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Hyperlipidemia is a common clinically encountered health condition worldwide that promotes the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. Berberine (BBR) is a natural product with acknowledged anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic effects. This study evaluated the effect of BBR on lipid alterations, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in rats with acute hyperlipidemia induced by poloxamer‐407 (P‐407). Rats were pretreated with BBR (25 and 50 mg/kg) for 14 days and acute hyperlipidemia was induced by a single dose of P‐407 (500 mg/kg). BBR ameliorated hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and plasma lipoproteins in P‐407‐adminsitered rats. Plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was decreased, and hepatic 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl CoA (HMG‐CoA) reductase activity was enhanced in hyperlipidemic rats. The expression of low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDL‐R) and ATP‐binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) was downregulated in hyperlipidemic rats. BBR enhanced LPL activity, upregulated LDL‐R, and ABCA1, and suppressed HMG‐CoA reductase in P‐407‐administered rats. Pretreatment with BBR ameliorated lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO), pro‐inflammatory mediators (interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐α, interferon‐γ, IL‐4 and IL‐18) and enhanced antioxidants. In addition, BBR suppressed lymphocyte ecto‐nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E‐NTPDase) and ecto‐adenosine deaminase (E‐ADA) as well as NO and TNF‐α release by macrophages isolated from normal and hyperlipidemic rats. In silico investigations revealed the binding affinity of BBR toward LPL, HMG‐CoA reductase, LDL‐R, PSK9, ABCA1, and E‐NTPDase. In conclusion, BBR effectively prevented acute hyperlipidemia and its associated inflammatory responses by modulating LPL, cholesterolgenesis, cytokine release, and lymphocyte E‐NTPDase and E‐ADA. Therefore, BBR is an effective and safe natural compound that might be employed as an adjuvant against hyperlipidemia and its associated inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the experiments have revealed that plants raise the cytotoxicity and anticancer potentials of iron nanoparticles against several cell lines especially tumor cell lines. In the present study, we formulated a modern drug by iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) containing Glycyrrhiza glabra L leaf for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Characterization of FeNPs was done by TEM, FE‐SEM, UV–Vis, and FT‐IR. FE‐SEM and TEM images revealed an average diameter of 11–18 nm for the nanoparticles. UV–Vis revealed an absorption band at 298 nm that is related to the surface plasmon resonance of FeNPs. FT‐IR results offered antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing iron ions to FeNPs. MTT assay was used on normal (HUVEC) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (MOLT‐3, CEM/C2, TALL‐104, and CCRF‐CEM) cell lines for comparing the anti‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia properties of FeCl3, G. glabra, and FeNPs. Iron nanoparticles had very low cell viability dose‐dependently against MOLT‐3, CEM/C2, TALL‐104, CCRF‐CEM cell lines without any cytotoxicity on the HUVEC cell line. The best result of cytotoxicity property of FeNPs against the above cell lines was seen in the case of CCRF‐CEM cell line. These nanoparticles can be administrated in humans for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia after confirming in the in vivo and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past few years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become some of the most investigated and explored nanotechnology‐derived nanostructures, given the fact that nanosilver‐based materials have interesting, challenging, and promising characteristics suitable for various biomedical applications. AgNPs have excellent medical and nonmedical effects and applications compared with other metallic nanoparticles. As regards modern biomedical applications of AgNPs, tremendous interest is oriented toward therapeutically enhanced personalized healthcare practice. AgNPs have genuine features and impressive potential for the development of novel performance‐enhanced therapeutic alternatives, complex healthcare condition strategies, tissue restoration and regeneration materials, biomaterial and medical device coatings, detection and diagnosis platforms, drug‐delivery formulations, and antimicrobial agents. In this study, fresh leaves of Gundelia tournefortii L. were used for the synthesis of AgNPs. Also, we assessed the cytotoxic, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and cutaneous wound healing properties of AgNO3, G. tournefortii, and the synthesized nanoparticles (AgNPs@GT). These nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques. In X‐ray diffraction analysis, 16.7 nm was measured for the crystal size of the nanoparticles. Also, scanning and transmission electron microscopy images revealed an average diameter of 16.5 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic results indicated that antioxidant compounds in the plant were the sources of reducing power, reducing silver ions to AgNPs@GT. In vitro biological experiments indicated that AgNPs@GT has excellent antioxidant potential against DPPH, antifungal effects against Candida krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. glabrata, and C. albicans, and antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Bacillus subtilis. Also, these nanoparticles showed no cytotoxic effect against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In vivo biological tests revealed that AgNPs@GT ointment significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased the levels of wound contracture, blood vessels, hydroxyproline, hexuronic acid, hexosamine, fibrocytes, fibroblasts, and fibrocyte‐to‐fibroblast ratio and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the levels of wound area, total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in rats. These results indicate that the inclusion of G. tournefortii extract ameliorates the solubility of AgNPs, which led to a marked enhancement in fungicidal, bactericidal, and cutaneous wound healing effects under in vitro and in vivo conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, researchers have proven the therapeutic properties of copper nanoparticles as a common product of nanotechnology science. Due to the excellent antioxidant potential of copper nanoparticles, it seems that they can be used for the treatment of infectious diseases and cutaneous wounds. Also, Allium eriophyllum Boiss leaf is used in Kurdish traditional medicine, as one of the popular medicines of the Iranian traditional medicines, for increasing the trend of wound healing. So, we decided to synthesize the copper nanoparticles containing A. eriophyllum leaf aqueous extract, and analyze their potentials in removing bacteria and fungi and healing of cutaneous wounds. After synthesizing the copper nanoparticles, they were characterized with common techniques of organic chemistry, i.e. UV–Vis, Fourier transform‐infrared, X‐ray diffraction, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For investigating the antimicrobial properties of CuSO4, A. eriophyllum, and CuNPs@A. eriophyllum, we used the macro‐broth dilation test. Also, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of CuSO4, A. eriophyllum, and CuNPs@A. eriophyllum were gained to indicate the exact antimicrobial potentials of them. To survey the cutaneous wound‐healing effects of CuSO4, A. eriophyllum, and CuNPs@A. eriophyllum, the 0.2% ointments were formulated and compared with the control and untreated groups. All data of antimicrobial and cutaneous wound‐healing experiments were assessed by SPSS 22 software. The results of chemical characterization indicated that copper nanoparticles had been synthesized as the best form, and the size ranges were 25–35 and 30–35 nm in the FE‐SEM and TEM images, respectively. In the antimicrobial part of this study, CuNPs@A. eriophyllum indicated higher antifungal and antibacterial effects than all standard antibiotics (P ≤ 0.01). MIC, MBC and MFC of CuNPs@A. eriophyllum were 2−4 mg/ml against all fungi and bacteria tested. With regard to cutaneous wound healing, the use of CuNPs@A. eriophyllum ointment significantly (P ≤ 0.01) raised the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, hexosamine, fibrocyte and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate, and significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased the wound area, total cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes compared with other groups in rats. According to the above findings, CuNPs@A. eriophyllum may be used for the treatment of infectious diseases and cutaneous wounds in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extract of Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch leaf was found to be an effective reagent for green synthesis and functionalization of zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs@AS) from 1 mM zinc acetate solution. These nanoparticles were characterized by fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. FT‐IR results offered polysaccharides and protein in A. saralicum were the sources of reducing power, reducing zinc ions to ZnNPs@AS. In XRD analysis, the crystal size of zinc nanoparticles was 19.7 nm. TEM and FE‐SEM images indicated the average diameter of 19 nm for the zinc nanoparticles. For investigating the antimicrobial properties of Zn (NO3)2.6H2O, A. saralicum, and ZnNPs@AS, we used the macro‐broth dilation test. Also, MIC, MBC, and MFC of Zn (NO3)2.6H2O, A. saralicum, and ZnNPs@AS were gained to indicate the exact antimicrobial potentials of them. ZnNPs@AS indicated higher antifungal and antibacterial effects than all standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). The MIC of ZnNPs@AS were 2–4 and 2–8 mg/mL against fungi and bacteria, respectively. But, MBC and MFC of ZnNPs@AS were 4–8 mg/mL against all fungi and bacteria tested. To survey the cutaneous wound healing effects of Zn (NO3)2.6H2O, A. saralicum, and ZnNPs@AS, the 0.2% ointments were formulated and compared with the control and untreated groups. The use of ZnNPs@AS ointment significantly (p ≤ 0.01) raised the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, hexosamine, fibrocyte, fibroblast, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte compared to other groups in rats. According to the above findings, ZnNPs@AS may be consumed for the treatment of cutaneous wounds and infectious diseases in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, scientist have used metallic nanoparticles for synthesizing many new drugs in the field of neurology. One of the metals used in the metallic nanoparticles is copper. The role of Achillea biebersteinii in increasing the physiological activities of central nervous system in Iranian traditional medicine is well known. In this study fresh leaves of A. biebersteinii were used for the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles. We also assessed the effect of copper nanoparticles on methamphetamine‐induced cell death in the PC12 cell line. The nanoparticles were analyzed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. A 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging experiment was carried out to assess the antioxidant properties of Cu(NO3)2, A. biebersteinii, and CuNPs. The DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant activities for A. biebersteinii, CuNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. In the cellular and molecular part of the present study, the Trypan blue test was performed to assess cell viability. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2′‐Deoxyuridine, 5′‐Triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling test clarified the DNA fragmentation and apoptosis occurrence. The Griess reaction was used to measure nitric oxide production and caspase‐3 activity was evaluated by spectrophotometry. The obtained results were fed into SPSS‐22 software and analyzed by one‐way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test (p ≤ 0.01). The results indicate that both doses of CuNPs had cell death‐suppressing effects on nerve cells. In particular, both doses of CuNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased cell viability and NO production, and decreased cell cytotoxicity, cell death index, and caspase‐3 activity near the normal. According to these results, it seems that CuNPs could be administrated as a neuroprotective supplement or drug for the treatment of central nervous system disorders in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of herbal medicines dates back a long way in history. Herbal medicines have been widely used all over the world since ancient times and have been recognized by physicians and patients for their good therapeutic value as they have fewer adverse effects than modern medicines. Recently, researchers have used gold nanoparticles synthesized by plants in the prevention, control, and treatment of infectious disorders and cutaneous wounds. The aims of this study were to synthesize gold nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch (AuNPs) and assess their therapeutic capacities. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FT‐IR results offered polysaccharides and protein in A. saralicum were the sources of reducing power, reducing gold ions to AuNPs. According to XRD analysis, the crystal size of the nanoparticles was 41.6 nm. TEM and FE‐SEM images exhibited average diameters of 45 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized AuNPs had great cell viability on HUVECs line and showed this method was nontoxic. The 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging test indicated similar antioxidant potentials for A. saralicum, AuNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. To determine the antifungal and antibacterial properties of HAuCl4, A. saralicum, and AuNPs, agar diffusion tests were used. The aim of the application both HAuCl4 and A. saralicum in microbial tests was to investigate the synergism effects between them. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were specified by macro‐broth dilution assay. AuNPs exhibited higher antifungal and antibacterial effects than all standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). The MIC and MBC of AuNPs against all bacteria were in the ranges 1–4 mg/ml and 2–8 mg/ml, respectively. The MIC and MFC of AuNPs against all fungi were in the ranges 1–4 mg/ml and 2–4 mg/ml, respectively. In vivo part, AuNPs ointment group raised significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, fibroblast, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, and lymphocyte compared to other groups in rats. The results of FT‐IR, UV–Vis, XRD, TEM, and FE‐SEM analyses confirm that the aqueous extract of A. saralicum leaves can be used to yield gold nanoparticles with a notable amount of remedial effects without any cytotoxicity against HUVECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because herbal nanoparticles have antimicrobial properties, researchers have tried to synthesize them to aid in increasing the shelf time of food and food products. In this regard, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized by plants are particularly important. In this study, fresh and clean leaves of Satureja hortensis were selected for the synthesis of AuNPs. We also evaluated the efficacy of these nanoparticles to increase the shelf life of and remove Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes from minced camel's meat. The nanoparticles were analyzed by UV–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction tests. The FT‐IR spectroscopy results demonstrated that the antioxidant compounds in the plant were the sources of reducing power, reducing gold ions to AuNPs. FE‐SEM and TEM images revealed the size of the nanoparticles to be 22.26 nm. The 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for S. hortensis, AuNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. S. hortensis and AuNPs had high cell viability dose‐dependently against the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line. At the beginning of the food industry part of this experiment, all samples of control, S. hortensis, and AuNPs were preserved at 4°C for 20 days. During these 20 days, the sensory, chemical, and microbiological parameters were assessed for all samples. AuNPs significantly inhibited the growth of E. coli and L. monocytogenes. In addition, AuNPs significantly increased the protein carbonyl content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, pH, peroxide value, total volatile base nitrogen, and sensory attributes (color, odor, and overall acceptability). The best results were seen in AuNPs (1%). These findings reveal that the inclusion of S. hortensis extract improves the solubility of AuNPs, which led to a notable enhancement in their preservative and antibacterial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was the rapid green synthesis of titanium nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris leaves (TiNPs@FV) and exploring their antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antifungal, antibacterial, and cutaneous wound healing activities under in vitro and in vivo condition. These nanoparticles were characterized by UV‐Vis, Fourier transform‐infrared(FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction XRD), field emission‐scanning electron microscopy FE‐SEM), and transmission electron microscopy TEM) analyses. The synthesized TiNPs@FV had great cell viability on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and indicted this method was nontoxic. DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for F. vulgaris, TiNPs@FV, and butylated hydroxytoluene. All data of antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing tests were analyzed by SPSS 22 software. In the antimicrobial part of this study, TiNPs@FV indicated higher antifungal and antibacterial effects than all standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration of TiNPs@FV against all fungi were at 2–4 mg/mL and 2‐8 mg/mL ranges, respectively. But, MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration of TiNPs@FV against all bacteria were at 2‐8 mg/mL and 2‐16 mg/mL ranges, respectively. In the part of cutaneous wound healing, use of TiNPs@FV ointment significantly (p ≤ 0.01) raised the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, hexosamine, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte compared to other groups in rats. The results of FT‐IR, UV‐Vis, XRD, TEM, and FE‐SEM confirm that the aqueous extract of F. vulgaris leaves can be used to yield titanium nanoparticles with a notable amount of remedial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this experiment was the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extracts of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam (AgNPs@Ziziphora) and assessment of their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound‐healing effects. These nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (FESEM‐EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV–Vis, TEM, and FESEM analyses indicated that the size of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) depended on Z. clinopodioides and AgNO3 concentrations. In vitro biological experiments indicated that AgNPs@Ziziphora has excellent antioxidant potential against DPPH, antifungal effects against Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, and Candida albicans, and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Also, these nanoparticles did not exhibit cytotoxicity property against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). An in vivo biological test revealed that AgNPs@Ziziphora ointment significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased the levels of wound contracture, blood vessels, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, hexosamine, fibrocytes, fibroblasts, and fibrocyte/fibroblast ratio and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the wound area, and levels of total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes than other groups in rats. The results of UV–Vis, XRD, FESEM‐EDX, AFM, and TEM confirmed that the aqueous extract of Z. clinopodioides can be used to produce silver nanoparticles with significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cutaneous wound‐healing properties without any cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From time immemorial, people have tried to treat several diseases using natural compounds, including plants. Recently, researchers proposed that plants and herbal nanoparticles possess many remedial potentials. The results of this study confirmed the ability of an aqueous extract of Allium eriophyllum Boiss leaf grown under in vitro conditions for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and also revealed the anti‐hemolytic anemia activity of AuNPs in an anemic rodent model. These nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM and FE‐SEM images showed the biosynthesized nanoparticles as having a uniform spherical morphology and diameters in the range of 5–30 nm. In vivo design, the induction of hemolytic anemia, was done using phenylhydrazine in 40 mice. Then, the mice were randomly divided into five groups: HAuCl4, A. eriophyllum, AuNPs, untreated, and control. AuNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the concentration of glucocorticoid receptors in the serum, liver, and spleen, and also alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma‐glutamyl transferase, total and conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein, urea, creatinine, ferrous, ferritin, and erythropoietin in the serum increased the concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the serum, liver, and spleen and also total protein, high‐density lipoprotein, and albumin in serum in the control mice as compared to the anemic mice. Also, AuNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased the body weight; anti‐inflammatory cytokine (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα) concentration; and the total platelet, white blood cells, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and red blood cell parameters but decreased the weight and volume of the liver and spleen and their subcompartments and decreased the concentration of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα) compared to the untreated mice. In vitro design, using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl test, revealed similar antioxidant potentials for A. eriophyllum, AuNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. In addition, AuNPs were similar to A. eriophyllum and had a high cell viability dose dependently against the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line. In conclusion, the results of the chemical characterization confirm that the leaves of A. eriophyllum can be used to produce AuNPs with a remarkable amount of anti‐hemolytic anemia property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of nanotechnology has generated different nanoscale‐sized materials, with metal‐based nanomaterials being some of the most interesting and promising. Thousands of articles in various specialized journals all over the world are dedicated to different metallic nanomaterials. Metallic nanomaterials are being widely researched, with gold‐, silver‐, iron‐, and copper‐based materials showing potential in medicine. Studies have demonstrated the effect of copper nanoparticles in medicinal herbs on the prevention, control, and treatment of microbial diseases. Experiments have examined the chemical characterization and assessment of the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) using the aqueous extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl flower. These nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and X‐ray diffraction analysis. TEM and FE‐SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and diameters of 10–25 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. FT‐IR results suggested polysaccharides and protein in S. lavandulifolia acted as reducing agents, reducing copper ions to Cu NPs. In vitro biological experiments indicated that Cu NPs have excellent antioxidant potential against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, antifungal effects against Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida glabrata, and Candida albicans, and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These nanoparticles did not have cytotoxicity properties against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results indicate that the inclusion of S. lavandulifolia extract ameliorates the solubility of Cu NPs, which leads to a remarkable enhancement in fungicidal and bactericidal effects under in vitro conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic properties of tin nanoparticles have been proved in recent years. One of their probable effects is anti‐anemia. In this study, tin nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized in aqueous medium using Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaf aqueous extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent. We also assessed the antihemolytic anemia potential of tin nanoparticles (SnNPs) in an animal model of hemolytic anemia. Tin nanoparticles were characterized using many techniques including Fourier transform‐infrared and UV‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, and field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). FE‐SEM images showed a uniform spherical morphology in size of 18.12 nm for the green synthesized nanoparticles. According to XRD analysis, SnNPs crystal size was17.94 nm. SnNPs had low cell viability dose‐dependently against human umbilical vein endothelial cell line. in vivo design, induction of hemolytic anemia was done by phenylhydrazine in 40 mice. Tin nanoparticles significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced the weight and volume of liver and spleen and the concentration of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and increased the body weight, anti‐inflammatory cytokines concentration, total platelet, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, monocyte, and basophil counts, and red blood cell parameters compared to the untreated mice. For the biochemical parameters, SnNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased the concentrations of GPx, CAT, and SOD in serum, liver, and spleen and decreased the concentration of GR in serum, liver, and spleen, and also erythropoietin, ferritin, and ferrous in serum as compared to the anemic mice. The 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl test showed similar antioxidant activities for SnNPs and butylated hydroxytoluene. The results demonstrate the excellent antihemolytic anemia, hematoprotective, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant potentials of SnNPs compared to other experimental groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research confirms the capacity of aqueous extract of Boswellia serrata grown under in vitro condition for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Also, we showed the cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti‐acute myeloid leukemia properties of AuNPs compared to mitoxantrone in a leukemic mouse model. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using several techniques including XRD, TEM, FE‐SEM, UV–Vis, and FT‐IR. From the XRD pattern, four distinct diffraction peaks at 38.2°, 44.2°, 64.7° and 77.4° are indexed as (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes of FCC metallic gold. TEM and FE‐SEM images revealed an average diameters of 15–30 nm for the nanoparticles. FT‐IR findings offered antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing gold ions to AuNPs. UV–Vis revealed an absorption band at 536 nm that is related to the surface plasmon resonance of AuNPs. In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by DMBA in 75 mice. Then, the mice were randomly divided into six subgroups, including untreated, control, HAuCl4, B. serrata, AuNPs, and mitoxantrone. AuNPs (In the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight) similar to mitoxantrone, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the platelet, lymphocyte, and RBC parameters and the anti‐inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα) and reduced the weights and volumes of liver and spleen and their sub‐compartment, the total WBC, blast, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts, and the pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα) as compared to the untreated mice. By quantitative Real‐Time PCR, S1PR1 and S1PR5 mRNA expression in lymphocytes were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased by treating the leukemic mice with the AuNPs and mitoxantrone. In vitro design, AuNPs similar to mitoxantrone had low cell viability dose‐dependently against Human HL‐60/vcr, 32D‐FLT3‐ITD, and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. Besides, the DPPH assay showed similar antioxidant potentials for AuNPs and mitoxantrone. In conclusion, the results of this research indicated the excellent capacity of synthesized gold nanoparticles using B. serrata leaf aqueous extract in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in leukemic mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and bioactive compounds has gained much attention. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is eco‐friendly, cost‐effective, and is a promising substitute for the chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Also, the previous experiments have revealed that plants raise the cytotoxicity potentials of silver nanoparticles against several cell lines especially tumor cell lines. The present study confirms the potential of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra L leaf grown under in vitro condition for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Also, in this study, we revealed the antioxidant and anti‐acute T cell leukemia properties of AgNPs against J45.01, Jurkat, Clone E6–1, J.CaM1.6, and J.RT3‐T3.5 cell lines. Silver nanoparticles were characterized and analyzed using common nanotechnology techniques including UV–Vis. and FT‐IR spectroscopy, TEM, and FE‐SEM. DPPH free radical scavenging test was carried out to assess the antioxidant potentials of AgNO3, G. glabra, and AgNPs. MTT assay was used on normal cell line (HUVEC) and acute T cell leukemia cell lines (J45.01, Jurkat, Clone E6–1, J.CaM1.6, and J.RT3‐T3.5) for analyzing of anti‐acute T cell leukemia properties of AgNO3, G. glabra, and AgNPs. FT‐IR analysis revealed antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing silver ions to AgNPs. TEM and FE‐SEM images indicated a uniform spherical morphology in size of 20 nm for silver nanoparticles. DPPH test indicated similar antioxidant activities for G. glabra, AgNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. Silver nanoparticles had very low cell viability dose‐dependently against J45.01, Jurkat, Clone E6–1, J.CaM1.6, and J.RT3‐T3.5 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. The best result of cytotoxicity property of AgNPs against above cell lines was seen in the case of J.CaM1.6 cell line. Above findings confirm the significant antioxidant and anti‐acute T cell leukemia properties of AgNPs. After confirming these results in clinical trial studies, AgNPs can be used as a chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of acute T cell leukemia in human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high prevalence of cancer has been increased the rate of studying about the new formulation of chemotherapeutic drugs. In this regards, one of the suitable options is the use of metal nanoparticles for formulating these drugs. In the recent study, Lens culinaris seed aqueous extract conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are reported for the first time to exert a dietary therapeutic potential compared to mitoxantrone in an animal model of acute myeloid leukemia. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using different techniques including UV–Vis., FT‐IR, XRD, FE‐SEM, and TEM. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of HAuCl4, L. culinaris, AuNPs, and mitoxantrone. For the analyzing of cytotoxicity effects of HAuCl4, L. culinaris, AuNPs, and mitoxantrone, MTT assay was used on HUVEC, 32D‐FLT3‐ITD, Human HL‐60/vcr, and Murine C1498 cell lines. In vivo assay, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by 7,12‐Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in 75 mice. Then, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including control, untreated, HAuCl4, L. culinaris, AuNPs, and mitoxantrone. SEM and TEM images showed uniform spherical morphology and average diameters of 10–40 nm for the nanoparticles. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for mitoxantrone and AuNPs. Similar to mitoxantrone, AuNPs had low cell viability dose‐dependently against 32D‐FLT3‐ITD, Human HL‐60/vcr, and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. AuNPs and mitoxantrone significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced the weight and volume of liver and spleen, the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and the total WBC, blast, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and increased the mRNA expression of Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor‐1 and Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor‐5, the anti‐inflammatory cytokines, and the lymphocyte, platelet, and RBC parameters as compared to the untreated mice. It looks that AuNPs can be administrated as a chemotherapeutic supplement or drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the clinical trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic nanoparticles have gained significant attention in the area of biomedical technology. Because of its high surface area, metallic nanoparticles are being widely used in various fields including the medical and engineering sciences. One of the valuable applications of metallic nanoparticles especially copper, zinc, and iron nanoparticles is increasing the physiological function of central nervous system. Besides, Iranian people are using the Salvia chloroleuca for neuroprotective properties. In the present research, iron nanoparticles were biosynthesized by S. chloroleuca leaf aqueous extract as reducing and stabilizing agents. Also, we revealed the protective effect of FeNPs in methadone‐treated PC12 cells. FeNPs were characterized and analyzed using common nanotechnology techniques including FT‐IR, UV–Vis. spectroscopy; EDS, TEM, and FE‐SEM. TEM and FE‐SEM images revealed a uniform spherical morphology for FeNPs. In the biological part of the current study, the both treatments of FeNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced the cell cytotoxicity and cell death index as well as increased the cell viability and cell proliferation in methadone‐treated PC12 cells. In these treatments, mitochondrial membrane potential significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased compared to methadone‐induced PC12 cells. DPPH free radical scavenging test was did to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of FeCl3, S. chloroleuca, and FeNPs. DPPH test indicated similar antioxidant activities for S. chloroleuca, FeNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. In current experiment, we concluded that iron nanoparticles biosynthesized by S. chloroleuca leaf aqueous extract suppressed methadone‐induced cell death in a dose‐dependent manner in PC12 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to chemotherapeutic properties of medicinal plants, pharmacologists have always tried to synthesize and formulate the new chemotherapeutic supplements or drugs of metallic nanoparticles using plants. In this study, Camellia sinensis leaf aqueous extract‐based gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are reported for the first time to exert a dietary therapeutic potential compared to Daunorubicin in an animal model of acute myeloid leukemia. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using different techniques including UV‐Vis., FT‐IR spectroscopy, TEM, EDS, FE‐SEM, and XRD. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of HAuCl4, C. sinensis, AuNPs, and daunorubicin. For the analyzing of cytotoxicity effects of HAuCl4, C. sinensis, AuNPs, and daunorubicin, MTT assay was used on HUVEC, Human HL‐60/vcr, 32D‐FLT3‐ITD, and Murine C1498 cell lines. In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by 7,12‐Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in 75 mice. Then, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including control, untreated, HAuCl4, C. sinensis, AuNPs, and daunorubicin. FTIR findings suggested antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing gold ions to AuNPs. SEM and TEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and diameters of ~20‐30 nm for the nanoparticles. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for daunorubicin and AuNPs. These nanoparticles similar to daunorubicin had low cell viability dose‐dependently against Human HL‐60/vcr, 32D‐FLT3‐ITD, and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. AuNPs similar to daunorubicin, significantly (p≤0.05) increased the anti‐inflammatory cytokines and the lymphocyte, platelet, and RBC parameters and decreased the weight and volume of liver and spleen, the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and the total WBC, blast, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts, as compared to the untreated mice. According to the above results, it appears that AuNPs can be used as a chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the clinical trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for nanoparticles is increasing day by day due to their wide range of applications in various areas including pharmaceutical industry. Nanoparticles are formally synthesized by chemical methods in which the toxic and flammable chemicals are used. Synthesis of nanoparticles from various biological systems has been reported, but among all, biosynthesis of nanoparticles from plants is considered as the most suitable method. The current study confirms the potential of aqueous extract of Melissa officinalis grown under in vitro condition for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Also, we revealed the cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti‐acute myeloid leukemia effects of AgNPs compared to mitoxantrone in a leukemic mouse model. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using several techniques including UV–Vis., FT‐IR, TEM, FE‐SEM, and EDS. In vivo experiment, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by DMBA in 75 mice. The obtained results were fed into SPSS‐22 software and analyzed by one‐way ANOVA. By quantitative real‐time PCR, S1PR1 and S1PR5 mRNA expression in lymphocytes were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased by treating the leukemic mice with the AgNPs and mitoxantrone. Also, AgNPs similar to mitoxantrone, significantly (p ≤ 0.01) enhanced the platelet, lymphocyte, and RBC parameters and the anti‐inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα) and reduced the total WBC, blast, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts and the pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα) as compared to the untreated mice. In vitro experiment, AgNPs similar to mitoxantrone had low cell viability dose‐dependently against murine C1498, human HL‐60/vcr, and 32D‐FLT3‐ITD cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. Furthermore, the DPPH assay showed similar antioxidant potentials for AgNPs and mitoxantrone. Above results approve the excellent anti‐acute myeloid leukemia, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant properties of AgNPs compared to mitoxantrone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]