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This study aimed to investigate the similarities and differences in milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins from porcine colostrum (PC) and human colostrum (HC) based on a label‐free proteomics approach. In total, 3901 and 4027 MFGM proteins were identified in PC and HC, respectively, including 3452 common proteins. Similar biological functions and pathways were found in two groups, whereas the quantities and types of MFGM proteins involved were different. This study compared the differences between MFGM proteins in PC and HC, effectively expanding the MFGM proteome and its bioinformatic database and providing new insights for the exploration of porcine milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In goat kids, choosing the appropriate age to administer the first dose of goat pox disease (GTP) vaccine requires knowing when maternal antibody decline concentrations. Objective: Determine the persistence of maternal antibodies against goat pox virus (GTPV) in goat kids. Animals: Twenty Saanen goat kids from birth to 120 days old. Methods: In 2 groups, including: control (receiving colostrum from nonvaccinated does) and treatment (receiving colostrum from vaccinated does). On zero, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 100 and 120 days after the birth, virus neutralization test was used to measure the serum concentration of antibodies against GTPV. Results: At the age of 56 days, the first seronegative goat kids (n = 2) were recorded in the treatment group. At the age of 120 days, all the goat kids in the treatment group were seronegative. The average virus neutralization index (VNI) of the goat kids became negative at the age of 100 to 120 days. All goat kids in the control group were negative at all times. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: One hundred to 120 days of the age seems to be the time to administer the first GTP vaccine in the goat kids with passive immunity against goat pox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Excellent colostrum management in dairy calves is paramount to their future health and productivity. Feeding colostrum in an extended manner is an emerging research area of interest which could provide health benefits to growing calves. Aim of the article: This article explains the potential benefits of extended colostrum (or transition milk feeding) to dairy calves and how to practically implement it on farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate variations in fatty acid composition between buffalo colostrum and mature milk. Samples were collected from 20 buffaloes for fatty acid analysis. Results revealed significant differences in the fatty acid composition between colostrum and mature milk. Colostrum exhibited lower levels of saturated fatty acids while higher monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to mature milk. Specifically, colostrum demonstrated higher n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids, which resulted in a lower n‐6/n‐3 ratio compared to mature milk. These findings suggest that buffalo colostrum may offer more advantages in human health compared to mature milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive peptides derived from foods provide physiological health benefits beyond nutrition. This study focused on profiling small peptide inhibitors against two key serine proteases, dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) and prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). DPP‐IV is a well‐known protein involved in diverse pathways regulating inflammation, renal, cardiovascular physiology, and glucose homeostasis. POP is yet another key target protein for neurodegenerative disorders. The study evaluated peptide libraries of buffalo colostrum whey and fat globule membrane proteins derived from pepsin and pepsin–pancreatin digestion through in silico web tools and structure‐based analysis by molecular docking and binding free‐energy estimation, followed by in vitro assay for DPP‐IV inhibition for the lead peptides. The bioinformatic study indicated 49 peptides presented motifs with DPP‐IV inhibition while 5 peptides with sequences for POP inhibition. In the molecular docking interactions study, 22 peptides interacted with active site residues of DPP‐IV and 3 peptides with that of POP. The synthesized peptides, SFVSEVPEL and LTFQHNF inhibited DPP‐IV in vitro with an IC50 of 193.5 μM and 1.782 mM, respectively. The study revealed the key residues for inhibition of DPP‐IV and POP thus affirming the DPP‐IV inhibitory potential of milk‐derived peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accurate prediction of parturition is paramount to ensuring monitoring of delivery and preventing complications. Assessing the pH and electrolytes of the mammary gland secretions (MGS) helps detect impending parturition. As conductivity is related to electrolyte concentrations and pH, it could be a useful alternative for predicting impending parturition; however, this hypothesis warrants a critical assessment. Objectives: To assess the ability of conductivity, pH, and Brix in the MGS to predict parturition and to investigate their associations. Study design: Field study. Methods: The MGS of periparturient mares (n = 241) was assessed daily for conductivity, pH, and Brix index from 320d until parturition. Receiving operating curve cut‐off values for conductivity (≤4.8 mS/cm), pH (≤6.4), and Brix index (>23.6%) were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for predicting parturition in ≤24 h. Results: Impending parturition was associated with a reduction in conductivity and pH (p < 0.05), and conductivity was strongly correlated with pH (r = 0.88) and Brix (r = −0.80) (p < 0.05). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for parturition in ≤24 h for conductivity (82%, 91%, 77%, and 92%, respectively), pH (79%, 84%, 81%, and 71%, respectively), and Brix (72%, 79%, 66%, and 83%, respectively) were determined separated and pairwise. Of interest, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV, of combining conductivity and pH, were 80%, 95%, 90%, and 88%, respectively. Conductivity (≤4.8 mS/cm) presented the greatest odds ratio for predicting parturition in ≤24 h, and coupling it with pH (≤6.4 pH units) doubled its odds ratio (i.e., 25.4–62.3). Main limitations: Field study. Conclusion: The conductivity of MGS is a sensitive and specific method to predict parturition. This is the first large‐scale study showing that a combination of conductivity and pH is useful for predicting parturition in mares. The methods employed can likely apply to other settings with similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines bovine colostrum as a potent source of bioactive compounds, particularly growth factors, for tissue regeneration in humans. While previous research has hinted at therapeutic benefits, a comprehensive understanding of its mechanisms remains elusive, necessitating further investigation. This review analyzes nine selected scientific articles on bovine colostrum's bioactive potential in tissue regeneration. In vitro studies highlight its positive impact on cell behavior, including reduced proliferation and induced differentiation. Notably, optimal concentrations and specific colostrum components, such as extracellular vesicles and insoluble milk fat, show more favorable outcomes. In vivo studies underscore bovine colostrum as a promising natural resource for wound healing, despite some studies failing to identify associated benefits. Further research is crucial to unravel the intricate mechanisms, grasp the full potential in regenerative medicine, and develop more effective wound healing therapies. This refined understanding will pave the way for harnessing the complete regenerative potential of bovine colostrum in clinical applications. Significance Statement: Investigating the potential therapeutic benefits of bovine colostrum in human tissue regeneration is crucial for advancing our understanding of innovative and sustainable approaches to medical interventions. This systematic review endeavors to comprehensively assess existing literature, providing a synthesized analysis of the current state of knowledge. By exploring the viability of bovine colostrum as a regenerative agent, this research not only contributes to the expanding field of regenerative medicine but also holds promise for the development of novel, nature‐inspired strategies to enhance tissue repair and recovery in human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of prepartum supplementation with inorganic selenium (INORG), organic selenium (ORG) or a rumen‐protected choline, on the triglyceride (TAG) and total fatty acid (TFA) profiles of bovine colostrum and transition milk. Fifty‐seven Holstein Friesian (HF) and HF × Jersey cows were supplemented daily from 49 ± 12.9 days prior to calving until day of calving. Milk samples were analysed for TAG and TFA composition using GC‐FID. Prepartum supplementation did not have a significant effect on the milk lipid profiles. This study quantified colostrum lipids not previously reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human milk odor is attractive and appetitive for human newborns. Here, we studied behavioral and heart‐rate (HR) responses of 2‐day‐old neonates to the odor of human colostrum. To evaluate detection in two conditions of stimulus delivery, we first presented the odor of total colostrum against water. Second, the hedonic specificity of total colostrum odor was tested against vanilla odor. Third, we delivered only the fresh effluvium of colostrum separated from the colostrum matrix; the stability of this colostrum effluvium was then tested after deep congelation; finally, after sorptive extraction of fresh colostrum headspace, we assessed the activity of colostrum volatiles eluting from the gas chromatograph (GC). Regardless of the stimulus‐delivery method, neonates displayed attraction reactions (HR decrease) as well as appetitive oral responses to the odor of total colostrum but not to vanilla odor. The effluvium separated from the fresh colostrum matrix remained appetitive but appeared labile under deep freezing. Finally, volatiles from fresh colostrum effluvium remained behaviorally active after GC elution, although at lower magnitude. In sum, fresh colostrum effluvium and its eluate elicited a consistent increase in newborns' oral activity (relative to water or vanilla), and they induced shallow HR decrease. Newborns' appetitive oral behavior was the most reproducible response criterion to the effluvium of colostrum. In conclusion, a set of unidentified volatile compounds from human colostrum is robust enough after extraction from the original matrix and chromatographic processing to continue eliciting appetitive responses in neonates, thus opening new directions to isolate and assay specific volatile molecules of colostrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A weak dromedary calf with signs of prematurity was born in April of 2023 to a healthy multiparous camel with a good body condition. The calf was diagnosed strongly positive to Trypanosoma evansi by haematocrit centrifugation technique (immediately after birth). The mother at that time was asymptomatic and negative by haematocrit centrifugation technique and PCR of blood. Indirect ELISA of the calf's serum before colostrum ingestion showed negligible levels of antibodies. However, 12 hours after colostrum ingestion and without any treatment, the levels of antibodies increased significantly, which coincided with negative haematocrit centrifugation technique. This indicates a possible role of colostral antibodies in neutralising the trypanosomes in the calf's blood. Examination of the placenta showed placentitis, and PCR confirmed a positive result for Trypanosoma nucleic acid. The importance of vertical transmission in maintaining the infection in a herd is discussed, as well as the role of colostrum in decreasing calf mortalities due to trypanosomosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this study was to investigate how the relative levels of physicochemical compositions in foremilk and hindmilk change during lactation and how they differed in relation to environmental factors and the offspring and maternal factors (including genotype, parity, offspring sex, birth type, flock, and year) that might influence these changes. The effects of these compositional changes on functional and health during lactation were then assessed. In conclusion, the effects of environmental factors on the physicochemical components of foremilk and hindmilk varied throughout lactation, and it is highly likely that these changes reflect the changing requirements of the mother and the growing offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colostrum, the first breast fluid produced by mammals after giving birth, is followed by breast milk, which serves as the sole source of nutrients for breastfed newborns and infants. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of the central nervous system in infants. Tryptophan is primarily degraded through the kynurenine pathway. Owing to its sensitivity to dietary intake, immune‐mediated tryptophan degradation is assessed by the kynurenine‐to‐tryptophan ratio, with a focus on one of the rate‐limiting enzymes in the pathway. This study involved the validation of the simultaneous determination of tryptophan and kynurenine using HPLC. The validated method was then used to detect levels of tryptophan and kynurenine, as well as to calculate the kynurenine‐to‐tryptophan ratio in colostrum samples. Simultaneously, these results were compared with colostrum neopterin levels measured using commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mean levels for tryptophan, kynurenine, and neopterin were 17.3 ± 62.4 μM, 0.45 ± 0.03 μM, and 28.9 ± 2.6 nM, respectively. This study is among the few that have evaluated these parameters in colostrum samples. Neopterin levels secreted by the mammary gland were found not to be correlated with tryptophan degradation, a process influenced by the mother's nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy is a critical period associated with alterations in physiologic, biologic, and immunologic processes, which can affect maternal‐fetal health through development of several infectious diseases. At birth, neonates have an immature immune system that makes them more susceptible to severe viral infections and diseases. For this reason, different maternal nutritional and immunization interventions have been used to improve the immune and health status of the mother and her neonate through passive immunity. Here, we reviewed the protective role of maternal immunization with different types of vaccines, especially genetic vaccines, during pregnancy in maternal‐fetal health, immune response, colostrum quality, immune response, and anti‐oxidative status. For this purpose, we have used different scientific databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) and other official web pages. We customized the search period range from the year 2000 to 2023 using the key words "maternal immunization" OR "gestation period/pregnancy" OR "genetic vaccination" OR "maternal‐fetal health" OR "micronutrients" OR "neonatal immunity" "oxidative stress" OR "colostrum quality". The evidence demonstrated that inactivated or killed vaccines produced significant immune protection in the mother and fetus. Furthermore, most recent studies have suggested that the use of genetic vaccines (mRNA and DNA) during pregnancy is efficient at triggering the immune response in mother and neonate without the risk of undesired pregnancy outcomes. However, factors such as maternal redox balance, nutritional status, and the timing of immunization play essential roles in regulating immune response inflammatory status, antioxidant capacity, and the welfare of both the pregnant mother and her newborn. Synopsis: Use of genetic vaccines during pregnancy is efficient at triggering the immune response in mother and neonates without the risk of undesired pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sow colostrum has been reported to protect the IPEC‐J2 cells and piglet colon tissues from detrimental effect of Clostridioides difficile toxins. Since dietary fibre can influence the colostrum composition in sows, we hypothesised that it can also differentially affect the colostrum potential against C. difficile toxin‐induced effects in IPEC‐J2. IPEC‐J2 were incubated with colostrum from sows fed either high‐fermentable sugar beet pulp (SBP) or low‐fermentable lignocellulose (LNC) fibres and in combination with the toxins and analysed by trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell viability using propidium iodide in flow cytometry. Toxins drastically decreased the integrity of IPEC‐J2. Colostrum from the sows fed either SBP or LNC exerted protective effect against toxins on IPEC‐J2 integrity and this effect was numerically superior in the SBP group. Differences in the percentages of TEER between different treatments were noted after 2 h (p = 0.043), 3 h (p = 0.017) and 4 h (p = 0.017) of incubation and a tendency for differences was noted after 5 h of incubation (p = 0.071). Colostrum from either SBP‐ or LNC‐fed sows did not protect the IPEC‐J2 from toxin‐induced death. Colostrum of the sows fed either high‐fermentable or low‐fermentable fibres has a potential to protect IPEC‐J2 from the loss of integrity, which may be important in protection from C. difficile‐infection development in neonatal piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although there are studies on colostrum and milk proteomics of different species in the literature, there is no published report about different quality bovine colostrums' proteomics. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the proteome content of high‐ and low‐quality bovine colostrums for the first time. Methods: Colostrum samples were collected from 32 Holstein cows from the same farm that had just calved. Brix% levels of colostrums were measured, and then, those with a Brix% value of ≥27% were classified as high‐quality and those with a Brix% value of <22% as low‐quality. Three samples from high‐quality and low‐quality colostrums were selected and proteomic analyses were performed by pooling separately. Results: Totally 95 proteins were identified in the colostrums, and 19 of them showed significant changes between high‐ and low‐quality colostrums. Expressions in colostrum of glycosylation‐dependent cell adhesion molecule‐1, cofilin‐1, alpha‐S2‐casein, alpha‐lactalbumin, alpha‐1B‐glycoprotein, actin_cytoplasmic‐1, nucleobindin‐1, cathelicidin‐4, inter‐alpha‐trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4, chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 and monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 were lower, whereas tetranectin, secreted frizzled‐related protein‐1 (SFRP1), perilipin‐2, coatomer subunit epsilon (COPE), butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1, polyubiquitin‐B, lactadherin and albumin levels were higher in high‐quality colostrum than low‐quality colostrum. Moreover, SFRP1, COPE and cathelicidin‐4 proteins were identified for the first time in bovine colostrum. In high‐quality colostrum, the most prominently down‐regulated proteins were cathelicidin‐4 (26.01‐fold) and cofilin‐1 (17.42‐fold), and the most prominently up‐regulated proteins were COPE (3.37‐fold) and tetranectin (3.07‐fold). Conclusions: It was detected that the proteome contents of high‐ and low‐quality bovine colostrums were different from each other. As new functions are added to the protein databases regarding these proteins detected in colostrums, the interactions of proteins with each other and with other molecules will be detailed and the effects of high‐quality colostrums on passive transfer immunity and calf health will be understood in full detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration is critical to the attainment of adequate transfer of passive immunity in cattle, however, studies comparing available tools for measurement of colostral IgG concentration in beef cattle are limited. Objectives: To report the agreement between 3 commercially available tests for evaluating IgG concentration in beef colostrum. Animals: Two hundred six beef‐breed cows hospitalized for calving management or dystocia. Methods: Retrospective study to assess IgG of whole colostrum measured stall‐side via turbidimetric immunoassay (TI) and brix refractometry (BRIX), compared to fat separated (FS) analysis via single radial‐immunodiffusion (RID; reference standard), TI‐FS and BRIX‐FS. Test performance was assessed using Passing Bablock regression, Bland‐Altman analysis, and area under the curve to determine optimal thresholds. Results: Correlation between RID and TI‐FS, BRIX‐FS, or BRIX was similar (Spearman's ρ = 0.717, 0.715, 0.716, respectively) but correlation for TI was poor (ρ = 0.586). Regression analysis identified a substantial constant (−214.75 [CI: −272.03 to −178.07]) and proportional (13.24 [CI: 11.81‐15.37]) bias between the RID and TI‐FS which was similar for TI. TI‐FS concentrations of 28.47, 38.75, and 50.62 g/L, BRIX‐FS of ≤21.9%, ≤24.0%, and ≤27.4%, and BRIX of ≤21.3%, ≤23.8%, and ≤26.4% indicated IgG concentrations <50, <100, and <150 g/L, respectively; appropriate cutoffs for TI could not be generated. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Both TI and TI‐FS demonstrated a large constant and proportional bias compared to RID; BRIX and BRIX‐FS were well correlated with RID and remain a reliable method for estimation of colostral IgG concentration in beef cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA) is a common disease in adult horses, but clinical disease in foals is rarely reported. The relationship between equine maternal and neonatal antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum is unclear. Hypothesis/Objectives: That mares in an endemic region would be seropositive for A. phagocytophilum and that mare and foal serum IgG concentrations for A. phagocytophilum would correlate. Additionally, we hypothesized that foal IgG concentrations for A. phagocytophilum acquired by passive immunity would decline by 6 months of age. Animals: Twenty‐two healthy mare‐foal pairs. Methods: This prospective observational study investigated serum IgG concentrations specific for A. phagocytophilum in mares and foals using an immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA). The association between foal titer (as a binary variable) and age in months was assessed using a mixed‐effects logistic regression. Results: A positive correlation between newborn foal antibody titers and mare titers was identified at both the pre‐foaling (τa = 0.38, τb = 0.50, P =.009) and foaling timepoints (τa = 0.36, τb = 0.47, P =.01). In A. phagocytophilum seropositive neonates, it was unlikely that a positive titer would be detected by 3 months of age (OR = 0.002, P =.02, 95% CI: 0.00001‐0.38). Three out of 20 foals seroconverted between 3 and 6 months of age. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Transfer of specific passive immunity to A. phagocytophilum occurred in 80% of foals born to seropositive mares and declined by 3 months of age. A. phagocytophilum infection should be considered in foals displaying clinical signs consistent with EGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactoferrin, IGF‐1 and IgG are three well‐known bioactive proteins found in bovine colostrum. We studied the effects of these three active ingredients on the levels of eight cytokines in serum and on the cellular communication networks in vivo by oral administration, intraperitoneal injection and intravenous injection. The results suggested that bioactive ingredients, especially biomacromolecules, can induce different effects, even opposite effects, on the immune system depending on the route of administration. These effects are related to both the functions of the bioactive ingredient in vivo and to its specific receptor binding in the gastrointestinal mucosa that activates different signalling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The major objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of heat‐treating colostrum on the subsequent growth characteristics (weight gain, body size, dry matter intake and feed efficiency rate) and health of Holstein calves. Methods: A total of 1200 neonatal Holstein calves on one commercial dairy farm were enrolled. The calves were divided into heat‐treated (60°C for 90 min) and unheated (raw) colostrum groups. Calf serum IgG and total protein concentrations were measured before and after colostrum consumption. Health characteristics and disease prevalence were recorded during the suckling period. Results: Consumption of heat‐treated colostrum led to increased serum IgG (P < 0.0001) and total protein (P < 0.0001) concentrations, increased apparent efficacy of IgG absorption (P < 0.0001) and increased general health condition, weight gain (P < 0.0001) and clinical performance. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Heat‐treatment of colostrum is an effective method to improve health and increase growth characteristics (weight gain, body size, dry matter intake and feed efficiency rate) of neonatal dairy calves, most likely by decreasing microbial load and facilitating IgG absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different supplementation levels of soybean hulls and corn stalk in high‐fibre gestation diet on the performance, colostrum composition and faecal microbiota of sows. Forty first‐farrowing Danish Landrace sows were randomly assigned to five dietary treatment groups. The control (CON, 3.15% crude fibre) group was fed a normal diet, and the treatment groups were soybean hulls low‐fibre (SHL, 6.00% crude fibre) group, soybean hulls high‐fibre (SHH, 8.00% crude fibre) group, corn stalk low‐fibre (CSL, 6.00% crude fibre) group and corn stalk high‐fibre (CSH, 8.00% crude fibre) group. The weaning weight of the litter and the average daily feed intake of the lactating sows in the SHL, SHH and CSH groups were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). The immunoglobulin A and G levels of the colostrum in the SHL, SHH, CSL and CSH groups were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05), and the immunoglobulin M levels in the SHL, SHH and CSH groups were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Proteobacteria at the phylum level in the CON group was higher than that in the CSL, CSH and SHH groups (p < 0.05). The abundance of Lactobacillaceae at the family level in the SHH and CSL groups were higher than that in the CON group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Lactobacillus at the genus level in the SHH and CSL groups were higher than that in the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, SHH group had the best effect, and the optimal crude fibre level in the gestation diet of sows is 8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the effect of feeding seaweed to Japanese Black cows before calving on IgA concentrations in colostrum. Seven Japanese Black breeding cows were used as test animals, with three cows in the seaweed‐fed group (seaweed group) and four in the seaweed‐non‐fed group (control group). Each cow was fed 6 kg of sudangrass hay and 2.5 kg of compound feed twice daily (09:00 a.m. and 04:00 p.m.) as basal diets. Both groups had free access to water. In the seaweed group, commercially available seaweed feed was fed from 2 months before calving until the day of calving. The seaweed of 150 g/head/day was added to the basal diet at the morning feeding. Colostrum collected immediately after calving was used to measure IgA concentrations by ELISA. The IgA concentration in colostrum was significantly higher in the seaweed group than in the control group (P < 0.05). This suggested that feeding seaweed to Japanese Black cows before calving may increase IgA concentration in colostrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoglobulins in bovine colostrum were separated and fractionated from other proteins using the method and instrumentation developed in our laboratory. The proposed separation was based on bidirectional isotachophoresis/moving boundary electrophoresis with electrofocusing of the analytes in a pH gradient from 3.9 to 10.1. The preparative instrumentation included the trapezoidal non‐woven fabric that served as separation space with divergent continuous flow. The defatted and casein precipitate‐free colostrum supernatant was loaded directly into the instrument without any additional colostrum pre‐preparation. Immunoglobulin G was fractionated from other immune proteins such as bovine serum albumin, β‐lactoglobulin, and α‐lactalbumin, and was continuously collected in separated fractions over 3 h. The fractions were further processed, and isolated immunoglobulin G in the liquid fractions was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by re‐focusing in gel isoelectric focusing. Separated immunoglobulin G was detected in seven fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a gradually decreased concentration in the fractions. Re‐focusing of the proteins in the fractions by gel isoelectric focusing revealed multiple separated zones of immunoglobulin G with the isoelectric point values covering the range from 5.4 to 7.2. Each fraction contained distinct zones with gradually increased isoelectric point values and decreased concentrations from fraction to fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The rapid and accurate identification of colostrum, a strong non‐homogeneous food, remains a challenge. In the present study, the dielectric spectra including the dielectric constant (ε′) and loss factor (ε″) of 154 colostrum samples adulterated with 0–50% mature milk were measured from 20 to 4500 MHz. RESULTS: The results showed that the noise‐reducing spectral preprocessing, including Savitzky–Golay (S‐G), second derivative (SD), and S‐G + SD, was significantly better than scattering‐eliminating, including standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and SNV + MSC. The combination of S‐G and SD was the best. Principal component analysis results demonstrated that dielectric spectroscopy is less susceptible to the inhomogeneity of colostrum and can be used to identify doped colostrum. The identification performance of linear models was better than that of non‐linear models. The established linear discriminant analysis model based on full spectra had the best accuracy rates of 99.14% and 97.37% in the calibration and validation sets, respectively. Confirmatory tests on samples from different sources confirmed the satisfactory robustness of the proposed model. CONCLUSION: We found that the main unfavorable effect on the identification based on dielectric spectroscopy was noise interference, rather than scattering effect caused by inhomogeneity of colostrum. The satisfactory results undoubtedly cast light on rapid detection of strongly non‐homogeneous foods based on dielectric spectroscopy. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate the relationships between colostral concentrations of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and vitamin A (Vit A) and growth (body weight and average daily gain) in Black Bengal (BB) and its crossbred. The colostrum from dams (n = 16) was collected at parturition to measure the concentrations of IGF‐1, IgG and Vit A. The kid weight at birth (W‐0), day 14 (W‐14) and day 28 (W‐28) were measured and the average daily gain during day 1–14 (ADG1‐14) and day 14–28 (ADG14‐28) were calculated. The average concentrations of IGF‐1, IgG and Vit A in colostrum were 504.6 ± 74.9 ng/ml, 9.7 ± 0.6 mg/ml and 549.1 ± 72.5 µg/100 g, respectively. The average body weight of kids at birth, day 14 and 28 were 1.72 ± 0.08, 2.95 ± 0.11 and 3.94 ± 0.13 kg respectively. Kid's breed, IGF‐1, IgG and Vit A had significant positive effects on ADG14‐28 while parity, litter size and sex had no effect. The growth factors that were classified into 2 classes based upon the mean values of colostral contents in all kids showed that the kids receiving the higher concentrations of IGF‐1, IgG and Vit A in colostrum had higher body weight gain than those receiving the lower concentrations (92.1 ± 7.8 vs. 59.8 ± 5.7 g/day; p = 0.002, 88.3 ± 7.8 vs. 60.3 ± 6.1 g/day; p = 0.009 and 91.1 ± 6.8 vs. 56.7 ± 5.8 g/day; p < 0.001 respectively). It is concluded that IGF‐1, IgG and Vit A concentrations in colostrum of dams were associated with increased kid's body weight gain at the end of first month in BB and BB crossbred goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of oral carbohydrate at 2 h before elective cesarean section on postoperative recovery indicators such as the time to colostrum and vaginal bleeding. Methods: Women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal‐epidural anesthesia, aged 20–40 years, with a body mass index (BMI) of 19–30 kg/m2 and an American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score of II were randomized to the oral carbohydrate group (the OC group), the oral placebo group (the OP group), or the control group (the C group). The OC group underwent oral carbohydrate preloading (300 mL/bottle), the OP group orally consumed 300 mL of distilled water, and the C group was forbidden from drinking or eating on the day of the operation. The time to colostrum, vaginal bleeding, time to exhaust, and complications were recorded. Results: A total of 38 participants in the OC group, 37 in the OP group, and 37 in the C group completed the study. Compared with the OP group and the C group, the OC group produced colostrum significantly earlier, had a lower amount of 24‐h vaginal bleeding, and had a higher 24‐h consumption of analgesics. Compared with OP and OC groups, the C group took longer to exhaust. No significant intergroup difference was observed for any other indicator. Conclusion: Oral carbohydrates loading 2 h before elective cesarean section significantly reduces the time to produce colostrum and the amount of vaginal bleeding, which contributes to postoperative recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beef‐calf mortality rates across tropical and subtropical Australia are high, with sub‐optimal nutrition in pregnant cows being the primary risk. The nutritional deficiencies associated with calf mortality are the same as those associated with reduced milk yields. Although the highest mortality risk occurs during neonatal life, the role of inadequate milk delivery to beef neonates is not well established. This study investigated the frequency of low milk delivery in tropically adapted neonatal calves and the time for their dams to initiate full lactation in five management groups of Brahman and Droughtmaster calving cows in the dry tropics of northern Queensland, Australia. Change in calf weight in the days following birth was the primary measure of milk uptake. Plasma globulin concentration was used to indicate colostrum uptake. Across management groups, data were available on 250 calves for regression analysis of average daily gain vs. globulin and on 78 for plotting calf growth profiles. Calves had one of two growth profiles, either with immediate high growth from birth (day one) or with high growth delayed until day three. The frequency of delayed growth calves (with inadequate milk intake to gain at least 0.5 kg by day three after birth) was on average 30% across management groups, with management groups ranging 25%–50%. The frequency of calves growing ≤0.2 kg/day to day three was 15%–37%, depending on management group. The frequency of calves growing ≤0.2 kg/day to day five was 7%–20%, depending on management group. Calf globulin explained only 25% of the variation in calf average daily gain. Our study shows that a third of tropically adapted calves may experience a three‐day delay to initiation of full lactation by their dams. Although study conditions were relatively benign, any additional risks with milk delivery, such as those that occur widely in tropical and subtropical northern Australia, would place such calves at risk of dehydration and mortality. Calf plasma globulin should not be used as a standalone measure of adequacy of neonatal milk delivery, especially when comparing across herds. This study demonstrates a fundamental problem of high frequency in northern Australia. The underlying risks for delayed milk delivery should be considered in the quest for practical solutions to reduce tropically adapted beef‐calf mortalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Failure of passive immunity transfer (FPIT) increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in dairy calves. The prevalence of FPIT in dairy calves has generally been reported to be high, with FPIT estimated to occur in 38%–42% of Australian dairy calves. However, the focus of previous studies has been on replacement heifer calves. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of FPIT in Victorian bobby calves (non‐replacement dairy calves). We collected blood samples from 3608 bobby calves at three abattoirs at exsanguination, and measured serum total protein as an indicator of passive transfer. We found that 36% of bobby calves showed evidence of FPIT (serum total protein ≤52 g/L), and 50% of calves had poor or fair passive transfer (<58 g/L). When a subset of calves (from farms with more than five calves in the dataset) was analysed using a linear mixed model, Jersey calves and crossbred/other calves had an estimated 5.3 g/L and 5.1 g/L higher serum total protein concentration, respectively, than Holstein‐Friesian calves (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that the prevalence of FPIT in bobby calves at abattoirs is similar to that reported in dairy heifer calves sampled on farms. A high prevalence of FPIT has implications for bobby calf morbidity and mortality, as well as calf viability and profitability for dairy‐beef production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the first weeks after birth, enteral feeding and bacterial colonization interact to influence gut maturation in preterm infants. Bovine colostrum (BC) has been suggested as a relevant supplementary diet when own mother's milk (MM) is insufficient or absent. This pilot trial tests whether the supplement type, BC or donor human milk (DM), affects gut colonization in preterm infants during the first week of life. Methods: On day 7, fecal samples were collected from preterm infants (n = 24) fed BC or DM as a supplement to MM. The gut microbiome (GM) was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Correlations between the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa and blood chemistry variables, including amino acids, were explored. Results: BC‐supplemented infants showed a lower relative abundance of the families Lactobacillaceae and Enterococcaceae than DM infants. Planococcaceae were more abundant in infants delivered by cesarean birth vs vaginally. The relative abundance of bacterial families, specifically Enterobacteriaceae, correlated negatively with plasma levels of multiple essential and nonessential amino acids (valine, isoleucine, lysine, histidine, and arginine). Conclusion: The nature of nutrition supplements (BC or DM) just after birth may affect GM development and nutrient metabolism in the neonatal period of preterm infants. The exploratory nature of our study calls for confirmation of these results and their possible long‐term clinical implications for preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Putatively, colostral proteins are partly absorbed and transferred to blood circulation in newborn piglets, which suggests that colostrum ingestion alters the protein composition of their blood. Here, we conducted a pilot study to estimate the changes in the protein composition of piglet blood. Plasma collected from piglets pre‐ and post‐ingestion of colostrum (PreC and PostC) was analyzed by shotgun proteomics. Proteins in colostrum were also analyzed. We identified 393 and 427 proteins in PreC and PostC plasma, respectively, and 596 colostral proteins. Whereas 202 unique proteins were identified in PostC, PreC and PostC commonly shared 225 proteins. By contrast, when compared with PreC, 54 proteins in PostC had their emPAI values increased >2‐fold. Notably, using plasma samples collected from a separate experiment, the concentrations of growth differentiation factor 8 and haptoglobin were higher in PostC than in PreC, which was validated by ELISA. Approximately 60% of the uniquely identified or highly concentrated proteins in PostC were also found in colostrum, which were likely, at least partly, transferred from colostrum. The present study demonstrated that the protein composition of plasma of newborn piglets drastically changed post‐colostrum ingestion, partly due to transfer of colostral proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to examine the effects of dietary vitamin K (VK) 3 supplementation on immune‐related substances in milk, oxidative stress indices in plasma and VK1, and menaquinone 4 (MK‐4) in plasma and milk in periparturient dairy cows. Forty healthy perinatal Holstein‐Friesian dairy cows were used in this study. Twenty‐one animals were randomly selected and categorized into the VK3 supplemented (50 mg/day/head as VK3) group; the remaining 19 were categorized into the control group. On day 3 after calving, blood and milk were sampled, and their chemical components were determined. The VK3 supplemented group had significantly higher menaquinone 4 levels in plasma and milk on day 3 postpartum than the control group. In addition, there was a significant increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) level in milk. VK3 may be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and converted to MK‐4, the biologically active form of VK, in the mammary gland and other tissues. It was thought that the increase in MK‐4 level in plasma and milk induced an increase in the concentration of IgG in milk. VK3 supplementation to periparturient dairy cows may contribute to the production of colostrum with high concentrations of IgG and MK‐4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles, that play important roles in intercellular immune regulation. They have potential therapeutic utility for neonatal diseases including necrotizing enterocolitis. Breast-milk-derived exosomes have recently shown beneficial effects on intestinal damage in vitro and in vivo. However, the chronological change in breast-milk-derived exosome concentrations after delivery are unclear. Methods: In this prospective study, we enrolled 17 mothers who delivered premature infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in Japan. We measured the consecutive concentrations of breast-milk-derived exosomes in the mothers for 48 weeks after delivery. Results: The median concentration of breast-milk-derived exosomes was 1.62 × 108 particles/ml in colostrum, showing a significant decrease after 2 weeks (P < 0.01). There was no association between the exosome concentration in colostrum and maternal perinatal factors including parity, mode of delivery, maternal age, and gestational age at delivery. Conclusions: We concluded that breast-milk-derived exosomes were the richest in colostrum. Our basic data regarding breast-milk-derived exosomes are expected to aid in the clinical application of exosomes for treating neonatal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram‐negative bacterium found on the luminal surface of the gastric mucosa in at least 50% of the world's human population. The protective effect of breastfeeding against H. pylori infection has been extensively reported; however, the mechanisms behind this protection remain poorly understood. Human IgA from colostrum has reactivity against H. pylori antigens. Despite that IgA1 and IgA2 display structural and functional differences, their reactivity against H. pylori had not been previously determined. We attested titers and reactivity of human colostrum‐IgA subclasses by ELISA, immunoblot, and flow cytometry. Colostrum samples from healthy mothers had higher titers of IgA; and IgA1 mostly recognized H. pylori antigens. Moreover, we found a correlation between IgA1 reactivity and their neutralizing effect determined by inhibition of cytoskeletal changes in AGS cells infected with H. pylori. In conclusion, colostrum‐IgA reduces H. pylori infection of epithelial gastric cells, suggesting an important role in preventing the bacteria establishment during the first months of life. As a whole, these results suggest that IgA1 from human colostrum provides protection that may help in the development of the mucosal immune system of newborn children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem: The cesarean section (CS) rate has increased significantly in North America, Western Europe, and Latin America. However, it has been reported that the incidence of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as asthma and type 1 diabetes increased in parallel with CS in these countries. Our aim was to investigate the expression level of miRNAs associated with inflammatory response and autoimmune diseases in colostrum samples and contribute to elucidating the role of CS in the pathogenesis of immune system–related diseases. Method of study: Colostrum samples were taken from voluntary mothers who had 40 normal and 50 cesarean births. miRNAs were extracted from colostrums and detected to miRNA expression profiling (eighty‐four miRNAs) by quantitative real‐time PCR with the Fluidigm integrated microfluidic circuit technology. Results: There was a statistically significant change in the expression levels of 17 miRNAs in the colostrums of mothers who had normal and cesarean delivery (p <.05), and all of miRNAs were upregulated in the colostrums of mothers who have had cesarean delivery. Conclusion: Our best knowledge is that the study we conducted was the first to investigate the effect of delivery method (CS or normal) on the miRNA profile of colostrum. Cesarean delivery is a potential risk factor for inflammatory and immune system–related diseases in children due to dysregulation in miRNA expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate whether a strategy of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum reduces morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants. Methods: A total of 260 neonates with gestational age 26–31 weeks at birth were randomised between August 2017 and August 2018 to receive 0.2 mL of human milk or placebo respectively via the oropharyngeal route, beginning within 24 h after birth, and continued every 3 h until oral feeds were initiated. The primary outcome was a composite of death, late‐onset sepsis (LOS) or necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in the neonatal period. Results: A total of 260 infants (mean gestational age 29.5 weeks, and mean birthweight 1201.7 g) were included in the primary analysis. The composite primary outcome occurred in 43 (33.6%) infants in the colostrum group and 38 infants (29.7%) in the placebo group, and the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.50). Secondary outcomes including the incidence of death, NEC, LOS, probable sepsis, intraventricular haemorrhage, ventilator‐associated pneumonia, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, time to full feeds, time to regain birthweight, duration of hospital stay and survival to 6 months without major neurosensory impairment were also comparable between the two groups. Conclusion: A strategy of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum in very preterm and extremely preterm neonates did not decrease the composite primary outcome of death, LOS or NEC. This finding is consistent with most published literature in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Colostrum is the initial milk secretion which ingestion by neonates warrants their adaptive start in life. Colostrum is accordingly expected to be attractive to newborns. The present study aims to assess whether colostrum is olfactorily attractive for 2‐day‐old newborns when presented against mature milk or a control. Methods: The head‐orientation of waking newborns was videotaped in three experiments pairing the odors of: (a) colostrum (sampled on postpartum day 2, not from own mother) and mature milk (sampled on average on postpartum day 32, not from own mother) (n tested newborns = 15); (b) Colostrum and control (water; n = 9); and (c) Mature milk and control (n = 13). Results: When facing the odors of colostrum and mature milk, the infants turned their nose significantly longer toward former (32.8 vs 17.7% of a 120‐s test). When exposed to colostrum against the control, they responded in favor of colostrum (32.9 vs 16.6%). Finally, when the odor of mature milk was presented against the control, their response appeared undifferentiated (26.7 vs 28.6%). Conclusions: These results indicate that human newborns can olfactorily differentiate conspecific lacteal fluids sampled at different lactation stages. They prefer the odor of the mammary secretion ‐ colostrum ‐ collected at the lactation stage that best matches the postpartum age of their own mother. These results are discussed in the context of the earliest mother‐infant chemo‐communication. Coinciding maternal emission and offspring reception of chemosignals conveyed in colostrum may be part of the sensory precursors of attunement between mothers and infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Human milk (HM) is the optimal diet for neonates, but it does not provide enough nutrients for preterm infants. HM fortifiers based on highly processed mature bovine milk (BMFs) are routinely used for preterm infants despite risks of causing gut dysfunction and systemic infection. Gently‐processed bovine colostrum as a fortifier (BCF) may better protect against infection and inflammation. We hypothesized that BCF‐fortified HM has enhanced antimicrobial activity against pathogens that commonly cause neonatal sepsis, relative to BMF‐fortified HM. Methods: Holder‐pasteurized HM samples (10 mothers) were aliquoted into 3 fractions: unfortified HM and HM fortified with either BMF or BCF. The samples were analyzed for pH, lactoferrin concentrations, and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. Results: HM+BCF had a lower pH and higher lactoferrin levels than HM+BMF, with HM being intermediate. Relative to infant formula, HM decreased the growth of S epidermidis, E coli, and E faecalis, with no difference between preterm and term HM. Addition of BMF abolished the antimicrobial effect of HM against S epidermidis and E faecalis but not E coli. By contrast, addition of BCF into HM enhanced antimicrobial activity against S epidermidis and E coli, relative to unfortified HM. HM+BCF was superior to HM+BMF in inhibiting growth of all tested bacteria. Conclusion: BMF fortification decreased whereas BCF fortification enhanced in vitro antimicrobial activity of HM. This effect may partly be derived from the high levels of antimicrobial factors found in BCF, including lactoferrin. BCF may be a better fortifier than BMF for preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to humans or rabbits, in which maternal IgG is transmitted to offspring prenatally via the placenta or the yolk sac, large domestic animals such as pigs, cows and sheep transmit IgG exclusively through colostrum feeding after delivery. The extremely high IgG content in colostrum is absorbed by newborns via the small intestine. Although it is widely accepted that the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, is the receptor mediating IgG transfer across both the placenta and small intestine, it remains unclear whether FcRn also mediates serum IgG transfer across the mammary barrier to colostrum/milk, especially in large domestic animals. In this study, using a FcRn knockout pig model generated with a CRISPR‐Cas9‐based approach, we clearly demonstrate that FcRn is not responsible for the IgG transfer from serum to colostrum in pigs, although like in other mammals, it is involved in IgG homeostasis and mediates IgG absorption in the small intestine of newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bovine colostrum possesses biological compounds involved in the development of the newborn. Among them, the proteins have drawn attention as a source of bioactive peptides. This study shows the in vitro cytotoxic and immunostimulatory potential of two colostrum whey protein (CWP) hydrolysates obtained by in vitro digestion with pepsin and pancreatin. MTT cell viability, apoptosis induction, polymorphonuclear proliferation and phagocytic activity assays were performed. Treatment with the hydrolysates induced a significant decrease in the viability of MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines due to apoptosis and also a significant increase in the proliferation of blood mononuclear cells. It could also be observed that for the RM‐1 and PC‐3 prostate cancer cell lines and for the two times of exposure (24 and 48 h), the hydrolysate H1 is significantly more cytotoxic than CWP. These results showed the potential of bovine CWP and its hydrolysates for the treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of feeding immunized egg proteins (IEP) on the health and performance of newborn dairy calves. Sixty‐four Holstein calves, both male and female, were divided over two treatments. Calves either received IEP or a placebo (PCB) in their colostrum and calf milk replacer (CMR) for the first 14 days of their life. Until day 49, CMR was offered at 15% of birth weight (BW), at 10% on days 49–57 and at 5% on days 57–63. In addition, calves received starter concentrate, chopped straw and water from 3 days old until 70 days old at the end of study. Individual CMR and concentrate intake were measured daily whilst BW was recorded weekly. Visual faecal scoring and health observations were conducted daily. Faecal samples were collected weekly up to 4 weeks and during the first 4 days of scouring to screen for presence of Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli and Salmonella. Results indicated that feeding IEP increased BW (p <.05) at 42 and 56 days old, and BW also tended (p =.06) to be higher after weaning at 63–70 days old compared to the PCB group. When analysed using a repeated measures model, compared to feeding PCB, feeding IEP increased total concentrate consumption (p =.001) by 3.6kg/calf. Over the entire study, daily water intake was higher (p =.002) for the IEP group when compared with the PCB group. In the IEP group, 12 calves were scored as scouring whereas there were 14 calves in the PCB group. There were no significant differences between treatments in faecal pathogen load of neither healthy nor scouring calves. In conclusion, supplementing IEP during the first 14 days of calf life improved the performance of newborn calves. Further work is warranted to understand the mode of action of IEP in calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piglets must acquire passive immunity through colostrum within hours after birth to survive. How colostral macromolecules traverse the small intestinal epithelium may include nonselective pinocytosis and paracellular transport through tight junction proteins located between epithelial cells. Claudin proteins‐3 and ‐4 contribute to the epithelial tight junctions (TJs) on the apical aspect of lateral surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) where they help regulate ion and macromolecule movement across the intestinal epithelium. Throughout the small intestine of newborn piglets, Claudin‐3 was localized to the lateral and basolateral surface of intestinal epithelial cells as well as the membrane of large vacuoles. In the duodenum and jejunum, Claudin‐4 was localized to the apical surface independent of tight junction regions. In the ileum, Claudin‐4 was localized to the lateral and basolateral surfaces indicating region‐specific differences and noncanonical patterns of Claudin‐4 localization independent of tight junction regions. Understanding the timing of changes in surface localization of Claudin‐3 and Claudin‐4 and how they may coincide with changes in small intestinal permeability may help develop new protective strategies against infectious diseases within newborn piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first secretion, 24-h post parturition of the mammary glands of sows, known as colostrum, is high in protein and low in lactose and fat. As a consequence of an insufficient ingestion of colostrum, more than 50% of piglets fail to reach weaning and die. The composition and some functions of colostrum have been previously reported. For example, colostrum carbohydrates consist of mainly lactose. Lipids in the colostrum are mostly triacylglycerols, but <1% is fatty acids, which may act as homeostasis regulators. Similarly, proteins are found mostly as casein and whey, the latter being =80% immunoglobulins. Colostrum-derived immunoglobulins and bioactive proteins such as azurocidin help the immune system of the piglet fend off infections. In addition, leukocytes and exosomes are other minor but nonetheless equally crucial bioactive components in the porcine colostrum. Modern pig farming has achieved increases in pig productivity and litter size, but this has been accomplished in detriment of the health and the survival rate of piglets. Therefore, porcine colostrum is now even more important in pig farming. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge on the composition and physiological functions of the porcine colostrum and briefly propose future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormal fetal growth is associated with short‐term and long‐term metabolic dysregulation and susceptibility to obesity‐related disorders. Maternal milk, the ideal source of infantile nutrition, protects from metabolic diseases in adulthood. By applying nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics, this study investigated the metabolic profile of early human milk/colostrum (EHM/C) at the extremes of fetal‐growth conditions, which could affect its nutritional value. Methods: From 98 mothers delivering 60 appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA), 19 large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA), and 19 intrauterine growth–restricted (IUGR) full‐term neonates, milk samples collected on the third to fourth day post partum were examined by NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate data analysis elicited information from NMR spectra and probed to metabolic signatures of EHM/C. Results: LGA and IUGR EHM/C samples depicted increased content in lactose, citric acid, choline, phosphocholine, and N‐acetylglutamine. AGA samples exhibited increased isoleucine and valine. Metabolic pathways involved were valine, leucine/isoleucine biosynthesis and degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, aminoacyl–transfer RNA biosynthesis, and citrate cycle. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis models were validated. Conclusion: This holistic metabolomics study framed an increased content of certain essential nutrients in EHM/C samples following the birth of LGA and IUGR infants prone to short‐ and long‐term metabolic disorders, thus stressing additional benefits of early breastfeeding. Assessing the metabolic profile of EHΜ/C enables evaluation of its nutrition value, adjusted to fetal growth, and introduction of appropriate dietary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimising child feeding behaviours could improve child health in Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, where undernutrition rates remain high. However, the design of interventions to improve child feeding behaviours is limited by piecemeal, theoretically underdeveloped evidence on factors that may influence these behaviours. Between July 2018 and January 2020, we systematically searched Cochrane, Medline, EMBASE, Global Health and LILACS databases, grey literature websites and reference lists, for evidence of region‐specific causes of child feeding behaviours and the effectiveness of related interventions and policies. The Behaviour Change Wheel was used as a framework to synthesise and map the resulting literature. We identified 2,905 records and included 68 relevant studies of mixed quality, published between 1964 and 2019. Most (n = 50) were quantitative, 15 were qualitative and three used mixed methods. A total of 39 studies described causes of child feeding behaviour; 29 evaluated interventions or policies. Frequently cited barriers to breastfeeding included mothers' beliefs and perceptions of colostrum and breast milk sufficiency; fears around child illness; and familial and societal pressures, particularly from paternal grandmothers. Child diets were influenced by similar beliefs and mothers' lack of money, time and control over household finances and decisions. Interventions (n = 22) primarily provided foods or supplements with education, resulting in mixed effects on breastfeeding and child diets. Policy evaluations (n = 7) showed positive and null effects on child feeding practices. We conclude that interventions should address context‐specific barriers to optimal feeding behaviours, use behaviour change theory to apply appropriate techniques and evaluate impact using robust research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colostrum is the first product secreted by the mammary gland to transfer immunity to the newborn, especially through immunoglobulins (Ig) G. Melatonin is an immunomodulatory factor and there is evidence that it has a direct effect on IgG production. To evaluate the effects of melatonin treatment during pregnancy, litter size and offspring sex on colostrum quality, sixty pregnant Rasa Aragonesa ewes were divided into three groups: one group received a melatonin implant at the third month of pregnancy (3M, n = 13), another group at the fourth month (4M, n = 18) and the remaining ewes were not implanted (Control, C, n = 29). Immediately after lambing, a sample of colostrum was collected and IgG, crude protein and fat content analysed. Timing of melatonin implantation (p <.001), and offspring sex (p <.01) had a significant effect on IgG concentration. Colostrum of treated ewes had a higher mean (±SEM) IgG concentration than that of the control ewes (55.54 ± 3.09 and 49.50 ± 4.36 mg/ml, respectively; p <.05), mainly because the concentration in the 4M group was significantly (p <.001) higher than it was in the other groups. The relationship between lamb sex and IgG (p <.01) and %CP (p <.05) was evident in singletons (ewes with a male lamb: 54.57 ± 5.37 mg IgG/ml, 15.42 ± 0.82%CP; ewes with a female lamb: 34.66 ± 4.30 mg/ml, 13.18 ± 0.73%CP). The presence of a female in the litter was associated with significantly (p <.01) lower colostrum IgG levels (litters with at least one female: 49.33 ± 3.42 mg/ml; litters with no females: 58.24 ± 4.00 mg/ml). Among 4M ewes, female foetuses had significantly (p <.01) lower IgG levels whether they carried singletons or multiple lambs. In conclusion, treatment with melatonin implants at the fourth month of pregnancy resulted in a higher colostrum quality based on IgG concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible dosing of IgPro20 (Hizentra®, CSL Behring, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania) maintains normal serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID). Until now, clinical trials testing the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of serum IgG of weekly and biweekly subcutaneous IgG therapy were not published. This is the first study assessing PK characteristics following weekly and biweekly IgPro20 in patients with PID. The PK study was conducted in 2 parts: weekly dosing (12 weeks) and biweekly dosing (up to 12 months). Serum IgG concentration‐time data were analyzed using noncompartmental methods to generate PK parameters. Fifteen patients provided PK samples for both dosing regimens. For weekly and biweekly regimens, mean doses per infusion were 109 and 213 mg/kg, respectively, and median tmax was 2.0 and 3.02 days, respectively. The mean Ctrough values were similar in weekly and biweekly regimens (10.21 and 10.13 g/dL, respectively). The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) with 90% confidence intervals of biweekly to weekly Cmax and Ctrough were 1.10 (1.06–1.13) and 0.98 (0.95–1.01), respectively. The GMR of dAUC was 1.07 (1.03–1.10). This PK analysis demonstrated similar systemic IgG exposure after weekly and biweekly IgPro20 dosing with an equivalent monthly dose in patients with PID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigated the antioxidant activities of dromedary colostrum proteins before and after hydrolysis by pepsin, trypsin, α‐chymotrypsin, pancreatin and papain. The enzymatic hydrolysis affected the degrees of hydrolysis, electrophoretic profiles, molecular weight distribution and hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the generated peptides. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using four antioxidant assays, including 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical‐scavenging activities, ferric reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity. Interestingly, the antioxidant activities of dromedary colostrum proteins were enhanced after enzymatic hydrolysis. The highest antioxidant potential was obtained by pancreatic hydrolysates (P ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that dromedary colostrum protein hydrolysates are an important source of natural antioxidant peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]