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Aims: To examine the effect on adolescents of exposure to different e‐cigarette advertisement themes on reported likelihood of purchasing e‐cigarettes in a hypothetical scenario. Design Between‐subjects design of four randomly assigned thematic conditions derived from a content analysis of 350 e‐cigarette advertisements: general, flavor‐ and taste‐themed, people‐ and product use‐themed or control advertisements for bottled water. Setting: Virginia, USA. Participants: Of 1360 adolescents (13–18 years old) participating, 1063 had complete data (519 current cigarette smokers, 544 tobacco‐susceptible non‐smokers). Measurements Participants completed an e‐cigarette purchase task, reporting the likelihood of buying an e‐cigarette at various prices. Indices of abuse liability included price responsiveness (whether likelihood of purchase decreased with increasing prices) and, among price‐responsive adolescents, breakpoint (highest price before definitely would not buy), maximum probability‐weighted expenditure (Omax) and price elasticity (how quickly willingness to purchase decreases as prices increase). Regressions controlled for demographics, prior tobacco ad exposure, tobacco/substance use and sensation‐seeking. Findings Prior advertisement exposure was positively associated with being price‐responsive [odds ratio (OR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03, 1.22; P < 0.05]. Among price‐responsive adolescents (n = 579), breakpoints were 58% higher in the flavor‐ and taste‐themed condition (β = 0.46, 95% CI = <0.01, 0.92) and 75% higher in the people‐ and product use‐themed condition (β = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.10, 1.03) compared with control (Ps < 0.05). Exposure to people‐ and product use‐themed advertisements was associated with a 60% higher Omax (β = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.93; P < 0.05). The general and people‐ and product use‐themed conditions were associated with 19% (β = −0.21, 95% CI = –0.38, ‐0.04) and 21% (β = −0.24, 95% CI = –0.42, −0.06) lower elasticity, respectively (Ps < 0.05). Conclusions: E‐cigarette advertising exposure may increase reported likelihood of purchasing e‐cigarettes, with effects differing by advertisement content. People‐ and product use‐themed e‐cigarette advertisements increased reported likelihood of purchasing in price‐responsive adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although adolescents are a group heavily targeted by the e-cigarette industry, research in cue-reactivity has not previously examined adolescents' behavioral and neural responses to e-cigarette advertising. This study addressed this gap through two experiments. In Experiment One, adult traditional cigarette smokers (n = 41) and non-smokers (n = 41) answered questions about e-cigarette and neutral advertising images. The 40 e-cigarette advertising images that most increased desire to use the product were matched to 40 neutral advertising images with similar content. In Experiment Two, the 80 advertising images selected in Experiment One were presented to adolescents (n = 30) during an functional magnetic resonance imaging brain scan. There was a range of traditional cigarette smoking across the sample with some adolescents engaging in daily smoking and others who had never smoked. Adolescents self-reported that viewing the e-cigarette advertising images increased their desire to smoke. Additionally, all participants regardless of smoking statuses showed significantly greater brain activation to e-cigarette advertisements in areas associated with cognitive control (left middle frontal gyrus), reward (right medial frontal gyrus), visual processing/attention (left lingual gyrus/fusiform gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, left posterior cingulate, left angular gyrus) and memory (right parahippocampus, left insula). Further, an exploratory analysis showed that compared with age-matched non-smokers (n = 7), adolescent smokers (n = 7) displayed significantly greater neural activation to e-cigarette advertising images in the left inferior temporal gyrus/fusiform gyrus, compared with their responses to neutral advertising images. Overall, participants' brain responses to e-cigarette advertisements suggest a need to further investigate the long-run impact of e-cigarette advertising on adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs related to addiction and addiction research. President Barack Obama signed the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA) into law in July 2016. A proposal to regulate tobacco advertising in Switzerland was rejected by the Health Committee of the Swiss senate in April 2016. The periodical "National Post" has reported that there were 474 drug-related overdose deaths in British Columbia (BC) in Canada in 2015.

This article studies the impact of the 1971 TV/radio advertising ban on the cigarette industry. Data indicate that industry advertising spending decreased sharply immediately following the ban but recovered and actually exceeded the preban level within five years. A dynamic oligopoly model of advertising is developed to incorporate two potential explanations. The estimated model fully accounts for the puzzling trend, with 74% of the postban advertising spending increase explained by industry dynamics, and 26% explained by learning. Furthermore, this article uses the new concept of nonstationary oblivious equilibrium to handle intractable state space and accelerate equilibrium computation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To assess the effect of an antismoking advertisement under real-world conditions. Design Quasi-experimental study. Setting/participants Multiplex cinema in Kiel, Germany; 4073 patrons were surveyed after having viewed a movie. Some 4005 patrons were ≥10 years old (28.7% between 10 and 17 years). A total of 654 subjects (16.3%) were smokers. Intervention In the intervention condition (weeks 1 and 3), a 30-second antismoking advertisement—accentuating long-term health consequences of smoking and promoting cessation—was shown prior to all movies; in the control condition (weeks 2 and 4) no such spot was shown. Main outcome measures (i) Awareness of smoking in the movie, (ii) approval of smoking in the movie, (iii) attitude towards smoking, (iv) intention to smoke in the future and (v) desire to smoke among smokers. Findings Patrons who were exposed to the antismoking advertisement were more likely to be female, but did not differ with respect to smoking status. After controlling for gender differences, patrons exposed to the antismoking advertisement had (i) higher awareness of smoking in the movies, (ii) lower levels of approval of smoking in the movies, and (iii) a more negative attitude towards smoking in general compared with those not exposed. Among smokers, smoking in the movies increased urge to smoke, but there was no interaction between smoking in the movies and experimental condition. Conclusions Study results suggest that placing an antismoking advertisement before movies can affect attitudes towards smoking, bolstering evidence in support of such policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment investigated three levels of threat in cigarette warning labels: no warning/text warning only/text + graphic warning. Teenagers in Canada and the US were exposed to one of these labels in a web-surfing environment. Participants surfed a website sponsored by a familiar cigarette brand or an unfamiliar cigarette brand. After surfing, three dependent measures were assessed: brand attitude, website attitude, and smoking intent. Results indicated that the graphic label was the most effective for Canadian participants, leading to negative attitudes and lower smoking intentions, but the graphic label was least effective at lowering smoking intentions for US participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study investigates the continuing effects of tobacco marketing communications in a post advertising era, focusing on the constructs of brand awareness, brand image, attitude formation and intention to smoke by adolescents. • A conceptual model is presented, based on 926 respondents from a UK wide study, to assess brand-related interrelationships and influences of peers on adolescents' attitudes toward smoking and intention to smoke. • Results show the strong influence of branding on both attitude and intention, and have implications for government anti-smoking policies specifically in regard to generic packaging and point of sale displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliably identifying the causal factors underlying youth smoking initiation is an important part of developing effective smoking prevention programs and shaping other types of smoking-related policies. The establishment of reliable scientific evidence in support of a causal link between cigarette advertising and youth smoking initiation depends on both rich longitudinal data as well as careful empirical applications. We examine basic principles of empirical scientific investigation of potential causal relationships, discuss findings of recent research on causal factors of youth smoking, and evaluate evidence from the public health literature regarding the effects of cigarette advertising on youth smoking. ( JEL I18, C5) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine internal tobacco industry research on female smoking patterns and product preferences, and how this research has informed the design of female-targeted cigarettes and impacted smoking behavior among this target population.Research was conducted through a systematic web-based search of previously secret industry documents made publicly available through the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement.This study provides evidence that the tobacco industry has conducted extensive research on female smoking patterns, needs and product preferences, and has intentionally modified product design for promotion of cigarette smoking among women. Cigarette manufacturers responded to changing female trends by focusing on social and health concerns as well as promoting dual-sex brands that also featured traditional female style characteristics.Product features responsive to female-identified needs and preferences may contribute to differences in female smoking patterns. Assessment of female-targeted product differences should inform smoking cessation and prevention programs tailored to women. Overall, these findings underscore the need for further investigation of effects of targeting on smoking behavior, health outcomes and regulation of tobacco products by public health agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addresses the role of cigarette advertising and restrictions at the state level in the U.S. as of July 2003. Emphasis in the relationship between advertising and consumption in the cigarette industry; Effect of advertising on market power; Basis for advertising restrictions in advertising.

Almost all smoking initiation takes place during adolescence, and the appeal of cigarette advertising is frequently proposed as one of the reasons adolescents begin smoking, but few studies have investigated adolescents’ responses to cigarette ads. This study examined responses to cigarette advertisements among 400 adolescents ages 12 to 17 years in Arizona and Washington, who were surveyed in shopping malls. Adolescents were presented with two ads for each of five youth brands (Marlboro[sup TM] , Newport[sup TM] , Camel[sup TM] , Kool[sup TM] , and Winston[sup TM] ) and one ad for an adult brand (Merit[sup TM] ), and were asked how often they had seen the ad, how much they liked the ad, and whether or not the ad made smoking more appealing. A substantial proportion of adolescents, especially smokers, liked the ads for the youth brands and believed the ads made smoking more appealing. The ads for Marlboro and the new Camel and Winston ads were especially attractive to adolescents. In contrast, few adolescents liked the ad for the adult brand and few believed that it made smoking more appealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking among youths and young adults rose throughout the 1990s. Numerous policies were enacted to try to reverse this trend. However, little is known about the impact these policies have on the smoking behavior of young adults. This article uses a dichotomous indicator of daily smoking participation in the past 30 days, an ordered measure representing the frequency of cigarette consumption, and a quasicontinuous measure of the number of cigarettes smoked per day on average to examine the impact of cigarette prices, clean indoor air laws, and campus-level smoking policies on the smoking behaviors of a 1997 cross section of college students. The results of the analysis indicate that higher cigarette prices are associated with lower smoking participation and lower levels of use among college student smokers. Local and state-level clean indoor air restrictions have a cumulative impact on the level of smoking by current smokers. Complete smoking bans on college campuses are associated with lower levels of smoking among current smokers but have no significant impact on smoking participation. Bans on cigarette advertising on campus as well as bans on the sale of cigarettes on campus have no significant effect on the smoking behavior of college students. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents an empirical model that identifies the influence of the 1971 ban on the behavior of both consumers and produces in the cigarette industry in the United States. Marginal effects of advertising during the pre- and post-ban periods; Decrease in competition that resulted from the elimination of television and radio advertising.

Six hundred and forty Glasgow children, initially aged between 11 and 14 years, were interviewed twice, with approximately one year between interviews. Children whose intentions to smoke when older became more positive between the two interviews tended to be more aware of cigarette advertising at the time of the first interview (compared with children whose intentions to smoke were negative at both interviews). Children whose intentions to smoke became more negative between the interviews tended to be less appreciative of cigarette advertisements at the time of the first interview (compared with children whose intentions to smoke were positive at both interviews). Since both groups differed from their respective contrast groups before their declared intentions changed, these findings support the view that cigarette advertising has predisposing as well as reinforcing effects on children's attitudes and behaviour with respect to smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which cigarette advertising contributes to increases in smoking has been debated by public health professionals and the tobacco industry. One aspect of this debate has been the degree to which advertising influences smoking among adolescents. Previous research suggests that there are significant relationships between measures of advertising and smoking. However, potential simultaneous relationships between these measures have not been addressed. Observed correlations may arise from the effects of advertising on smoking or from smokers' selective exposure to advertisements. This study examined relationships between cigarette advertising and smoking experimentation. Using environmental and psychological measures of advertising exposure, it was demonstrated that adolescents who experimented with cigarettes were better able to recognize advertised products than those who had not, a selective exposure effect. Conversely, subjects who were better at recognizing advertised brands were more likely to have experimented with cigarettes, an effect due to their exposure to cigarette advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total cigarettes (all brands) sold weekly by a panel of 60 New Zealand supermarkets were monitored electronicallly for 42 weeks, a period when cigarette advertisements were in plain format with strong, varied disease warnings. Real cigarette price, newspaper advertising of old, regular and upmarket brands, and the number of newspaper news items an smoking issues were inversely associated with cigarette sales. Tending to increase total sales (all brands) were: more non-shopping days in the current week, and in the week following; volume of grocery items purchased, to indicate income and store traffic; and real advertising expenditure in newspapers for new downmarket cigarette brands, particularly one heavily-advertised brand (Peter Jackson) which was in late 1989 smoked by 4% of teenage smokers. All factors when interacting, explained 95% of changes in weekly cigarette sales. Most of the change occurred in the same week, and was 90% in place after a further 3 weeks. Newspapers, by doubling news coverage of smoking issues or by banning cigarette advertisements, can lower cigarette consumption as much as can a 10% price increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interviews were conducted with 848 Glasgow children aged between 11 and 14 years. There were consistent differences between smokers and non-smokers. Smokers tended to be more adept at recalling, recognizing and identifying cigarette advertisements. This suggests they tend to pay more attention to cigarette advertising. Smokers also tended to be generally more appreciative of cigarette advertising. Moreover, this greater awareness and appreciation of cigarette advertising was independent of other important predictors of under-age smoking, such as smoking by peers, siblings and parents. These findings, taken in conjunction with previous research, indicate that cigarette advertising is reinforcing under-age smoking. The smokers showed an enhanced or heightened preference for Kensitas Club, the brand favoured by adults. This is consistent with previous research indicating that promotional devices which help determine and reinforce adult cigarette brand preferences have an even greater effect on under-age smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent study of the relationship between cigarette advertising and the aggregate consumption of cigarettes in New Zealand between 1973 and 1985, Chetwynd et al. (1988) argue that quarterly data suggest that advertising affects overall consumption of cigarettes with an elasticity of + 0.07. In addition, they argue that advertising has a 'carry over' effect of about four quarters on current consumption. These results are potentially important for two reasons. Although the evidence is mixed, the conventional view is that cigarette advertising affects brand choice among smokers but not aggregate demand for cigarettes. Chetwynd et al.'s results, (hereafter, Chetwynd) contradict this traditional view. Secondly, if advertising does increase the aggregate demand for cigarettes, then a public policy banning cigarette advertising might reduce aggregate demand for cigarettes. Unfortunately, the Chetwynd, study is sufficiently flawed with conceptual and econometric problems that their inference that advertising increases cigarette demand is questionable. Certainly cigarette advertising may increase or decrease cigarette consumption. The point we wish to make is that, any inference one way or the other based on the results of Chetwynd, cannot be viewed as well-grounded in either scientific methodology or statistical principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Econometric analysis of the relationship between advertising and smoking has assumed a position of prominence in debate between public health and tobacco industry interests. Econometric methods are intrinsically limited in their ability to address the essential qualitative nature of advertising because they are obliged to assign arbitrary quantitative values to a medium where such assignation is highly debatable. The same problems occur when econometric methods attempt to assign values to other qualitative variables like health education campaigns and changing cultural factors relevant to smoking. Rather than commencing with the question 'what does advertising to do people', an alternative research paradigm which asks 'what do people do with advertising' should underpin research into advertising 'effects'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper re-examines the model for quarterly cigarette consumption presented earlier (Chetwynd et al., 1988) in the light of criticisms by Jackson & Ekelund of a number of possible deficiencies in the econometric procedures employed. A thorough interrogation of the model has been pursued using a comprehensive battery of econometric testing procedures which go beyond those suggested by Jackson & Ekelund. The model is found to perform well against all of these tests and the original conclusions drawn from the model are sustained, including the significant impact of advertising on aggregate cigarette consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between cigarette consumption and cigarette advertising was studied over the period 1973 to 1985. The data on cigarette consumption were drawn from government statistics. Expenditure on cigarette advertising included only that on print media advertising. Both quarterly and annual time series were examined and two different models were estimated. Results from the quarterly analysis suggested that advertising did effect overall consumption, with an elasticity of +0.07. The carry-over effect of advertising lasted for approximately four quarters. Analysis of the annual series produced few meaningful results suggesting that use of the longer time period may mask significant relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents addiction-related news items, as of November, 1987. Techniques employed in cigarette advertising; Creation by the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria, Australia of the Centre for Behavioural Research; Concerns about smoking's growing popularity in the Third World.

Individual interviews were conducted with 726 Glasgow children aged between 6 and 17. Their responses to questions about a set of cigarette advertisements indicate that the majority of primary school children are well aware of cigarette advertising; and many can correctly identify cigarette brands in guzzle' advertisements which do not show brand names. Previous qualitative research suggests that an adult-like perception of the imagery in cigarette advertisements develops over the years 10 to 14. The present survey findings add to this by suggesting that many older primary school children have a rudimentary or marginal awareness of the 'brand personalities' projected in oblique cigarette advertisements permitted in the U.K. Among the secondary school children, proportionally more smokers than non-smokers said they had seen the advertisements; and proportionally more smokers identified the guzzle' advertisements. These findings suggest that cigarette advertising is getting through to young people, and to under-age smokers in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents news updates on substance abuse as of June 1980. Winners of the 1979 Jellinek Memorial Award for persons contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field of alcohol studies; Database in health education being established by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare; Report on the relationship between cigarette advertising and consumption in Great Britain.

The article presents a study that deals with a brand model for Canadian filter cigarette brands using Canadian data for the period 1967-1975. The study aims to gain some insight into the way in which advertising affects the distribution of sales with different brands. It presents analyses that treat, by means of mathematical models, Canadian advertising and sales data for filter cigarettes.

The 1970 ban on television advertising for cigarettes constitutes a quasi-experiment allowing the effect of advertising on competition to be evaluated. Assuming the ban reduced the efficacy of industry advertising, an analysis of various proxies for competition before and after the ban enables one to deduce whether advertising promotes or limits competition among cigarette firms. The results indicate that in this case the restriction of advertising reduced competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the impacts of health warnings and advertising on the demand for cigarettes. It highlights the significance of the structure of the request for cigarettes to the anti-smoking campaign of the government of Great Britain. Results of the study showed that a growth in advertising generates a small but remarkable boost in cigarette consumption and that anti-smoking promotion through health scares cuts down cigarette consumption within the year and the subsequent year that the warning is released. The authors disclose that cigarette manufacturers do not increase their advertising outlay to offset the impact of health warnings on the demand for cigarettes in the country.

In a study designed to assess the relationship between smoking status and correct identification of cigarette brands, junior high school students from two schools viewed cigarette and automobile advertisements with brand and model identification deleted. Results showed that adolescents with higher ad recognition scores were more likely to smoke cigarettes. In addition, a relationship was found between age and Correct identification of Cigarette advertisements, with older students identifying more ads correctly than younger students. No significant effects emerged for identification of automobile advertisements except for sex, with boys identifying more advertisements than girls. Additional findings indicated that even ‘experimental’ smokers, who smoked as little as once per year. recognized significantly more cigarette advertisements than nonsmokers. These and other results are discussed in terms of their implications for prevention and policy issues. It is argued that society's allowance of printed cigarette advertising overlooks adolescents' heightened vulnerability to the kinds of appeals used in cigarette advertisements. Present policy also overlooks adolescents' relative unresponsiveness to the health risk information required in cigarette advertisements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on a study which estimated the effect of cigarette advertising on social welfare in the U.S. One concern is the cost of advertising. Preconceptions regarding the purpose of cigarette advertising influences the debate regarding its social desirability. The Kaldor hypothesis claims that advertising is primarily deceptive because it creates brand loyalty, changes consumer preferences and persuades consumers to favor commodities that they did not previously find useful. It is concluded that cigarette advertising has a negative impact, indicating that it is excessive.

Estimates advertising conjectural variations within a simultaneous system that includes advertising and demand equations for cigarette manufacturers. Advertising decisions in an oligopoly; Effects of cigarette advertising on market share; Positive spillovers from advertising in the cigarette industry.

Presents comments from nine leading publications in the United States justifying their acceptance of cigarette ads. Argument that well informed readers should have the right to choose; Contribution of the cigarette industry to sports; Legality of making and selling cigarettes; Right of commercial expression; Government support for tobacco industry. INSET: Reader's Digest Takes a Stand.

Talks about cigarette smoking in the United States. Criticism against industry reforms; Reaction of the government on tobacco habit issue; Challenge between cigarette advertising and anti-smoking campaigns.

The health cost of smoking in Britain, the national response to the problem and the reasons for failure to control it more effectively are discussed. A future anti-smoking strategy should hinge on the two interacting key factors that maintain smoking, the dependence factor and the favourable social climate. Any tactic or measure that diminishes the effect of either of these factors should also diminish smoking. In the absence of an effective treatment applicable to large numbers of dependent smokers and with lack of fundamental knowledge of the nature of dependence, our ability to overcome the dependence factor is at present rather limited. But much could be done to intensify research in this area. On the other hand, the engineering of a change of social climate to one less favourably disposed towards smoking is quite feasible and potentially highly effective. This would, however, require a co-ordinated sustained intervention on a national scale, with a multi-disciplinary organizing committee closely backed by the Government with adequate financial and legislative support. It would not be sufficient merely to curb commercial promotion of cigarettes; but it would be necessary to accompany this with anti-smoking propaganda of a commercial advertising type and scale Continuous evaluation and public reaction monitoring would be required to ensure maximal efficacy of such tactics as selective tax increases, tighter control of sales outlets and restriction of smoking in public places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a rejoinder to Boddewyn's critique of our earlier work. We show that many of his concerns are unfounded or have been addressed in our subsequent work. Our original conclusion that cigarette advertising has a significant effect on aggregate consumption remains unchanged. We concede that the analysis could be improved by a fuller data set and appeal to the tobacco industry to open their data for independent analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article features the August 28, 1937 issue of the journal which indicates the routined advertising of beer and cigarettes and with claims on the added benefits on cigarettes as it can soothe sensitive sore throat.

Presents health disorders that adolescents should watch out for. Sexually transmitted diseases; Influence of cigarette advertising on teenagers; Eating disorders.

Reports on a survey linking cigarette advertising to smoking behavior of adolescents. Highlights of the survey.

Reports on the lawsuit filed by antismoking organizations in New York state for the removal of a Marlboro cigarette billboard from the Shea Stadium. Claimed circumvention by the billboard of the ban on promoting cigarettes in television; Comment from Weitz & Luxenberg lawyer, Arthur Luxenberg on the need to stress the incompatibility of smoking with sports and good health.

Discusses how the tobacco industry's marketing practices tempt nonsmokers to acquire the tobacco habit. Restriction of cigarette advertising and promotion by Canada's Tobacco Products Control Act of 1988; Marketing plan of Imperial Tobacco Ltd.; Contribution of the Tobacco Institute to a campaign to discourage smoking by minors. INSETS: Ad Ban Overturned;Cold Turkey.

Criticizes RJR Nabisco for an advertising campaign that will target young women in the United States. Company's view that advertising does not convince people to smoke; Morality of marketing death to young women; Company's right to sell cigarettes and continue to do business.

Presents an appeal to the chairman of RJR Nabisco for the tobacco company to end its Camel cigarette advertising campaign, which is perceived as an attempt to lure children to start smoking. Multiple threats faced by children living in the United States; Statistics on deaths and diseases caused by smoking; Reason why the advertisements are misleading; Industry opposition to legislation that restrict or ban cigarette advertising.

Focuses on the strategies adopted by the tobacco industry in the United States to use cigarette advertisements to encourage smoking among minors in the country. Confessions of the author of how he participated in the advertisements as a commercial model; Exploitation of attractive role models.

Presents comments from agency executives regarding the moral and ethical aspects of cigarette advertising in the United States. Smith/Greenland Chief Executive Officer Leo Greenland; Hicks and Greist Chairman Charles V. Skoog Jr. INSETS: Polishing Their Own Image;Moral Marketing?.

Focuses on United States-based Tobacco Institute's response to decline of teenage smoking. Main objective of cigarette advertising; Promotion of brand identification and brand loyalty among people who already smoke.

Focuses on the advertising and promotional campaign of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Description of the advertising campaign; Public health issue facing the advertisement.

This article reports that there are more than one billion smokers worldwide. The United Nations World Health Organization has warned that if smoking patterns persist about half of the 1.1 billion smokers worldwide will be killed by tobacco and about half of those, 250 million people will die in middle age. It has been estimated that adults smoke, on average 13 cigarettes per day in developing countries and 21 per day in developed countries. However, daily consumption in developing countries is expected to rise as the smoking population ages and as personal incomes rise, making people more vulnerable to advertising for cigarettes.