity of positive tick species suggest the possible role of ticks in the epidemiological cycle of C. burnetii, with the potential risk of transmission to sympatric species, including humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver fibrosis is the consequence of chronic liver injury in the presence of an inflammatory component. Although the main executors of this activation are known, the mechanisms that lead to the inflammatory process that mediates the production of pro‐fibrotic factors are not well characterized. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in hepatocytes is essential for the regenerative processes of the liver; however, its potential role in regulating the fibrotic niche is not yet clear. Our group generated a mouse model that expresses an inactive truncated form of the EGFR specifically in hepatocytes (ΔEGFR mice). Here, we have analyzed the response of WT and ΔEGFR mice to chronic treatment with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), which induces a pro‐inflammatory and fibrotic process in the liver. The results indicated that the hallmarks of liver fibrosis were attenuated in CCl4‐treated ΔEGFR mice when compared with CCl4‐treated WT mice, coinciding with a faster resolution of the fibrotic process and ameliorated damage. The absence of EGFR activity in hepatocytes induced changes in the pattern of immune cells in the liver, with a notable increase in the population of M2 macrophages, more related to fibrosis resolution, as well as in the population of lymphocytes related to eradication of the damage. Transcriptome analysis of hepatocytes, and secretome studies of extracellular media from in vitro experiments, allowed us to elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms regulated by EGFR that mediate hepatocyte production of both pro‐fibrotic and pro‐inflammatory mediators; these have consequences for the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, as well as for the immune microenvironment. Overall, our study uncovered novel mechanistic insights regarding EGFR kinase‐dependent actions in hepatocytes that reveal its key role in chronic liver damage. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research shows that being in a situation of economic scarcity promotes a more concrete mindset that motivates behavioral decisions based on action difficulty and their short‐term outcomes, which frequently entails negative consequences. However, a concrete mindset can be counteracted by inducing an abstract mindset to help people focus on final broad goals. We explored how focusing on transcendent motives (vs. self‐oriented) promotes a more abstract mindset facilitating prosocial behavioral intentions. Study 1 (pre‐post design) explored whether focusing on transcendent motives for engaging in activities promoted a more abstract mindset compared to focusing on self‐oriented motives. Using a 2 × 2 design with two consecutive opposing primes, Study 2 tested how inducing a transcendent orientation could reverse the effect caused by perceiving economic scarcity, promoting greater orientation toward others and prosocial behavioral intentions. In Study 1 participants who generated transcendent motives for behaviors presented a greater increase in the abstraction of construal level, compared to those who only generated self‐oriented motives for the same behaviors. Study 2 demonstrated that, when participants who perceived economic scarcity were focused on transcendent motives (vs. self‐oriented) to promote a more abstract mindset, their orientation toward others increased. Interestingly, for people perceiving economic scarcity, whose own difficulties could reduce prosocial behaviors, the greater orientation toward others promoted a greater intention to engage in demanding prosocial behaviors. We provide evidence of new strategies to promote abstraction in individuals and increase their involvement in prosocial behavioral intentions, especially for those perceiving economic scarcity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is recognised for its health benefits: anticancer, antiinflamatory and antiatherogenic effects have been reported. CLA enriched yoghurts were developed through homogenization at two levels (H1 and H2 with 40 and 80 mg CLA/100 g of yoghurt, respectively) with a view to creating functional foods. CLA modified the volatile profile in a positive way: higher levels of diacetyl and ethyl butanoate and lower values of 2‐hexanone and 2‐heptanone, ethanol and certain acids were recorded. Yoghurts presented similar microstructure, but H1 showed higher consistency and lower pseudoplastic behaviour; meanwhile H2 presented less syneresis. All products had high acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: We propose the construction of conditional growth densities under stressed factor scenarios to assess the level of exposure of an economy to small probability but potentially catastrophic economic and/or financial scenarios, which can be either domestic or international. The choice of severe yet plausible stress scenarios is based on the joint probability distribution of the underlying factors driving growth, which are extracted with a multilevel dynamic factor model (DFM) from a wide set of domestic/worldwide and/or macroeconomic/financial variables. All together, we provide a risk management tool that allows for a complete visualization of the dynamics of the growth densities under average scenarios and extreme scenarios. We calculate growth‐in‐stress (GiS) measures, defined as the 5% quantile of the stressed growth densities, and show that GiS is a useful and complementary tool to growth‐at‐risk (GaR) when policymakers wish to carry out a multidimensional scenario analysis. The unprecedented economic shock brought by the COVID‐19 pandemic provides a natural environment to assess the vulnerability of US growth with the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images are at the core of most modern biological experiments and are used as a major source of quantitative information. Numerous algorithms are available to process images and make them more amenable to be measured. Yet the nature of the quantitative output that is useful for a given biological experiment is uniquely dependent upon the question being investigated. Here, we discuss the 3 main types of information that can be extracted from microscopy data: intensity, morphology, and object counts or categorical labels. For each, we describe where they come from, how they can be measured, and what may affect the relevance of these measurements in downstream data analysis. Acknowledging that what makes a measurement 'good' is ultimately down to the biological question being investigated, this review aims at providing readers with a toolkit to challenge how they quantify their own data and be critical of conclusions drawn from quantitative bioimage analysis experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a major global health challenge that affects every nation and accounts for a large portion of the worldwide disease burden. Furthermore, cancer cases will rise significantly in the next few decades. The Food and Drug Administration has approved more than 600 drugs for treating diverse types of cancer. However, many conventional anticancer medications cause side effects, and drug resistance develops as the treatment proceeds with a concomitant impact on patients' quality of life. Thus, exploring natural products with antitumor properties and nontoxic action mechanisms is essential. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome has a long history of use in traditional medicine, and it contains biologically active compounds, gingerols and shogaols. The main ginger shogaol is 6‐shogaol, whose concentration dramatically increases during the processing of ginger, primarily due to the heat‐induced conversion of 6‐gingerol. Some studies have demonstrated that 6‐shogaol possesses biological and pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The mechanism of action of 6‐shogaol as an anticancer drug includes induction of paraptosis, induction of apoptosis, increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, induction of autophagy, and the inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling. Despite this knowledge, the mechanism of action of 6‐shogaol is not fully understood, and the scientific data on its therapeutic dose, safety, and toxicity are not entirely described. This review article examines the potential of 6‐shogaol as an anticancer drug, addressing the limitations of current medications; it covers 6‐shogaol's attributes, mechanism of action in cancer cells, and opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to evaluate the characteristics, clinical outcomes, and blood product transfusion (BPT) rates of patients undergoing cardiac transplant (CT) while receiving uninterrupted anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. Methods: A retrospective, single‐center, and observational study of adult patients who underwent CT was performed. Patients were classified into four groups: (1) patients without anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy (control), (2) patients on antiplatelet therapy (AP), (3) patients on vitamin K antagonists (AVKs), and (4) patients on dabigatran (dabigatran). The primary endpoints were reoperation due to bleeding and perioperative BPT rates (packed red blood cells (PRBC), fresh frozen plasma, platelets). Secondary outcomes assessed included morbidity and mortality‐related events. Results: Of the 55 patients included, 6 (11%) received no therapy (control), 8 (15%) received antiplatelet therapy, 15 (27%) were on AVKs, and 26 (47%) were on dabigatran. There were no significant differences in the need for reoperation or other secondary morbidity‐associated events. During surgery patients on dabigatran showed lower transfusion rates of PRBC (control 100%, AP 100%, AVKs 73%, dabigatran 50%, p = 0.011) and platelets (control 100%, AP 100%, AVKs 100%, dabigatran 69%, p = 0.019). The total intraoperative number of BPT was also the lowest in the dabigatran group (control 5.5 units, AP 5 units, AVKs 6 units, dabigatran 3 units; p = 0.038); receiving significantly less PRBC (control 2.5 units, AP 3 units, AVKs 2 units, dabigatran 0.5 units; p = 0.011). A Poisson multivariate analysis showed that only treatment on dabigatran reduces PRBC requirements during surgery, with an expected reduction of 64.5% (95% CI: 32.4%–81.4%). Conclusions: In patients listed for CT requiring anticoagulation due to nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, the use of dabigatran and its reversal with idarucizumab significantly reduces intraoperative BPT demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) allows genotyping and minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in lymphomas. Using a next‐generation sequencing (NGS) approach (EuroClonality‐NDC), we evaluated the clinical and prognostic value of ctDNA in a series of R‐CHOP‐treated diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients at baseline (n = 68) and after two cycles (n = 59), monitored by metabolic imaging (positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography [PET/CT]). A molecular marker was identified in 61/68 (90%) ctDNA samples at diagnosis. Pretreatment high ctDNA levels significantly correlated with elevated lactate dehydrogenase, advanced stage, high‐risk International Prognostic Index and a trend to shorter 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS). Valuable NGS data after two cycles of treatment were obtained in 44 cases, and 38 achieved major molecular response (MMR; 2.5‐log drop in ctDNA). PFS curves displayed statistically significant differences among those achieving MMR versus those not achieving MMR (2‐year PFS of 76% vs. 0%, p < 0.001). Similarly, more than 66% reduction in ΔSUVmax by PET/CT identified two subgroups with different prognosis (2‐year PFS of 83% vs. 38%; p < 0.001). Combining both approaches MMR and ΔSUVmax reduction, a better stratification was observed (2‐year PFS of 84% vs. 17% vs. 0%, p < 0.001). EuroClonality‐NDC panel allows the detection of a molecular marker in the ctDNA in 90% of DLBCL. ctDNA reduction at two cycles and its combination with interim PET results improve patient prognosis stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cartilaginous tumors of the larynx are rare, representing less than 1% of all laryngeal tumors. Chondromas are benign mesenchymal tumors characterized by a slow-paced growth, primarily originated in the cricoid cartilage, followed by the thyroid, arytenoid, and epiglottic cartilages. This scoping review aims to understand the extent of evidence on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, morbidity, and recurrence of the laryngeal chondroma (LC). Data sources: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Systematic Reviews, Lilacs, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Review Methods: The scoping review was conducted from 1816 to 2023, for observational studies describing LC. Titles and abstracts were screened for relevance, followed by an evaluation of the full text for eligibility. The data were collected from the qualifying articles, and a narrative summary of the outcomes was prepared. Results: One hundred and nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Ninety-four case reports, 22 case series, and 3 cohorts. Two hundred and four participants with a diagnosis of LC were described. Male:female ratio was 2.8:1. The most common localization was the cricoid (113; 47.08%), followed by the thyroid (45; 18.75%), and the arytenoid cartilage (27; 11.25%). Dyspnea (78.85%) and hoarseness (74.28%) were the most reported symptoms. The recurrence rate was 11.25%, and complications were uncommon following the resection. Conclusion: This scoping review found a low-frequency rate over all the cartilaginous laryngeal tumors. Most patients were treated with resection, with a low rate of malignancy conversion. This population has low attributable mortality, morbidity, and recurrence according to the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the association between hearing function, assessed with pure‐tone average (PTA) of air conduction thresholds, and 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) in older adults. Study Design: Cross‐sectional study. Setting: A total of 1404 community‐dwelling individuals aged ≥65 years from the Seniors‐ENRICA cohort were examined. Methods: Hearing loss was defined as PTA > 40‐AudCal hearing loss decibels (dB‐aHL) in the better ear for standard frequency (0.5, 1, and 2 kHz), speech frequency (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz), and high frequency (3, 4, and 8 kHz). Circadian BP patterns were calculated as the percentage decline in systolic BP during the night, and participants were classified as dipper, nondipper, and riser. Ambulatory hypertension was defined as BP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg (24 hour), ≥135/85 (daytime), and ≥120/70 (nighttime) or on antihypertensive treatment. Analyses were performed with linear‐ and logistic‐regression models adjusted for the main confounders. Results: In multivariable analyses, the PTA was associated with higher nighttime systolic BP [β coefficient per 20 dB‐aHL increment standard frequency (95% confidence interval, CI): 2.41 mm Hg (0.87, 3.95); β (95% CI) per 20 dB‐aHL increment speech frequency 2.17 mm Hg (0.70, 3.64)]. Among hypertensive patients, hearing loss at standard and high‐frequency PTA was associated with the riser BP pattern [odds ratio: 2.01 (95% CI, 1.03‐3.93) and 1.45 (1.00‐2.09), respectively]; also, hearing loss at standard PTA was linked to uncontrolled nighttime BP [1.81 (1.01‐3.24)]. Conclusion: PTA was associated with higher nighttime BP, and hearing loss with a riser BP pattern and uncontrolled BP in older hypertensives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mid‐infrared laser spectroscopy was used to investigate common bacteria encountered in biopharmaceutical industries. The study involved the detection of bacteria using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy coupled to a grazing angle probe (QCL‐GAP). Substrates similar to surfaces commonly used in biopharmaceutical industries were used as support media for the samples. Reflectance measurements were assisted by Multivariate Analysis (MVA) to assemble a powerful spectroscopic technique with classification and identification resources. The species analyzed, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Micrococcus luteus, were used to challenge the technique's capability to discriminate from microorganisms of the same family. Principal Components Analysis and Partial Least Squares‐Discriminant Analysis differentiated between the bacterial species, using QCL‐GAP‐MVA as the reference. Spectral differences in the bacterial membrane were used to determine if these microorganisms were present in the samples analyzed. Results herein provided effective discrimination for the bacteria under study with high sensitivity and specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porphyrin derivatives are widely used as donors in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their excellent optical and electrochemical properties. Although porphyrins can be functionalized at the meso‐ and β‐positions, only meso‐functionalized porphyrins have been reported as OSCs. Consequently, a direct comparison of the properties of porphyrins functionalized at these two positions is needed. The synthesis of two similar D–π–A–π–D materials is described herein and these compounds contain benzothiadiazole as the acceptor core and two Ni‐porphyrins as donors functionalized at the meso‐ and β‐positions to give RC19 and RC20, respectively. The optical and electrochemical properties of these compounds are reported. All‐small‐molecule OSCs based on RC19:TOCR1 and RC20:TOCR1 active layers show power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 13.72% and 5.20%, respectively. It should be noted that the PCE of 13.72% obtained for RC19:TOCR1 devices is, to one's knowledge, the highest value reported for porphyrin‐based binary OSCs. The higher PCE obtained for RC19 is due to its higher photon harvesting ability, more efficient exciton dissociation and charge transfer, balanced charge transport, and lower bimolecular and trap‐assisted recombination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggs and embryo manipulation is an important biotechnological challenge to enable positioning, entrapment, and selection of reproductive cells to advance into a new era of nature‐like assisted reproductive technologies. Oviductin (OVGP1) is an abundant protein in the oviduct that binds reversibly to the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix that surrounds eggs and embryos. Here, the study reports a new method coupling OVGP1 to magnetic nanoparticles (NP) forming a complex (NPOv). NPOv specifically surrounds eggs and embryos in a reversible manner. Eggs/embryos bound to NPOv can be moved or retained when subjected to a magnetic force, and interestingly only mature‐competent eggs are attracted. This procedure is compatible with normal development following gametes function, in vitro fertilization, embryo development and resulting in the birth of healthy offspring. The results provide in vitro proof‐of‐concept that eggs and embryos can be precisely guided in the absence of physical contact by the use of magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pandemic presented unique challenges for individuals with autoimmune and rheumatic diseases (AIRDs) due to their underlying condition, the effects of immunosuppressive treatments, and increased vaccine hesitancy. Objectives: The COVID‐19 vaccination in autoimmune diseases (COVAD) study, a series of ongoing, patient self‐reported surveys were conceived with the vision of being a unique tool to gather patient perspectives on AIRDs. It involved a multinational, multicenter collaborative effort amidst a global lockdown. Methods: Leveraging social media as a research tool, COVAD collected data using validated patient‐reported outcomes (PROs). The study, comprising a core team, steering committee, and global collaborators, facilitated data collection and analysis. A pilot‐tested, validated survey, featuring questions regarding COVID‐19 infection, vaccination and outcomes, patient demographics, and PROs was circulated to patients with AIRDs and healthy controls (HCs). Discussion: We present the challenges encountered during this international collaborative project, including coordination, data management, funding constraints, language barriers, and authorship concerns, while highlighting the measures taken to address them. Conclusion: Collaborative virtual models offer a dynamic new frontier in medical research and are vital to studying rare diseases. The COVAD study demonstrates the potential of online platforms for conducting large‐scale, patient‐focused research and underscores the importance of integrating patient perspective into clinical care. Care of patients is our central motivation, and it is essential to recognize their voices as equal stakeholders and valued partners in the study of the conditions that affect them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The world prevalence of people with dementia is increasing. Most of the care received by people with dementia is provided by family caregivers, and this prolonged activity has a significant impact on caregivers' levels of depression. Stressors and frequency of leisure are known predictors of caregivers' depressive levels. The longitudinal impact of caregivers' ambivalent and guilt feelings is unknown. Methods: Participants were 177 family caregivers of relatives with dementia who were assessed three times during a 2‐year period. In addition to demographic variables, psychological symptoms of the dementias, and frequency of leisure activities, caregivers' ambivalent feelings, guilt, and depressive symptoms were measured. The longitudinal association of changes in these variables with changes in caregivers' depressive symptoms over time was assessed using mixed linear models. Results: Changes over time in the assessed variables predicted 48.05% of variance of changes over time in depressive symptoms. Even when variables strongly associated with increased depressive symptoms were controlled (lower caregivers' age and educational level, higher reaction to BPSD, and lower leisure activities), increases in ambivalence and guilt contributed to an increase of 9.22% of the variance of changes depressive symptoms over a 2‐year period. The effects of ambivalent feelings on depression are indirect, mediated by guilt feelings. Cessation of caregiving do not seem to alter these findings. Conclusions: Caregivers' ambivalent and guilt feelings are significant predictors of caregivers' mental health. Caregivers may significantly benefit from early detection of ambivalent and guilt feelings and preventive strategies targeting triggers associated with ambivalent and guilt symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Food and nutrition security interventions have been demonstrated to optimize health, prevent and treat chronic diseases among adult populations. Despite the increasing prevalence and intersection of food insecurity and childhood obesity in the United States, there are few food and nutrition security interventions targeted to children and families. Objectives: The primary purpose of this phase I randomized, crossover trial was to assess the safety, acceptability and satisfaction of a meal kit delivery program among children with obesity living in households with food insecurity. Secondarily, we assessed the feasibility of our study design, recruitment and retention to inform future larger scale trials. Methods: We delivered 6 weeks of healthy meal kits, which included fresh pre‐portioned ingredients and simple picture‐based recipes (two recipes/week) in English or Spanish to prepare one‐pot, under 30‐min meals (after preparation ~ 10 servings/week). Results: Caregivers received and prepared the meal kits and reported overall satisfaction with the meal kit delivery program. Conclusion: A meal kit delivery intervention for children with obesity and food insecurity is acceptable and a phase I randomized, crossover trial is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]