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Fat grafting is an emerging clinical technique to address soft tissue deficiencies. This study investigates whether the secretory function of beige adipose tissue(BeigeAT) grafts is involved in promoting soft tissue regeneration in fat grafting. In this study, mice were randomly divided into white adipose tissue (WAT) and BeigeAT groups. Each type of adipose tissue (0.3 mL) was transplanted into the respective groups, and samples were harvested at 2, 4, and 12 week. Subsequently, mice were further divided into three groups, BeigeAT group, BeigeAT with CXCL13 treatment group, and BeigeAT with TAK‐779 treatment group, to investigate the role of CXCL13 in BeigeAT transplants. Graft retention rate, vascularization, and fibrosis levels were compared among the groups. Compared to WAT transplants, BeigeAT transplants exhibited moderate inflammation, enhanced revascularization, reduced fibrosis, and increased infiltration of M2 macrophages and endothelial progenitor cells in the early stages following fat grafting. CXCL13 expression was significantly higher in BeigeAT transplants at 2, 4, and 12 week post‐grafting. Additionally, modulation of CXCL13 expression affected the infiltration of M2 macrophages and endothelial progenitor cells. However, BeigeAT transplants exhibited superior retention rates compared to BeigeAT CXCL13 groups and BeigeAT TAK‐779 groups after 12 weeks of fat grafting. BeigeAT transplants achieve improved retention rates through CXCL13‐induced infiltration of M2 macrophages and endothelial progenitor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adipose tissue has an established endocrine function through the secretion of adipokines. However, a role for bioactive metabolites and lipids, termed metabokines and lipokines, is emerging in adipose tissue‐mediated autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signalling and inter‐organ communication. Traditionally seen as passive entities, metabolites are now recognized for their active roles in regulating cellular signalling and local and systemic metabolism. Distinct from white adipose tissue, specific endocrine functions have been attributed to thermogenic brown and beige adipose tissues. Brown and beige adipose tissues have been identified as sources of metabokines and lipokines, which influence diverse metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid β‐oxidation, mitochondrial function and glucose homeostasis, across a range of tissues, including skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and heart. This review explores the intricate signalling mechanisms of brown and beige adipose tissue‐derived metabokines and lipokines, emphasizing their roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and their potential dysregulation in metabolic diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways, proposing that precise modulation of metabokine receptors and transporters could offer superior specificity and efficacy in comparison to conventional approaches, such as β‐adrenergic signalling‐stimulated activation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Understanding the complex interactions between adipokines, metabokines and lipokines is essential for developing a systems‐level approach to new interventions for metabolic disorders, underscoring the need for continued research in this rapidly evolving field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, one in three adults worldwide may be obese or overweight. Obesity is characterized by an excess of energy‐storing white fat. An ingenious and sought‐after strategy against obesity is to activate energy‐consuming beige fat, which is converted from white fat or brown fat. However, existing tools for assessing brown or beige fat activation in vivo have certain limitations, such as being cumbersome and expensive. Optical imaging is a relatively straightforward and economical imaging technique that utilizes light to peer into the structural–functional information of living organisms at multiple scales. Despite the availability of various optical imaging modalities for detecting brown or beige fat, there is a dearth of literature summarizing relevant studies. Accordingly, this review focuses on these optical modalities and elaborates on their imaging principles, characteristics, and recent research advances in the detection of brown or beige fat. Their imaging targets, advantages, and disadvantages are further concluded. As a methodological reference, this review can guide the selection of optimal optical modalities to noninvasively profile brown or beige fat activation from a specific biological perspective, maximizing the potential of optical imaging in anti‐obesity assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have previously shown that Liang‐Yan‐Yi‐Zhen‐San (LYYZS), an ancient Chinese herbal formula, can promote the browning of white adipose tissue. In this study, we sought to determine which active ingredients of LYYZS mediated its effects on the browning of white adipose tissue. Employing ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography–Q‐Exactive HF mass spectrometry, a total of 52 LYYZS ingredients were identified. On this basis, 1,560 ingredient‐related targets of LYYZS were screened using the HERB databases. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing analysis of the inguinal white adipose tissue of mice produced a total of 3148 genes that were significantly differentially expressed following LYYZS treatment and differentially expressed genes regarded as browning‐related targets. Through the network pharmacological analysis, a total of 136 intersection targets were obtained and an ingredient–target–pathway network was established. According to network pharmacology analysis, 10 ingredients containing trans‐cinnamaldehyde, genistein, daidzein, calycosin, arginine, coumarin, oleic acid, isoleucine, palmitic acid and tyrosine were regarded as active ingredients of browning of white adipose tissue. Integrated evaluation using chemical analysis, transcriptomics and network pharmacology provides an efficient strategy for discovering the active ingredients involved in how LYYZS promotes the browning of white adipose tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of thermogenic adipose tissue depots has been linked to improved metabolism and weight loss. To study the molecular regulation of adipocyte thermogenesis, we performed RNA‐Seq on brown adipose tissue (BAT), gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT), and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) from mice treated with β3‐adrenoreceptor agonist CL316,243 (CL). Our analysis revealed diverse transcriptional profile and identified pathways in response to CL treatment. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in iWATCL were associated with the upregulation of pathways involved in cellular immune responses and with the upregulation of the browning program. We identified 39 DEGs in beige adipose which included certain heat shock proteins (Hspa1a and Hspa1b), and others suggesting potential associations with browning. Our results highlight transcriptional heterogeneity across adipose tissues and reveal genes specifically regulated in beige adipose, potentially aiding in identifying novel browning pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fat grafting is one of the most commonly applied procedure for soft‐tissue repair. However, it remains unclear whether the type of adipose tissue would have any effects on fat graft survival. The present study aimed to determine fates of fat grafting of three different types of fat tissue. In this study, mice were randomly divided into three groups, white adipose tissue (WAT) group, beige adipose tissue (beige AT) group and brown adipose tissue (BAT) group. Before transplantation, donor mice were injected with rosiglitazone or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). The WAT and BAT were obtained from PBS‐treated mice while beige AT was obtained from the rosiglitazone‐treated mice. Three types of fat tissue (150 mg each) were transplanted in three groups, respectively, and harvested at 2, 4 or 12 weeks. The BAT and beige AT contained smaller adipocytes and expressed higher level of uncoupling protein‐1 gene. The retention rate of the transplanted fat was significantly higher for beige than for white fat, but was significantly lower for brown than for white fat. Transplanted brown fat was characterized by upregulated inflammation and high endoplasmic reticulum stress. By contrast, fat grafts in beige AT group showed the best adipogenic capacity, moderate inflammation level and superior angiongenesis. In vitro, under hypoxic condition, fewer apoptotic cells were found in beige adipocyte group than that in brown and white adipocyte group. Conditioned medium from brown adipocytes induced M1 polarization of RAW 264.7 macrophages while that from beige adipocytes effectively promoted M2 polarization. Therefore, we suggest that beige AT provides a new potential choice for fat grafting because of low inflammation and superior survival but BAT might not be ideal for fat grafting due to its poor survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, nontumorous high 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose accumulations are observed in both beige and brown adipose tissues. Recognizing this feature of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation can help physicians make precise diagnoses and help them avoid the pitfalls of a false‐positive 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography result, preventing unnecessary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue may contribute to obesity-related metabolic derangements such as type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2 DM). Because mitochondria are a target for melatonin action, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin on mitochondrial function in white ( WAT) and beige inguinal adipose tissue of Zücker diabetic fatty ( ZDF) rats, a model of obesity-related T2 DM. In this experimental model, melatonin reduces obesity and improves the metabolic profile. At 6 wk of age, ZDF rats and lean littermates ( ZL) were subdivided into two groups, each composed of four rats: control ( C- ZDF and C- ZL) and treated with oral melatonin in the drinking water (10 mg/kg/day) for 6 wk ( M- ZDF and M- ZL). After the treatment period, animals were sacrificed, tissues dissected, and mitochondrial function assessed in isolated organelles. Melatonin increased the respiratory control ratio ( RCR) in mitochondria from white fat of both lean (by 26.5%, P < 0.01) and obese (by 34.5%, P < 0.01) rats mainly through a reduction of proton leaking component of respiration (state 4) (28% decrease in ZL, P < 0.01 and 35% in ZDF, P < 0.01). However, melatonin treatment lowered the RCR in beige mitochondria of both lean (by 7%, P < 0.05) and obese (by 13%, P < 0.0 5) rats by maintaining high rates of uncoupled respiration. Melatonin also lowered mitochondrial oxidative status by reducing nitrite levels and by increasing superoxide dismutase activity. Moreover, melatonin treatment also caused a profound inhibition of Ca-induced opening of m PTP in isolated mitochondria from both types of fat, white and beige, in both lean and obese rats. These results demonstrate that chronic oral melatonin improves mitochondrial respiration and reduces the oxidative status and susceptibility to apoptosis in white and beige adipocytes. These melatonin effects help to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and thereby to improve obesity-related metabolic disorders such as diabetes and dyslipidemia of ZDF rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]