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To apply a complete energy balance to the computation of evaporation or snowmelt, radiation data are necessary. At present there is a reasonably adequate network of incident solar radiation stations. However, a network of all-wave radiometers does not exist. It is therefore evident that to apply the energy budget technique to hydrological problems, incident long-wave radiation has to be estimated. An empirical equation is developed by which incident long-wave radiation can be computed from observations of surface air temperature, vapor pressure, and incident solar radiation. Based on comparisons of estimated and observed incident long-wave radiation at six locations, the following conclusions seem warranted: (1) The equation should give results comparable within a few percent on a long-term basis (six months or longer); (2) For any specific atmospheric condition, there seems to be no tendency for the equation to over or under compute or to give increased scatter; (3) When data for periods of six-months or more were analyzed, correlation coefficients of approximately 0.90 were obtained between computed and observed daily radiation values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Terbinafine nail solution (TNS) was developed for the treatment of onychomycosis., Objective: To assess the efficacy of TNS vs. vehicle and amorolfine 5% nail lacquer., Methods: Subjects with mild-to-moderate toe onychomycosis (25% to ≤75% nail-involvement, matrix uninvolved) were randomized to receive either TNS or vehicle in two double-blind studies, and to TNS or amorolfine in an active-controlled, open-label study. Primary endpoint was complete cure (no residual clinical involvement and negative mycology) at week 52. Secondary endpoints were mycological cure (negative mycology defined as negative KOH microscopy and negative culture) and clinical effectiveness (≤10% residual-involvement and negative mycology) at week 52., Results: Complete cure was not different between TNS vs. vehicle and amorolfine. Mycological cure was higher with TNS vs. vehicle, as was clinical effectiveness with TNS vs. vehicle, and TNS and amorolfine were not different for secondary efficacy endpoints. Patients achieving mycological cure had a better clinical outcome, and efficacy was improved in subjects with milder disease. Post hoc analysis suggests that nail thickness is an important prognostic factor. Moreover, mycological cure may require 6 months of treatment regimen while complete cure and clinical effectiveness may be achievable only after 10 months. A simulation study suggests that longer treatment duration would have resulted in higher complete cure with TNS vs. vehicle. Study treatments were well-tolerated., Conclusion: Primary efficacy objectives were not met in the studies reported herein. Possible reasons for failure to achieve significant outcomes include insufficient length of treatment; stringency of primary endpoint and severity of nail involvement of study population., (© 2011 The Authors. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology © 2011 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.)