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Purpose Erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs), are used for treating chronic kidney disease (CKD)‐related anemia, contributing to CKD costs. The study was aimed at investigating direct healthcare costs of CKD patients treated with ESAs and the potential savings achievable by increasing the use of biosimilars and preventing inappropriate ESA use. Methods: A multi‐center, cohort study was conducted using claims databases of five large Italian geographic areas. Yearly mean direct healthcare costs per patient were estimated, stratifying by CKD stage. The total yearly cost and potential savings related to ESA use were estimated: (a) considering 25/50/75% of originator ESA substitution with biosimilars; (b) eliminating inappropriate ESA dispensing. Results: During the study period, the ESA‐related yearly mean cost represented 17% of total yearly costs in stage I‐III, decreasing to 13% in stage IV‐V and 6% in dialysis. Among originator users, assuming a 25% of biosimilar uptake, the annual cost‐savings of ESA treatment would represent 10.5% of total ESA costs in CKD stage I‐V and 7.7% in dialysis. Among incident ESA users for which hemoglobin levels were available, 9% started inappropriately ESA treatment, increasing to 62.0% during the first year of maintenance therapy. Hypothesizing prevention of the first inappropriate ESA dispensing, the total yearly cost‐savings would amount to €35 772, increasing to €167 641 eliminating the inappropriate dispensing during maintenance therapy. Conclusions: Higher use of lowest cost ESA, prevention of inappropriate ESA use as well as other strategies aimed at slowing down the progressive renal impairment are essential for minimizing clinical and economic burden of CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In paediatric coeliac disease (CD), symptoms may not be a reliable factor in the diagnosis of coeliac disease as described by Rosen et al,1 and thus, recommendations for reviewing CD screening criteria were suggested.2 Apart from the costs, an important limiting factor in paediatric population mass screening using conventional immunoglobulin (Ig) A tissue transglutaminase (tTGIgA) may be the low compliance of asymptomatic children to be referred for testing. In the first one, a cost of + 20% for POCT was used, while in the second one, to compare POCT screening strategy vs CF, a cost for each FP visit of €15.44 was added to every patient in the CF. For this reason, we suggest that paediatricians utilise POCT in asymptomatic children only and refer children with clinical suspicion of CD for undergoing conventional serology; otherwise, testing for CD might be slowed down by a negative POCT. [Extracted from the article]

Teleportation describes the transmission of information without transport of neither matter nor energy. For many years, however, it has been implicitly assumed that this scheme is of inherently nonlocal nature, and therefore exclusive to quantum systems. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that the concept of teleportation can be readily generalized beyond the quantum realm. We present an optical implementation of the teleportation protocol solely based on classical entanglement between spatial and modal degrees of freedom, entirely independent of nonlocality. Our findings could enable novel methods for distributing information between different transmission channels and may provide the means to leverage the advantages of both quantum and classical systems to create a robust hybrid communication infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]