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Summary: Sequencing herbarium specimens can be instrumental in answering ecological, evolutionary, and taxonomic inquiries. We developed a protocol for sequencing herbarium specimens of rust fungi (Pucciniales) and proceeded to sequence specimens ranging from 4 to 211 yr old from five different genera.We then obtained sequences from an economically important biological control agent, Puccinia suaveolens, to highlight the potential of sequencing herbarium specimens in an ecological sense and to evaluate the following hypotheses: (1) The population structure of a plant pathogen changes over time, and (2) introduced pathogens are more diverse in their native range.Our efforts resulted in sequences from 87 herbarium specimens that revealed a high level of diversity with a population structure that exhibited spatial–temporal patterns. The specimens sequenced from Europe showed more diversity than the ones from North America, uncovering an invasion pattern likely related to its European native host in North America. Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, the specimen from France collected in c. 1811 is the oldest herbarium specimen sequenced from kingdom Fungi.In conclusion, sequencing old herbarium specimens is an important tool that can be extrapolated to better understand plant–microbe evolution and to evaluate old type specimens to solidify the taxonomy of plant pathogenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009, Geography Compass published a paper on 'The Geopolitics of Global Energy Security' that reviewed research on the key geographical factors influencing the secure and affordable supply of energy resources. Now, just over a decade later, the energy landscape is undergoing a dramatic transformation, and the focus is no longer on fossil fuel scarcity. Rather, this is an age of fossil fuel abundance and the emphasis is on the need to decarbonise the global energy system, constrain the production of fossil fuels and accelerate the deployment of low‐carbon energy technologies. We conceive energy system transformation as a twofold process: a set of 'high‐carbon' energy transitions related to phasing out fossil fuel consumption, 'low‐carbon' energy transitions related to the emergence of new renewable energy and other low‐carbon technologies. This paper reviews the past decade's research that examines the nature and pace of energy system transformation, as well as that which identifies a range of geopolitical challenges associated with these two transitions. The paper concludes by advocating for a 'whole systems' approach to energy geopolitics that captures the critical interactions between the two transitions in a global framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction: Patients with Purkinje cell cytoplasmic autoantibody type 1 (PCA-1-IgG, a.k.a. anti-Yo) classically present with a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by subacute onset cerebellar ataxia with rapid progression. Recently, a broader spectrum of neurological presentations has been recognized, which include peripheral neuropathy, but detailed case descriptions are lacking. Methods: A patient presented with a painful progressive multifocal sensorimotor polyneuropathy including face pain. Whole body positron emission tomography (PET), exploratory abdominal laparotomy and nerve biopsy were combined with serial neurological examinations and neuro-immunological testing to diagnose and determine treatment. Results: PCA-1 autoimmunity was identified. Although a PET scan failed to detect a tumor, the patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, given the strong association of PCA-1-IgG autoantibodies with underlying malignancy. The patient was diagnosed with an ovarian lymphoepithelial cancer that was subsequently treated with chemotherapy. Conclusions: PCA-1-IgG autoantibodies can occur in the setting of peripheral neuropathy and predict type of cancer. Multifocal neuropathy with face pain and treatment-resistance is a specific clinical pattern associated with PCA-1-IgG autoantibodies and ovarian cancer. Muscle Nerve 48:827-831, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between global energy security and climate change policy. There are growing concerns about the sustainability of the future supply of hydrocarbons. The energy system is the single largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, therefore it is no surprise that decarbonising the supply of energy services is a key element of climate change policy. The central proposition of this paper is that the world faces a global energy dilemma: can we have secure, reliable and affordable supplies of energy and, at the same time, manage the transition to a low-carbon energy system? The paper is divided into five sections. The first section considers the contemporary challenges to global energy security, focusing on the possibility that in the future oil production might not be able to meet demand. The second section considers how the perils of climate change are forcing us to rethink the very meaning of energy security such that a low-carbon energy revolution is now called for. The third section explains that while the developed world is largely responsible for the anthropogenic carbon emissions currently in the atmosphere, a global shift in energy demand is underway and over the next 20 years it is the developing world that will contribute an ever-increasing share of global emissions. The fourth section introduces the notion of the global energy dilemma nexus to explain how the processes of globalisation are the driving force behind this global shift in energy demand and carbon emissions. The final section explains how the global energy dilemma nexus plays itself out in different ways across the globe. The conclusions suggest that human geography can make a significant contribution to social science research on energy security and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To report an autoimmune paraneoplastic encephalitis characterized by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody targeting synaptic protein calmodulin kinase‐like vesicle‐associated (CAMKV). Methods: Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples harboring unclassified antibodies on murine brain‐based indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) were screened by human protein microarray. In 5 patients with identical cerebral IFA staining, CAMKV was identified as top‐ranking candidate antigen. Western blots, confocal microscopy, immune‐absorption, and mass spectrometry were performed to substantiate CAMKV specificity. Recombinant CAMKV‐specific assays (cell‐based [fixed and live] and Western blot) provided additional confirmation. Results: Of 5 CAMKV‐IgG positive patients, 3 were women (median symptom‐onset age was 59 years; range, 53–74). Encephalitis‐onset was subacute (4) or acute (1) and manifested with: altered mental status (all), seizures (4), hyperkinetic movements (4), psychiatric features (3), memory loss (2), and insomnia (2). Paraclinical testing revealed CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis (all 4 tested), electrographic seizures (3 of 4 tested), and striking MRI abnormalities in all (mesial temporal lobe T2 hyperintensities [all patients], caudate head T2 hyperintensities [3], and cortical diffusion weighted hyperintensities [2]). None had post‐gadolinium enhancement. Cancers were uterine adenocarcinoma (3 patients: poorly differentiated or neuroendocrine‐differentiated in 2, both demonstrated CAMKV immunoreactivity), bladder urothelial carcinoma (1), and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (1). Two patients developed encephalitis following immune checkpoint inhibitor cancer therapy (atezolizumab [1], pembrolizumab [1]). All treated patients (4) demonstrated an initial response to immunotherapy (corticosteroids [4], IVIG [2]), though 3 died from cancer. Interpretation: CAMKV‐IgG is a biomarker of immunotherapy‐responsive paraneoplastic encephalitis with temporal and extratemporal features and uterine cancer as a prominent oncologic association. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:21–33 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theorizing in economic geography has focused on core regions, industrial and non-industrial, old and new. Indeed, contemplation of the idea of globalization has reinforced this quest. This paper disputes this blinkered thinking that peripheralizes resource peripheries, and seeks to re-position and emphasize resource peripheries within economic geography's theoretical agenda, specifically that associated with the new ‘institutional’ approach. A truly ‘global’ economic geography cannot afford to ignore resource peripheries. In particular, we argue that characterizing resource peripheries, and making them distinct from cores, is the intersection of four sets of institutional values or dimensions which we summarize in terms of industrialism (economic dimension), environmentalism (environmental dimension), aboriginalism (cultural dimension) and imperialism (geopolitical dimension). This admittedly preliminary framework underlies our hypothesis that resource peripheries around the world have become deeply contested spaces, much more so than those found in cores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]