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In this study, the influence of different ratios of sheep's to goat's milk (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) on the content of functional metabolites and volatiles in Lighvan cheese throughout ripening was investigated. The samples were ripened under brine for 90 days and assessed in terms of variations in chemical composition, proteolysis, angiotensin‐converting enzyme, α‐amylase, and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities, antioxidant power, total free amino acids, gamma amino butyric acid, free fatty acids, and volatile compounds. Results showed that by increasing the proportion of goat's milk, the samples exhibited higher antioxidant effect and inhibition of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme during ripening. After 90 days, an increase in α‐glucosidase and a slight decrease in α‐amylase inhibitory activities were observed in Lighvan cheese samples that were produced with 50%, 75% and 100% of goat's milk. In contrast, higher contents of sheep's milk led to a significant increase in the concentration of esters, terpenes and alcohols and a slight increase in gamma‐aminobutyric acid. The highest concentration of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids was observed in the cheese prepared with 100% raw sheep's milk after 90 days of ripening. The results revealed the possibility of making a functional white‐brined cheese by monitoring the type and ratio of the used milk and ripening time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite several studies on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and innovation on firm performance, the extent to which different CSR practices interacts with distinct innovation types in enhancing firm performance remains underexplored. We draw on contingency theory to examine how internal and external CSR interacts with exploitative and explorative innovation to improve firm performance. We discuss the interaction effects using a panel dataset of 1156 publicly listed Chinese firms that disclosed CSR and innovation information from 2008 to 2019. The results indicate that firms with high‐internal CSR benefit to a greater extent from explorative innovation than from exploitative innovation as a means of enhancing performance. In contrast, firms with high‐external CSR benefit to a greater extent from exploitative innovation than from explorative innovation to improve performance. We contribute to strategy and CSR literature by revealing how firms match specific CSR practices with distinct innovation types to enhance firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This study used four different apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernels cultivated in Malatya during two consecutive years. The varieties were Hacihaliloglu, Hasanbey, Kabaasi, and Zerdali. The physicochemical properties of the kernels were determined, and the bioactive content of the kernels was evaluated using kernel hydrolysates prepared using trypsin. RESULTS: With regard to the physicochemical properties of the kernels, the dry matter ratio and protein content were the highest in the Hacihaliloglu variety; the ash ratio was the highest in the Kabaasi variety, and the free oil ratio was the highest in the Hasanbey variety. The bioactive compound content changed according to kernel variety. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors activity was found to be the highest in the Hacihaliloglu and Hasanbey varieties, which had the lowest amygdalin content, and Zerdali had the highest amygdalin content. The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the kernels varied, with Hasanbey and Kabaasi generally having the highest content in both analyses. Moreover, a concentration of 20 mg mL−1 of the hydrolysate was determined to have a destructive effect for the microorganisms used in this study. The storage protein of the kernels, except Hacihaliloglu, was found to be Prunin 1, with the longest matching protein chain in the kernels being R.QQQGGQLMANGLEETFCSLRLK.E. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the peptide sequences identified in the kernels could have antihypertensive, antioxidative, and Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV) inhibitory effects. Consequently, apricot kernels show potential for use in the production of functional food products. Of the kernels evaluated in this study, Hacihaliloglu and Hasanbey were deemed the most suitable varieties due to their higher bioactive content and lower amygdalin content. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclization of substituted thiosemicarbazones with 3‐bromo‐1,1,1‐trifluoroacetone affords new 2‐(arylidenehydrazinyl)‐4‐trifluoromethylthiazoles (3 a–m, 13 examples, 71–89 %). These compounds were synthesized in two steps and characterized using 1H‐, 13C‐NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and HRMS. All of these compounds show potent activity against both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) bacterial strains. The compounds 2‐(2‐(1‐(4‐fluorophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)‐4(trifluoromethyl)thiazole (3 b), 2‐(2‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbenzylidene)hydrazinyl)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)thiazole (3 c), and 2‐(2‐(3‐fluorobenzylidene)hydrazinyl)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)thiazole (3 k) show optimal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 16 μg/mL against E. coli and (32, 32, and 8 μg/ml) against K. pneumonia, respectively. Using a qRT‐PCR technique the gene expression of two different genes (FLU and mexB) was determined. Most of these compounds (3 a, d–j, l, m) exhibited downregulation of these genes for both types of bacteria, whereas the gene expressions were unaffected after treating 3 b, 3 c and 3 k. This means that although these compounds were able to inhibit bacterial growth, they did not target the FLU and mexB genes in both types of bacteria. These findings suggest further investigations for lead optimization could provide viable antibiotics due to their structural similarity with some commercially available antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information processing theory was applied to explore how external information processing and internal information sharing affect a firm's choice of a green strategy. Analyses of two datasets from Chinese manufacturing firms reveal that environment scanning and inter‐functional coordination are important drivers for the adoption of a green strategy. Specifically, firms that engage in extensive environment scanning tend to adopt reactive as opposed to proactive green strategies, whereas firms with effective inter‐functional coordination mechanisms tend to adopt proactive rather than reactive green strategies. An entrepreneurial orientation plays a complementary role in a firm's choice of green strategy. It increases the likelihood that a firm will adopt proactive rather than reactive green strategies, and it further strengthens the influences of environment scanning and inter‐functional coordination. Overall, these findings offer significant implications for firms regarding how and under what conditions they should adopt green strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we analyzed the impact that the optical characteristics of dielectric surface passivation and antireflection coating schemes have on the performance of passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) silicon solar cells. We employed wafer ray tracer (WRT) and automate for simulation of heterostructure (AFORS‐HET) simulations, as well as experimental characterization of fabricated thin film coatings. We investigated three distinct front surface morphologies: planar surface, upright pyramids, and inverted pyramids. Using WRT, we calculated the photogeneration current densities (JG) for PERC devices with three schemes: (i) SiNx/AlOx as antireflection coating and passivation stacks on both the front and rear sides, (ii) SiNx antireflection coating on the front side and AlOx passivation layer on the rear side, and (iii) SiNx/AlOx as antireflection coating and passivation stacks on the front side with an AlOx passivation layer on the rear side. Following simulation with optimal JG, two schemes are experimentally evaluated: PECVD SiNx (70 nm) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) AlOx (15 and 25 nm). We confirmed the growth effects and optical properties using X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, effective lifetime, and refractive index measurements. The most favorable electrical properties were obtained with SiNx (70 nm, front) and AlOx (25 nm, front and rear), where the AlOx can be deposited via ALD bifacially on a single step, minimizing processing while maintaining passivation performance. Finally, we used AFORS‐HET to simulate the maximum performance of PERC bearing such films. The results showed a Voc = 0.688 V, Jsc = 41.42 mA/cm2, FF = 84%, and packing conversion efficiency (PCE) = 24.12% as the optimal solar cell performance values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergency of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has remarkably enhanced the clinical outcomes of cancer therapy, especially the use of EGFR inhibitors for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, acquired resistance is inevitable after 8–12 months treatment. New agents or treatments are urgently required to resolve this problem. In this study, we identified that compound ZYZ384 can selectively inhibit the growth of gefitinib‐resistant (G‐R) lung cancer cells, without affecting that of normal lung epithelial cells. ZYZ384 induced G2 arrest in G‐R NSCLC cells, decreasing the expression of Cyclin B1 and increasing the expression of P21. Meanwhile, ZYZ384 also induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells and correspondingly increased the expression of cleaved Caspase 3, 8, and 9 proteins. The expression of p‐JNK, p‐P38, and p‐ERK were also increased in H1975 NSCLC cells treated with ZYZ384. Finally, we observed that the JNK inhibitor effectively reversed the pro‐apoptotic effect of ZYZ384. In conclusion, ZYZ384 is a potential therapeutic agent to inhibit the growth of NSCLCs with EGFR mutations through activating JNK, which will help the development of related anticancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty alleviation is a global problem. To alleviate poverty, microfinancing is used through microfinance institutions. There are many publications comprising empirical and literature review articles beside others focusing on this issue. Subjectivity bias is one of the issues that is seen in the literature reviews in an area of interest. This study answers the problem based on the bibliometric analysis of microfinance, micro‐finance institutions, micro‐insurance, micro‐savings, and financial inclusion with other synonyms using the Scopus Database. This article focuses on overall historical trends, publication output, prolific authors and journals, google mapping of the world‐renowned academic institutions, and highlights the shortcoming of the Scopus database by utilizing software for the first time. We use VOSviewer, for co‐authorship analysis and our results underline the leading role of United States contribution to a greater extent, while co‐citation analysis shows emerging hotspots such as financial technology including fintech, crowdfunding, and financial literacy. We concluded limited attention from scholars towards natural‐resource revenues, financial development using fintech, and crowdfunding regarding poverty alleviation. Furthermore, for the interest of the development researchers and practitioners, we have highlighted the conceptual framework for financial development, natural resource abundance, economic growth nexus through fintech, crowdfunding, financial literacy to curb poverty as new avenues for future research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adopts the social capital and organizational learning perspectives to examine (i) how managerial business and political ties drive green product and process innovation, respectively, and (ii) the roles that explorative and exploitative market learning play in moderating the effects of managerial business and political ties on green product and process innovation. Findings from a survey of 283 Chinese firms show that managerial business and political ties distinctively drive green product and process innovation. Explorative and exploitative market learning strengthens the positive effects of managerial business and political ties on green product and process innovation for sustainable development. These findings advance the green innovation literature by clarifying how firms convert top‐level managers' network ties and market‐learning capabilities to strengthen corporate green innovation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovative lead‐free formamidinium tin‐based perovskite solar cell structure is considered nontoxic and potentially more stable than lead‐based, although its performance is not yet excellent. This research aims to enhance the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells and reduce the recombination losses. According to device modeling, the FASnI3 perovskite solar cell demonstrates a packing conversion efficiency of 14.3% (open circuit voltage (Voc) = 0.899 V, fill factor (FF) = 58.9%, and current density (Jsc) = 26.06 mA cm−2) by employing Bi hole transporting layers, a copper oxide, and crystalline silicon layers. Some features that affect the device include the thickness of each layer, the doping density of copper oxide and a silicon layer, and the back contact metalwork function. It is proposed that Bi‐HTL reduce the carriers to enter hole transport layer (HTL) as the doping change so that decreasing charge carriers recombination and enhancing the device efficiency in tin‐based perovskite solar cell with the structure of ITO/TiO2/FASnI3/CuO/Si/C. Furthermore, the impacts of various charge transport layers on energy band alignment, recombination, electric field, and IV properties are thoroughly explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism, energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development (FD) have serious consequences on environmental quality, which have gained attention of researchers. This research study attempts to highlight the impact of these variables on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the Asian top‐four tourism countries, namely, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong. To achieve these objectives, the study applied Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) econometric technique to estimate the long‐run relationship, using annual data. Moreover, the study also applied the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test to identify the direction of the causality. The findings of the study show that energy consumption and trade openness have a negative impact on CO2 emissions. Moreover, tourism and FDI affect carbon emissions positively. Moreover, the study also validated the N‐shaped environmental Kuznets curve in these countries, indicating that economic growth positively influences carbon emissions in the early stages. However, in the middle stage, economic growth positively affects CO2 emissions, while in the later stage, it affects positively. Further, a unidirectional causality has been found from trade, economic growth and tourist arrivals to FD. Furthermore, based on empirical findings, the study suggests various policy implications for the government of the top‐four Asian tourist countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental strategies—reactive environmental strategy (RES) and proactive environmental strategy (PES)—emerged as an effective tool for firms to respond to various stakeholders' pressures and mounting environmental issues. Despite their vital role, scant studies have examined how and why firms facing the same institutional environment adopt heterogonous, instead of homogeneous, strategies for achieving corporate sustainable development. To fill this research gap, this study anchored to resource dependence theory investigates how organizational learning (both exploitative and explorative) and social ties (both political and business) independently and interactively affect the adoption of environmental strategies. Using a sample of 272 Chinese firms, the data are analyzed through the SPSS 21, and the proposed hypotheses are tested through moderated hierarchical regression analyses. The findings reveal that firms that engage in exploitative learning tend to adopt RES rather than PES, whereas firms that engage in explorative learning are more likely to adopt PES as opposed to RES. Moreover, firms that are involved in exploitative learning benefit to a greater extent from political ties than from business ties as a means of adopting RES, whereas firms that engage in explorative learning benefit to a greater extent from business ties than from political ties to adopt RES. Our study adds value to the environmental management and strategy literature by clarifying the underlying mechanisms through which firms adopt distinct environmental strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the dominant discourses on the important role of entrepreneurial leadership in firms' development, related theoretical and empirical studies are still lacking in the environmental management area. Adopting upper echelons theory, this study develops a moderated mediation model that examines how entrepreneurial leadership affects the adoption of green innovation (GI) through organizational learning culture and how environmental dynamism moderates the mediating effect. This theoretical model is tested using a sample of 248 Chinese firms. Findings support the positive impact of entrepreneurial leadership on GI and the mediating role of organizational learning culture. The moderated mediation path analysis shows that environmental dynamism moderates the indirect effect of entrepreneurial leadership on GI via organizational learning culture. Overall, this study adds to entrepreneurship and environmental management scholarship by providing novel insights into the key role of entrepreneurial leadership in embracing GI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of wearable computing technology describes the future of electronic systems being an integral part of our everyday clothing with various enhanced functionalities. The present work is aimed at making closer steps towards the real wearability of electronics using textiles. We designed a fully-textile meander line Z–shaped monopole antenna for radio-frequency (RF) harvesting and for short-range communication purposes in the body-area network for various wearable applications. The target antenna was designed in the Ansys HFSS software tool and fabricated on a single-layer cotton textile using silver conductive threads and an embroidery technique. The antenna was characterized using a vector network analyzer (VNA), and the selected design was found to be nearly invariant under different deployment conditions. Antenna performance was studied by measuring the return loss while the antenna was in close proximity to the human body, or under various bending scenarios and/or wet conditions with sweat. The simulated return loss was −20.36 dB at an operating frequency of 1.62 GHz, and the measured return loss for the fabricated antenna was −19.45 dB at 1.6275 GHz with a −10 dB bandwidth of 100 MHz (i.e., 1.58 GHz to 1.68 GHz), and a fractional bandwidth of 6.17%. The results of this study are very important for the design of future wearable antennas in the new concept of the Internet of bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiraterone acetate plus prednisolone (AAP) previously demonstrated improved survival in STAMPEDE, a multiarm, multistage platform trial in men starting long‐term hormone therapy for prostate cancer. This long‐term analysis in metastatic patients was planned for 3 years after the first results. Standard‐of‐care (SOC) was androgen deprivation therapy. The comparison randomised patients 1:1 to SOC‐alone with or without daily abiraterone acetate 1000 mg + prednisolone 5 mg (SOC + AAP), continued until disease progression. The primary outcome measure was overall survival. Metastatic disease risk group was classified retrospectively using baseline CT and bone scans by central radiological review and pathology reports. Analyses used Cox proportional hazards and flexible parametric models, accounting for baseline stratification factors. One thousand and three patients were contemporaneously randomised (November 2011 to January 2014): median age 67 years; 94% newly‐diagnosed; metastatic disease risk group: 48% high, 44% low, 8% unassessable; median PSA 97 ng/mL. At 6.1 years median follow‐up, 329 SOC‐alone deaths (118 low‐risk, 178 high‐risk) and 244 SOC + AAP deaths (75 low‐risk, 145 high‐risk) were reported. Adjusted HR = 0.60 (95% CI: 0.50‐0.71; P = 0.31 × 10−9) favoured SOC + AAP, with 5‐years survival improved from 41% SOC‐alone to 60% SOC + AAP. This was similar in low‐risk (HR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.41‐0.76) and high‐risk (HR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.43‐0.69) patients. Median and current maximum time on SOC + AAP was 2.4 and 8.1 years. Toxicity at 4 years postrandomisation was similar, with 16% patients in each group reporting grade 3 or higher toxicity. A sustained and substantial improvement in overall survival of all metastatic prostate cancer patients was achieved with SOC + abiraterone acetate + prednisolone, irrespective of metastatic disease risk group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physicochemical and rheological characteristics of apricot kernel milk cream (AMC) were tested and compared with cow's milk cream (CMC) during 60 days of storage. The dry matter content was 64.03% and 61.35% in CMC and AMC samples, respectively. Color values (L* and a*) for the samples were unchanged during storage. For antioxidant activity, the sample of AMC has a stronger ABTS* radical scavenging capacity than the CMC; that is, the ABTS* values were 76.74 and 114.39 mg/L for CMC and AMC, respectively (p <.05). Loss modulus (G″) values were lower in samples than storage modulus (G′) indicating that all cream samples had a hard, viscoelastic‐like behavior. This study can provide useful information for producers to distinguish apricot kernel creams by their basic compositional properties and their rheological properties. Based on the data found in this study, it is predicted that apricot kernel cream can be produced as a new product for vegetarian people nutrients. Novelty impact statement: Apricot seed cream, which is plant‐based product, gave similar rheological properties like regular milk cream. Results provide a useful guide for producers to distinguish apricot seed creams based on their overall rheological properties. It is seen that the cream with apricot seeds can be produced as a new product especially for vegan nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of status motivation on customers' purchase intention of a green‐luxury car associated with owning a green‐luxury car, and whether materialism and horizontal–vertical individualism/collectivism moderate this relationship. The quantitative research methodology using online survey technique was used to collect cross‐cultural data from respondents (507) from China and Germany. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify and collect data from current and prospective customers of the BMW brand. Collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results demonstrated that materialism and cultural value (horizontal–vertical collectivism and vertical individualism) can serve as moderators of the effects of status motivation and purchase intention of the green‐luxury car. Although some studies have explored the factors involved in customer purchasing behaviour for green‐luxury products, our results theoretically and empirically show that materialism, vertical individualism, horizontal collectivism, and vertical collectivism enhance the positive effects of status motivation on customer purchasing behaviour for a green‐luxury car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prognostic relevance of non‐regional lymph node (NRLN) metastases presenting synchronously with bone metastases in metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) for guiding treatment decisions based on oligometastatic definitions. Patients and Methods: Patients diagnosed with mPCa between 2004 and 2013 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database and were grouped by metastatic sites into only NRLN, only bone, bone + NRLN and other sites ± bone/NRLN metastases. Multivariate Cox and competing risk regression analyses were performed to compare the risks of all‐cause mortality (ACM) and prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM) associated with bone + NRLN metastases before and after propensity‐score matching to patients with only bone metastases. This was complemented with landmark and supplementary analyses. Results: Of 17 167 patients with mPCa identified, 63.1% presented with only bone metastases, while bone and NRLN metastases co‐occurred in 8.9% of the cohort. On multivariate analyses, after adjusting for potential confounders (clinical and sociodemographic), patients with bone + NRLN metastases had a significantly higher risk of ACM (hazard ratio [HR] 1.161, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.084–1.243; P < 0.001) and PCSM (subdistribution HR 1.149, 95% CI 1.067–1.237; P < 0.001) compared with patients with only bone metastases. Landmark analyses limited to survivors of ≥6 and ≥12 months again showed a significantly increased risk of ACM for patients presenting with bone + NRLN metastases compared with patients with only bone metastases. In a subsequent 1:1 propensity‐score‐matched cohort of patients with bone + NRLN metastases and only bone metastases, the bone + NRLN group had higher multivariate‐adjusted hazard rates for ACM (HR 1.202, 95% CI 1.102–1.311; P < 0.001) and PCSM (subdistribution HR 1.146, 95% CI 1.044–1.259; P = 0.004). Conclusions: Patients with concomitant NRLN and bone metastases have a higher risk of death, NRLN and bone metastases therefore representing a high‐risk feature, when compared with patients with bone metastases alone. The current therapeutic stratification of 'low‐' vs 'high‐volume' disease does not account for this phenomenon, and patients requiring aggressive combination therapy may not receive maximum therapeutic benefit as a consequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary intraosseous osteolytic meningiomas are not common, and total surgical removal is the best treatment option if the location allows that; however, long‐term follow‐up is recommended since it may recur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activities, peptide profiles and organic acid contents in kefir produced by kefir grains plus lactic acid bacteria as adjunct cultures were determined. All the kefir samples showed almost similar peptide profiles as detected by RP‐HPLC, but quantitative differences were observed during storage. The ACE‐inhibitory activities of different lactic cultures did not exhibit a linear tendency during storage period. After 7 days of storage, there was a significant increase in ACE‐inhibitory activity of the sample fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus. However, a kefir sample containing Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis exhibited a higher ACE‐inhibitory activity (92.23%) compared to the other samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of pumpkin fibre (PF) on physicochemical, microbiological, rheological and microstructural characteristics of reduced-fat yogurt samples was investigated during storage. PF was added at three different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) to standardised (1.55% fat ratio) cow's milk. Plain yogurt (PF-free) was used for comparison. The addition of PF significantly affected total solid content, synaeresis, water-holding capacity, apparent viscosity and colour parameters ( L*, a*, b*) of yogurt samples for all sampling time. The addition of PF caused a reduction in L* values (from 94.89 to 88.67), but caused an increase in a* (from −2.10 to +4.22) and b* (from 10.79 to 25.88) values. Yogurts with PF exhibited lower synaeresis and more viscous structure than PF-free sample during storage. SEM images showed that distinctive microstructure profile was present between samples with or without PF. More filamentous structures and denser network were observed in the SEM images and these increased with increasing level of PF. Yogurt containing 1.0% PF showed a higher storage ( G′) (3687.87 at 21 day) and loss ( G″) (543.10 at 21 day) moduli in comparison with other samples. In conclusion, the results revealed that PF improved the physical quality and contributed textural properties of half-fat yogurt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to enhance the color and sensory quality and β-carotene content of yoghurt by addition of carrot juice ( CJ). Yoghurt samples were produced using cow's milk with the addition of sugar (10%, w/v) and sugar-free (control), 15% CJ, 15% CJ plus 10% sugar, 20% CJ and 20% CJ plus 10% sugar and stored at 4 ± 1 C. The chemical composition was determined after the first day; however, viscosity, syneresis, titratable acidity, pH, yeast and mould counts, color measurements, β-carotene contents and sensory qualities of yoghurt samples were determined after 1, 7, 14 and 21 days. The highest and lowest β-carotene amounts were determined in CJ20 (130.39 μg/100 g) and the control (2.87 μg/100 g) samples, respectively, at 14 days of storage. Depending on the concentration of CJ, β-carotene contents and color intensity values were high in the yoghurt samples with CJ. The yoghurt sample with 15% CJ and 10% sugar was the most favorable for all sensory attributes. Practical Application The purpose of this study is to enhance the color and sensory quality and β-carotene content of yoghurt by addition of CJ. The addition of CJ improved the nutritional value of yoghurt in terms of β-carotene. The increment of CJ ratio increased β-carotene contents and color intensity values of yoghurts. Yoghurt sample with 15% CJ and 10% sugar was the most favorable by the panelists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this investigation was to compare the composition and changes in the concentration of volatiles in low-fat and full-fat Tulum cheeses during ripening. Tulum cheese was manufactured from low- or full-fat milk using exopolysaccharide ( EPS)-producing or non- EPS-producing starter cultures. A total of 82 volatile compounds were identified belonging to the following chemical groups: acids (seven), esters (21), ketones (14), aldehydes (six), alcohols (14) and miscellaneous compounds (20). The relative amounts of acids, alcohols and aldehydes increased in the cheeses made with EPS-producing cultures during 90 days of ripening. Differences were found in the volatile profile of full-fat Tulum cheese compared with the low-fat variant, especially after 90 days of ripening. Exopolysaccharide-producing cultures changed the volatile profile, and the EPS-producing cultures including Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus + Lactobacillus helveticus ( LF- EPS2) produced cheese with higher levels of methyl ketones and aldehydes than the non- EPS cultures. In the sensory analysis, full-fat Tulum cheeses and the cheese produced with the EPS-producing culture containing Lb. helveticus ( LF- EPS2) were preferred by the expert panel. It was concluded that the use of EPS-producing starter cultures in the manufacture of low-fat Tulum cheese had the potential to improve the flavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve samples of raw milk mature Kashar cheese at different stages of ripening were collected from retail outlets. The average pH, moisture, fat-in-dry matter, protein, salt-in-dry matter and titratable acidity contents of the samples were 5.33, 39.39%, 45.20%, 27.33%, 6.62% and 0.65% (as lactic acid), respectively. Indices of proteolysis varied from 10.72% to 23.75% and 7.09% to 12.26% for pH 4.6-soluble and 12% trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen fractions, respectively, and total free amino acid concentrations ranged from 6.36 to 36.03 mg Leu g−1 of cheese. The cheeses were analysed for volatile compounds by Solid Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 113 compounds were detected and identified belonging to the following chemical groups: acids (eleven), esters (sixteen), ketones (sixteen), aldehydes (six), alcohols (twenty-seven), sulphur compounds (seven), terpenes (seven) and miscellaneous compounds (twenty-three). The potential effect of each compound on the flavour profile of Kashar cheese is discussed. Acids, esters, ketones and alcohols were found at considerable levels in the samples. Kashar cheeses obtained from different retail outlets displayed some differences in terms of chemical composition, proteolysis and patterns of aroma compounds; and may be attributed to their production technologies and age-related variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of partial substitution of goat's milk for sheep's milk, scalding and dry salting on the proteolysis of Urfa cheese were monitored for 240 days. For this reason, the contents of total nitrogen, water‐soluble nitrogen (WSN), and trichloroacetic acid‐soluble nitrogen (TCA‐SN) were explored as well as the chemical compositions of samples during ripening. Also, RP‐HPLC of pH 4.6‐soluble, 70% ethanol‐insoluble (EtOH‐i), and urea‐PAGE of pH 4.6‐insoluble nitrogen fractions of samples was determined. The results showed that the effects of partial substitution of goat's milk for sheep's milk on WSN and TCA‐SN were significant from sixth to eighth month of the ripening, respectively. Even though the effects of the milk type, dry salting, and scalding on the peptide profile were significant at the beginning of maturation, the peptide profile of cheeses was almost similar at the end of the storage. Furthermore, the proteolysis of Urfa cheese was limited due to dry salting during the ripening. Practical applications: The maturation of cheese is a complex biochemical process involving the hydrolysis of fat, breakdown of protein, and metabolism of lactose. Though the biochemical reactions during cheese ripening are not precisely understood, proteolysis is one of the most significant biochemical processes during maturation. It is known that the amino acids resulting from proteolysis are the precursors of flavor components in cheese. Milk itself is a significant source of proteolytic enzymes. And also, the curd scalding temperature and salt content of cheese affect the proteolytic activity during cheese ripening. However, limited proteolysis may be occurred during the cheese maturation due to dry salting and scalding process. Therefore, studies should focus on overcoming this problem. This study can help to overcome the limited proteolysis in the production of cheese. Also, results from the study may contribute to the industrial production of Urfa cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different drying methods on microbial load of the purple basil leaves was studied with sunlight drying, convective drying at 50 °C, a microwave drying at 460 W and freeze‐drying. Microbial contamination control was evaluated using a gamma irradiation method at 10 kGy. Microbial analysis of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and, yeast and molds count were performed. The results showed that the dried materials were contaminated with aerobic mesophilic bacteria which varied from 5.25 to 6.31 log cfu/g, and yeasts and molds 4.92–5.35 log cfu/g. The lower numbers of total mesophilic bacteria and yeasts and molds were counted in purple basil leaves dried by microwave and convective methods. According to the International standards, the dried purple basil leaves of the total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and yeasts and molds counts were unsatisfactory. No microorganisms were detected after gamma‐irradiation dose of 10 kGy. Practical applications: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic and medicinal plant for cooking and seasoning, and it is commercialized in both fresh and dried forms. The leaves can be used as a spice in fresh or dried form for adding distinctive aroma and flavor in food or for medicinal purposes such as inflammations, colds, headaches, and cosmetics. Several drying methods have been applied for the basil leaves. However, to reduce microbial load, it is important to implement the gamma‐irradiation process. This study was done to investigate the microbial load and the effect of different methods of drying treatment (sunlight, convective, microwave, freeze‐drying, and gamma irradiation) on microbial load of dried purple basil leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: 1) To determine whether p53 protein overexpression and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection coexist in a high‐ risk Pakistani population. 2) Learn the correlation with smoking, chewing habits, and histological variables such as grade and stage of tumor in these patients. Method: This study is based on samples retrospectively collected from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) who were diagnosed and treated during the period of January 2009 to December 2010. Ninety‐five known HPV‐infected OSCC were used as the research material. TP53 protein overexpression was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry. Results: Patient ages ranged from 20 to 78 years with a median of 50 years. Sixty‐two patients (65%) were men, and 33 (35%) were women. As expected the majority of the patients exhibited a significant history of smoking and chewing tobacco in different combinations and betel‐quid consumption. Out of 95 patients, 19 patients presented with stage I disease; 27 patients with stage II, 29 patients with stage III, and 20 with stage IV disease according to AJCC staging. Out of 95 HPV positive oral squamous cell carcinomas, 50 (53%) were p53 positive and 45 (47%) were p53 negative. Conclusion: This work confirms some previous studies that HPV infection and p53 mutation coexisted in the oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, p53 overexpression was not significantly associated with HPV infection. Nevertheless, further studies with large numbers of cases and detection on premalignant lesions are needed to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Determine the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and p53 protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their correlation with patient overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS). Methods: HPV general and type specific 16 and 18 were investigated by means of PCR. P53 protein overexpression was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry. Results of HPV association and p53 overexpression were evaluated in relation to different clinicopathological parameters and survival. Results: Out of 140 patient samples HPV was detected in 95 (68%) cases, out of which 85 (90%) were associated with HPV16, 2 (2%) were associated with HPV 18, 2 (2%) were co‐infected (with HPV 16 and 18), and 6 (6%) were positive for HPV by the general primer and could not be type specified. HPV positive patients had comparatively prolonged OS when compared with HPV‐negative patients, but this difference was not statistically significant (P =. 97). Furthermore, overexpression of p53 protein was observed in 75 patients (54%) using a threshold of 10% stained tumor nuclei. Patients with p53 negative tumors had improved OS when compared with patients with p53 positive tumors. This difference was statistically significant (P =. 036) in univariate Cox regression analysis; however, it lost its worth in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Our study found a high prevalence of HPV (type 16) in OSCC of Pakistani patients with male sex showing significant correlation with HPV. However, we did not find a statistically significant favorable association between p53 overexpression, HPV, survival, and histologic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]