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Memory enables generalization to new situations, and memory specificity that preserves individual episodes. This study investigated generalization, memory specificity, and their overnight fate in 141 4‐ to 8‐year‐olds (computerized memory game; 71 females, tested 2020–2021 in Germany). The results replicated age effects in generalization and memory specificity, and a contingency of generalization on object conceptual properties and interobject semantic proximity. Age effects were stronger in generalization than in memory specificity, and generalization was more closely linked to the explicit regularity knowledge in older than in younger children. After an overnight delay, older children retained more generalized and specific memories and showed greater gains but only in generalization. These findings reveal distinct age differences in generalization and memory specificity across childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased utilization of clinical genomic sequencing in the past decade has ushered in the era of genomic medicine, requiring genetics providers to acquire new skills and adapt their practices. The change in workplace responsibilities of clinical/medical geneticists (CMGs) and genetic counselors (GCs) in North America, due to the evolution of genetic testing, has not been studied. We surveyed CMGs (n = 80) and GCs (n = 127) with experience in general/pediatric genetics to describe their current practice of clinical tasks and the change in regularity of performing these tasks over the past 5–10 years. Currently, complementarity of responsibilities between CMGs and GCs clearly exists but providers who have been in the field for longer have noted role changes. Trends indicate that fewer experienced CMGs perform physical exams and select genetic tests than before and fewer experienced GCs complete requisitions and write result letters. The frequency of CMGs and GCs who investigate genetic test results, however, has increased. This study provides insight into the changing landscape of clinical genetics practice. Our findings suggest that the roles and responsibilities of CMGs and GCs have shifted in the past decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The precision medicine era has seen increased utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of genetics. We sought to explore the ways that genetic counselors (GCs) currently use the publicly accessible AI tool Chat Generative Pre‐trained Transformer (ChatGPT) in their work. Methods: GCs in North America were surveyed about how ChatGPT is used in different aspects of their work. Descriptive statistics were reported through frequencies and means. Results: Of 118 GCs who completed the survey, 33.8% (40) reported using ChatGPT in their work; 47.5% (19) use it in clinical practice, 35% (14) use it in education, and 32.5% (13) use it in research. Most GCs (62.7%; 74) felt that it saves time on administrative tasks but the majority (82.2%; 97) felt that a paramount challenge was the risk of obtaining incorrect information. The majority of GCs not using ChatGPT (58.9%; 46) felt it was not necessary for their work. Conclusion: A considerable number of GCs in the field are using ChatGPT in different ways, but it is primarily helpful with tasks that involve writing. It has potential to streamline workflow issues encountered in clinical genetics, but practitioners need to be informed and uniformly trained about its limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional robot navigation passively plans/replans to avoid any contact with obstacles in the scene. This limits the obtained solutions to the collision‐free space and leads to failures if the path to the goal is obstructed. In contrast, humans actively modify their environment by repositioning objects if it assists locomotion. This article aims to bring robots closer to such abilities by providing a framework to detect and clear movable obstacles to continue navigation. The approach leverages a multimodal robot skin that provides both local proximity and tactile feedback regarding physical interactions with the surroundings. This multimodal contact feedback is employed to adapt the robot's behavior when interacting with object surfaces and regulating applied forces. This enables the robot to remove bulky obstacles from its path and solves otherwise infeasible navigation problems. The system's ability is demonstrated in simulation and real‐world scenarios involving movable and nonmovable obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A π‐expanded X‐type double [5]helicene comprising dihydropyracylene moieties was synthesized from commercially available acenaphthene. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed the unique highly twisted structure of the compound resulting in the occurrence of two enantiomers which were separated by chiral HPLC, owing to their high conformational stability. The compound shows strongly bathochromically shifted UV/vis absorption and emission bands with small Stokes shift and considerable photoluminescence quantum yield and circular polarized luminescence response. The electrochemical studies revealed five facilitated reversible redox events, including three reductions and two oxidations, thus qualifying the compound as chiral multistage redox amphoter. The experimental findings are in line with the computational studies based on density functional theory pointing towards increased spatial extension of the frontier molecular orbitals over the polycyclic framework and a considerably narrowed HOMO–LUMO gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormally phosphorylated tau, an indicator of Alzheimer's disease, starts accumulating in the locus coeruleus (LC), the brain's major noradrenaline supply, during the first decades of life. Facilitated by technical advances, recent evidence shows that age‐related deficits in noradrenergic neuromodulation impinge on late‐life memory. However, investigations assessing longitudinal locus coeruleus changes and their association with senescent memory are scarce. Moreover, comparisons to other neuromodulatory systems that decline with age are lacking, questioning the specificity of noradrenergic effects. Method: We collected high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of the dopaminergic substantia nigra–ventral tegmental area (SN–VTA) and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) of 320 younger and older participants of the Berlin Aging Study‐II at two time points (TP1, TP2; ∼1.9 years apart). The imaging protocol included three dedicated scans sensitive to the SN–VTA and LC. We aggregated the information shared across imaging modalities by estimating multimodal latent factors expressing dopaminergic and noradrenergic integrity. Participants also completed a comprehensive cognitive battery at three time points (TP1–TP3), including tests of fluid intelligence, episodic memory, and working memory. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate cross‐sectional associations of SN–VTA and LC integrity with late‐life cognition. In a second set of models, we probed longitudinal changes in SN–VTA and LC integrity (TP1–TP2) and used them to predict participants' future cognitive performance (TP3). Result: Cross‐sectionally, we found differential associations of dopaminergic and noradrenergic nuclei with late‐life cognition. While LC integrity was positively related to better episodic memory across several memory tasks, SN–VTA integrity was positively related to working memory performance. Moreover, consistent with a largely shared biosynthesis of the neuromodulators, dopaminergic and noradrenergic nuclei correlated positively. Longitudinally, we found that older age was associated with more negative change in SN–VTA and LC integrity (TP1–TP2). Importantly, more negative changes in LC integrity reliably predicted worse future episodic memory (at TP3). Conclusion: These findings support the feasibility of in‐vivo indices for catecholaminergic integrity with potential clinical utility, given the degeneration of both neuromodulatory systems in several age‐associated diseases. Moreover, they highlight differential roles of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuromodulatory nuclei in late‐life cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We disclose π‐expanded pyracylenes and their cationic species comprising 7‐membered rings. The compounds were synthesized by stepwise oxidative cyclodehydrogenation to monitor the effect of successive cyclization on the structural and optoelectronic properties. As shown by X‐ray crystallography, the complete cyclization leads to a boat‐shaped scaffold featuring negative curvature provided by the 7‐membered ring. The embedded tropone unit enabled the convenient generation of a stabilized tropylium cation, showing bathochromically shifted absorption bands reaching into the near‐infrared region beyond 1000 nm. The altered structural features, supported by theoretical calculations, point towards the positively charged 7‐membered ring having aromatic character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research revealed a striking heterogeneity of how consumers view smart objects, from seeing them as helpful partners to merely a useful tool. We draw on mind perception theory to assess whether the attribution of mental states to smart objects reveals differences in consumer–smart object relationships and device usage. We train a language model to unobtrusively predict mind perception in smart objects from consumer‐generated text. We provide a rich set of interpretable linguistic markers for mind perception, drawing on a diverse collection of text‐mining techniques, and demonstrate that greater mind perception is associated with expressing a more communal (vs. instrumental) relationship with the device and using it more expansively. We find converging evidence for these associations using over 20,000 real‐world customer reviews and also provide causal evidence that inducing a more communal (vs. instrumental) relationship with a smart object enhances mind perception and in turn increases the number of tasks consumers engage in with the device. These findings have important implications for the role of mind perception as a novel lens to study consumer–smart object relationships. We offer an easy‐to‐use web interface to access our language model using researchers own data or to fine‐tune the model to entirely new domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hispanics continue to face challenges when trying to access health care, including epilepsy care and genetic‐related health care services. This study examined epilepsy genetic knowledge and beliefs in this historically underserved population. Methods: Questionnaires were completed by 641 adults with epilepsy without identified cause, of whom 122 self‐identified as Hispanic or Latino and 519 as non‐Hispanic. Participants were asked about their views on the contribution of genetics to the cause of their epilepsy ("genetic attribution"), optimism for advancements in epilepsy genetic research ("genetic optimism"), basic genetic knowledge, and epilepsy‐specific genetic knowledge. Generalized linear models were used to compare the two groups in the means of quantitative measures and percents answered correctly for individual genetic knowledge items. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, religion, family history of epilepsy, and time since last seizure. Results: Hispanics did not differ from non‐Hispanics in genetic attribution, genetic optimism, or number of six basic genetic knowledge items answered correctly. The number of nine epilepsy‐specific genetic knowledge items answered correctly was significantly lower for Hispanics than non‐Hispanics (adjusted mean = 6.0 vs. 6.7, p <.001). After adjustment for education and other potential mediators, the proportion answered correctly was significantly lower for Hispanics than non‐Hispanics for only two items related to family history and penetrance of epilepsy‐related genes. Only 54% of Hispanics and 61% of non‐Hispanics answered correctly that "If a person has epilepsy, his or her relatives have an increased chance of getting epilepsy." Significance: Despite large differences in sociodemographic variables including education, most attitudes and beliefs about genetics were similar in Hispanics and non‐Hispanics. Epilepsy‐specific genetic knowledge was lower among Hispanics than non‐Hispanics, and this difference was mostly mediated by differences in demographic variables. Genetic counseling should address key concepts related to epilepsy genetics to ensure they are well understood by both Hispanic and non‐Hispanic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying chemical reactions in real time can provide unparalleled insight into the evolution of intermediate species and can provide guidance to optimize the reaction conditions. For solid‐state synthesis reactions, powder diffraction has been demonstrated as an effective tool for resolving the structural evolution taking place upon heating. The synthesis of layered Ni‐rich transition‐metal oxides at a large scale (grams to kilograms) is highly relevant as these materials are commonly employed as cathodes for Li‐ion batteries. In this work, in situ neutron diffraction was used to monitor the reaction mechanism during the high‐temperature synthesis of Ni‐rich cathode materials with a varying ratio of Ni:Mn from industrially relevant hydroxide precursors. Rietveld refinement was further used to model the observed phase evolution during synthesis and compare the behaviour of the materials as a function of temperature. The results presented herein confirm the suitability of in situ neutron diffraction to investigate the synthesis of batches of several grams of electrode materials with well‐controlled stoichiometry. Furthermore, monitoring the structural evolution of the mixtures with varying Ni:Mn content in real time reveals a delayed onset of lithiation as the Mn content is increased, necessitating the use of higher annealing temperatures to achieve layering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider a Cremona group endowed with the Euclidean topology introduced by Blanc and Furter. It makes it a Hausdorff topological group that is not locally compact nor metrisable. We show that any sequence of elements of the Cremona group of bounded order that converges to the identity is constant. We use this result to show that Cremona groups do not contain any non‐stationary sequence of subgroups converging to the identity. We also show that, in general, paths in a Cremona group do not lift and do not satisfy a property similar to the definition of morphisms to a Cremona group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional interpreters are an integral component of healthcare for Spanish‐speaking individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP). Research has demonstrated that errors in interpretation are common and can contribute to poor outcomes for Spanish‐speaking clients. Providers with some Spanish proficiency may be able to detect clinically significant interpretation errors, potentially limiting negative clinical outcomes and helping to reduce health disparities for clients with LEP. This study aimed to identify the level of Spanish proficiency necessary for genetic counselors to be able to detect a majority of clinically significant errors made by a professional interpreter during a reproductive genetic counseling session. Practicing genetic counselors and genetic counseling graduate students were surveyed regarding their Spanish language background, experience working with interpreters, and self‐rated Spanish proficiency. Participants then watched short video clips from three simulated reproductive genetic counseling sessions conducted with a professional interpreter and were tasked with identifying clinically significant interpretation errors. Survey responses were analyzed from 118 participants who met eligibility criteria. Participants who reported "basic" and "fair" Spanish proficiency detected an average of 36.5% and 67% of clinically significant errors, respectively. Those reporting "good" proficiency or higher detected more than 80% of errors. Overall self‐rated Spanish proficiency was positively correlated with years of Spanish language education and individual measures of speaking, listening, and reading proficiency, indicating that self‐report may be a reasonable measure of proficiency when the goal is error detection in an interpreted session. Genetic counselors with even minimal Spanish proficiency can detect clinically significant interpretation errors, allowing for the correction of these errors during the session. Genetic counselors with "basic" and "fair" may consider genetic counseling‐specific Spanish language classes to increase their proficiency to be able to detect a majority of interpretation errors and thereby improve the quality of care and reduce health disparities for Spanish‐speaking clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a pilot study, electron‐density (ED) and ED Laplacian distributions were reconstructed for the challenging case of CaB6 (Pearson symbol cP7) with conceptually fractional B—B bonds from quantum‐chemically calculated structure‐factor sets with resolutions 0.5 Å–1 ≤ [sin(θ)/λ]max ≤ 5.0 Å–1 by means of Fourier‐synthesis techniques. Convergence of norm deviations of the distributions obtained with respect to the reference ones was obtained in the valence region of the unit cell. The QTAIM (quantum theory of atoms in molecules) atomic charges, and the ED and ED Laplacian values at the characteristic critical points of the Fourier‐synthesized distributions have been analysed for each resolution and found to display a convergent behaviour with increasing resolution. The presented method(exponent) (ME) type of Fourier‐synthesis approach can qualitatively reconstruct all characteristic chemical bonding features of the ED from valence‐electron structure‐factor sets with resolutions of about 1.2 Å–1 and beyond, and from all‐electron structure‐factor sets with resolutions of about 2.0 Å–1 and beyond. Application of the ME type of Fourier‐synthesis approach for reconstruction of ED and ED Laplacian distributions at experimental resolution is proposed to complement the usual extrapolation to infinite resolution in Hansen–Coppens multipole model derived static ED distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a pilot study, electron‐density (ED) and ED Laplacian distributions were reconstructed for the challenging case of CaB6 (Pearson symbol cP7) with conceptually fractional B—B bonds from quantum‐chemically calculated structure‐factor sets with resolutions 0.5 Å–1 ≤ [sin(θ)/λ]max ≤ 5.0 Å–1 by means of Fourier‐synthesis techniques. Convergence of norm deviations of the distributions obtained with respect to the reference ones was obtained in the valence region of the unit cell. The QTAIM (quantum theory of atoms in molecules) atomic charges, and the ED and ED Laplacian values at the characteristic critical points of the Fourier‐synthesized distributions have been analysed for each resolution and found to display a convergent behaviour with increasing resolution. The presented method(exponent) (ME) type of Fourier‐synthesis approach can qualitatively reconstruct all characteristic chemical bonding features of the ED from valence‐electron structure‐factor sets with resolutions of about 1.2 Å–1 and beyond, and from all‐electron structure‐factor sets with resolutions of about 2.0 Å–1 and beyond. Application of the ME type of Fourier‐synthesis approach for reconstruction of ED and ED Laplacian distributions at experimental resolution is proposed to complement the usual extrapolation to infinite resolution in Hansen–Coppens multipole model derived static ED distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Exome sequencing (ES) has played an important role in the identification of causative variants for individuals with epilepsy and has proven to be a valuable diagnostic tool. Less is known about its clinical utility once a diagnosis is received. This study systematically reviewed the impact of ES results on clinical decision‐making and patient care in a pediatric epilepsy cohort at a tertiary care medical center. Methods: Pediatric patients with unexplained epilepsy were referred by their neurologist, and informed consent was obtained through an institutional review board–approved research ES protocol. For patients who received a genetic diagnosis, a retrospective chart review was completed of the probands and their relatives' medical records prior to and after genetic diagnosis. The following outcomes were explored: provider management recommendations, changes in care actually implemented, and anticipatory guidance provided regarding the proband's condition. Results: Fifty‐three probands met the inclusion criteria. Genetic diagnosis led to at least one provider recommendation in 41.5% families (22/53). Recommendations were observed in the following categories: medication, screening for non‐neurological comorbidities/referrals to specialists, referrals to clinical research/trials, and cascade testing. Anticipatory guidance including information about molecular diagnosis, prognosis, and relevant foundations/advocacy groups was also observed. Significance: Results demonstrate the clinical utility of ES for individuals with epilepsy across multiple aspects of patient care, including anti‐seizure medication (ASM) selection; screening for non‐neurological comorbidities and referrals to appropriate medical specialists; referral to reproductive genetic counseling; and access to research, information, and support resources. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the clinical utility of ES for a pediatric epilepsy cohort with broad epilepsy phenotypes. This work supports the implementation of ES as part of clinical care in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its heterogeneity, the prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) development after traumtic injury is difficult. Recent machine learning approaches have yielded insight into predicting PTSD symptom trajectories. Using data collected within 1 month of traumatic injury, we applied eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) to classify admitted and discharged patients (hospitalized, n = 192; nonhospitalized, n = 214), recruited from a Level 1 trauma center, according to PTSD symptom trajectories. Trajectories were identified using latent class mixed models on PCL‐5 scores collected at baseline, 1–3 months posttrauma, and 6 months posttrauma. In both samples, nonremitting, remitting, and resilient PTSD symptom trajectories were identified. In the admitted patient sample, a unique delayed trajectory emerged. Machine learning classifiers (i.e., XGB) were developed and tested on the admitted patient sample and externally validated on the discharged sample with biological and clinical self‐report baseline variables as predictors. For external validation sets, prediction was fair for nonremitting versus other trajectories, areas under the curve (AUC =.70); good for nonremitting versus resilient trajectories, AUCs =.73–.76; and prediction failed for nonremitting versus remitting trajectories, AUCs =.46–.48. However, poor precision (<.57) across all models suggests limited generalizability of nonremitting symptom trajectory prediction from admitted to discharged patient samples. Consistency in symptom trajectory identification across samples supports prior studies on the stability of PTSD symptom trajectories following trauma exposure; however, continued work and replication with larger samples are warranted to understand overlapping and unique predictive features of PTSD in different traumatic injury populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel doubly cyclopentannulated carbazole which is accessible through a successive π‐expansion of di(1‐naphthylamine) is disclosed. The carbazole moiety is generated in the final step through intramolecular oxidative coupling. The π‐expansion of carbazole resulted in strongly altered optoelectronic and electrochemical properties. The solid‐state structure features an interesting packing motif with alternating face‐to‐face π⋅⋅⋅π and edge‐to‐face C−H⋅⋅⋅π interactions. The experimental findings were corroborated by theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We disclose a successive π‐expansion of pyracylene towards boat‐shaped polycyclic scaffolds. The unique structural features of the resulting compounds were revealed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Depending on the extent of π‐expansion the compounds display intense bathochromically shifted absorption bands in their UV/Vis spectra and are prone to several redox events as documented by cyclic voltammetry. The experimental observations are in line with the computational studies based on density functional theory, suggesting progressive narrowing of the HOMO–LUMO gap and distinct evolution of the electronic structure and aromaticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferritic/martensitic (F/M) Fe--Cr-based steels are candidates for applications in nuclear fission and fusion. Previous experimental results for neutron-irradiated binary Fe--Cr alloys and high-dose neutron-irradiated F/M steels contributed greatly to the understanding of the irradiation behaviour of these groups of materials. However, some details still need to be addressed. Such gaps are related to the effect of secondary alloying and impurity elements, such as Ni and Si, as well as the dose dependence at lower neutron doses [e.g. in the range 0.1--1 displacements per atom (dpa)]. This input is essential, for example, for multiscale modelling of irradiation effects or the evaluation of nuclear fission or fusion components at the first stages of operation. Using small-angle neutron scattering, three issues are addressed: (1) the effect of Cr undersaturation (5% Cr) and supersaturation (14% Cr) on the formation of irradiation-induced solute atom clusters/precipitates in low-dose neutron-irradiated Fe--Cr alloys in the presence of intentionally added levels of Ni, Si and P; (2) the effect of irradiation temperature (290 °C versus 450 °C); and (3) the effect of neutron dose in the range 0.06--0.6 dpa on the irradiation response of the reduced-activation F/M 9%Cr steel Eurofer97. The irradiation-enhanced formation of Cr-rich α'-phase particles was found to be the dominant effect for supersaturated Fe-- 14Cr--NiSiP at both irradiation temperatures. In contrast, α' formation is impossible in Fe--5Cr--NiSiP, for which the pronounced irradiation effects observed at 0.1 dpa are mainly attributed to added Ni, Si and P. Finally, Eurofer97 exhibits an exceptionally weak irradiation effect at low neutron doses, the reasons for which are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graduation from a genetic counseling graduate program accredited by the Accreditation Council of Genetic Counseling and certification obtained by passing the American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) certification examination are increasingly required to practice as a genetic counselor in the USA. Despite the ABGC certification examination serving as a gateway to the genetic counseling career, there have been no research studies to date that have examined what variables are associated with examination performance. Therefore, the Association of Genetic Counseling Program Directors established a Task Force to assess whether trainee demographics, Grade point average (GPA) and Graduate Record Exam (GRE®) percentile scores are associated with passing the ABGC certification examination on the first attempt. We surveyed accredited genetic counseling graduate programs in North America and gathered demographic data, admissions variables, and certification examination outcome data for 1,494 trainees from 24 training programs, representing approximately 60.5% of matriculants between 2007 and 2016. Univariable analysis was performed to assess associations between admissions variables and categorical outcome (pass vs. fail) on the certification examination using Wilcoxon rank‐sum or Fisher's exact test. Variables significantly associated with the categorical board outcome were then entered in a stepwise model selection procedure. In stepwise logistic regression, trainees with higher GPA (OR = 3.41; 95% CI = 1.99, 5.83), higher verbal (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.03) and quantitative (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.03) GRE® scores, female trainees (OR = 2.95; 95% CI = 1.70, 5.12), and White trainees (OR 3.37; 95% CI = 2.14, 5.30) had higher odds of passing the certification examination on the first attempt. As programs move to a holistic approach to graduate admissions in order to improve access to the genetic counseling profession, our results may influence programs to provide additional preparation for the certification examination for all trainees. In addition, genetic counseling professional organizations should continue to work together to assess and eliminate outcome disparities in admissions, training, and certification processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aqueous self‐assembly of amphiphiles into aggregates such as micelles and vesicles has been widely investigated over the past decades with applications ranging from materials science to drug delivery. The combination of characteristic properties of nucleic acids and amphiphiles is of substantial interest to mimic biological self‐organization and compartmentalization. Herein, we present ribose‐ and ribonucleotide‐based amphiphiles and investigate their self‐assembly as well as their fundamental reactivity. We found that various types of aggregates are formed, ranging in size from nanometers to micrometers and all amphiphiles exhibit aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) in solution as well as in the solid state. We also observed that the addition of 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) leads to rapid and selective dimerization of the amphiphiles into pyrophosphates, which decreases the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) by a factor of 25 when compared to the monomers. Since the propensity for amphiphile dimerization is correlated with their tendency to self‐assemble, our results may be relevant for the formation of rudimentary compartments under prebiotic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes and realizes a control architecture that can support the deployment of a large‐scale robot skin in a Human‐Robot Collaboration scenario. It is shown, how whole‐body tactile feedback can extend the capabilities of robots during dynamic interactions by providing information about multiple contacts across the robot's surface. Specifically, an uncalibrated skin system is used to implement stable force control while simultaneously handling the multi‐contact interactions of a user. The system formulates control tasks for force control, tactile guidance, collision avoidance, and compliance, and fuses them with a multi‐priority redundancy resolution strategy. The approach is evaluated on an omnidirectional mobile‐manipulator with dual arms covered with robot skin. Results are assessed under dynamic conditions, showing that multi‐modal tactile information enables robust force control while at the same time remaining responsive to a user's interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For physical human–robot interaction (pHRI) where multi‐contacts play a key role, both robustness to achieve robot‐intended motion and adaptability to follow human‐intended motion are fundamental. However, there are tradeoffs during pHRI when their intentions do not match. This paper focuses on bipedal walking control during pHRI, which handles such tradeoff when a human and a humanoid robot having different footsteps locations and durations. To resolve this, a force‐reactive walking controller is proposed by adequately combining ankle and stepping strategies. The ankle strategy maintains the robot's intention based on an analytically‐optimal center of pressure, leading the robot to oppose resistance to multiple contacts from the human. Based on the robot's kinodynamic constraints and/or the confidence of the robot's intention, the stepping strategy updates the robot's footsteps based on the human's intention implied by the multiple contact forces. Consequently, the proposed walking control on pHRI mutually exchanges human–robot intentions in real‐time, thereby achieving coordinated steps. With a full‐sized humanoid robot that is able to detect multi‐contacts in real‐time, we succeeded in performing a long‐term "box‐step" with multi‐contacts pHRI, demonstrating the robustness of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Numerous genetic testing options for individuals with epilepsy have emerged over the past decade without clear guidelines regarding optimal testing strategies. We performed a systematic evidence review (SER) and conducted meta‐analyses of the diagnostic yield of genetic tests commonly utilized for patients with epilepsy. We also assessed nonyield outcomes (NYOs) such as changes in treatment and/or management, prognostic information, recurrence risk determination, and genetic counseling. Methods: We performed an SER, in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses), using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central through December of 2020. We included studies that utilized genome sequencing (GS), exome sequencing (ES), multigene panel (MGP), and/or genome‐wide comparative genomic hybridization/chromosomal microarray (CGH/CMA) in cohorts (n ≥ 10) ascertained for epilepsy. Quality assessment was undertaken using ROBINS‐I (Risk of Bias in Non‐Randomized Studies of Interventions). We estimated diagnostic yields and 95% confidence intervals with random effects meta‐analyses and narratively synthesized NYOs. Results: From 5985 nonduplicated articles published through 2020, 154 met inclusion criteria and were included in meta‐analyses of diagnostic yield; 43 of those were included in the NYO synthesis. The overall diagnostic yield across all test modalities was 17%, with the highest yield for GS (48%), followed by ES (24%), MGP (19%), and CGH/CMA (9%). The only phenotypic factors that were significantly associated with increased yield were (1) the presence of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and/or (2) the presence of neurodevelopmental comorbidities. Studies reporting NYOs addressed clinical and personal utility of testing. Significance: This comprehensive SER, focused specifically on the literature regarding patients with epilepsy, provides a comparative assessment of the yield of clinically available tests, which will help shape clinician decision‐making and policy regarding insurance coverage for genetic testing. We highlight the need for prospective assessment of the clinical and personal utility of genetic testing for patients with epilepsy and for standardization in reporting patient characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Age‐related deficits in dopaminergic neuromodulation play a key role in determining memory decline. Facilitated by technical advancements, recent research has also implicated noradrenergic neuromodulation in shaping late‐life memory development. However, investigations disentangling the contribution of the two neuromodulators to the neurobiological basis of human cognitive aging are scarce. Method: We collected high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of the dopaminergic substantia nigra–ventral tegmental area and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus of 320 younger and older adults at two time points (T1, T2; ∼1.9 years delay). The imaging protocol included three scans sensitive for the substantia nigra–ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus—a Fast‐Spin‐Echo [FSE] sequence, and a Magnetization‐Transfer sequence, acquired once with a dedicated magnetic saturation pulse [MT+] and once without, resulting in a proton‐density like image [MT–]. We aggregated the information shared across imaging modalities by estimating multimodal latent factors expressing dopaminergic and noradrenergic integrity. Participants also completed a comprehensive cognitive battery at three time points (T1, T2, T3), including tests of fluid intelligence, episodic and working memory. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate cross‐sectional associations of substantia nigra–ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus integrity with late‐life cognition. In a second set of models, we probed longitudinal changes in substantia nigra–ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus integrity (T1–T2) and used them to predict participants' future cognitive performance (at T3). Result: Cross‐sectionally, we found differential associations of dopaminergic and noradrenergic nuclei with late‐life cognition. While locus coeruleus integrity was related to better episodic memory across several memory tasks, substantia nigra–ventral tegmental area integrity was related to working memory performance. Moreover, consistent with a largely shared biosynthesis of the neuromodulators, dopaminergic and noradrenergic nuclei were positively related. Longitudinally, we found that older age was associated with more‐negative change in substantia nigra–ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus integrity (T1–T2). Importantly, changes in locus coeruleus integrity reliably predicted future episodic memory performance (at T3). Conclusion: These findings support the utility of in‐vivo indices for catecholaminergic integrity and highlight differential roles of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation in late‐life cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Vacuum components made of aluminium for UHV and XHV – Mechanical properties, weldability and outgassing behaviour The mechanical strength of 6000 Al alloys is sufficient to produce stable CF cutting edges. To obtain the necessary mechanical strength, the maximum temperatures of the material must not be exceeded during manufacturing and application. The suitability of these aluminium alloys for use in UHV and XHV was proven in series of measurements on cutting edge geometry. In addition, the article explains how reproducible process parameters during welding ensure the production of vacuum‐tight weld seams with clean root formation, whereby special welding parameters ensure the compliance with temperature restrictions to preserve the quality of the cutting edges. Comparative tests on aluminium and stainless steel chambers show that UHV conditions can be achieved in a shorter time and – due to lower bakeout temperatures – with less energy input by using aluminium as material. The mechanical strength of 6000 Al alloys is sufficient to produce stable CF cutting edges. To obtain the necessary mechanical strength, the maximum temperatures of the material must not be exceeded during manufacturing as well as application. The suitability of these aluminium alloys for use in UHV and XHV could be proven in series of measurements on cutting edge geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Vakuum in Forschung und Praxis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of web‐based patient simulations, a whole‐task simulation, in oral surgery education for second‐year pre‐clinical dental students on learning outcomes regarding cognitive, psychomotor and professional interpersonal skills for two topics: local anaesthesia and non‐surgical extractions. Materials and Methods: In 2018–19, using an experimental design in a live course, we evaluated two web‐based patient simulations on student learning outcomes in an introductory course on oral maxillofacial surgery. The study was repeated across two semesters, Fall (N = 109) and Spring (N = 112), on two different topics, namely local anaesthesia and extractions, respectively. Learning outcomes were evaluated for each topic with two different assessment formats: a student‐recorded role‐play video project and a fifty‐item multiple‐choice test. Results: For both topics, local anaesthesia and non‐surgical extractions, students in the group, Web Sim, who used the web‐based patient simulation over and above the online lesson material earned significantly higher scores in the role‐play patient video project compared with the group, No Web Sim, who only used the online lesson materials. However, scores on the fifty‐item multiple‐choice test did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions: The results suggest that the web‐based patient simulation as a formative assessment type is a useful scaffolding tool for the summative student‐recorded role‐play patient video project due to the similarity in activity types that support clinical learning objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In adults, the synchronized interplay of sleep spindles (SP) and slow oscillations (SO) supports memory consolidation. Given tremendous developmental changes in SP and SO morphology, it remains elusive whether across childhood the same mechanisms as identified in adults are functional. Based on topography and frequency, we characterize slow and fast SPs and their temporal coupling to SOs in 24 pre‐school children. Further, we ask whether slow and fast SPs and their modulation during SOs are associated with behavioral indicators of declarative memory consolidation as suggested by the literature on adults. Employing an individually tailored approach, we reliably identify an inherent, development‐specific fast centro‐parietal SP type, nested in the adult‐like slow SP frequency range, along with a dominant slow frontal SP type. Further, we provide evidence that the modulation of fast centro‐parietal SPs during SOs is already present in pre‐school children. However, the temporal coordination between fast centro‐parietal SPs and SOs is weaker and less precise than expected from research on adults. While we do not find evidence for a critical contribution of SP–SO coupling for memory consolidation, crucially, slow frontal and fast centro‐parietal SPs are each differentially related to sleep‐associated consolidation of items of varying quality. Whereas a higher number of slow frontal SPs is associated with stronger maintenance of medium‐quality memories, a higher number of fast centro‐parietal SPs is linked to a greater gain of low‐quality items. Our results demonstrate two functionally relevant inherent SP types in pre‐school children although SP–SO coupling is not yet fully mature. In adults, sleep supports the long‐term stabilisation of memories. System consolidation theories propose the coupling of sleep slow oscillations and spindles during non‐rapid eye movement sleep as a key mechanism. Does the same hold true in young children? Our results provide evidence for two functionally relevant sleep spindle types in pre‐school children despite immature sleep spindle – slow oscillation coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic has ravaged the globe in the past year, demanding shifts in all aspects of life including health profession education. The New York City area was the first major United States epicenter and is home to four genetic counseling graduate programs. We set out to explore the multifaceted programmatic changes required from the four institutions in an early pandemic epicenter, providing the longest time horizon available for assessing the implications of this restructuring on graduate education in the profession. Using practitioner‐based enquiry, our iterative reflections identified three phases of COVID‐19 response within our programs from March through December 2020. The spring months were marked by significant upheaval and reactivity, with a focus on stabilizing our programs in an unstable environment that included a significant medical response required in our area. By summer, we were reinvesting time and energy into our programs and prioritizing best practices in online learning. Relative predictability returned in the fall with noticeable improvements in flexibility and proactive problem‐solving within our new environment. We have begun to identify changes in both curricula and operations that are likely to become more permanent. Telehealth fieldwork, remote supervision, simulated cases with standardized clients, and virtual recruitment and admission events are some key examples. We explored early outcome measures, such as enrollment, retention, course evaluations, and student academic and fieldwork progress, all indicating little change from prior to the pandemic to date. Overall, we found our programs, and genetic counseling graduate education more broadly, to be much more resilient and flexible than we would ever have realized. The COVID‐19 pandemic has awakened in us a desire to move ahead with reduced barriers to educational innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cast nephropathy (CN) is associated with a unfavourable outcome in monoclonal light chain (mLC) disease, but also more possible LC‐related renal diseases as well as non‐LC‐related disease can occur. Thus, it is crucial to understand the underlying renal disease. On the other hand, LC can interfere with coagulation preventing kidney biopsy as the gold standard. We sought to develop a non‐invasive algorithm to diagnose CN with a good sensitivity and specificity. Method: We analysed data from patients with mLC disease who underwent kidney biopsy. The patients were classified in 4 groups according the renal histology: CN, AL amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease, and other renal disease. Afterwards, different algorithms were calculated for their sensitivity and specificity. Results: CN showed a significant higher concentration of serum‐free LC and urine LC (LCu), but there was a wide and overlapping range with the other groups. The best accuracy was achieved for a LCu/GFR ratio >2 in patients with lambda LC and either a LCu/GFR > 1 and proteinuria <8 g/24 h or a LCu/GFR > 5 in patients with proteinuria >8 g/24 h in patients with kappa LC. In lambda LC, the sensitivity and specificity for CN was 94% and 90%, respectively; in kappa LC 87% and 81%, respectively. Discussion: In patients with coagulation disturbances due to LC, a non‐invasive algorithm can separate patients with CN from other renal disease in mLC disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trypanosoma cruzi is widely reported in bats, yet transmission routes remain unclear. We present evidence from metagenomic sequence data that T. cruzi occurs in the saliva of diverse Neotropical bats. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the bat‐associated T. cruzi sequences described here formed part of a bat‐specific clade, suggesting an independent transmission cycle. Our results highlight the value in repurposing metagenomic data generated for viral discovery to reveal insights into the biology of other parasites. Evaluating whether the presence of T. cruzi in the saliva of two hematophagous bat species represents an ecological route for zoonotic transmission of Chagas disease is an interesting avenue for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: High‐tech with attention to people and planet – Energy and resource management in the vacuum industry Resources on our planet are limited. Solar Energy is the only extraterrestrial resource we have. Thus, a future challenge will be to use these resources responsibly. The conservation principles of physics should be used as guidelines for innovative ideas and sustainable decisions. Especially well thought out recycling processes are necessary to achieve these goals. This paper presents thought‐provoking impulses and case studies of successful solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vakuum in Forschung und Praxis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vakuum in Forschung und Praxis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The chemical reduction of a π‐expanded polycyclic framework comprising a cyclooctatetraene moiety, octaphenyltetrabenzocyclooctatetraene, with lithium metal readily affords the corresponding tetra‐anion instead of the expected aromatic dianion. As revealed by X‐ray crystallography, the highly contorted tetra‐anion is stabilized by coordination of two internally bound Li+, while two external cations remain solvent separated. The variable‐temperature 7Li NMR spectra in THF confirm the presence of three types of Li+ ions and clearly differentiate internal binding, consistent with the crystal structure. Density‐functional theory calculations suggest that the formation of the highly charged tetra‐reduced carbanion is stabilized through Li+ coordination under the applied experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals who require hospitalization after traumatic injuries are at increased risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, few early behavioral interventions have been effective at preventing PTSD within this population. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of modified prolonged exposure therapy (mPE) to prevent PTSD and depression symptoms among patients hospitalized after a DSM‐5 single‐incident trauma. Hospitalized patients were eligible if they screened positive for PTSD risk. Participants (N = 74) were randomly assigned in a parallel‐groups design to receive mPE (n = 38) or standard of care treatment (SoC; n = 36) while admitted to the hospital after a traumatic injury. Individuals randomized to the intervention condition received one (42.1%), two (36.8%), or three sessions (15.8%) of mPE, mainly depending on length of stay. There were no significant differences between groups regarding PTSD or depression severity at 1‐ or 3‐months posttrauma, except for more PTSD diagnoses in the intervention group after 1 month, ϕ = −.326. Intervention differences were nonsignificant when we took baseline PTSD symptoms and the nonindependence of the repeated measurements within the data into account. No adverse events were reported. Overall, mPE was no more effective than SoC for hospitalized, traumatic injury survivors with a high PTSD risk. The results may point to a need for a stepped‐care approach, where intervention protocols focus on first briefly treating individuals who are actively exhibiting acute stress reactions, then extensively treating those whose symptoms do not decrease over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we complete a chain of explicit Quillen equivalences between the model category for Θn+1‐spaces and the model category of small categories enriched in Θn‐spaces. The Quillen equivalences given here connect Segal category objects in Θn‐spaces, complete Segal objects in Θn‐spaces, and Θn+1‐spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Theories of healthy and pathological aging assume a critical role of the locus coeruleus (LC), the main cortical norepinephrine (NE) supply, in shaping late‐life cognition. Postmortem analyses identified the LC as one of the first brain sites that accumulates tau pathology. However, in‐vivo research linking the noradrenergic system to senescent cognitive decline in humans is rare. Here we used a multimodal assessment to investigate whether individual differences in attention are related to the noradrenergic system. Method: In younger (n = 39) and older adults (n = 38) we applied fear conditioning, an experimental manipulation known to modulate arousal‐related noradrenergic drive. Concurrently, we assessed pupil dilation, a non‐invasive proxy for noradrenergic activity, and the electroencephalogram (EEG) as indicators for successful NE manipulation. Reliable pupil and EEG signatures associated with elevated LC‐NE activity were identified in repeated conditioning sessions. We further evaluated participants' general attention ability using a multimodal cognitive assessment. During one of the attention tasks (dichotic listening), fear‐conditioned (CS+) or perceptually matched control stimuli (CS–) were presented on a trial‐by‐trial basis to dynamically modulate arousal‐related noradrenergic drive. Result: Relative to younger adults, older adults demonstrated compromised performance across a variety of attention tasks. On a physiological level, presentation of fear‐conditioned stimuli during dichotic listening reinstated the acquired arousal response. Relative to control stimuli (CS–), conditioned stimuli (CS+) induced a multimodal response, consisting of pupil dilation and EEG desynchronization. Crucially, greater pupil dilation in response to the CS+ was associated with a stronger transient alpha–beta desynchronization (9–30 Hz), indicating a common dependence on phasic NE release. Using structural equation modeling, we integrated over EEG desynchronization and pupil dilation markers to derive a single index reflecting the responsiveness of the noradrenergic system to arousing stimuli. Combining behavioral and physiological data, we observed that a more responsive noradrenergic system was associated with better performance across attention tasks. Finally, we found that older age is associated with lower pupil‐ and EEG‐indexed noradrenergic responsiveness. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings indicate that (1) noradrenergic neuromodulation dynamically sculpts low frequency oscillatory dynamics in posterior brain areas and (2) this interaction supports attention across the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Casein kinase 2 is a ubiquitous protein kinase that has puzzled researchers for several decades because of its pleiotropic activity. Here, we set out to identify the in vivo targets of plastid casein kinase 2 (pCK2) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Survey phosphoproteome analyses were combined with targeted analyses with wild‐type and pck2 knockdown mutants to identify potential pCK2 targets by their decreased phosphorylation state in the mutant. To validate potential substrates, we complemented the pck2 knockdown line with tandem affinity tag (TAP)‐tagged pCK2 and found it to restore growth parameters, as well as many, but not all, putative pCK2‐dependent phosphorylation events. We further performed a targeted analysis at the end‐of‐night to increase the specificity of target protein identification. This analysis confirmed light‐independent phosphorylation of several pCK2 target proteins. Based on the aforementioned data, we define a set of in vivo pCK2‐targets that span different chloroplast functions, such as metabolism, transcription, translation and photosynthesis. The pleiotropy of pCK2 functions is also manifested by altered state transition kinetics during short‐term acclimation and significant alterations in the mutant metabolism, supporting its function in photosynthetic regulation. Thus, our data expand our understanding on chloroplast phosphorylation networks and provide insights into kinase networks in the regulation of chloroplast functions. Significance Statement: We report a set of previously unknown substrates for plastid casein kinase 2 signifying a function of this kinase in the cross‐talk between photosynthetic acclimation and other chloroplast functions, such as gene expression and metabolism. Our data provide information required to understand the network underlying regulatory phosphorylations in chloroplasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this practice resource is to provide genetic counselors and other healthcare professionals with a resource to reference when providing genetic counseling services to individuals and families undergoing evaluation for neurofibromatosis (NF) or who have received a diagnosis of NF, including NF1, NF2, and schwannomatosis. This resource represents the opinions of a multi‐center working group of Certified Genetic Counselors with experience in the care of individuals with NF, providing topics to be considered for the incorporation into a clinical genetic counseling session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormally phosphorylated tau, an indicator of Alzheimer’s disease, accumulates in the first decades of life in the locus coeruleus, the brain’s main norepinephrine supply. Recent advances in brainstem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggest an association between in‐vivo locus coeruleus integrity and Alzheimer’s‐related neuropathology. However, while MR sequences have demonstrated their sensitivity for the locus coeruleus, a complete understanding of the underlying contrast mechanisms is still lacking. Method: To investigate whether common locus coeruleus imaging approaches measure the same construct, younger and older participants of the Berlin Aging Study‐II (n ∼ 320) underwent 3T‐MRI. The imaging protocol included three scans sensitive for the locus coeruleus—a Fast‐Spin‐Echo [FSE] sequence focused on the brainstem, and a Magnetization‐Transfer sequence, acquired once with a dedicated magnetic saturation pulse [MT] and once without, resulting in a proton‐density like image [noMT]. Participants moreover completed a comprehensive cognitive battery, including tests of fluid intelligence, episodic and working memory, to assess whether different imaging protocols relate to similar aspects of late‐life cognition. Locus coeruleus MR‐intensity ratios, a non‐invasive proxy for neuronal density, were semi‐automatically extracted from FSE, MT, and noMT scans in standard space. We integrated locus coeruleus ratios across imaging modalities to derive a latent, multimodal factor expressing locus coeruleus integrity. Similarly, we used a previously established cognitive factor structure to integrate performance across multiple cognitive tasks to retrieve latent measures of fluid intelligence, episodic and working memory. Result: Locus coeruleus‐related hyperintensities were reliably detected across imaging modalities (see Figure 1). Crucially, locus coeruleus ratios derived from different imaging modalities were strongly interrelated in younger and older adults (see Figure 2), indicating a common construct. However, age‐group differences in locus coeruleus ratios were modality‐specific, warranting caution in cross‐study comparisons. Merging neural and cognitive models, we found that higher locus coeruleus ratios were related to better episodic memory performance in later life. This association was observed for multimodal locus coeruleus integrity and was replicated for each imaging modality (see Figure 3). Conclusion: Our findings support the utility of brainstem MRI as proxy for locus coeruleus integrity and highlight a role of the noradrenergic system in late‐life memory decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The auditor reputation hypothesis states that auditors conduct high‐quality audits to build a positive reputation in the marketplace so that they can retain clients and earn fee premiums. We consolidate the dispersed literature on this hypothesis and introduce a framework that presents auditor reputation as a cycle. The overall conclusions support the predictions of our framework regarding reputation as an incentive for audit quality. However, challenges remain in isolating and quantifying the impact. We observe moderating factors on both the supply and demand sides. We also find that existing research has emphasized certain aspects of our framework while addressing others more sparsely. Relatively little is known about how audit firms earn their reputation or how they rebuild it after an audit failure. Mixed evidence in some areas, along with research gaps in the framework, provides opportunities for future research on auditor reputation. Our framework can guide these endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through self‐reflection, self‐education, and with a learning mindset each of us has embarked on a personal path to understand the impact of racism in our personal and professional lives. This personal work is ongoing, though it was through our individual paths that led us to engage in dialogue on race and racism at the 38th National Society of Genetic Counselors Annual Conference. We initially did not know each other; however, we were drawn by a mutual desire to further the conversation and sought connection with each other after the Conversations Around Diversity Platform Presentations. Through sustained, open dialogue we created a brave space for sharing our emotional and intellectual responses to the conference. Through this dialogue and through written reflections, we recognized an emboldened urgency to author a joint reflection on our shared responsibility as genetic counseling training program leaders to use our privilege in service to our students and future students. We have the evidence that we are not a diverse profession. We have more evidence now than we did before that our profession performs poorly with regards to inclusivity. Our inability to acknowledge, address, and discuss racism and other forms of oppression is damaging to each of us individually and as a group of professionals. We owe it to ourselves, our students, our patients, and colleagues to name our learned biases and behaviors, own them and interrupt them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses infect all forms of life and play critical roles as agents of disease, drivers of biochemical cycles and sources of genetic diversity for their hosts. Our understanding of viral diversity derives primarily from comparisons among host species, precluding insight into how intraspecific variation in host ecology affects viral communities or how predictable viral communities are across populations. Here we test spatial, demographic and environmental hypotheses explaining viral richness and community composition across populations of common vampire bats, which occur in diverse habitats of North, Central and South America. We demonstrate marked variation in viral communities that was not consistently predicted by a null model of declining community similarity with increasing spatial or genetic distances separating populations. We also find no evidence that larger bat colonies host greater viral diversity. Instead, viral diversity follows an elevational gradient, is enriched by juvenile‐biased age structure, and declines with local anthropogenic food resources as measured by livestock density. Our results establish the value of linking the modern influx of metagenomic sequence data with comparative ecology, reveal that snapshot views of viral diversity are unlikely to be representative at the species level, and affirm existing ecological theories that link host ecology not only to single pathogen dynamics but also to viral communities. see also the Perspective by Wille [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]