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Complex systems often operate in equilibriums that can be disrupted under specific conditions, driving the system to undergo an irreversible phase transition (aka tipping point) into a new equilibrium. Disruptive technology, as introduced in the book Innovator's Dilemma, is a new emerging technology that can successfully displace incumbent technologies and push the market through phase transition into a new equilibrium. In this paper, the authors model the market disruption caused by a disruptive technology as a complex system, with dynamics that show a phase transition or tipping point, after which the system shifts into a new equilibrium aiming at assessing the success or failure of a disruptive technology. The purpose of this study is to mathematically model a tipping point measure of complex networks and a theoretical framework for disruptive technology dynamics. A predator–prey model is used to emulate the behavior of a disruptive technology versus an incumbent technology, and a resilience index is integrated to measure the tipping point in the market where the disruptive technology will overtake the incumbent technology. This methodology is applied to a historical case study of film versus digital versus cell phone cameras, demonstrating the application of this methodology. The study's contribution can be applied to both systems engineering and disruptive innovation management. The proposed approach can help stakeholders assess the impact of a potential new disruptive technology and use the resulting resilience index as a measurement for adjusting technology requirements and systems management approaches to achieve a desired outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our recent advancement employs lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) in short‐wave infrared (SWIR) photodetector towards low light night vision (LLNV). The as prepared QD SWIR photodetector showcases low dark current density(< 200 nA/cm2) and high efficiency (EQE > 50%), demonstrating QDs' potential for superior LLNV in mobile devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To allow sea urchin aquaculture to achieve its intended scale, efficient and precise methods for measuring large numbers of urchins in commercial‐scale operations are needed. Current protocols for measuring urchin test (shell) dimensions and mass are time‐consuming and prone to high measurement error, thus inconvenient in research and impractical in a commercial context. This study investigates and compares various measurement methods with a newly developed computer vision approach developed in this study, to establish a single protocol using precise, efficient and accessible methodology for measuring live urchins. We show that urchin wet mass can vary up to 8.73% depending on time out of water; this is significantly reduced to an average of 0.1% change by allowing urchins to drip‐dry for at least 90 s prior to weighing. We found the conventional vernier calliper method used to measure urchin dimensions to be both time‐consuming and imprecise (mean coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.41% for Tripneustes gratilla). Conversely, the computer vision programme we developed measures with higher precision (mean CV of 1.55% for T. gratilla) and is considerably faster. The software uses a series of hue saturation value filters, edge detection algorithms and distortions to measure the diameter of the test (excluding spines) of multiple urchins at once. The software is open‐source, and the protocol does not require specialised equipment (can be performed with a mobile phone camera). When the computer vision application is combined with the simple procedures described in this paper, to reduce measurement inaccuracies, urchin wet mass and diameter can be more efficiently and precisely determined. For a larger scale context, this software could easily be incorporated into various tools, such as a grading machine, to completely automate various farm processes. As such, this study has potential to assist urchin data collection in both research and commercial contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunable liquid lenses with controllable focal length attract much attention from many researchers due to the unique advantages of strong adjustability, low power consumption, fast response time, and easy integration. In the last two decades, tunable liquid lenses have already been applied in machine vision, code scanner cameras, cellphone cameras, webcams, microscopes, mini projectors, AR/VR displays, 3D displays, and so on. There is no doubt that the tunable liquid lenses play an increasingly more important role in the field of optical technology. In this review, the research background and significance of the tunable liquid lenses are introduced. Tunable liquid lenses are systematically qualified according to the driving mechanism, and their current status and latest progress are presented in detail. The existing problems, directions for future research, and current and potential applications of the tunable liquid lenses are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four air‐bubbled polyurethane (PU) foams with different polyol:PMDI wt.% are produced, respectively. The chemical reaction mechanisms of polyurethane and bubble formation are proposed by performing standard Gibbs free energy calculations using the DFT M06‐2X/6‐31+G(d,p) method. The local minima, transition states, and intermediates in reaction mechanisms are detected. It is concluded that both reactions are exothermic. Then, raw images of the produced PU foams are taken with a 13 MP mobile phone camera, which can be considered inexpensive, and the mean radii of the pores are calculated by an image processing based method (IPBM) on a standard desktop computer with an i5 processor. It is determined that there is a close relationship between the calculated mean radius and instrumentally measured thermal conductivity coefficient of the foams. However, the thermal conductivity coefficients are independent of the calculated number and percentage of the pores. The mean radii of the samples calculated by the proposed IPBM are close to that of the SEM, with acceptable relative errors of less than 10%. Finally, it is concluded that IPBM, which is a more cost‐effective, cleaner, and faster method than SEM, might replace SEM in the air bubble analysis of PU foams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things (IoT) technologies are becoming a more and more widespread part of civilian life in common urban spaces, which are rapidly turning into cyber–physical spaces. Simultaneously, the fear of terrorism and crime in such public spaces is ever‐increasing. Due to the resulting increased demand for security, video‐based IoT surveillance systems have become an important area for research. Considering the large number of devices involved in the illicit recognition task, we conducted a field study in a Dutch Easter music festival in a national interest project called VISOR to select the most appropriate device configuration in terms of performance and results. We iteratively architected solutions for the security of cyber–physical spaces using IoT devices. We tested the performance of multiple federated devices encompassing drones, closed‐circuit television, smart phone cameras, and smart glasses to detect real‐case scenarios of potentially malicious activities such as mosh pits and pick‐pocketing. Our results pave the way to select optimal IoT architecture configurations—that is, a mix of CCTV, drones, smart glasses, and camera phones in our case—to make safer cyber–physical spaces' a reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prussian Blue (PB) is an excellent electrochromic (EC) material, possessing many praiseworthy advantages such as proper redox potential, large transmittance, environmental benignity, neutral colored state, and low cost. However, the co‐influence of weak interaction force and low electrical conductivity results in poor cyclic stability and slow switching speed. In this work, the novel Pt/Au and Au/PB films are prepared by electrodeposition to improve the EC properties of PB. The introduction of Au and Pt nanoparticles not only enhances the conductivity and inhibits polarization, but also increases the contact area and alleviates the stress and strain caused by volume expansion during ion insertion/extraction. Furthermore, the Pt/PB and Au/PB heterojunction with a strong inner electronic field promote the separation of electrons and holes and quicken charge transfer. In consideration of the better electrical conductivity, higher transmittance and strong local plasma resonance effect of Au nanoparticles, the Au/PB film shows ultrastable EC cyclic stability (96.4% after 2000), fast coloration/bleaching switching time (1.36/2.32 s), small charge transfer resistance (38.2 Ω), and high coloration efficiency (131.3 cm2 C−1). In addition, the EC iris devices are designed and assembled using Au/PB film as an EC layer to confirm the feasibility of the material in digital cameras and mobile phones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional luminol chemiluminescence (CL) is widely used in imaging and analytical assays. As far as we can search, there are no studies on the use of CL for information encryption and protection. Here, a novel CL hydrogel is developed. A rapid color visualization of sarcosine in urine using a mobile phone camera is achieved based on CL energy resonance transfer. Four different colors of CL hydrogels are prepared by adding different ratios of rhodamine B or fluorescein. In the multicolor CL hydrogels, activated CL can generate conventional multicolor code shift and original white light. The luminescence duration and the cause of the white light are analyzed using CL spectroscopy. Sarcosine oxidase is replaced with sarcosine in the multicolor CL hydrogels to obtain the translation of editable code, which facilitates the secondary information encryption and code transmissions. The effective luminescence time of these hydrogels are short (13–50 min), and code can be deleted naturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of facial recognition technology has become an increasingly powerful tool in wild animal individual recognition. In this paper, we develop an automatic detection and recognition method with the combinations of body features of big cats based on the deep convolutional neural network (CNN). We collected dataset including 12 244 images from 47 individual Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) at the Siberian Tiger Park by mobile phones and digital camera and 1940 images and videos of 12 individual wild Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) by infrared cameras. First, the single shot multibox detector algorithm is used to perform the automatic detection process of feature regions in each image. For the different feature regions of the image, like face stripe or spots, CNNs and multi‐layer perceptron models were applied to automatically identify tiger and leopard individuals, independently. Our results show that the identification accuracy of Amur tiger can reach up to 93.27% for face front, 93.33% for right body stripe, and 93.46% for left body stripe. Furthermore, the combination of right face, left body stripe, and right body stripe achieves the highest accuracy rate, up to 95.55%. Consequently, the combination of different body parts can improve the individual identification accuracy. However, it is not the higher the number of body parts, the higher the accuracy rate. The combination model with 3 body parts has the highest accuracy. The identification accuracy of Amur leopard can reach up to 86.90% for face front, 89.13% for left body spots, and 88.33% for right body spots. The accuracy of different body parts combination is lower than the independent part. For wild Amur leopard, the combination of face with body spot part is not helpful for the improvement of identification accuracy. The most effective identification part is still the independent left or right body spot part. It can be applied in long‐term monitoring of big cats, including big data analysis for animal behavior, and be helpful for the individual identification of other wildlife species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The titles reviewed in this section of I Ibis i are available for reference at the Alexander Library of the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, I c/o i Sherardian Library, Plant Sciences Dept., University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford UK. The new book catalogues all 322 bird species seen in the Australian Capital Territory and broader High-Country Region, including rare and vagrant species. In this book Rosemary Low's chosen heroes are conservationists in the widest sense, including not only those women who campaigned and worked to protect declining species and to reintroduce locally extinct species but traditional zookeepers and owners of bird parks, wildlife rescuers, scientists, and authors of works on the natural history of birds. In the various chapters, we learn how birds evolved as the last living dinosaurs, and how adaptation by natural selection explains the numerous life-styles of birds, from the wide range of mating displays, to various parenting strategies and feeding strategies, contained in the 10 000 species of modern birds. [Extracted from the article]

Macrophotography Images (MPIs) have recently emerged as an active topic due to the development of mobile phone camera technology. A large number of MPIs have been rapidly increasing in many rich visual services, such as smartphones or high‐definition monitors. MPIs are often composed of sharp macroimage and blur background, which exhibit different perceptual properties that often lead to different just noticeable difference (JND) estimation. Inspired by this, we formulate the blur concealment (BC) as another factor to determine the total masking effect: the interaction is relatively straightforward with a limited masking effect in the sharp regions, and is complicated with a strong masking effect in the blur parts. Furthermore, texture and orientation adaption and color information weighting are separately incorporated into the contrast masking and color masking. Finally, considering both BC and masking effects, a novel robust watermarking framework based on the proposed blur‐guided JND model for MPIs, targeting at further improving the MPIs copyright protection performance. Extensive experiments on MP2020 and Blur Detection data sets show that the applicability of the proposed JND model in the scenario of perceptually MPIs watermarking, and our proposed scheme can outperform the state‐of‐the‐art watermarking schemes by providing better robustness performance at the uniform visual quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of a portable device called Dermobile for evaluating skin erythema, which is characterized by increased blood flow and angiogenesis associated with skin irritation. The device combines a dermatoscope, a smartphone, and a smartphone adapter to provide objective measurements of skin redness. A clinical trial was conducted to compare the Dermobile with a well-established spectrophotometer device, and the results showed a high correlation between the measurements of both devices. The Dermobile technique offers improvements in excluding skin artifacts and precise image analysis, although it has some drawbacks such as data acquisition variability. The study was approved by the local ethical committee and the authors declare no conflicts of interest. [Extracted from the article]

Iris identification is a well‐known technology used to detect striking biometric identification procedures for recognizing human beings based on physical behaviour. The texture of the iris is unique and its anatomy varies from individual to individual. As we know, the physical features of human beings are unique, and they never change; this has led to a significant development in the field of iris recognition. Iris recognition tends to be a reliable domain of technology as it inherits the random variation of the data. In the proposed study of approach, we have designed and implemented a framework using various subsystems, where each phase relates to the other iris recognition system, and these stages are discussed as segmentation, normalisation, and feature encoding. The study is implemented using MATLAB where the results are outcast using the rapid application development (RAD) approach. We have applied the RAD domain, as it has an excellent computing power to generate expeditious results using complex coding, image processing toolbox, and high‐level programing methodology. Further, the performance of the technology is tested on two informational groups of eye images MMU Iris database, CASIA V1, CASIA V2, MICHE I, MICHE II iris database, and images captured by iPhone camera and Android phone. The emphasis on the current study of approach is to apply the proposed algorithm to achieve high performance with less ideal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are still huge challenges in the development of carbon dots (CDs) based long afterglow materials with multicolor emissions, especially in aqueous solutions. This work reports a novel strategy of achieving of multicolor long afterglow in aqueous solution by incorporating phosphorescent CDs and fluorescent dyes into sub‐20 nm monodispersed silica nanoparticles. The silica matrix not only stabilizes the triplet excitons of CDs but also facilitates the efficient cascade Förster resonance energy transfer between the phosphorescent donor (CDs) and the energy acceptor (fluorescent dyes), which enables intensive multicolor long afterglow with adjustable wavelength from 510 to 610 nm and the largest Stokes shift of 255 nm. Based on these multicolor long afterglow nanoparticles, some time‐resolved, color multiple information encryptions are designed. By eliminating background noise, the signal‐to‐noise ratio of in vivo afterglow imaging is as high as 155.1 in the in vivo imaging system. Interestingly, the afterglow signal in mice can be easily and conveniently collected by the camera of cell phones, which may make in vivo bioimaging portable and inexpensive. This study will provide new ideas for the synthesis of multicolor CDs‐based long afterglow materials in solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When milliards of smart devices are connected to the Internet using the Internet of Things (IoT), robust security methods are required to deliver current information to the objects. Using IoT, the user can be accessed via smart device applications at any time and any place, which challenges IoT security and privacy. From security point of view, users and smart devices should have secure communication channel and digital ID. Authentication is the first step towards any security action. Biometric-based authentication can ensure higher security for developing secure access. In this paper, fingerprint is used as the biometric factor. After scanning the fingerprint using the cellphone's camera, the image is transmitted to the authentication system. Since the comparison time increases after increasing the database volume, instead of storing the scanned fingerprint image, some key features of the scanned fingerprint are extracted and transmitted to the learning system of the convolutional neural network for detection and authentication and stored in the database. In the user authentication phase, the authentication keys are identified and the passcodes for the user of interest are extracted, and zero code is sent to the forged people; finally, the passcode is examined to check if the user is legal or illegal. In this step, the legal codes for fuzzy encoding of the image and text information are activated, and encryption is carried out in multiple steps depending on the number of members. The final code is compressed using Huffman coding and used for transmission to the network or storage. The proposed method is tested in MATLAB, and the results show that an excellent security is achieved using this cascade encryption method. Conclusively, the proposed hybrid coding technique reduces the information volume by 15.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning has been widely used in the field of image classification and image recognition and achieved positive practical results. However, in recent years, a number of studies have found that the accuracy of deep learning model based on classification greatly drops when making only subtle changes to the original examples, thus realizing the attack on the deep learning model. The main methods are as follows: adjust the pixels of attack examples invisible to human eyes and induce deep learning model to make the wrong classification; by adding an adversarial patch on the detection target, guide and deceive the classification model to make it misclassification. Therefore, these methods have strong randomness and are of very limited use in practical application. Different from the previous perturbation to traffic signs, our paper proposes a method that is able to successfully hide and misclassify vehicles in complex contexts. This method takes into account the complex real scenarios and can perturb with the pictures taken by a camera and mobile phone so that the detector based on deep learning model cannot detect the vehicle or misclassification. In order to improve the robustness, the position and size of the adversarial patch are adjusted according to different detection models by introducing the attachment mechanism. Through the test of different detectors, the patch generated in the single target detection algorithm can also attack other detectors and do well in transferability. Based on the experimental part of this paper, the proposed algorithm is able to significantly lower the accuracy of the detector. Affected by the real world, such as distance, light, angles, resolution, etc., the false classification of the target is realized by reducing the confidence level and background of the target, which greatly perturbs the detection results of the target detector. In COCO Dataset 2017, it reveals that the success rate of this algorithm reaches 88.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following yet another strike, the boomslang did hold on to the chameleon and quickly rotated around its own axis, overthrowing the chameleon (Figure 2a), which again was able to slip off the snake's jaws and bite back (Figure 2b). GLO:7ZA/01dec20:aje12782-fig-0001.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): 1 Boomslang, Dispholidus typus, preying upon a flap-necked chameleon, Chamaeleo dilepis, in Etosha National Park, Namibia. (f) During these minutes, the snake placed multiple strikes towards the chameleon's side, some of which were forceful enough to overthrow the latter and the penetration of the chameleon's skin by a posterior maxillary tooth was evident on one occasion[Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] gl GLO:7ZA/01dec20:aje12782-fig-0002.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): 2 Dispholidus typus would repeatedly attack the resisting Chamaeleo dilepis again and again. Coagulating Colubrids: Evolutionary, pathophysiological and biodiscovery implications of venom variations between Boomslang (Dispholidus typus) and Twig Snake (Thelotornis mossambicanus). [Extracted from the article]

Despite their increasing popularity in human mobility studies, few studies have investigated the geo‐spatial quality of GPS‐enabled mobile phone data in which phone location is determined by special queries designed to collect location data with predetermined sampling intervals (hereafter "active mobile phone data"). We focus on two key issues in active mobile phone data—systematic gaps in tracking records and positioning uncertainty—and investigate their effects on human mobility pattern analyses. To address gaps in records, we develop an imputation strategy that utilizes local environment information, such as parcel boundaries, and recording time intervals. We evaluate the performance of the proposed imputation strategy by comparing raw versus imputed data with participants' online survey responses. The results indicate that imputed data are superior to raw data in identifying individuals' frequently visited places on a weekly basis. To assess the location accuracy of active mobile phone data, we investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of the positional uncertainty of each record and examine via Monte Carlo simulation how inaccurate location information might affect human mobility pattern indicators. Results suggest that the level of uncertainty varies as a function of time of day and the type of land use at which the position was determined, both of which are closely related to the location technology used to determine the location. Our study highlights the importance of understanding and addressing limitations of mobile phone derived positioning data prior to their use in human mobility studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saffron classification based on machine vision techniques as well as the expert's opinion is an objective and nondestructive method that can increase the accuracy of this process in real applications. The experts in Iran classify saffron into three classes Pushal, Negin, and Sargol based on apparent characteristics. Four hundred and forty color images from saffron for the three different classes were acquired, using a mobile phone camera. Twenty‐one color features and 99 textural features were extracted using image analysis. Twenty‐two classifiers were employed for classification using mentioned features. The support vector machine and Ensemble classifiers were better than other classifiers. Our results showed that the mean classification accuracy was up to 83.9% using the Quadratic support vector machine and Subspace Discriminant classifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual antenna system with 77 mm × 10 mm × 7.5 mm for metal frame (MF) LTE/GPS mobile phones is proposed and studied. The antenna proposed in this study comprises two antenna elements (Ant 1 and Ant 2) and a decoupling line. Ant 1 as the main antenna that covers the lower band (698‐960 MHz), the GPS band, and the higher band (1710‐2690 MHz) consisting of a ground branch, a coupled line, and a tuning line. Ant 2 as the auxiliary antenna that covers the higher band consisting of a monopole branch and a match circuit. Ant 1 and Ant 2 form a two‐element MIMO antenna covering the higher band. The advantages of the proposed antenna are that the main antenna (Ant 1) covers the GPS band and all of the 2G/3G/4G bands, and the two‐element MIMO antenna covering the higher band, which consists of Ant 1 and Ant 2 located at the same side of a mobile phone with an MF, is obtained. A prototype is manufactured and tested. For Ant 1, the measured working bands (under −6 dB condition) are 685 to 965 MHz and 1480 to 2800 MHz, and the LTE700, GSM850, GSM900, GPS, GSM1800, GSM1900, UMTS, LTE2300, and LTE2500 bands are covered. For Ant 2, the measured working band (under −6 dB condition) is 1640 to 2720 MHz, and the GSM1800, GSM1900, UMTS, LTE2300, and LTE2500 bands are covered. The measured isolations between Ant 1 and Ant 2 are larger than 12 dB at the working bands. The measured efficiencies, envelope correlation coefficients, and mean effective gains are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel technique for progressive online integration of uncalibrated image sequences with substantial geometric and/or photometric discrepancies into a single, geometrically and photometrically consistent image. Our approach can handle large sets of images, acquired from a nearly planar or infinitely distant scene at different resolutions in object domain and under variable local or global illumination conditions. It allows for efficient user guidance as its progressive nature provides a valid and consistent reconstruction at any moment during the online refinement process. Our approach avoids global optimization techniques, as commonly used in the field of image refinement, and progressively incorporates new imagery into a dynamically extendable and memory‐efficient Laplacian pyramid. Our image registration process includes a coarse homography and a local refinement stage using optical flow. Photometric consistency is achieved by retaining the photometric intensities given in a reference image, while it is being refined. Globally blurred imagery and local geometric inconsistencies due to, e.g. motion are detected and removed prior to image fusion. We demonstrate the quality and robustness of our approach using several image and video sequences, including handheld acquisition with mobile phones and zooming sequences with consumer cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is widely explored and applied nowadays because of its simplicity in transferring power without using wire, easy maintenance, and equipment mobility. Due to mobility and compatibility attributes, WPT is utilized in powering biomedical devices, small electronic equipment, wireless sensor, mobile phones, and high voltage applications (eg, electric vehicles). The implementation of artificial neural network (ANN) in WPT has emerged as a powerful/prominent tool for estimating the performance parameters due to its learning and significant features. Such implementation can minimize design complexity and time‐consuming calculations. An early application of ANN employs the information derived from the collectively measured processes for training the ANN algorithm. After a suitable training process, the network output can be considered in place of computationally thorough representations to speed up the result search. To obtain precise result and optimize the parameters in WPT, several popular ANN algorithms have been used by researchers. This review paper highlighted the latest research specifically regarding the implementation of ANN in WPT, which included the types of ANN implemented in WPT, current WPT problem investigation that used ANN, and a comparison between the techniques. Moreover, the challenges and constraints of ANN techniques were elucidated at the end of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nona‐band narrow‐frame antenna with a defected ground structure for mobile phone applications is presented in this article. From the analysis of the structure, the coupled‐fed antenna mainly consists of four parts: bending feeding strip, coupling shorted strip, copper plate and defected ground structure. It can effectively cover LTE700/GSM850/GSM900/DCS1800/PCS1900/UMTS2100/LTE2300/LTE2500 and the ninth band on 3300‐4200 MHz (including LTE3500), which may be applied to the future 5G. The size of the nona‐band antenna is 80 × 7.5 × 5 mm3, and the defected ground structure is only 55 × 0.5 mm2. This structure effectively widens the bandwidth of the low‐frequency band and realizes 2G/3G/4G and possible coverage of the 5G operating band without loading the lumped elements. Thus, it is suitable for smartphone application. A prototype of the proposed antenna is manufactured and measured. The measured −6 dB impedance band‐widths in the low, mid and high bands are 340 MHz (630‐970 MHz), 1410 MHz (1510‐2920 MHz) and 1060 MHz (3160‐4220 MHz), respectively. In addition, the efficiency of the antenna is greater than 60% in most of the working frequency bands, and the antenna has good radiation performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humphead, or Napoleon, wrasse, (Cheilinus undulatus), is a large reef fish naturally vulnerable to over‐exploitation and highly prized as luxury seafood. It is predominantly consumed in Hong Kong and mainland China. Hong Kong is the global trade hub for this species. In 2004 (effective 2005), the humphead wrasse was listed on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II that substantially improved understanding and management of the species although illegal, unregulated and/or undocumented trade (IUU) continues.To understand patterns of trade in humphead wrasse, evaluate implementation of the CITES listing and identify ways to tackle IUU, especially in Hong Kong, data from multiple sources, including government databases between 1999 and 2017 and independent retail surveys between 2014 and 2017, were compiled.IUU trade into and through Hong Kong was detected, but declined following increased government enforcement in 2016. Nonetheless, fish numbers on sale continue to exceed imports with CITES permits and mainland China only sparsely reports imports of the species. Approximately 0.5–1.5 metric tonnes were traded internationally annually.Several legislative loopholes undermine enforcement into and within Hong Kong, including poor oversight of live fish carrier vessels and air imports, excessively long validity period for Licences to Possess in the city, non‐compliant traders, and legislative exemptions or omissions. The introduction of a ranched fish category in 2018 by Indonesia created additional challenges. More intelligence and risk analyses could help enforcers target their work.A major enforcement challenge is the inability to distinguish legally from illegally imported fish within Hong Kong. To improve fish tracking, identifying individuals using their complex facial patterns as fingerprints was explored; proof‐of‐concept was demonstrated using a mobile phone application: Saving Face. Facial marks were determined to be long‐lasting and different enough to distinguish among multiple individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the usability of smartphone camera images in 3D positioning applications with photogrammetric techniques. These investigations were performed in two stages. In the first stage, the cameras of five smartphones and a digital compact camera were calibrated using a calibration reference object, with signalized points having known three-dimensional (3D) coordinates. In the calibration process, the self-calibration bundle adjustment method was used. To evaluate the metric performances, the geometric accuracy tests in the image and object spaces were performed and the test results were compared. In the second stage, a 3D mesh model of a historical cylindrical structure (height = 8 m and diameter = 5 m) was generated using Structure-from-Motion and Multi-View-Stereo (SfM-MVS) approach. The images were captured using the Galaxy S4 smartphone camera, which produced the best result in the geometric accuracy tests for smartphone cameras. The accuracy tests on the generated 3D model were also applied in order to examine 3D object reconstruction capabilities of imaging with this device. The results demonstrated that smartphone cameras can be easily used as image acquisition tools for multiple photogrammetric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Curbside consultations are common in pediatric dermatology. There are both associated risks and benefits. Email, text messaging, and cell phone cameras have greatly facilitated this practice. We sought to characterize the nature of this practice among pediatric dermatologists and highlight concerns. Methods: A 21‐question anonymous survey was sent to the 486 active members of the Society for Pediatric Dermatology. Results: There were 156 responses (32%). Over 45% of respondents received at least six consults per week. About half (49%) spent 6 minutes or more per case. Almost none of these consultations (3%) were compensated or captured in work relative value units. Most (87%) did not document or have a practice or institutional policy in place to address these consultations. A similar majority (80%) were uncertain if their existing liability insurance covered these activities. Over three‐quarters (76%) of respondents did not think or were unsure that Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act concerns were appropriately addressed. Conclusions: Curbside consultations in pediatric dermatology are common. They increase access, promote collegiality, and can be used for educational gain. They are also generally not compensated, consume considerable time, risk liability exposure for providers, and potentially compromise patient confidentiality. Effort should be made to standardize this practice so that the benefits are not outweighed by risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) phantom was designed to provide a conservative estimation of the actual peak spatial specific absorption rate (SAR) of the electromagnetic field radiated from mobile phones. However, most researches on the SAM phantom have been based on early phone models. Therefore, we numerically analyze the SAM phantom to determine whether it is sufficiently conservative for various types of mobile phone models. The peak spatial 1‐ and 10‐g averaged SAR values of the SAM phantom are numerically compared with those of four anatomical head models at different ages for 12 different mobile phone models (a total of 240 different configurations of mobile phones, head models, frequencies, positions, and sides of the head). The results demonstrate that the SAM phantom provides a conservative estimation of the SAR for only mobile phones with an antenna on top of the phone body and does not ensure such estimation for other types of phones, including those equipped with integrated antennas in the microphone position, which currently occupy the largest market share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The need to improve access to microscopes in low‐resource and educational settings coupled with the global proliferation of camera‐enabled cellphones has recently led to an explosion in new developments in portable, low‐cost microscopy. The availability of accurate ball lenses has resulted in many variants of van Leeuwenhoek‐like microscopes. Combined with cellphones, they have the potential for use as portable microscopes in education and clinics. The need for reproducibility in such applications implies that control over focus is critical. Here, we describe a 3D‐printed focussing mechanism based on a rack and pinion mechanism, coupled to a ball lens‐ based microscope. We quantify the time‐stability of the focussing mechanism through an edge‐based contrast measure used in autofocus cameras and apply it to 'thin smear' blood sample infected with Plasmodium as well as onion skin cells. We show that stability of the z‐focus is in the micrometre range. This development could, we believe, serve to further enhance the utility of a low‐cost and robust microscope and encourage further developments in field microscopes based on the Open Source principle. Lay Description: The wide spread of cellphones with cameras makes them an attractive platform for digital microscopy. Such microscopes could help improve microscope access in clinics and classrooms in the form of 'field microscopes', if they could be adapted for imaging cells. We integrate a 3D printed focussing mechanism made with recyclable plastic with ball‐lens microscope of the Leeuwenhoek type. We demonstrate how the device can help stabilise to a focal plane for acquiring movies of a thin‐smear of blood infected with Plasmodium and onion skin cells using a cellphone. The stability of focus is expectedly less precise as compared to research‐grade microscopes, but is of the range of a few micrometers. We believe, the focussing device demonstrates it is possible to obtain reliable and reproducible images of typical samples used in clinics and classrooms. By making the design files of this device open‐source we believe it could serve as a small step in improved, affordable and accurate 'field microscopes'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is recognized as a global mortality challenge, and digital strategies could contribute to increase the chance of survival. In this paper, we investigate if cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality measurement using smartphone video analysis in real-time is feasible for a range of conditions. With the use of a web-connected smartphone application which utilizes the smartphone camera, we detect inactivity and chest compressions and measure chest compression rate with real-time feedback to both the caller who performs chest compressions and over the web to the dispatcher who coaches the caller on chest compressions. The application estimates compression rate with 0.5 s update interval, time to first stable compression rate (TFSCR), active compression time (TC), hands-off time (TWC), average compression rate (ACR), and total number of compressions (NC). Four experiments were performed to test the accuracy of the calculated chest compression rate under different conditions, and a fifth experiment was done to test the accuracy of the CPR summary parameters TFSCR, TC, TWC, ACR, and NC. Average compression rate detection error was 2.7 compressions per minute (±5.0 cpm), the calculated chest compression rate was within ±10 cpm in 98% (±5.5) of the time, and the average error of the summary CPR parameters was 4.5% (±3.6). The results show that real-time chest compression quality measurement by smartphone camera in simulated cardiac arrest is feasible under the conditions tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background/Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate skin condition, expensive equipment is required, continuous skin care is difficult. Therefore, we obtain the skin image using mobile camera, and propose a new algorithm that easily and simply extracts skin features. Methods: We analyze skin features, extracting the wrinkle length, cell area, and the number of cells. To get accurate skin features, we obtain a new skin binary image, and apply Watershed segmentation to it. So, we improve the accuracy of skin analysis. Therefore, we compare and analyze the degree of matching distribution of wrinkles, the shape of the cell, etc., using similarity between the ground truth and the proposed algorithm result image. Results: We extract skin surface features using a mobile camera image, and verify the change in skin features with age. Also, we demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm through the similarity between the ground truth and proposed result image. Conclusion: The proposed method in this study shows that the skin surface can be quantitatively evaluated by the similarity with ground truth. We also propose a method to diagnose and manage individual skin condition using a mobile camera in real life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the blink assessment of a person with partial left facial nerve palsy with a digital point and shoot camera and that blink rate can be qualitatively and quantitatively assessed using the slow-motion function of affordable point-and-shoot digital cameras.

The fairly recent standard of equipping mobile devices with advanced imaging sensors has opened the possibility of conveniently diagnosing skin conditions, anywhere, anytime. For this application, we attempted to estimate skin conditions from a skin image taken by a mobile handheld camera. To estimate the skin conditions, we specifically identified three skin features (pigmentation, pores, and roughness) that can be measured quantitatively from a skin image. The experimental data indicate that the existing thresholding methods are inappropriate for extracting the pigmentation and pore skin features. Thus, we propose a new line-fitting based thresholding method for skin feature detection. We thoroughly evaluated our proposed skin condition estimation method using our skin image database. The experimental results show that our proposed thresholding method can better determine the threshold leading to the most visually plausible detection, when compared to existing methods. We also confirmed that skin conditions can be feasibly estimated using a common mobile handheld camera (for example, a smartphone). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To test the Canopy Cover (CaCo) index for forest vegetation research estimation of canopy cover from hemispherical photographs, and introduce a new Android smartphone application for use of this index. Methods The original and modified CaCo index were evaluated using a data set of 234 hemispherical photographs taken in 78 plots in coniferous, mixed and broad-leaved deciduous forests. The results of the CaCo analysis of these photographs were compared with expert field visual estimation of canopy cover of these plots. For each hemispherical photograph, several CaCo values were calculated based on the photograph being restricted to different degrees by artificial horizon masking. The CaCo index was also tested with respect to precision of canopy cover estimation and sensitivity to different photographic equipment, using a different set of 93 canopy photographs taken in mixed and coniferous forests. Calculation of the CaCo index was done with the newly developed GLAMA - Gap Light Analysis Mobile Application software. Results Linear regression showed a close relationship between the CaCo index and visually observed canopy cover data. A proposed calculation modification improved the stability of the CaCo index in cases in which no horizon masking was applied. The best fit, zero-intercept and a regression slope close to1 were found in cases in which an artificial horizon mask that extended higher than 45° restricted the bottom part of the sky hemisphere. Low sensitivity of the CaCo index to type of photographic equipment used was shown. Conclusions The CaCo index is robust and can be used for precise canopy cover estimation, comparable to visual canopy cover estimation and unaffected by observer bias. Not only can it be used on already-captured photographs, but the index can also be employed on smartphones to rapidly capture hemispherical photographs and immediately calculate their index values. This application is freely available on the Internet and can serve as a powerful research and educational tool that can not only calculate CaCo values, but also standardize forest canopy visual estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a soft-lithographic approach to fabricate submicrometer metal organic framework (MOF)-based 2D photonic structures is described. Nanometric zeolitic imidazole framework material ZIF-8 (zinc) is chosen as the sensible MOF material because of its chemical stability and its vapor selective adsorption properties. Two different systems are fabricated: nanopatterned colloidal ZIF-8 homo- and ZIF-8/TiO2 heterostructures. Several features (stripes, squares, etc.) with dimensions of 200 nm are replicated on different substrates such as silicon, flexible plastics, and even aluminum cans, over relatively large surfaces (up to 1 cm2). In addition, the use of these photonic MOF-heterostructures as very low-cost sensing platforms compatible with smartphone technology is demonstrated. This method relies on the evaluation of the change in diffraction efficiency of the photonic MOF-patterns, induced by the MOF refractive index variation, which is simply detected by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, as those integrated in smartphones, without need for complex optical instrumentations for transduction data processing. Performances of the sensors are first evaluated using isopropyl alcohol adsorption/desorption cycling as a model case. In addition, a 'real' environmental issue is tackled. Selective detection of styrene in presence of interfering water is demonstrated at concentrations below the human permissible exposure limit. In situ ellispometric analyses are also carried out in order to confirm the sensor performances and to propose a mechanism for styrene uptake into the nanoMOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores an inner-knuckle-print (IKP) biometric recognition, based on mobile phone. Since IKP characteristics are captured by using mobile phone camera, the greatest challenge is that IKP images from the same hand have different illumination, posture, and background. In order to construct autonomous and robust recognition, we present a range of techniques as follows. Firstly, the hand region is preprocessed by using mean shift (MS) and K-means clustering. Secondly, the region of interest (ROI) of IKP is segmented and normalized. Thirdly, the IKP feature is extracted by using 2D Gabor filter with proper orientation and frequency. Finally, histogram of orientation gradient (HOG) algorithm is applied for matching. According to the experimental results, the proposed method is capable of achieving considerable recognition accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second clarification reveals that the diagnosis of abuse was based on stringent criteria; abuse was witnessed or filmed, and confessions were only accepted if they were made spontaneously before investigations began and before a diagnosis of abuse was made. Abbreviations SDH Subdural haemorrhage AHT Abusive Head Trauma I thank Dr Thiblin et al1 for clarifying the points that I raised in my Editorial.2 Firstly, with regard to chronic SDH (subdural haemorrhages), he confirms the overrepresentation of prematurity and male sex in infant chronic SDH. Taken together, these observations bring into serious doubt the validity of a diagnosis of abuse in babies with chronic SDH. [Extracted from the article]

A novel interaction method for mobile phones using their built-in cameras is presented. By estimating the path connecting the center points of frames captured by the camera phone, objects of interest can be easily extracted and recognized. To estimate the movement of the mobile phone, corners and corresponding Speeded-Up Robust Features descriptors are used to calculate the spatial transformation parameters between the previous and current frames. These parameters are then used to recalculate the locations of the center points in the previous frame into the current frame. The experiment results obtained from real image sequences show that the proposed system is efficient, flexible, and able to provide accurate and stable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the prototype of an image retrieval system used for mobile guide applications. It allows users to send image queries of urban scenes using camera phones. The system uses a database of views of scenes to determine the poses of query views provided by the users. Information is then mapped onto the query views. Our approach is based on a fully affine invariant descriptor, coined PRIUS, which can identify corresponding building facades across widely separated views despite the highly repetitive nature of the man-made environments. The system is substantiated by experiments that show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches such as SIFT (scale-invariant feature transform) and MSER (maximally stable external regions) in image retrieval. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter proposes a real-time digital image stabilization system for cell phone cameras without the need for frame memory. The system post-processes an image captured with a safe shutter speed using an adaptive denoising filter and a global color correction algorithm. This system can transfer the normal brightness of an image previewed under long exposure to the captured image making it bright and crisp with low noise. It is even possible to take photos in low-light conditions. By not needing frame memory, the approach is feasible for integration into the size-constrained image sensors of cell phone cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental work towards a camera phone diagnostic platform applying localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) label free sensing is presented. The application of spherical gold nanoparticles and nanorods are considered and assessed against ease of application, sensitivity, and practicality for a sensor for the detection of CCL2 (chemokine ligand 2). The sensitivity of the platform is compared with that of a commercial UV/Vis spectrometer. The sensitivity of the camera phone platform is found to be 30% less than that of the commercial system for an equivalent incubation time, but approaches that of the commercial system as incubation time increases. This suggests that the application of LSPR sensing on a portable camera phone devices may be a highly effective label-free approach for point-of-care use as a low-cost diagnostic sensing tool in environments where dedicated equipment is not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent proliferation of camera phones, photo sharing and social network services has significantly changed how we process our photos. Instead of going through the traditional download-edit-share cycle using desktop editors, an increasing number of photos are taken with camera phones and published through cellular networks. The immediacy of the sharing process means that on-device image editing, if needed, should be quick and intuitive. However, due to the limited computational resources and vastly different user interaction model on small screens, most traditional local selection methods can not be directly adapted to mobile devices. To address this issue, we present TouchTone, a new method for edge-aware image adjustment using simple finger gestures. Our method enables users to select regions within the image and adjust their corresponding photographic attributes simultaneously through a simple point-and-swipe interaction. To enable fast interaction, we develop a memory- and computation-efficient algorithm which samples a collection of 1D paths from the image, computes the adjustment solution along these paths, and interpolates the solutions to entire image through bilateral filtering. Our system is intuitive to use, and can support several local editing tasks, such as brightness, contrast, and color balance adjustments, within a minute on a mobile device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores how literacy reforms alter the issues of identity, and cites the influence of technology on student's literacy skills. The author said that the emergence of MySpace site, Facebook, and cellphone cameras have changed the way young people communicate and write, and informed a statement from a young adolescent girl which validates the literacy changes. He also stressed several intriguing developments which allow students to manipulate and play with their identities, and informs that students spend much more time reading and writing online.

The article focuses on the telehealth uptake and its funding from the Regional Economic Infrastructure Fund for the remote Aboriginal communities.

Multiscale problems in numerical electromagnetics are becoming increasingly common with the advent and widespread usage of compact mobile phones, body area networks, small and nano antennas, sensors, high‐speed interconnects, integrated circuits, and complex electronic packaging structures, to name just a few commercial applications. Numerical electromagnetic modeling and simulation of structures with multiscale features are highly challenging due to the fact that electrically small as well as large features are simultaneously present in the model that demands for discretization of the computational domain such that the number of degrees of freedom is very large, thus levying a heavy burden on the computational resources. The multiscale nature of a given problem also exacerbates the challenge of generating very fine meshes that do not introduce instabilities or ill‐conditioned behaviors. In this paper, we present novel techniques for an efficient solution of multiscale problems in the time‐domain. The proposed techniques handle arbitrarily shaped objects with fine features by using the dipole moment–based method of moments (MoM) type formulation in the MoM domain and electrically large objects in the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) domain. Scattered fields in the MoM domain are obtained in closed forms and directly in the time‐domain at the desired observation points on a planar interface, which are combined with the conventional FDTD update equations. The time‐domain scattered fields computed by using the MoM formulations presented herein are stable in their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel 3D dynamic barcode that can easily and effectively be captured, and decoded utilising inexpensive and mobile camera devices is presented. The primary expectation of the authors' approach is that users will have the ability to transfer large packets of information without the necessity for customary electromagnetic techniques such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. Designing an algorithm that successfully extracts the frames from the recorded dynamic barcode enables the end user to video capture the dynamic barcode, rather than taking multiple snapshots of each barcode frame. The results indicate that the optimum setting for the capturing device is 720p at 30 frames per second with an efficiency of 99% and transmission rate of 622 bytes/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]