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The demand for stretchable strain sensors with customizable sensitivities has increased across a spectrum of applications, spanning from human motion detection to plant growth monitoring. Nevertheless, a major challenge remains in the digital fabrication of scalable and cost‐efficient strain sensors with tailored sensitivity to diverse demands. Currently, there is a lack of simple digital fabrication approaches capable of adjusting strain sensitivity in a controlled way with no changes to the material and without affecting the linearity. In this study, parallel microgates‐based strain sensors whose strain sensitivity can be adjusted systematically throughout an all‐laser‐based fabrication process without any material replacement are presented. The technique employs a two‐step direct laser writing method that combines the well‐established capabilities of laser ablation and laser marking, boasting a varying gauge factor of up to 433% (GF = 168), while paving the way for the mass production of nanocomposite strain sensors. Parallel microgates‐based strain sensors exhibit a remarkable signal‐to‐noise ratio at ultralow strains (ɛ = 0.001), rendering them ideal for monitoring the gradual growth of plants. As an application demonstration, the proposed sensors are deployed on tomato plants to capture their growth under varying planting conditions including hydroponic and soil mediums, as well as diverse irrigation regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduced a new definition of rough fuzzy sets based on a fuzzy ideal l defined on a fuzzy approximation space (X, R). This definition considered the degree r ∈ [0, 1] in defining the after sets and the before sets of the arbitrary fuzzy relation R on the finite set of objects X. It is shown that this new type of roughness is a generalization to many of previous definitions in the fuzzy case and also in the ordinary case. As an application, it is given a rough fuzzy‐connected set notion depending on some degree r ∈ [0, 1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine racial and gender differences in treatment acceptance and relapse potential among rural residents admitted to a substance use disorder (SUD) treatment program. Methods: A cross‐sectional study using data collected from a sample of 1850 rural residents admitted to a South Carolina state‐run SUD treatment center between the years of 2018 and 2020. Chi‐square and t‐tests were used to compare treatment acceptance and relapse potential by race and gender. Multivariate logistic regression analyses was conducted to further examine the relationship of race and gender with treatment acceptance and relapse potential after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Findings: Approximately 50% of participants were classified as being accepting of their treatment and committed to changing their substance use, and there were no racial or gender differences in the bivariate and multivariate analyses. Approximately 25% of participants were classified as having low/no potential risk for relapsing, and there were no racial or gender differences in the bivariate analysis. However, the adjusted odds ratio of relapsing risk were lower among White compared to Black adults [AOR = 0.49 with 95% CI (0.31–0.77)]. Conclusion: This study suggests there are no gender or racial differences in treatment acceptance for SUD but that Black adults are at greater risk of relapsing relative to White adults. Additional research is needed to identify factors that increase Black adults' risk for relapse to inform interventions that can improve SUD treatment outcomes in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two complexes of cobalt (II) with monobasic bi‐coordinated {2‐((isopropylimino)methyl)phenol} and neutral mono‐coordinated {2‐((pyridin‐3‐ylimino)methyl)phenol} ligands were prepared. The ligands were not separated as solids, and the complexes, respectively, [Co(L1)2] C1 and [Co (HL2)2Cl2] C2, were obtained from solutions containing cobalt (II) chloride, salicylaldehyde, and the respective amine. The crystallographic studies confirmed fourfold coordinated cobalt in complexes C1 and C2 via N2O2 and N2Cl2 donor atoms, respectively. Further, these complexes crystallized in the orthorhombic Pbca (C1) and monoclinic I2/a (C2) space groups. Against two fungi, the complexes (20 mg/mL) in DMSO induced only inhibition zones of 11 and 15 mm diameters in Candida albicans strains, but amphotericin B inhibited this fungus by 21 mm. All complexes (20 mg/mL) in DMSO were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Complex C1 showed similar inhibition zones each with 12 mm diameter against these bacteria, but C2 gave inhibition zones with 17, 21, 19, and 16 mm diameters closer to those due to ampicillin which inhibited these strains by 26, 21, 25, and 26 mm. The complexes' C1 and C2 cytotoxicity was also evaluated in MCF‐7 cancer and baby hamster kidney normal cells, and they, respectively, gave IC50 values of 29.1 and 18.1 μM in the cancer cells and of 35.5 and 17.5 μM in the normal ones. The reference, doxorubicin, induced cytotoxic effect with IC50 = 9.66 and 36.42 μM on the MCF‐7 and baby hamster kidney cells, respectively. Both complexes and the control offered 100% germination for a drought‐resistive wheat cultivar, but complex C1 offered only 95% wheat germination under drought conditions. For a drought‐sensitive wheat cultivar, the control, complex C1, and complex C2 offered 90%, 85%, and 90% germination under normal irrigation and 95%, 100%, and 95% germination under drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to reduced insulin production in the pancreas. It has genetic‐ and family‐related risk factors that cannot be changed, along with modifiable lifestyle factors. The precise genetic causes of type 2 diabetes are still unknown. However, individuals can potentially slow or stop the progression of the condition by making dietary adjustments and increasing physical activity levels. Material and Methods. Forty‐five type II diabetic patients in the study included participants between 40 and 60 years old, with a minimum duration of one year, as well as 45 healthy control subjects who were matched in terms of age and sex, and had no underlying systemic diseases. Oral examination is done for the symptoms including burning sensation, candidiasis, and a reduction in the production of saliva. The rate of saliva flow (in milliliters per minute) was measured in samples of saliva that were not stimulated. The salivary trace elements and levels of adipocytokines were evaluated using colorimetric and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (ELISA) testing. The quantification of Candida colony numbers, an enrichment and culture approach, was used to achieve a concentration of 100,000 colony‐forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml). The ShowNovo WG1 halimeter was used to measure volatile sulfur compounds in breath. The salivary glucose oxidase assay was conducted using a colorimetric technique, while the determination of trace elements was also performed using a colorimetric assay method. Result. The diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in the number of Candida spp colonies due to elevated levels of glucose in the saliva (p > 0.05). However, the variables being examined, such as body mass index (BMI), burning mouth syndrome (BMS), salivary flow rate (SFR), salivary leptin, salivary copper, and salivary magnesium, did not exhibit any significant variations in quantities between the diabetic and healthy groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion. The data collected in this research aid in the creation of a preventative program for oral fungal infections in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The program utilizes saliva and its constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice buildup can significantly and negatively impact system performance in various industrial sectors, and has remained a persistent challenge for decades. Many compliant materials exhibit excellent de‐icing performance but are easily eroded by impacts from supercooled water droplets, sand, dust, and debris. A composite panel inspired by animal skin, consisting of a facesheet protecting a nanofluid layer beneath, which exhibits durable anti‐icing and tunable photothermal properties is proposed. The viscous liquid layer beneath the facesheet increases flexural rigidity, preventing large deflections and increasing deformation resistance, which alters ice's adhesion to the surface. The non‐uniform fluid pressure exerted by the viscous nanofluid‐filled composite panels facilitates ice detachment, resulting in ice adhesion strengths as low as τice ≈ 10 kPa. Further, by altering the fluid properties, different additional functionalities can be endowed to the system. Incorporating fumed silica in a fluid‐filled composite panel results in rheopectic behavior, and this doubles their impact resistance when the shear thickening properties are properly tuned. Additionally, the combination of a transparent facesheet and a solar light absorbent nanofluid allows for tunable photothermal properties, further enhancing the anti‐icing performance of the system. This durable and tunable nanofluid‐filled composite panel shows great promise as a multifunctional de‐icing material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 capture is a practical approach to mitigating the impacts of global warming. Adsorption‐based carbon capture is a clean and potentially energy‐efficient method whose performance greatly depends on adsorbent design. In this study, we explored the use of jute‐derived carbon as a high‐performance adsorbent for CO2 capture. The carbons were produced by pyrolyzing powdered jute sticks with NaHCO3 as an activating agent at 500–700 °C. Impressive adsorption capacities of up to 2.5 mmol ⋅ g−1 and CO2/N2 selectivities of up to 54 were achieved by adjusting the pore size distribution and surface functionalization. Based on the isotherm results, the working capacities, regenerabilities, and potentials for CO2 separation were determined for a practical vacuum swing adsorption process. The adsorbent materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman, FESEM and N2 sorption at 77 K. This study provides a general approach for designing adsorbents for various gas‐separation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A catalytic system for selective transformation of furfural into biofuel is highly desirable. However, selective hydrogenation of the C=O group over the furan ring of furfural to produce ether in one step is challenging. Here, we report the preparation of a series of magnetically recoverable FeCo@GC nano‐alloys (37–40 nm). Fe3O4 (3–5 nm) and MOF‐71 (Co), used as the Co and C source, were mixed together in a range of Fe/Co ratios, and then encapsulated in a graphitic carbon (GC) shell to prepare such alloys. STEM‐HAADF shows the darker core made of FeCo and the shell of graphitic carbon. Furfural is hydrogenated to produce >99% isopropyl furfuryl ether in isopropanol with >99% conversion at 170 °C under 40 bars of H2, whereas n‐chain alcohol, such as ethanol, produces corresponding ethyl levulinate in 93%. The synergistic effect due to the charge transfer from Fe to Co leads to higher reactivity of FeCo@GC. The catalyst, which can be separated from the reaction medium using a simple magnet without significant damage to the surface or composition, retained its reactivity and selectivity for up to four consecutive cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and abiotic stress factors are key players in crop losses worldwide. Among which, extreme temperatures (heat and cold) disturb plant growth and development, reduce productivity and, in severe cases, lead to plant death. Plants have developed numerous strategies to mitigate the detrimental impact of temperature stress. Exposure to stress leads to the accumulation of various metabolites, e.g. sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids and amino acids. Plants accumulate the amino acid 'proline' in response to several abiotic stresses, including temperature stress. Proline abundance may result from de novo synthesis, hydrolysis of proteins, reduced utilization or degradation. Proline also leads to stress tolerance by maintaining the osmotic balance (still controversial), cell turgidity and indirectly modulating metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the crosstalk of proline with other osmoprotectants and signalling molecules, e.g. glycine betaine, abscisic acid, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, soluble sugars, helps to strengthen protective mechanisms in stressful environments. Development of less temperature‐responsive cultivars can be achieved by manipulating the biosynthesis of proline through genetic engineering. This review presents an overview of plant responses to extreme temperatures and an outline of proline metabolism under such temperatures. The exogenous application of proline as a protective molecule under extreme temperatures is also presented. Proline crosstalk and interaction with other molecules is also discussed. Finally, the potential of genetic engineering of proline‐related genes is explained to develop 'temperature‐smart' plants. In short, exogenous application of proline and genetic engineering of proline genes promise ways forward for developing 'temperature‐smart' future crop plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass pyrolysis generates significant amount hazardous gases (such as CH4, CO, and H2) which are counted as highly environmental pollutants. The utilization of these gases as fuel during pyrolysis could be a suitable choice for protecting the environment. Hence, we pyrolyzed biomass, jute sticks, using a customized pilot furnace, which recycled the generated gases as fuel. We further ball‐milled the obtained carbon to make submicron carbon particles. The formation of submicron carbon particles was confirmed with field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, and thermogravimetric analysis. The zeta‐potential studies confirmed the high negative surface zeta potential of the prepared submicron carbon that was due to its polar functional groups (−OH, COOH, and CO), which were confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. These polar functional groups facilitate their dispersion in the aqueous solution of biocompatible ethylene glycol and isopropyl alcohol to form water‐based environment‐friendly inkjet inks. The printing test of the developed ink was performed using a Canon printer (PIXMA; model: G3420) and compared with the performance of commercial inkjet black ink. The results indicate that the performance of the developed inkjet ink is similar to the commercial one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐level clouds over the tropical and sub‐tropical oceans play a crucial role in the planetary radiative energy budget. However, they are challenging to model in climate simulations because they are affected by local processes that are still partially unknown. The control that mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) structures have on the dynamics of the lower atmosphere on daily scales is emerging to be non‐negligible and calls for more effort to be understood. During the EUREC4A field campaign, two of the research vessels (R/Vs) involved in the experiment sampled the edge of a cold mesoscale SST patch in the north‐western tropical Atlantic, crossing a gradient of roughly 0.75°C/100 km. The comprehensive set of instruments carried by the R/Vs allows an unprecedented characterization of the atmospheric response to the cold water forcing. The cold ocean patch weakens the vertical atmospheric mixing, reducing the boundary layer depth of roughly 200 m and the horizontal wind intensity of approximately 3 m s−1. At the same time, the humidity content in the sub‐cloud layer increases and these conditions decrease the latent heat flux (by roughly 80 W m−2) and reduce vertical velocity fluctuations, making it less likely that moisture exceeds the lifting condensation level. As a consequence, fewer and thinner low‐level clouds form over cold water. Independent satellite measurements are found to agree with the in situ observations. The observed link between sea temperature and low‐level clouds highlights its importance in the puzzle of modeling the sea‐air‐cloud interactions. Plain Language Summary: Puffy clouds typically visible at sea strongly challenge climate models that struggle to represent their interaction with the sea surface and solar radiation. And as a consequence, these climate models cannot precisely estimate how much the Earth's temperature will increase 100 years from now and its uncertainty. We went into the western Atlantic ocean for a month in January–February 2020 to measure sea surface temperature and cloud properties and observe how these changes occur. We saw clouds grow deeper over the warm water patches, holding more water and eventually raining. Weaker winds and more humid air occur on cold patches. Satellite observations seem to record the same behavior over a larger area in the same region. We detected a clear difference in cloud properties and amounts over warm and cold patches from all sensors, recording essential evidence of a feature that is hard to predict. We hope these observations will help to properly simulate the intensity and signs of low‐cloud feedback over warm and cold oceanic patches of water to improve climate models. Key Points: Ship‐based observations are used to characterize the lower atmospheric response to a cold patch in the north‐western subtropical AtlanticSignatures in dynamical and thermodynamical atmospheric properties agree with a reduced vertical mixing over the cold patchSuch a weaker vertical mixing is linked to a reduced shallow cloud cover because less moisture reaches the level of saturation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The greenhouse gases (GHGs), in terms of CO2 emissions, have influenced the climate system by altering the planet's temperature and relative humidity (RH) patterns creating global warming. These changes in temperature and RH could be increased the penetration rate of chloride in existing concrete structures causing an acceleration of degradation processes that have the tendency to influence the serviceability and safety of these structures. There is a flurry of models to predict chloride penetration; however, only very limited models aim to predict the chloride concentration profiles as a function of time, temperate and RH in cracked concrete members which is the characteristic of any existing concrete structures. The factors affecting chloride concentration and penetration in concrete are categorised as 'internal' (relating to the characteristic material properties such as porosity and crack width) and 'external' (relating to the environmental parameters, such as temperature and RH). The fundamental aim of this research is to develop an integrated deterioration prediction model of chloride concentration and penetration in concrete structures considering the impacts of variations in the internal and external factors. The model is based on simultaneous solutions of diffusivity of chloride ions, and it is validated using the data obtained from accelerated chloride penetration experiments. It is then used to investigate the chloride concentrations in existing concrete structures due to the impact of climate change scenarios based on the IPCC, 2014 and the UKCP'09 climate projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new notion of fuzzy local function called r -fuzzy local function is introduced, and some properties are given in a fuzzy ideal topological space X , τ , ℓ in Šostak sense. After that, the concepts of fuzzy upper (resp., lower) almost ℓ -continuous, weakly ℓ -continuous, and almost weakly ℓ -continuous multifunctions are introduced. Some properties and characterizations of these multifunctions along with their mutual relationships are discussed with the help of examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To fabricate and characterize nano‐hydroxyapatite (nHA) grafted and non‐grafted glass fibre‐based endodontic posts. Methodology: Experimental glass fibre posts were fabricated using silanized nHA grafted (ex‐HA) and non‐grafted glass fibre (ex‐P) reinforced resins. The structural analysis and morphological patterns were analysed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. EverStick® glass fibre posts (eS) were used as a control group. The degree of conversion, flexural strength, and flexural modulus was investigated and the fractured structure was evaluated with a scanning electron microscope. Root canals were prepared in human extracted teeth restored with experimental and control posts. The push‐out bond strength was evaluated with radicular dentine at days 7, 30, and 90, and the presence of voids at the interface were measured at day 1, 7, 30, and 90 with micro‐computed tomography. The Shapiro–Wilk test and one‐way ANOVA post‐hoc Tukey's test were performed. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The SEM and FTIR confirmed the presence of a silane‐coupling agent on the glass fibres. The ex‐HA post had a significantly lower degree of conversion compared to the ex‐P post (p =.0008), but a significantly higher conversion than the eS post (p =.0014). The maximum flexural strength value was obtained with the ex‐HA post with an insignificant difference (p =.366) compared to ex‐P post and a significant difference (p =.029) compared to the eS post. The flexural modulus of ex‐HA, ex‐P, and eS posts were significantly different (p =.037). Similarly, the ex‐HA post had a significantly higher push‐out bond strength at days 7 and 30 (p =.037) compared to the ex‐P and eS posts. The volume of voids had a nonlinear behaviour amongst the groups with no significant difference between the posts. Conclusion: The fabrication of the experimental posts was successful and the ex‐HA post had greater flexural strength and push‐out bond strength compared to the ex‐P post. The degree of conversion of the ex‐HA post was lower than the ex‐P and eS posts. The volume of voids of ex‐HA and ex‐P posts was lower than that of eS posts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of triaxial geogrid reinforcement on the thermal expansion and drying shrinkage of geopolymer concrete (GPC) was experimentally investigated. Three groups of GPC prism specimens with a length of 280 mm and a cross‐section of 75 mm × 75 mm were prepared and tested in this study. The first group included six unreinforced GPC specimens and was considered as the control group of specimens. The second group included six GPC specimens reinforced with one layer of geogrid. The third group included six GPC specimens reinforced with two layers of geogrid. The triaxial geogrid reinforcement was placed at a depth of 37.5 mm from the surface of the specimen. The tests were carried out by drying the GPC specimens in a controlled environmental chamber at a temperature of 27 ± 4°C and a relative humidity of 50 ± 10% for 98 days. It was found that the geogrid significantly reduced the thermal expansion and drying shrinkage of GPC specimens. The thermal expansion and drying shrinkage were less in the GPC specimens reinforced with two layers of geogrid compared to the GPC specimens reinforced with one layer of geogrid. It was also found that the rate of thermal expansion and drying shrinkage of the GPC specimens reinforced with geogrid was lower than that of the control unreinforced GPC specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study explored concerns among nurses working in the United Arab Emirates associated with the use of electronic health records, including privacy, confidentiality, security and patient safety. Background: Given the widespread implementation of electronic health records, there are concerns about data integrity that could jeopardize healthcare quality. Addressing nurses' concerns about data integrity and safety is critical to inform health policies and promote public trust. Methods: Nurses working in healthcare settings in the United Arab Emirates (N = 562) were invited to share their concerns about data integrity and patient safety using a mixed‐method approach. Data were collected between January and June 2018 via questionnaires and focus group interviews. Following a survey of nurses' concerns about privacy, confidentiality, security and patient safety in electronic health records, six focus groups were held to gain deeper insights about their concerns. Major themes that emerged from the focus groups were extracted to align with the main sections of the questionnaire. Results: Nurses expressed concern over the security of electronic health records (n = 270, 48%). Administrative‐related security, inadequate training and access by unauthorized users were the most frequently reported concerns. The main patient safety concerns were associated with non‐technological factors, including lack of audit by staff, poor communication with technology vendors and length of time required for documentation. The focus group results reflected similar issues, with an additional theme being inconsistency in data integrity policies. Conclusions and implications for nursing/health policy: Frontline nurse managers need to integrate pragmatic policies to support staff compliance with the code of ethics when using online data. Nurses must follow workplace policies that foster reporting of risks to online incident systems to ensure data integrity. A unified health policy based on multidisciplinary partnership is critical to safeguard online data and promote public trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart scaffolds have a great role in the damaged tissue reconstruction. The aim of this study was developing a scaffold that in addition to its fiber's topography has also content of micro‐RNAs (miRNAs), which play a regulatory role during osteogenesis. In this study, we inserted two important miRNAs, including miR‐22 and miR‐126 in the electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers and after scaffold characterization, osteoinductivity of the fabricated nanofibers was investigated by evaluating of the osteogenic differentiation potential of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) when grown on miRNAs‐incorporated PCL nanofibers (PCL‐miR) and empty PCL. MiRNAs incorporation had no effect on the fibers size and morphology, cell attachment, and protein adsorption, although viability and proliferation rate of the human iPSCs were increased after a week in PCL‐miR compared to the empty PCL. The results obtained from alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, bone‐related genes, and proteins expression assays demonstrated that the highest osteogenic markers were observed in iPSCs grown on the PCL‐miR compared to the cells cultured on PCL and culture plate. According to the results, miR‐incorporated PCL nanofibers could be considered as a promising potential tissue‐engineered construct for the treatment of patients with bone lesions and defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for biocompatible nanoparticles with vast applicability has impacted on exploration of various biomaterials for the synthesis of mono and bimetallic nanoparticles. Xylanase is widely regarded as an industrially important enzyme but its potentials in nanotechnological applications are yet to be fully explored. The current study investigates the exploit of xylanases of Aspergillus niger L3 (NE) and Trichoderma longibrachiatum L2 (TE) produced through valorization of corn‐cob, to synthesize silver‐gold alloy nanoparticles (Ag‐AuNPs). Characterization of the Ag‐AuNPs involved UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, while their prospective use as antimicrobial, antioxidant, catalytic, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents were studied. The biosynthesized Ag‐AuNPs were ruby red and light purple with surface plasmon resonance at 520 and 534 nm for NEAg‐AuNPs and TEAg‐AuNPs, respectively; while FTIR showed that protein molecules capped and stabilized the nanoparticles. The Ag‐AuNPs were anisotropic with spherical, oval, and irregular shapes having sizes ranging from 6.98 to 52.51 nm. The nanoparticles appreciably inhibited the growth of tested clinical bacteria (23.40–90.70%) and fungi (70.10–89.05%), and also scavenged 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (48.51–53.79%) and hydrogen peroxide (80.5–95.50%). Furthermore, the Ag‐AuNPs degraded malachite green (91.39%) and methylene blue (47.10%). Moreover, the Ag‐AuNPs displayed outstanding anticoagulant and thrombolytic activities using human blood. This study further emphasizes the significance of xylanases in nanobiotechnology as it has established the potential of xylanases to synthesize Ag‐AuNPs, which is being reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Premature ejaculation is one of the most common sexual disorders in men due to uncontrolled modulation of spinal reflexes controlled by cortico‐limbic centers in the brain. In this study, we investigate the combinatorial effects of trinucleotide repeats of androgen receptor and allelic variants of the 5‐HTTLPR gene on sex steroids, hypophyseal hormones, sexual performance, and premature ejaculation assessment parameters among evidence‐based lifelong premature ejaculation subjects. A total of 271 outpatients (age 26.6 ± 1.9) consulting for evidence‐based lifelong premature ejaculatory dysfunction were selected in this study. The control group consists of 155 men with normal IELT (>4 min). The study revealed that the subjects who have the highest (≥26) CAG stretches depicted a significantly higher serum oxytocin levels (102.1 pg/ml; n = 126, p < 0.001) compared with the control group (71.2 pg/ml; n = 75, p = <0.001) and patients which have medium (22–25) and short (≤21) CAG stretches (76.63 ng/ml; n = 64, p < 0.001 vs. 77.4 ng/ml; n = 81, p < 0.001). Almost 33 (26.1%) lifelong premature ejaculatory patients had AR variant of longer (≥26) CAG repeats was homozygous for S alleles (SS), 45 (35.7%) was homozygous for L allele (LL), and 48 (38%) had the L/S or S/L genotype of 5‐HTTLPR gene. Homozygous (SS) alleles have a significant positive correlation (r = 0.44, p < 0.0001) with the high score of BDI‐II (39.1, n = 126, p < 0.001). However, LL alleles have shown a significant positive correlation with PEDT (r = 0.46, p < 0.001) and negative correlation with self‐estimated IELT and intercourse satisfaction (r = −0.35, p < 0.001). The innovative study design elaborates that androgen receptor trinucleotide repeats and 5‐HTTLPR genotypes have combinatorial impact on hormonal milieu and sexual function regarding evidence‐based lifelong premature ejaculatory dysfunction patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Split‐hand/split‐foot malformation (SHFM) is a severe form of congenital limb deformity characterized by the absence of 1 or more digits and/or variable degree of median clefts of hands and feet. The present study describes an investigation of a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin segregating SHFM in an autosomal recessive manner. Human genome scan using SNP markers followed by whole exome sequencing revealed a frameshift deletion (c.409delA, p.Ser137Alafs*19) in the EPS15L1 gene located on chromosome 19p13.11. This is the first biallelic variant identified in the EPS15L1 gene underlying SHFM. Our findings report the first direct involvement of EPS15L1 gene in the development of human limbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and characterization of a simple, flexible wideband antenna using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite are presented. Conductive fibers are used to construct the metallic parts on a PDMS composite. To characterize the performance, two identical antennas are designed, one using the PDMS composite while the other on conventional dielectric materials. It was observed that both antennas behave well in terms of the matched bandwidth; however, the radiation towards the broadside direction is reduced when using the PDMS composite as substrate, particularly at higher frequencies. The antenna exhibits a matched bandwidth of 59.9%, ranging from 3.43 to 11.1 GHz. Moreover, the bending analysis carried out for different scenarios show that the wideband behavior of the antenna is well preserved and the variation reaches a maximum of 1% variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) have been considered as a promising source for cell therapy of liver diseases due to their accessibility, abundance, and expression of hepatocyte markers. Currently, the important role of certain microRNAs (miRNAs) has been reported during hepatic differentiation of stem cells. However, the combination effect of miRNAs on hepatic differentiation of these cells needs to be more investigated. The present study seeks to determine whether the combination of miRNAs can enhance hepatic differentiation of hADSCs in the absence of any other stimulation. First, lentiviral transduction was used to overexpress miR-122 and silence d let-7f in hADSCs for up to 21 days. Then, hepatic functionality was evaluated by analyzing specific hepatocyte genes and biochemical markers at different time points of differentiation induction. Stable miR-122 overexpression and let-7f silencing together in hADSCs resulted in increased expression of hepatocyte markers including ALB, AFP, CK18, CK19, and HNF4a. In addition, urea and albumin production, immunocytochemistry, and glycogen staining confirmed that the treated cells differentiated toward hepatocyte-like cells. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the possibility of using microRNAs to induce hADSCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) requires acquisition of new skills. Learning requires one-on-one teaching, and can be limited by time and mentor availability. We investigate whether the skills required for UGRA can be developed and subsequently assessed remotely using a novel online teaching platform. This platform was developed at the University of Toronto to teach laparoscopic surgery remotely and has been termed Telesimulation.Methods: Anesthesia Site Chiefs at 10 hospitals across Ontario were sent a letter inviting their anesthesia teams to participate in an UGRA remote training program. Four to five anesthetists from each site were recruited from the first four hospitals expressing interest. Simulation models and ultrasound machines were set up at each location and connected via Skype(™) and web cameras with the Telesimulation center at our hospital. Training consisted of four online sessions and one offline lecture in order to teach an ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block. Participants were evaluated before and after training by on-site and off-site assessors using a validated Checklist and Global Rating Scale (GRS).Results: Nineteen staff anesthetists were recruited. Post-training scores were significantly higher across both assessment tools, on-site (P < 0.001) and off-site training locations (P = 0.003). The inter-rater reliability between on-site and remote training site ratings was good for the Checklist (ICC = 0.672, 95% CI: 0.369-0.830) and excellent for the GRS (ICC = 0.847, 95% CI: 0.706-0.921).Conclusion: This study demonstrates that UGRA can be taught remotely. Future research will focus on comparing this method to on-site teaching and its application in resource-restricted countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stress and water scarcity are among the major problems that mankind currently faces and will increasingly face in the future. In the Arab region, the current water crisis is complex and a result of several factors. Environmental ethics can be a tool for sustainable resource management in this region. Designing a strategy for water use ethics needs to draw upon reports and recommendations from existing organizations, and the approach should combine cultural, ethical, and social marketing that propagates social learning; have "bottom-up" education and communication functions as well as "top-down," high-level applied research aspects; and include industry participation. This article explains how environmental ethics could best contribute to ensuring sustainability through a social code of environmental conduct. It describes new tools and techniques based on participation of relevant stakeholders in decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semen parameters of varicocele men have been usually suspected to exhibit higher levels of abnormalities including DNA fragmentation, reactive oxygen species ( ROS) and apoptotic markers. Negative correlation between increased level of DNA fragmentation and assisted reproductive techniques ( ART) outcome has been studied by several authors. In the current study, we aim to evaluate the possible value of magnetic activated cell sorting ( MACs) technology in reduction of DNA fragmentation in infertile varicocele patients prior to ART. Semen samples, collected from 36 varicocele patients, were prepared by density gradient centrifugation ( DGC). Every sample was subsequently divided into two aliquots. One aliquot was kept untouched as pre- MACs control while the other aliquot was subjected to MACs technique, for depletion of apoptotic spermatozoa, and serves as post- MACs test. Sperm count, motility and DNA fragmentations were evaluated for both control and test samples. Post- MACs samples showed no deleterious reduction in total sperm motility (80.64 ± 6.97%) compared with control samples (80.97 ± 7.74%) while sperm DNA fragmentations were significantly reduced in post- MACs samples (9.61 ± 5.62%) compared with pre- MACs controls (12.43 ± 6.29%) ( P < 0.05). It can be concluded that MACs technique is a simple, noninvasive, technique that can efficiently reduce DNA fragmentation in infertile varicocele patients prior to ART. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To identify the perceived needs of Saudi families of patients in Intensive Care in relation to their culture and religion. Background Admission of a family member to an intensive care unit ( ICU) is a deeply distressing and often unexpected life event to the family. Families of critically ill patients have needs that should be acknowledged and met by the ICU team. Literature is virtually silent on the issue of recognizing the ICU family needs in relation to the influence of their cultural values and religious beliefs. Design A descriptive exploratory qualitative study. Method Individual, semi-structured interviews of a purposive sample of 12 family members were carried out between November 2011 and February 2012. The closest family members were recruited to participate in the interviews with a mean age of 44·25 years in eight mixed medical-surgical ICUs of eight major trauma hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Results The family needs and experiences are described via six major themes: looking for information, maintaining reassurance, spiritual healing, maintaining close proximity, involvement in care and support not being facilitated. The results indicated that family members sought to access information readily to diminish their anxiety. They also needed to be reassured that the best care was being delivered to their loved one and to feel supported during this critical time. Saudi families have cultural and spiritual healing beliefs and practices including faith in God and that God is the ultimate healer, reading of the Qur'an, prayer and charity. These lessen their stress and connect them to hold on to hope. In addition, maintaining proximity to their ill family member was considered of the greatest importance to the families. Conclusion The study provided an in-depth understanding of the family members' experience of having a relative in Intensive Care and focussed on a range of unmet needs, particularly those related to culture and religion. The ICU team need to work collaboratively with family members to improve their experience. Relevance to practice The recognition of family needs, experiences and situations can enhance the care provided by the critical care team to patients and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R3910 --> 700.6 --> Introduction: Gankyrin is a 25 kDa oncoprotein that plays a crucial role in cellular growth, proliferation, and migration. It is highly conserved and has 7 ankyrin repeats which bind to the S6 ATPase subunit of the 26S proteasome. It has been shown that gankyrin exerts its oncogenic activities by interacting with numerous tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) such as p53 and retinoblastoma protein (Rb), which in turn promotes their proteasomal degradation. While Rb plays an important role in cell adhesion, p53 inhibits Rac/CDC42 which is responsible for lamellipodia and filopodia formation. Gankyrin is also reported to increase the levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) which activates the JAK/STAT3 pathway. The phosphorylation of STAT3 to p‐STAT3 and the subsequent nuclear translocation of p‐STAT3 results in transcription of migratory factors. The inhibition of these gankyrin‐based protein‐protein interactions (PPI) by a small molecule inhibitor, should result in an anti‐migratory effect. Cjoc42 is the first known binder of gankyrin, and since its discovery we have developed two derivatives with an enhanced ability to bind gankyrin, – AFM‐2 and JA‐38 In order to determine if next‐generation gankyrin inhibitors could affect cancer cell migration, we evaluated both compounds in gankyrin overexpressing cell lines A549 and MDA‐MB‐231. Their ability to disrupt multiple gankyrin‐based PPIs is hypothesized to be due to their ability to induce a conformational change in gankyrin upon binding. Various assays such as the scratch assay, Boyden chamber assay, western blotting, co‐immunoprecipitation (co‐IP) assay and fluorescence‐based assays were used to evaluate our hypotheses. Methods: We evaluated the anti‐migratory potential of the molecules by scratch and Boyden chamber assay. The molecules' ability to disrupt gankyrin's interactions with p53, Rb and the S6 proteasome was evaluated by co‐IP assay. Using western blotting, we evaluated the changes in the levels of various TSPs and migratory proteins upon treatment with the molecules. To test our hypothesis of induction of conformational change in gankyrin upon treatment with the molecules, we utilized florescence‐based experiments such as intrinsic fluorescence evaluation and thermal shift. Discussion: The cell‐based scratch and Boyden chamber assay showed significant decreases in cellular migration in both cell lines upon treatment with the molecules. Co‐IP experiments demonstrated that both molecules disrupt various gankyrin‐based PPIs. Disruption of gankyrin's interactions with the TSPs would prevent their subsequent proteasomal degradation and subsequently affect the levels of downstream proteins such as IL‐6 and Rac/CDC42. Significant reduction in the migratory proteins and a significant increase in the TSPs was confirmed by western blotting. Lastly, using fluorescence‐based experiments, we believe that the binding of the two molecules caused a conformation change in gankyrin, which could be why gankyrin's multiple PPIs are disrupted. Conclusion: Gankyrin plays a key role controlling cellular migratory pathways through its various PPIs. By inducing a conformational change in gankyrin, our molecules disrupt these PPI and exhibit significant anti‐migratory activity which could prevent cancer metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) carries the control information about the number of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols used for transmission of control information in long term evolution-advanced (LTEA) downlink system. In this paper, two novel low complexity receiver architectures are proposed to implement the maximum likelihood- (ML-) based algorithm which decodes the CFI value in field programmable gate array (FPGA) at user equipment (UE). The performance of the proposed architectures is analyzed in terms of the timing cycles, operational resource requirement, and resource complexity. In LTE-A, base station and UE have multiple antenna ports to provide transmit and receive diversities. The proposed architectures are implemented in Virtex-6 xc6vlx240tff1156-1 FPGA device for various antenna configurations at base station and UE. When multiple antenna ports are used at base station, transmit diversity is obtained by applying the concept of space frequency block code (SFBC). It is shown that the proposed architectures use minimum number of operational units in FPGA compared to the traditional direct method of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the effect of unit-cell geometrical parameters in predicting elastic properties of a typical wood plastic composite (WPC). The ultimate goal was obtaining the optimal values of representative volume element (RVE) parameters to accurately predict the mechanical behavior of the WPC. For each unit cell, defined by a given combination of the above geometrical parameters, finite element simulation in ABAQUS was carried out, and the corresponding stress-strain curve was obtained. A uniaxial test according to ASTM D638-02a type V was performed on the composite specimen. Modulus of elasticity was determined using hyperbolic tangent function, and the results were compared to the sets of finite element analyses. Main effects of RVE parameters and their interactions were demonstrated and discussed, specially regarding the inclusion of two adjacent wood particles within one unit cell of the material. Regression analysis was performed tomathematicallymodel the RVE parameter effects and their interactions over themodulus of elasticity response. The model was finally employed in an optimization analysis to arrive at an optimal set of RVE parameters that minimizes the difference between the predicted and experimental moduli of elasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light color and savory flavor enhancer are attractive for consumers and food producers. The effect of addition time of l-cysteine on inhibiting color formation was investigated in soybean peptide-xylose system, and the possible pathway was explored. Once dicarbonyl compounds were formed during the Maillard reaction, the addition of l-cysteine had no color-inhibiting effect; if l-cysteine was added immediately after the Amadori compound was formed, the extraordinary color-inhibiting effect was observed. Therefore, an improved way to inhibit color formation was proposed on the basis of the interaction of l-cysteine and Amadori compounds by controlling the addition time of l-cysteine through gradient temperature-elevating Maillard reaction. The system was heated at 80 °C for 60 min to form Amadori compounds, followed by the addition of L-cysteine, and the temperature was raised to 120 °C and held for 110 min. Compared with traditional products, the lightest color product was found desirable by GC/MS analysis and sensory evaluation. The novel method proposed can be a guide for the industrial preparation of light-colored products. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the impact of the length of disease-free intervals on incidence estimation.Data Source: Statutory health insurance sample in Germany.Study Design: Overestimation of the incidence in the first quarter of 2008 for three selected diseases, diabetes mellitus, colorectal cancer, and heart failure, depending on different lengths of preceding disease-free intervals.Data Collection/extraction Methods: Continuously insured from 2000 until 2008 ≥ 18 years (N = 144,907).Principal Findings: Compared with an 8-year disease-free period, incidence overestimations for diabetes, colorectal cancer, and heart failure were 40, 23, and 43 percent defining a 1-year, and 5, 9, and 5 percent defining a 5-year disease-free period, respectively.Conclusions: Depending on the specific disease, caution has to be taken while using short disease-free periods because incidence estimates may be extremely overestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The presence of family in the patient care area during resuscitation events is a matter of current debate among health care professionals in many communities. Family presence is highly recommended by many health organizations worldwide for several reasons including patient and family rights. There are no policies or guidelines in Saudi Arabia to guide health professionals in their practice regarding the option of family being present during resuscitations. The purpose of this study was to identify the attitudes of nurses towards family presence during resuscitation in the Muslim community of Saudi Arabia. Design: This is a descriptive survey using data from a convenience sample of 132 nurses using a self-administered questionnaire. The study took place in two major trauma centres in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that nurses ( n = 132) had negative attitudes towards family presence during resuscitation. A high percentage (77·2%) agreed that witnessing resuscitation is a traumatic experience for the family members. Almost all participants (92·3%) disagreed with the statement that the practice of allowing family members to be present during the resuscitation of a loved one would benefit the patient and 78% disagreed with the statement that it would benefit families. The majority of the participants (65%) revealed that the presence of family would negatively affect the performance of the resuscitation team. However, almost half of the sample (43·8%) would prefer a written policy allowing the option of family presence during resuscitation in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion: The findings of the study strongly suggest the need for the development of written policies offering families the option to remain with patients during resuscitation in Saudi Arabia. The study further recommends the development of education programs for staff and public for the safe implementation of the practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connectedness, maintaining active engagement with life, is crucial to successful aging. Yet, no instruments were found to measure connectedness. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a connectedness scale for older adults. A 72-item instrument was administered to 428 community-dwelling older adults. The sample was largely female, White widows/widowers, with a mean age of 76 (SD 6.95) years. The instrument was reduced to 45 items representing five factors with loadings ranging from.40 to .86. The factor labels and their reliability estimates were: (a) selfregulating (.86), (b) facing aging (.85), (c) being part of a family (.87), (d) having friends (.87), and (e) being spiritual (.88). This promising instrument may advance the science of successful aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on eating disorders (EDs) among South Asian people in Britain is limited. In an extension of an earlier study, referrals to the Leicester Adult Eating Disorders Service were examined between 1991 and 2005. All South-Asians presenting to the service were compared on age, gender and diagnosis with non-Asians. Female Asian patients diagnosed as bulimia nervosa and ED not otherwise specified were compared on a larger number of variables with the same number of non-Asian patients matched for diagnosis. As there were only six Asian patients with anorexia nervosa they were excluded from this comparison. Only 4.5% of female patients were Asian, as opposed to 13.8% of the local young female population in the most recent UK census. Overall, Asian women were significantly younger than the non-Asians but did not differ significantly with regard to clinical features or treatment variables. Asians are under-represented amongst women presenting to the service. The explanation for this remains uncertain. Overall, Asian sufferers who reach secondary specialist services closely resemble non-Asian patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of lupin substitution on quality and sensory acceptability of tofu was investigated. Tofu samples were prepared using a standard method by substituting lupin at 0, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% for soybean. Yield, chemical composition (moisture, protein and fat contents), texture, color and sensory characteristics of the product were assessed. The yield, protein and fat contents decreased with the increase in lupin concentration. On fresh basis, the yield decreased from 306 g to 200 g/100 g bean with increase in lupin content from 0–60% but no significant (P < 0.05) decrease in yield was found on dry basis up to 50% lupin incorporation. The protein and fat contents (dry basis) decreased from 64.9–51.6% and 29.2–13.4%, respectively, with increase in lupin substitution from 0 to 60%. Lupin substitution also affected the color of tofu samples. While there was no effect on L * and a * values, b * value (representing yellowness) increased significantly with increase in lupin substitution. The texture components (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness) were not affected by lupin substitution. Results of sensory evaluation showed that lupin substitution up to 40% had no effect on texture, flavor and overall acceptability of tofu samples. Lupin substitution of 30–40% improved the appearance of deep-fried tofu samples. This study revealed that lupin can be substituted up to 40% for soybean in tofu manufacturing without significant changes in quality and acceptability. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Lupin has comparable nutritional and functional properties to soybean. Lupin can be used to replace soybean in a number of food products including tofu. In comparison with soybean, lupin has lower fat content, whereas, its protein content is comparable. The fat content of tofu can be reduced by lupin substitution without affecting its sensory acceptability. A tofu with lesser fat but comparable protein contents will be a healthy alternative to the normal tofu and could be a great choice for low fat and high protein healthy diets. Because the cost of lupin is almost half the cost of soybean, a considerable cost saving could be achieved by incorporating lupin into tofu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of intra-operative Doppler oesophageal probes provides continuous monitoring of cardiac output. This enables optimisation of intravascular volume and tissue perfusion in major abdominal surgery, which is thought to reduce postoperative complications and shorten hospital stay. Medline and EMBASE were searched using the standard methodology of the Cochrane collaboration for trials that compared oesophageal Doppler monitoring with conventional clinical parameters for fluid replacement in patients undergoing major elective abdominal surgery. Data from randomised controlled trials were entered and analysed in Meta-view in Rev-Man 4.2 (Nordic, Denmark). We included five studies that recruited 420 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery who were randomly allocated to receive either intravenous fluid treatment guided by monitoring ventricular filling using oesophageal Doppler monitor or fluid administration according to conventional parameters. Pooled analysis showed a reduced hospital stay in the intervention group. Overall, there were fewer complications and ICU admissions, and less requirement for inotropes in the intervention group. Return of normal gastro-intestinal function was also significantly faster in the intervention group. Oesophageal Doppler use for monitoring and optimisation of flow-related haemodynamic variables improves short-term outcome in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: NF-kappaB and JNK signaling pathways play key roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. Both factors are also activated in response to osteoclastogenic factors, such as RANKL and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Inflammatory arthritis and bone erosion subside in the presence of antiinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4). We have previously shown that IL-4 inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro through inhibition of NF-kappaB and JNK activation in a STAT-6-dependent manner. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of constitutively active STAT-6 to arrest the activation of NF-kappaB and JNK and to subsequently ameliorate the bone erosion associated with inflammatory arthritis in mice. METHODS: Inflammatory arthritis was induced in wild-type and STAT-6-null mice by intraperitoneal injection of arthritis-eliciting serum derived from K/BxN mice. Bone erosion was assessed in the joints by histologic and immunostaining techniques. Cell-permeable Tat-STAT-6 fusion proteins were administered intraperitoneally. Cells were isolated from bone marrow and from joints for the JNK assay, the DNA-binding assays (electrophoretic mobility shift assays), and for in vitro osteoclastogenesis. RESULTS: Activation of NF-kappaB and JNK in vivo was increased in extracts of cells retrieved from the joints of arthritic mice. Cell-permeable, constitutively active STAT-6 (i.e., STAT-6-VT) was effective in blocking NF-kappaB and JNK activation in RANKL-treated osteoclast progenitors. More importantly, STAT-6-VT protein significantly inhibited the in vivo activation of NF-kappaB and JNK, attenuated osteoclast recruitment in the inflamed joints, and decreased bone destruction. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the administration of STAT-6-VT presents a novel approach to the alleviation of bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

goodman p., mackey m.c. & tavakoli A.S. (2004) Journal of Advanced Nursing 46(2), 212–219 Factors related to childbirth satisfaction A woman's satisfaction with the childbirth experience may have immediate and long-term effects on her health and her relationship with her infant, but there is a lack of current research in this area. This paper reports a study to examine multiple factors for their association with components of childbirth satisfaction and with the total childbirth experience. A correlational descriptive study was conducted with 60 low-risk postpartum women, aged 18–46 years, with uneventful vaginal deliveries of healthy full-term infants at two medical centres in the south-eastern United States. The Labor Agentry Scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire and Mackey Childbirth Satisfaction Rating Scale and a background questionnaire were completed by women. Obstetrical data were collected from the medical record. Personal control was a statistically significant predictor of total childbirth satisfaction ( P = 0·0045) and with the subscale components of satisfaction (self, partner, baby, nurse, physician and overall). In addition, having expectations for labour and delivery met was a significant predictor of satisfaction with own performance during childbirth. Personal control during childbirth was an important factor related to the women's satisfaction with the childbirth experience. Helping women to increase their personal control during labour and birth may increase the women's childbirth satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory osteolysis induced by implant-derived wear debris is associated with infiltration of various cell-types to the implant–bone interface leading to abundant secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of proteinases that together lead to propagation of the localized inflammatory response and periprosthetic bone erosion. Tumor necrosis factor family members are considered to be direct mediators of inflammation and osteolysis. These cytokines exert their osteoclastic effects via activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and certain MAP kinases, including c-Jun, Erks and p38, all known to be essential for the development of osteoclasts. We have recently documented that the osteoclastogenic cytokines TNF and RANKL play a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory osteolysis. We have also found that PMMA particles stimulate osteoclastogenesis, at least in part, by induction of RANKL, TNF, and by activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. More importantly, our data indicate that inhibitors of the osteoclastogenic factors, TNF and RANKL abrogate particle-induced osteoclastogenesis. In the current study, we investigated if PMMA particles activate MAP kinases, and the potential role of these kinases as mediators of osteolysis. Using kinase assays, we show that in osteoclast precursors, PMMA particles markedly and rapidly activate p38 and ERK MAP kinases. This activation was specific, evident by complete blockade with specific inhibitory compounds. Similarly, we show that PMMA particles activate the JNK pathway, which is known to be involved in inflammatory and osteoclastogenic events. We also show that p38 MAP kinase regulates PMMA-activation of NF-κB, thus providing a possible mechanism for particle action in osteoclast precursors. Finally, we provide evidence that specific inhibitors of MAP kinases are capable of inhibiting PMMA-stimulated osteoclastogenesis. These data provide evidence that MAP kinases are potent mediators of particle-induced osteoclastogenesis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]