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ABSTRACT Incentives are a widely used tool for addressing deforestation and are often implemented as collective contracts. Local institutions are crucial to the solution of collective action problems associated with forest conservation, but we still have little knowledge of how to encourage institutional creation through policy. Since collective contracts do not eliminate freeriding incentives, we argue that their success hinges on their ability to stimulate the creation of institutions for collective action. To test these ideas, we analyze data from an incentivized lab‐in‐the‐field experimental collective action game played with natural resource users in four developing countries. The experiment simulates management of a common forest, and groups were randomly assigned to a conservation incentive payment condition. We observe how much group members attempt to coordinate on the creation of institutional rules and find experimental evidence that an external incentive program can stimulate the endogenous creation of informal institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many individually randomized group treatment (IRGT) trials randomly assign individuals to study arms but deliver treatments via shared agents, such as therapists, surgeons, or trainers. Post‐randomization interactions induce correlations in outcome measures between participants sharing the same agent. Agents can be nested in or crossed with trial arm, and participants may interact with a single agent or with multiple agents. These complications have led to ambiguity in choice of models but there have been no systematic efforts to identify appropriate analytic models for these study designs. To address this gap, we undertook a simulation study to examine the performance of candidate analytic models in the presence of complex clustering arising from multiple membership, single membership, and single agent settings, in both nested and crossed designs and for a continuous outcome. With nested designs, substantial type I error rate inflation was observed when analytic models did not account for multiple membership and when analytic model weights characterizing the association with multiple agents did not match the data generating mechanism. Conversely, analytic models for crossed designs generally maintained nominal type I error rates unless there was notable imbalance in the number of participants that interact with each agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a dire paucity of research into the burden, correlates and motives of substance use among trans young people in Australia. Method: Using data from a national survey of Australian trans young people (N = 859, Mage = 19.4), we estimated prevalence of past 6‐month substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, other drugs) and lifetime substance use disorder diagnoses. Covariate‐adjusted multivariate logistic regression models tested associations between substance use types with 18 interpersonal factors. Open‐ended responses regarding substance use motives (n = 489) were qualitatively analysed using thematic analysis with an interpretative phenomenological approach. Results: Prevalence of lifetime substance use disorder diagnosis was 13.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.1, 16.1). Alcohol use was most reported (72.4%; 95% CI 68.9, 75.6) followed by tobacco (31.1%; 95% CI 27.7, 34.6) and cannabis (30.6%; 95% CI 27.2, 34.2). Trans women reported highest rates of alcohol and cannabis use; use of other drugs was highest among trans men. Highest risk of substance use was observed among trans youth who experienced discrimination, intimate partner abuse, peer rejection and lack of family support (adjusted odds ratios ranging 1.5 to 3.0). Four multi‐levelled themes of substance use motives were identified: circumstantial use, somatic use, feeling better about oneself and one's life, and harm reduction. Discussion and Conclusions: While substance use among trans young is largely circumstantial, hedonistic and altruistic, facilitating self‐exploration, friendship and community connectedness, substance use among trans young people is highly prevalent and may be used to cope with sleep difficulties, depression/anxiety and cisnormativity, including delays and waitlists for accessing gender‐affirming care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Barrett's oesophagus predisposes individuals to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), with the risk of progression to malignancy increasing with the degree of dysplasia, categorized as either low‐grade dysplasia (LGD) or high‐grade dysplasia (HGD). The reported incidence of progression to OAC in LGD ranges from 0.02% to 11.43% per annum. In patients with LGD, Australian guidelines recommend 6‐monthly endoscopic surveillance. We aimed to describe the surveillance practices within a tertiary centre, and to determine the predictive value of surveillance as well as other risk factors for progression. Methods: Endoscopy and pathology databases were searched over a 10‐year period to collate all cases of Barrett's oesophagus with LGD. Medical records were reviewed to document patient factors and endoscopic and histologic details. Because follow‐up times varied greatly, survival analysis techniques were employed. Results: Fifty‐nine patients were found to have LGD. Thirteen patients (22.0%) progressed to either HGD or OAC (10 (16.9%) and three (5.1%) respectively); the annual incidence rates of progression to HGD/OAC and OAC were 5.5% and 1.1% respectively. All patients who developed OAC had non‐guideline‐adherent surveillance. A Cox model found only two predictors of progression: (i) guideline‐adherent surveillance, performed in 16 (27.1%), detected progression to HGD/OAC four times earlier than non‐guideline‐adherent surveillance (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3–12.3; P = 0.016). (ii) The detection of visible lesions at exit endoscopy independently predicted progression (hazard ratio = 6.5; 95% CI = 1.9–22.8; P = 0.003). Conclusion: Barrett's oesophagus with LGD poses a significant risk of progression to HGD/OAC. Guideline‐recommended surveillance is effective, but is difficult to adhere to. Clinical predictors for those who are more likely to progress are yet to be defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes interdisciplinary dentistry (ID) and how it can be applied to better care for pediatric patients. Topics discussed include the interdisciplinary dental treatment process, ID treatment plan, and University of Washington interdisciplinary dentistry example interdisciplinary problem list template.

Biological assemblages in streams are influenced by hydrological dynamics, particularly in non‐perennial systems. Although there has been increasing attention on how drying impacts stream organisms, few studies have investigated how specific characteristics of drying and subsequent wetting transitions influence biotic responses via resistance and resilience traits.Here, we characterized how hydrologic metrics, including those quantifying drying and wetting transitions as well as dry and wet phases, alter diversity and composition of three aquatic assemblages in non‐perennial streams in southern California: benthic macroinvertebrates, soft‐bodied algae and diatoms.We found that flow duration prior to sampling was correlated with variation in macroinvertebrate and soft‐bodied algal assemblage composition. The composition and richness of diatom assemblages, however, were predominantly influenced by the drying start date prior to sampling. Contrary to other studies, the duration of the dry phase prior to sampling did not influence the composition or richness of any assemblage. Although our study was conducted within a region in which each assemblage experienced comparable environmental conditions, we found no single hydrologic metric that influenced all assemblages in the same way.The hot‐summer Mediterranean climate of southern California likely acts as a strong environmental filter, with taxa in this region relying on resistance and resilience adaptations to survive and recolonize non‐perennial streams following wetting. The different responses of algal and diatom assemblages to hydrologic metrics suggest greater resilience to drying and wetting events, particularly for primary producers.As drying and wetting patterns continue to change, understanding biodiversity responses to hydrologic metrics could inform management actions that enhance the ecological resilience of communities in non‐perennial streams. In particular, the creation and enhancement of flow regimes in which natural timing and duration of dry and wet phases sustain refuges that support community persistence in a changing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists studied peri‐operative cardiac arrest because of existing knowledge gaps in this important topic. This applies in particular to cardiology patients receiving anaesthetic care, because numbers, types and complexity of minimally invasive interventional procedures requiring planned and unplanned anaesthesia in the cardiac intervention suite is increasing. Methods: We analysed collected data to determine the epidemiology, clinical features, management and outcomes of peri‐operative cardiac arrest in adult patients receiving anaesthetic care for cardiology procedures. Results: There were 54 reports of peri‐operative cardiac arrest in adult patients receiving anaesthetic care for cardiology procedures, accounting for 54/881 (6.1%) of all reports to NAP7. The estimated incidence (95%CI) of cardiac arrests in this group was 1/450 or 0.22 (0.17–0.29)%. These patients were older than other adult patients in the NAP7 population, with a notably high proportion of patients of Asian ethnicity when compared with the remaining NAP7 cohort (9/54, 17% vs. 35/709, 5%). Rates of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cardiopulmonary resuscitation were low (3/53, 6%). A common theme was that of logistical issues and teamworking, with reporters commenting on the difficulties of remote and/or unfamiliar locations and communication issues between specialties, on occasion resulting in poor teamworking and a lack of focus. The NAP7 panel review identified several other common themes which included: cardiogenic shock; late involvement of anaesthesia in the case; and transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Conclusion: Cardiology procedures requiring anaesthesia care account for < 1% of anaesthesia activity but generate 6% of all peri‐operative cardiac arrests. The incidence of cardiac arrest was disproportionately high in cardiological procedures requiring anaesthetic care. The nature of the cardiac arrest reports to NAP7 indicate that logistical and human factors in multidisciplinary teams in the cardiac intervention suite merit addressing to improve care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and advocates are at odds about how to achieve higher levels of child safety and permanency. Calls for change include the recent upEND focus on eradication of child welfare services to a radical refocusing of the present system towards prevention/early intervention. To clarify the implications of reform over abolition, we seek to portray a future in which the abolition of child welfare has occurred, in juxtaposition to maintaining four core elements of established child maltreatment programmes around the world: (1) receiving and responding to community signals about the risk to children; (2) assessment of need coupled with a proportionate response; (3) rights protections to ensure fairness when placement outside the family is required; and (4) procedures for accountability and quality improvement. For each of these functions, we outline abolitionist advocates' positions and implications for children and parents. Across these elements, we delineate how assigning these responsibilities to communities, as suggested by upEND, would likely (1) exaggerate racial and economic inequities and (2) create structural barriers that would increase harm to children. We suggest several evidence‐informed enhancements to practice, research and policy that would mitigate these inequities while also increasing safety and permanency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Regression analyses based on transformations of cumulative incidence functions are often adopted when modeling and testing for treatment effects in clinical trial settings involving competing and semi‐competing risks. Common frameworks include the Fine–Gray model and models based on direct binomial regression. Using large sample theory we derive the limiting values of treatment effect estimators based on such models when the data are generated according to multiplicative intensity‐based models, and show that the estimand is sensitive to several process features. The rejection rates of hypothesis tests based on cumulative incidence function regression models are also examined for null hypotheses of different types, based on which a robustness property is established. In such settings supportive secondary analyses of treatment effects are essential to ensure a full understanding of the nature of treatment effects. An application to a palliative study of individuals with breast cancer metastatic to bone is provided for illustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Digital transformation, through innovation in information and communication technologies (ICTs), impacts higher education (HE) and fosters knowledge sharing (KS). While research explores the implications of digital transformation in HE, its specific influence on KS remains understudied. This systematic literature review investigates the nexus between ICTs and KS in HE by examining peer‐reviewed literature prior to the AI boom. Three databases were searched, yielding 473 journal articles, which were screened, eligibility checked and assessed for quality and relevance to predetermined research questions. Eighteen eligible empirical studies were analysed, revealing ICTs influence on KS across university functions: teaching‐learning, governance/operations and research. Retrospectively, this study also demonstrates that the rapid pivot to fully online functions during the pandemic was possible because of prior ICT advancements despite known barriers (e.g., digital literacy, Internet connectivity). Essentially, ICTs enable vital KS for universities to ensure they remain resilient and sustainable now and into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking is a common and preferred form of exercise. Although there are current recommendations for walking volume (e.g., steps per day), recent research has begun to distinguish volume from intensity (e.g., “brisk” walking) as an important dimension of exercise. Increasing intensity may confer health advantages beyond volume measures because it shifts cardiovascular performance to more vigorous training zones. Reinforcement‐based approaches have been valuable in increasing volume measures of exercise, and the present study sought to develop a corresponding reinforcement approach to training walking intensity. For this study, we used a continuous reinforcement paradigm where music played only while walking met specified criteria; otherwise, music playback stopped. As a result, music was synchronized with walking performance. Seventeen participants walked on a nonmotorized treadmill at a self‐selected pace. Across the session, different conditions arranged for music to play independent of walking speed or contingent on speed increases or decreases. An extinction component assessed performance when music was withdrawn completely. Walking speed was selectively increased and decreased by adjusting the contingencies that were arranged for music, and variability in speed increased during extinction, with both findings indicating that music was a reinforcer. Heart rate was also increased to moderate–vigorous intensities during reinforcement. The findings provide a compelling case that walking intensity can be modified by music reinforcement. We suggest that synchronous schedules may be an important foundation for future exercise technologies that are based on reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new climate field reconstructions (CFR) of tropical Pacific ENSO sea surface temperatures (HadISST) for the boreal winter season using a circum‐Pacific tree‐ring network from known El Niño rainfall impact regions. We use two different CFR methods: Point‐by‐Point Regression (PPR) and reduced‐space Orthogonal Spatial Regression (OSR). Both methods produce reconstructions with high validation skill, but OSR is preferred because it has less spatial noise and is more efficient. Only the leading EOF of the SST field (EOF1) can be skillfully reconstructed by either method; EOF2 does not validate. The success of EOF1 reflects its importance for ENSO rainfall impacts over land; the failure with EOF2 is from the lack of these impacts. EOF1 allows for the reconstruction of many ENSO indices, including the ENSO Longitudinal Index (ELI). We also find evidence in our reconstructions for a recent increase in ENSO activity. Plain Language Summary: Earth's climate is strongly affected by how warm the tropical Pacific Ocean "El Niño" region is. This is especially true for the delivery of rainfall over many parts of the globe. Tree growth can thus be strongly affected by El Niño impacts on rainfall. We use this relationship to reconstruct tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures associated with El Niño over most of the past millennium from a network of annual tree‐ring chronologies located in regions known to be impacted by El Niño rainfall. Only the leading mode of variability in Pacific sea surface temperatures associated with El Niño can be reconstructed well, but it reflects most of the long‐term variability of El Niño exceptionally well. The reconstruction extends back to 1500 with exceptional skill and back to 1100 with acceptable skill. We can thus compare recent El Niño variability, perhaps affected by global warming, with what happened over the previous centuries unaffected by human activity. We find evidence for an increase in El Niño activity, and for an overall warming in recent decades. Key Points: Tree‐ring series from ENSO rainfall impact regions reconstruct tropical Pacific SSTs with high degrees of skill back to 1500 CE and 1100 CETwo very different reconstruction methods produce similar results and each can only reconstruct the leading EOF mode of SST variabilityReconstructions extending back 1100 CE indicate a recent increase in El Niño variability, and overall SST warming in the equatorial Pacific [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The retention of experienced child and family social workers is a significant issue in the United Kingdom, the United States and Europe. Failure to retain experienced practitioners has serious implications for the protection and support of vulnerable children. Existing research and workforce interventions have focused on the support of early‐career social workers to prevent exit. Relatively few studies have examined what can be learned from experienced social workers who have remained in the profession long‐term. This study captures the voices of experienced stayers. Data consist of interviews with social workers (n = 58) across 11 local authorities in England who have remained in practice for ≥8 years. Findings suggest that a strong sense of professional identity (PI) sustains social workers and promotes retention. For experienced social workers, staying in the profession long‐term involves navigating a series of identity challenges over the course of their career, conceptualized here as Critical Career Episodes (CCEs). Based on these findings, we suggest that retaining experienced social workers involves support to navigate CCEs alongside meaningful opportunities for learning and development. We identify three key factors that support and sustain ongoing PI development and support retention: generativity, specialism and mobility. The article concludes with recommendations to support workforce retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiological regulation strategies can be effective in reducing anxiety. However, while these strategies are often learned and practised under low‐stress conditions, they are more likely to be required under conditions of high stress. We created virtual reality (VR) biofeedback games to both teach participants a breathing technique and then practise that technique under stress. We present two studies: the first provides a proof of concept, demonstrating that participants can apply the breathing technique during stress, with a significant lowering of both respiration rate and increase in heart rate variability (HRV) under stress (p < .001). The second study explicitly evaluated the effectiveness of training by comparing trained and untrained groups. Training was associated with a significantly greater HRV (p = .008) under stress. In within‐group comparisons of HRV during stress compared to a baseline stressor presented before training, the trained group showed a significantly greater increase compared to untrained controls (p = .025). Our results show the feasibility and potential effectiveness of VR‐based games for biofeedback training under experimentally applied stress. This may offer the opportunity for clinical techniques to more closely reflect the circumstances under which those techniques will be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues Addressed: Alcohol depictions are extremely common online, and there is a reported relationship between alcohol exposure and alcohol use. A browser plug‐in specifically designed to block online alcohol depictions may be helpful to prevent the uptake of alcohol or increased alcohol use. Methods: Twenty‐five semi‐structured interviews were conducted, examining participants' beliefs about the effects of online alcohol exposure and their support for developing the browser plug‐in. Results: Using reflexive thematic analysis, we found participants highlighted a clear impact of viewing alcohol online and offline alcohol use. Participants believed a browser plug‐in that blocked alcohol was acceptable and would be especially useful for minors (to prevent alcohol initiation) and those who are aiming to reduce their alcohol use. Conclusions: Participants emphasised that viewing online alcohol exposure had an impact on drinking behaviours, such as increased craving and temptation. The browser plug‐in was considered an easy intervention tool for both parents and people who are experiencing alcohol‐related problems or trying to reduce their drinking. So What?: Participants' continuous support of an alcohol‐blocking browser plug‐in suggests that future health promotion strategies should consider the development of a prototype plug‐in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian national, state and territory school‐based drug education policies advise that volatile substance use (VSU) should be excluded from general drug education curriculum for fear of alerting young people to the intoxicating properties of substances such as petrol, sprays and glues. We review evidence from the United States and United Kingdom on the effects of including volatile substances in school‐based drug education, to argue that these policies are due for reconsideration. Nitrous oxide and nitrites are classified as volatile substances along with solvents such as those listed above, although their patterns of use, effects and harms are different. In an era of widespread social media access, more young people than in the past are likely to have heard about VSU. But because VSU is often short‐term, parents and teachers may be unaware when young people in their care consume volatile substances. The general silence about VSU in schools, difficulty in detecting use and the varying sets of risks associated with inhaling different substances mean that young people may be unaware of toxicity or harm reduction strategies when they consume volatiles as drugs. We consider some implementation challenges to be negotiated if VSU education were introduced in Australian schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the longitudinal psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale – 4 items version (PSS‐4) using item response theory with a sample of 361 mental health counsellors. Participants completed the PSS‐4 at three timepoints at six‐month intervals in a one‐year period. There were 290 participants who (80.3%) identified as female, 51 (14.1%) identified as male, eight (2.2%) identified as gender variant/non‐conforming, seven (1.9%) wrote in their own gender identity (e.g., genderqueer, gender expansive), three (0.8%) identified as Transgender male, and two (0.6%) did not respond to the item. The racial and ethnic backgrounds were as follows: White (87.3%), Multiracial (5.5%), Latino or Hispanic or Spanish (2.8%), Black or African American (1.4%), Asian (0.8%), Middle Eastern (0.8%), and five did not respond to the item (1.4%). We found unidimensionality evidence of the PSS‐4 across all three timepoints and response categories were monotonically ordered. We also found that across all timepoints, the average person location was lower than the average item location, suggesting that the PSS‐4 may not be well‐targeted for this sample of mental health counsellors. We observed no significant interactions between timepoints, hours worked per week, and length of employment. Implications of the findings, including a discussion of the utility of the PSS‐4 as a global measure of stress and with mental health counsellors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major theories regarding microbe‐mediated plant community dynamics assume that plant species cultivate distinct microbial communities. However, few studies empirically assess the role of species‐associated microbial community dissimilarity in plant competitive dynamics.In this study, we paired a competition experiment between eight annual forbs with characterisation of species‐associated fungal communities to assess whether mycobiome dissimilarity is associated with pairwise competitive dynamics.Using a quantitative approach informed by modern coexistence theory, we found that fungal dissimilarity was correlated with both increased stabilising niche differences and fitness inequalities. Additionally, we found that the probability of coexistence increased with mycobiome dissimilarity.When subsetting the community into different fungal functional groups (pathotrophs, saprotrophs, symbiotrophs), overall relationships between dissimilarity and competitive dynamics were independent of these functional groups.Synthesis. These results suggest that fungal community divergence may play an important role in mediating plant competitive dynamics. Although fungal community dissimilarity is associated with both niche and fitness differences, complex biotic and/or abiotic interactions below‐ground may result in an observed correlation between fungal community dissimilarity and plant coexistence. Ultimately, this study suggests a novel approach to better understanding how microbiome dissimilarity may impact host community dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: We analysed the clinical practice of anaesthesia associates in the UK, as reported to the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists, and compared these with medically qualified anaesthetists. Methods: We included data from our baseline survey, activity survey and case registry as with other reports from the project. Results: Among 197 departments of anaesthesia, 52 (26%) employed anaesthesia associates. Of 10,009 responding anaesthesia care providers, 71 (< 1%) were anaesthesia associates, of whom 33 (47%) reporting working nights or weekends (compared with 97% of medically qualified anaesthetists in training and > 90% of consultants). Anaesthesia associates reported less training and confidence in managing peri‐operative cardiac arrest and its aftermath compared with medically qualified anaesthetists. Anaesthesia associates were less directly involved in the management and the aftermath of peri‐operative cardiac arrest than medically qualified anaesthetists, and the psychological impacts on professional and personal life appeared to be less. Among 24,172 cases, anaesthesia associates attended 432 (2%) and were the senior anaesthesia care provider in 63 (< 1%), with indirect supervision in 27 (43%). Anaesthesia associates worked predominantly in a small number of surgical specialties during weekdays and working daytime hours. Complication rates were low in cases managed by anaesthesia associates, likely reflecting case mix. However, activity and registry case mix data show anaesthesia associates do manage high‐risk cases (patients who are older, comorbid, obese and frail) with the potential for serious complications. Registry cases included higher risk cases with respect to the clinical setting and patient factors. Conclusion: Anaesthesia associates work in enhanced roles, relative to the scope of practice at qualification agreed by organisations. Recent changes mean the Royal College of Anaesthetists and Association of Anaesthetists do not currently support an enhanced scope of practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is increasing awareness of the necessity and importance for physician leadership in health care. Despite this, formal leadership training is not widespread in medical education. Approach: We describe the structure, curriculum and development of a robust two‐tiered leadership development programme within a community‐based family medicine residency programme. Living, Leading & Medicine (LLM, tier 1) consists of nine 2.5‐h discussion‐based training sessions occurring thrice annually. The Advanced Leadership Track (ALT, tier 2) includes mentoring, additional readings, personal evaluations and leadership projects. Evaluation: We used post‐session surveys and exit surveys for LLM and ALT, respectively. We utilised the modified Kirkpatrick framework for programme evaluation to present outcomes from the first 3 years for each tier. Over three quarters (40 out of 53) of residents participated in LLM sessions. The post‐session survey response rate for LLM was 95% (124 out of 130 participants). Eighteen out of 33 residents (54.5%) completed the ALT. Of these, 72% (13 of 18) returned exit surveys. Residents found the programme valuable and relevant (Kirkpatrick level 1). Residents demonstrated improvements in leadership knowledge and skills (3.85 v. 3.11, p < 0.0001; Kirkpatrick level 2) compared with an internal, historic control group. We noted changes in resident behaviour and attitudes towards leadership (Kirkpatrick level 3). Finally, the completion of leadership projects demonstrates Kirkpatrick level 4 outcomes. Implications: We have created a longitudinal, two‐tiered leadership development programme that has improved the leadership capabilities of our family medicine residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the education and earnings returns to enrolling in technical 2‐year degree programs at community colleges in Missouri. A unique feature of the Missouri context is the presence of a highly regarded, nationally ranked technical college: State Technical College of Missouri (State Tech). We find that enrolling in a technical program in Missouri increases the likelihood of associate degree attainment and post‐enrollment earnings, but that the positive effects statewide are driven largely by students who attend State Tech. These findings demonstrate the potential for a high‐performing community college to change students' education and labor market trajectories. At the same time, they exemplify the potential for substantial institutional heterogeneity in the returns to postsecondary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 75% of the world's and California's shores are rocky. Rocky shores are of biological interest owing to their diverse and productive species assemblages, where waves and currents play a critical role in larval dispersal and recruitment. Surface variability for nearshore (5⪅depth⪅60m) $(5\lessapprox \mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}\lessapprox 60\hspace*{.5em}\mathrm{m})$ rocky bottoms at intermediate wave scale 1/750

Terrestrial ecosystems store more than twice the carbon of the atmosphere, and are critical to climate change mitigation efforts. This has led to a proliferation of land‐based carbon sequestration efforts, such as re/afforestation associated with the Great Green Wall in the West African Sahel (WAS GGW). However, we currently lack comprehensive assessments of the long‐term viability of these ecosystems' carbon storage in the context of increasingly severe climate extremes. The WAS is particularly prone to recurrent and disruptive extremes, exemplified by the persistent and severe late‐20th century drought. We assessed the response and recovery of WAS GGW carbon stocks and fluxes to this late‐20th century drought, and the subsequent rainfall recovery, by leveraging a suite of terrestrial ecosystem models. While multi‐model mean carbon fluxes (e.g., gross primary production, respiration) partly recovered to pre‐drought levels, modeled total (above and below ground) ecosystem carbon stock falls to as much as two standard deviations below pre‐drought levels and does not recover even ∼20 years after the maximum drought anomaly. Furthermore, to the extent that the modeled regional carbon stock recovers, it is nearly entirely driven by atmospheric CO2 trends rather than the precipitation recovery. Uncertainties in regional ecosystem carbon simulation are high, as the models' carbon responses to drought displayed a nearly 10‐standard deviation spread. Nevertheless, the multi‐model average response highlights the strong and persistent impact of drought on terrestrial carbon storage, and the potential risks of relying on terrestrial ecosystems as a "natural climate solution" for climate change mitigation. Plain Language Summary: Land‐based ecosystems store twice as much carbon as the atmosphere, and are important to protect and restore to address climate change. The West African Sahel (WAS) has been identified as an important region for ecosystem restoration partly to help advance climate change mitigation efforts, for example, as part of the Great Green Wall (GGW). However, increasingly‐severe climate extremes, such as drought, can adversely impact ecosystem carbon storage and recovery. To better understand these drought impacts, we use a suite of terrestrial ecosystem models to evaluate the West African Sahel ecosystem carbon response to the late 20th century drought and following rainfall recovery. The multi‐model average shows that the drought substantially reduced the total amount of carbon stored in the WAS GGW vegetation and soils, which do not fully recover even 20 years after the peak drought period. The models do, however, vary widely in their carbon responses to the prolonged drought, owing to major uncertainties in both process and regional ecosystem representation. There are many benefits of restoring ecosystems, particularly in drought‐prone regions. Nevertheless, our study demonstrates that prolonged drought can strongly influence and potentially compromise the WAS ecosystem's carbon storage capacity, therefore possibly limiting the efficacy of the WAS GGW to serve as "natural climate solutions" specifically toward climate change mitigation goals. Key Points: Ecosystem models show that the 20th century Sahelian drought depressed carbon stocks across the West African Great Green Wall domainCarbon fluxes did exhibit some recovery strongly driven atmospheric CO2 trends and plant physiological effectsDrought events could limit long‐term terrestrial carbon storage across the West African Great Green Wall domain [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated circulating branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) have been linked with the severity of insulin resistance across numerous populations, implicating heightened BCAA metabolism as a potential therapy for insulin resistance. Recently, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) inhibitor Valsartan (VAL) was identified as a potent inhibitor of branched‐chain alpha‐keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK), a negative regulator of BCAA metabolism. This work investigated the effect of VAL on myotube metabolism and insulin sensitivity under both insulin sensitive and insulin resistant conditions. C2C12 myotubes were treated with or without VAL at 8 µM for 24 h, both with and without hyperinsulinemic‐induced insulin resistance. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification were used to measure mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism, respectively. Gene expression was assessed via qRT‐PCR, and insulin sensitivity was assessed via Western blot. Insulin resistance significantly reduced both basal and peak mitochondrial function which were rescued to control levels by concurrent VAL. Changes in mitochondrial function occurred without substantial changes in mitochondrial content or related gene expression. Insulin sensitivity and glycolytic metabolism were unaffected by VAL, as was lipogenic signaling and lipid content. Additionally, both VAL and insulin resistance depressed Bckdha expression. Interestingly, an interaction effect was observed for extracellular isoleucine, valine, and total BCAA (but not leucine), suggesting VAL may alter BCAA utilization in an insulin sensitivity‐dependent manner. Insulin resistance appears to suppress mitochondrial function in a myotube model which can be rescued by VAL. Further research will be required to explore the implications of these findings in more complex models. Significance Statement: The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) inhibitor Valsartan rescued reduced mitochondrial function during insulin resistance in a myotube model of skeletal muscle. These findings provide proof‐of‐concept data suggesting Valsartan may provide metabolic benefits beyond blood pressure lowering effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While benchmark dose (BMD) methodology is well‐established for settings with a single exposure, these methods cannot easily handle multidimensional exposures with nonlinear effects. We propose a framework for BMD analysis to characterize the joint effect of a two‐dimensional exposure on a continuous outcome using a generalized additive model while adjusting for potential confounders via propensity scores. This leads to a dose–response surface which can be summarized in two dimensions by a contour plot in which combinations of exposures leading to the same expected effect are identified. In our motivating study of prenatal alcohol exposure, cognitive deficits in children are found to be associated with both the frequency of drinking as well as the amount of alcohol consumed on each drinking day during pregnancy. The general methodological framework is useful for a broad range of settings, including combinations of environmental stressors, such as chemical mixtures, and in explorations of the impact of dose rate rather than simply cumulative exposure on adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When low muscle mass and impaired strength and physical function coexist with excess adiposity, it is termed sarcopenic obesity (SO). Handgrip strength (HGS) is a predictor of disability and mortality. Asymmetry in HGS, particularly ≥ 10% strength differences between hands, may indicate neuromuscular dysfunction observable prior to declines in maximal strength are detectedand therefore could be incorporated to identify those at risk of physical limitations and SO. This study compares HGS values and asymmetry in older adults with excess adiposity and evaluates their relationships with physical function. Baseline data from two previous pilot weight loss studies in 85 older adults with body mass index values ≥ 30 kg m−2 are included with measures of body composition, walking speed, and chair stand ability. Sixty‐three participants met the criteria for SO. HGS correlated to gait speed (r = 0.22), distance walked (r = 0.40), chair stand time for 5 repetitions (r = 0.42) and during 30 s (r = 0.31). HGS asymmetry is only correlated to gait speed (r = 0.31) and there are no differences in physical function between those with and without asymmetry. Maximal HGS tests should continue to be used to screen for functional decline and disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy‐dispersive Laue diffraction (EDLD) is a powerful method to obtain position‐resolved texture information in inhomogeneous biological samples without the need for sample rotation. This study employs EDLD texture scanning to investigate the impact of two salivary peptides, statherin (STN) and histatin‐1 (HTN) 21 N‐terminal peptides (STN21 and HTN21), on the crystallographic structure of dental enamel. These proteins are known to play crucial roles in dental caries progression. Three healthy incisors were randomly assigned to three groups: artificially demineralized, demineralized after HTN21 peptide pre‐treatment and demineralized after STN21 peptide pre‐treatment. To understand the micro‐scale structure of the enamel, each specimen was scanned from the enamel surface to a depth of 250 µm using microbeam EDLD. Via the use of a white beam and a pixelated detector, where each pixel functions as a spectrometer, pole figures were obtained in a single exposure at each measurement point. The results revealed distinct orientations of hydroxyapatite crystallites and notable texture variation in the peptide‐treated demineralized samples compared with the demineralized control. Specifically, the peptide‐treated demineralized samples exhibited up to three orientation populations, in contrast to the demineralized control which displayed only a single orientation population. The texture index of the demineralized control (2.00 ± 0.21) was found to be lower than that of either the STN21 (2.32 ± 0.20) or the HTN21 (2.90 ± 0.46) treated samples. Hence, texture scanning with EDLD gives new insights into dental enamel crystallite orientation and links the present understanding of enamel demineralization to the underlying crystalline texture. For the first time, the feasibility of EDLD texture measurements for quantitative texture evaluation in demineralized dental enamel samples is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community pharmacies are rapidly becoming destinations for health services beyond medication dispensing. Delivery models for community‐based services have become increasingly complex, creating expanded opportunities and necessitating collaboration between pharmacists in the community setting and other health care professionals. As a result, it is essential to articulate best practices and recommendations to assist stakeholders in responding to the changing landscape and optimize care for patients. This white paper provides a summary of published examples of interprofessional practice that include community pharmacies in the United States and internationally, and then adapts established guiding principles for interprofessional practice to the community pharmacy setting to outline a framework and specific recommendations for consideration. This framework highlights a need to place patients at the center of collaborative community‐based care models, have organizational leaders show a commitment to and establish an infrastructure for interprofessional collaboration that includes community‐based pharmacists, foster respect for community pharmacy practice, address communication and technology barriers in the health care system, and finally, embrace interprofessional learning in the community pharmacy setting. Addressing challenges and embracing opportunities is vital to accelerate practice transformation and further position community‐based pharmacists as essential members of interprofessional care teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social–ecological disruptions, such as changing climate, extreme weather‐related events and the COVID‐19 pandemic, can have cascading and long‐term consequences for people, ecosystems and multispecies relationships. As the early COVID‐19 pandemic disrupted people's lives through isolation and restricted human contact, more‐than‐human relationships played a heightened role in individuals' day‐to‐day lives with potential long‐term impacts on multispecies justice.We analysed 72 interviews conducted during the early (May–June 2020) COVID‐19 lockdown in the United States to investigate how social–ecological disruptions and spatial re‐orderings, exemplified by the pandemic, reassemble more‐than‐human relationships. We consider new relational values through a transformative multispecies justice framing, which contends that times of uncertainty can inspire meaningful connections with the more‐than‐human world, facilitating care and reciprocal relationships during times of disruption.Among interviewee accounts, we find that disorderings of daily life during the pandemic interweave with past and ongoing experiences of inequity to form mosaics of disruption. These mosaics of disruption created circumstances in which interviewees formed new connections with the more‐than‐human world.The more‐than‐human connections of interviewees sat along a spectrum and did not universally represent the same strength of relational values. The more‐than‐human connections were defined by individual's positionality and restricted geographies of the circumstances. However, the newly formed relationships seemed to be ephemeral, indicating that they would not necessarily endure outside of an early‐pandemic context.Thus, while individuals reported rearranged relationships out of pandemic precarity, their transitory qualities do not directly promise long‐term transformational multispecies connections. Our findings suggest that moments of disruption alone do not necessarily produce durable change and there is a need to go beyond merely recognizing relationality.Policy implications: Transformative multispecies justice requires long‐term, routine commitment to deepening relationships with the more‐than‐human world. While future social–ecological and spatial disturbances can be a window of opportunity to initiate multispecies relationships, future initiatives and policies must actively support and foster these relationships and strong relational values beyond the disturbances—recognizing the long‐term, non‐linear processes of transformation needed to address our future challenges. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We quantify the impact of county‐level vaccination rates on vaccine uptake. While the marginal effect at current vaccination rates is modest, the overall impact is large. Moving from a 0% to 15% vaccination rate in a county is associated with an increase in the daily uptake of over 10 fold. Our results shed light on the rise and decline of vaccine hesitancy and imply an externality of vaccination programs. For Ohio's Vax‐A‐Million lottery, a back‐of‐the‐envelope calculation finds that there were an additional 30,000 vaccinations immediately following the lottery as a result of the increased vaccinations from the lottery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of sertraline in Mexican patients with psychiatric and substance use disorders. Fifty‐nine patients (13 to 76 years old) treated with doses of sertraline between 12.5 and 100 mg/day were included. Plasma sertraline concentrations were determined in blood samples and five of the main substances of abuse were determined by rapid tests in urine samples. Demographic, clinical, and pharmacogenetic factors were also evaluated. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM software with first‐order conditional estimation method. A one‐compartment model with proportional residual error adequately described the sertraline concentrations versus time. CYP2D6*2 polymorphism and CYP2C19 phenotypes significantly influenced sertraline clearance, which had a population mean value of 66 L/h in the final model. The absorption constant and volume of distribution were fixed at 0.855 1/h and 20.2 L/kg, respectively. The model explained 11.3% of the interindividual variability in sertraline clearance. The presence of the CYP2D6*2 polymorphism caused a 23.1% decrease in sertraline clearance, whereas patients with intermediate and poor phenotype of CYP2C19 showed 19.06% and 48.26% decreases in sertraline clearance, respectively. The model was internally validated by bootstrap and visual predictive check. Finally, stochastic simulations were performed to propose dosing regimens to achieve therapeutic levels that contribute to improving treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipopeptides are an important class of biomolecules for drug development. Compared with conventional acylation, a chemoselective lipidation strategy offers a more efficient strategy for late‐stage structural derivatisation of a peptide scaffold. It provides access to chemically diverse compounds possessing intriguing and non‐native moieties. Utilising an allenamide, we report the first semisynthesis of antimicrobial lipopeptides leveraging a highly efficient thia‐Michael addition of chemically diverse lipophilic thiols. Using chemoenzymatically prepared polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN) as a model scaffold, an optimised allenamide‐mediated thia‐Michael addition effected rapid and near quantitative lipidation, affording vinyl sulfide‐linked lipopeptide derivatives. Harnessing the utility of this new methodology, 22 lipophilic thiols of unprecedented chemical diversity were introduced to the PMBN framework. These included alkyl thiols, substituted aromatic thiols, heterocyclic thiols and those bearing additional functional groups (e.g. amines), ultimately yielding analogues with potent Gram‐negative antimicrobial activity and substantially attenuated nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, we report facile routes to transform the allenamide into a β‐keto amide on unprotected peptides, offering a powerful "jack‐of‐all‐trades" synthetic intermediate to enable further peptide modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a member of the family of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases (ADAM) ADAM8 is preferentially expressed in lymphatic organs, immune cells, and tumor cells. The substrate spectrum for ADAM8 proteolytic activity is not exclusive but is related to effectors of inflammation and signaling in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, complexes of ADAM8 with extracellular binding partners such as integrin β‐1 cause an extensive intracellular signaling in tumor cells, thereby activating kinase pathways with STAT3, ERK1/2, and Akt signaling, which causes increased cell survival and enhanced motility. The cytoplasmic domain of ADAM8 harbors five SRC homology‐3 (SH3) domains that can potentially interact with several proteins involved in actin dynamics and cell motility, including Myosin 1F (MYO1F), which is essential for neutrophil motility. The concept of ADAM8 thus involves immune cell recruitment, in most cases leading to an enhancement of inflammatory (asthma, COPD) and tumor (including pancreatic and breast cancers) pathologies. In this review, we report on available studies that qualify ADAM8 as a therapeutic target in different pathologies. As a signaling hub, ADAM8 controls extracellular, intracellular, and intercellular communication, the latter one mainly mediated by the release of extracellular vesicles with ADAM8 as cargo. Here, we will dissect the contribution of different domains to these distinct ways of communication in several pathologies. We conclude that therapeutic targeting attempts for ADAM8 should consider blocking more than a single domain and that this requires a thorough evaluation of potent molecules targeting ADAM8 in an in vivo setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a pilot landscape‐scale seismic survey undertaken in Apalachee Bay, Florida, across a submerged landscape that contains dozens of Pre‐Contact sites. In addition to the goals of improving the geophysical and remote sensing ground model for this submerged landscape, the survey also sought to undertake the first independent scientific test of the contentious ‘HALD’ methodology, an acoustic resonance method that it is claimed to identify knapped lithic artefacts at and/or below the seabed through the identification of distinct ‘haystack’ responses. The results of this work indicate that the HALD method, as currently described, produces results that could not be scientifically replicated in this survey. We conclude that any HALD ‘haystack’ signal should therefore not be considered as an example of detection of human‐modified lithic material but rather as a geophysical anomaly that requires additional constraints before it can be used to reliably identify human‐modified lithic materials. Thus, although the authors note that laboratory studies have successfully produced an acoustic signal in human‐modified lithics, the field‐based methods remain yet to be reliably determined. In addition to these results, the landscape mapping survey also recorded valuable information on buried and previously unrecorded landscape features that have archaeological significance and that may guide future site prospection. We therefore conclude that despite the results of the HALD test, the well‐preserved submerged landscape of Apalachee Bay region provides a highly useful testing ground for methods that can be deployed elsewhere globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclisation of peptides by forming thioether (lanthionine), disulfide (cystine) or methylene thioacetal bridges between side chains is established as an important tool to stabilise a given structure, enhance metabolic stability and optimise both potency and selectivity. However, a systematic comparative study of the effects of differing bridging modalities on peptide conformation has not previously been carried out. In this paper, we have used the NMR deconvolution algorithm, NAMFIS, to determine the conformational ensembles, in aqueous solution, of three cyclic analogues of angiotensin(1–7), incorporating either disulfide, or non‐reducible thioether or methylene thioacetal bridges. We demonstrate that the major solution conformations are conserved between the different bridged peptides, but the distribution of conformations differs appreciably. This suggests that subtle differences in ring size and bridging structure can be exploited to fine‐tune the conformational properties of cyclic peptides, which may modulate their bioactivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Ramping' is a commonly used term in contemporary Australian healthcare. It is also a part of the public and political zeitgeist. However, its precise definition varies among sources. In the published literature, there are distinctions between related terms, such as 'entry overload' and 'Patient Off Stretcher Time Delay'. How ramping is defined and how it came to be defined have significance for policies and procedures relating to the described phenomenon. Through examination of the history of the term, insights are obtained into the underlying issues contributing to ramping and, accordingly, associated possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We aimed to test the hypothesis that a high‐salt diet (HS) impairs NO signaling in kidney microvascular endothelial cells through a histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)‐dependent mechanism. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed normal salt diet (NS; 0.49% NaCl) or HS (4% NaCl) for 2 weeks. NO signaling was assessed by measuring L‐NAME induced vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole using the blood perfused juxtamedullary nephron (JMN) preparation. In this preparation, kidneys were perfused with blood from a donor rat on a matching or different diet to that of the kidney donor. Kidney endothelial cells were isolated with magnetic activated cell sorting and HDAC1 activity was measured. Results: We found HS‐induced impaired NO signaling in the afferent arteriole. This was restored by inhibition of HDAC1 with MS‐275. Consistent with these findings, HDAC1 activity was increased in kidney endothelial cells. We further found the loss of NO to be dependent upon the diet of the blood donor rather than the diet of the kidney donor and the plasma from HS‐fed rats to be sufficient to induce impaired NO signaling. This indicates the presence of a humoral factor we termed plasma‐derived endothelial dysfunction mediator (PDEM). Pretreatment with the antioxidants, PEG‐SOD and PEG‐catalase, as well as the NOS cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, restored NO signaling. Conclusion: We conclude that HS activates endothelial HDAC1 through PDEM leading to decreased NO signaling. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which a HS decreases renal microvascular endothelial NO signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive functions (EFs) in early childhood are predictors of later developmental outcomes and school readiness. Much of the research on EFs and their psychosocial correlates has been conducted in high‐income, minority world countries, which represent a small and biased portion of children globally. The aim of this study is to examine EFs among children aged 3–5 years in two African countries, South Africa (SA) and The Gambia (GM), and to explore shared and distinct predictors of EFs in these settings. The SA sample (N = 243, 51.9% female) was recruited from low‐income communities within the Cape Town Metropolitan area. In GM, participants (N = 171, 49.7% female) were recruited from the rural West Kiang region. EFs, working memory (WM), inhibitory control (IC) and cognitive flexibility (CF), were measured using tablet‐based tasks. Associations between EF task performance and indicators of socioeconomic status (household assets, caregiver education) and family enrichment factors (enrichment activities, diversity of caregivers) were assessed. Participants in SA scored higher on all EF tasks, but children in both sites predominantly scored within the expected range for their age. There were no associations between EFs and household or familial variables in SA, except for a trend‐level association between caregiver education and CF. Patterns were similar in GM, where there was a trend‐level association between WM and enrichment activities but no other relationships. We challenge the postulation that children in low‐income settings have poorer EFs, simply due to lower socioeconomic status, but highlight the need to identify predictors of EFs in diverse, global settings. Research Highlights: Assessed Executive Functioning (EF) skills and their psychosocial predictors among pre‐school aged children (aged 3–5 years) in two African settings (The Gambia and South Africa).On average, children within each setting performed within the expected range for their age, although children in South Africa had higher scores across tasks.There was little evidence of any association between socioeconomic variables and EFs in either site.Enrichment activities were marginally associated with better working memory in The Gambia, and caregiver education with cognitive flexibility in South Africa, both associations were trend‐level significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black and female landowners, two of the largest groups of underserved landowners in the southeastern US, have considerably less land enrolled in the US Department of Agriculture's Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) than White and male landowners. The reasons for this discrepancy are complex and interrelated. Previous studies approached different facets of this problem using a variety of methods and analyses. Here, we conducted a synthetic literature review that demonstrates how the intertwined ecological, economic, and cultural concerns of underserved landowners influence their decisions about potential land conversion in the context of CRP requirements. Other studies have rarely considered such relevant factors as the sociocultural importance of land to underserved populations or the links between the limited participation of these groups in the CRP and historical racism and sexism in land management industries and agencies. Explicitly addressing these issues will help promote conservation equity in the CRP and other conservation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows. The proposed systematic review is an update to, and extension of, Lipsey et al. (2007). As such we build on their previous aims to: (i) Assess and synthesise the overall impact of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) on offender recidivism; (ii) Examine possible sources of variability in the effectiveness of CBT. Data permitting, we will examine if the effectiveness of CBT varies by: (a) Characteristics of the CBT intervention (e.g., cognitive restructuring vs. cognitive skills training, group v. individual implementation; and/or custodial v. community setting, and/or), (b) Characteristics of the population (e.g., juveniles vs. adult offenders), (c) Implementation factors (e.g., implementing practitioner, use of structured/manualised approaches, delivery mode, and/or programme duration or intensity), (d) Evaluation methods (e.g., randomised vs. non‐randomised research designs); (iv) Determine whether there is a decline in the effect of CBT on recidivism over time; and (v) Investigate whether there is an interaction between implementation factors and time in terms of the effect on recidivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter of the New York City Panel on Climate Change 4 (NPCC4) report discusses the many intersecting social, ecological, and technological‐infrastructure dimensions of New York City (NYC) and their interactions that are critical to address in order to transition to and secure a climate‐adapted future for all New Yorkers. The authors provide an assessment of current approaches to "future visioning and scenarios" across community and city‐level initiatives and examine diverse dimensions of the NYC urban system to reduce risk and vulnerability and enable a future‐adapted NYC. Methods for the integration of community and stakeholder ideas about what would make NYC thrive with scientific and technical information on the possibilities presented by different policies and actions are discussed. This chapter synthesizes the state of knowledge on how different communities of scholarship or practice envision futures and provides brief descriptions of the social‐demographic and housing, transportation, energy, nature‐based, and health futures and many other subsystems of the complex system of NYC that will all interact to determine NYC futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global average daily minimum temperatures are increasing at a quicker pace than the average daily maximum temperatures, which are predicted to increase in severity impacting global food production. This study focuses on elucidating the physiological and transcriptional response to high night‐time temperature (HNT) stress in 12 US commercial maize (Zea mays) hybrids using unique field‐based infrastructure. Our experimental objectives were to (i) impose an accurate and uniformly distributed post‐flowering HNT stress of +4.0°C until physiological maturity, (ii) quantify the impact of HNT stress on physiological and yield‐related traits, (iii) establish the impact on end‐use quality of maize kernels formed under HNT stress, and (iv) analyze the differential expression of genes involved in grain starch metabolism. Accurate and uniformly distributed HNT stress of 3.8°C higher than the ambient night‐time temperature throughout the grain‐filling period reduced yield (−14%), kernel weight (−8%), and significantly reduced kernel nutrient content, specifically magnesium in the susceptible hybrids. HNT significantly increased the expression of key genes involved in starch metabolism in the tolerant hybrid. Although HNT stress had a negative impact on yield and quality in field grown maize, two hybrids had physiological and transcriptional regulation that favored higher level of resilience which lays the platform for developing climate smart maize hybrids. Core Ideas: High night‐time temperature (HNT) stress significantly reduced yield (−14%) and kernel weight (−8%).HNT had a negative impact on grain quality properties such as starch content (−10%).A differential transcriptional regulation of starch metabolism was observed in hybrids under HNT stress.Agronomic and genetic mechanisms for HNT tolerance exist among current commercial hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effective alcohol and other drugs (AODs) treatment has been proven to increase productivity and reduce costs to the community. Telehealth has previously been proven effective at delivering AOD treatment in the right settings. Yet, Australia's current Medicare funding restricts telephone consultations. Aim: We hypothesise that treatment modality influences attendance rates. Specifically, telephone consultations can remove barriers to accessing treatment and, therefore, can increase attendance. Methods: We conducted a retrospective audit on our addiction medicine specialist outpatient service from 1 July 2022 to 30 June 2023. A mixed‐effects logistic regression model was used to analyse factors associated with attendance rates. Results: There were 576 participants in the study, and 3354 appointments were booked over the 12‐month study period. Of these, 2695 were face‐to‐face, 541 were telephone and 118 were video. The unadjusted raw attendance rate was highest in the telephone group (87.24%), followed by face‐to‐face (73.02%) and video (44.92%). After adjusting for covariates, telephone consultation was associated with significantly increased odds of attending compared to face‐to‐face (odds ratio (OR) = 2.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.90–3.54, P < 0.001). Video consultation was associated with a 69% reduction in the odds of attending compared to face‐to‐face (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.019–0.49, P < 0.001). Conclusions: While physical attendance may be required for specific clinical care, telephone consultations are associated with increased attendance and can form an important adjunct to delivering addiction treatment. Given the substantial costs of substance use disorders, this could inform government policies and funding priorities to further improve access and treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Food allergy can be life‐threatening and often develops early in life. In infants and children, loss‐of‐function mutations in skin barrier genes associate with food allergy. In a mouse model with skin barrier mutations (Flakey Tail, FT+/− mice), topical epicutaneous sensitization to a food allergen peanut extract (PNE), an environmental allergen Alternaria alternata (Alt) and a detergent induce food allergy and then an oral PNE‐challenge induces anaphylaxis. Exposures to these allergens and detergents can occur for infants and children in a household setting. From the clinical and preclinical studies of neonates and children with skin barrier mutations, early oral exposure to allergenic foods before skin sensitization may induce tolerance to food allergens and thus protect against development of food allergy. In the FT+/− mice, oral food allergen prior to skin sensitization induce tolerance to food allergens. However, when the skin of FT+/− pups are exposed to a ubiquitous environmental allergen at the time of oral consumption of food allergens, this blocks the induction of tolerance to the food allergen and the mice can then be skin sensitized with the food allergen. The development of food allergy in neonatal FT+/− mice is mediated by altered skin responses to allergens with increases in skin expression of interleukin 33, oncostatin M and amphiregulin. The development of neonate food allergy is enhanced when born to an allergic mother, but it is inhibited by maternal supplementation with α‐tocopherol. Moreover, preclinical studies suggest that food allergen skin sensitization can occur before manifestation of clinical features of atopic dermatitis. Thus, these parameters may impact design of clinical studies for food allergy, when stratifying individuals by loss of skin barrier function or maternal atopy before offspring development of atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aimed to understand the experience of and identify the motivations for parents participating in health research for their children with medical complexity (CMC). Patient‐oriented research strategies are increasingly important in health research to ensure that the voices of patients and parents help shape and direct research programmes. To bring a family‐centred and patient‐oriented focus to our research and objectives, we asked parents about their experiences when they participated in healthcare research related to their child with CMC. Methods: A parent partner, who also has a CMC, interviewed 12 parents (11 mothers and 1 father) of children living with medical complexity to understand their motivations to participate in healthcare research for their child. The parent partner conducted and transcribed the interviews and led our data analysis. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to inform our data coding and analytic process. Results: Parents described numerous reasons for their participation in research about their children. These motivations landed within four main themes: feeling helpless and hopeful, child‐centred motivation, being part of something good and forming a relationship with the research team. In addition to these themes, parents highlighted factors that influenced their ability or desire to participate, such as time, capacity and the level of invasiveness for their child. Ultimately, the reflections by parents emphasized their unique lives in caring for their CMC and the need to integrate their lived experiences with the research they engage in. Conclusion: This study offers important insights for healthcare teams who want to engage parents of CMC to participate in research. Understanding parents' motivation to participate in research can help researchers create richer engagement and more meaningful experiences for themselves and their participants, thereby bolstering research programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers' racial biases can impact disparities in their perceptions and expectations of students and contribute to inequitable student outcomes. Therefore, interventions that train teachers on strategies for reducing racial biases may hold promise for mitigating inequities. However, research on bias‐reduction interventions in applied contexts is limited and has not focused on examining the implementation of specific strategies or the implementation context. In this study, we used mixed methodology to examine the extent to which teachers (n = 43) use four bias‐reduction strategies, called equity levers (i.e., seeking commonalities, gaining perspective, gathering facts to disprove assumptions, and knowing your vulnerabilities), which are embedded into a student–teacher relationship intervention called Equity‐Explicit Establish‐Maintain‐Restore. In addition, we explored whether any features of the school context support or hinder their implementation of these strategies. We found that teachers implemented the four equity levers and reported increased implementation of these strategies over time. We found quantitative and qualitative evidence of the importance of a strong implementation climate for supporting teachers' use of the equity levers, where teachers collectively value implementing the program and collaborating with one another. This study has implications for both the promise of four specific strategies that can be incorporated into other teacher training to reduce racial bias as well as the importance of establishing strong contextual supports to ensure the successful implementation of equity‐focused strategies. Practitioner Points: Teachers implemented four bias‐reduction strategies that were embedded in a student–teacher relationship intervention for ninth‐grade classrooms.Teachers increased their use of these strategies over the course of the school year.The implementation climate, including connections and collaborations with other teachers, supported their use of the bias‐reduction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As climate change transforms marine environments globally, species distributions correspondingly shift to locations where conditions have become or remain favourable. The ability to model these distributional shifts has been facilitated by species distribution models (SDMs). However, current SDM approaches have largely ignored climate‐driven changes in species interactions, which ultimately can have an important influence on species distributions. In this study, we utilize a long‐term, large‐scale dataset spanning 48 years and approximately 30 degrees latitude across the Canadian Atlantic shelf. We examine how climate influences the distribution and predation patterns of two invertebrates, northern shrimp Pandalus borealis and snow crab Chionoecetes opilio, aiming to evaluate the impacts of climate change on prey distributions. We found that both invertebrate species have a pronounced predicted response to climate change, with a northern shift in the distribution of northern shrimp and an overall reduction in abundance of both snow crab and shrimp associated with warming temperatures. Including predatory interactions as predictors in the SDMs (either directly via predator densities or via estimated predation rates) improved prediction accuracy for northern shrimp but not for snow crab. This is consistent with the ecology of these two species, as northern shrimp is more vulnerable to predation than snow crab. We found that the projections of future northern shrimp distributions are sensitive to the predicted spatial distribution and abundance of predators, highlighting the inherent complexity of predicting species response to climate change. Collectively, these results contribute to a broader literature that seeks to improve the capabilities of models to predict the effects of species interactions on species distributions under changing ecological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Plants synthesize an array of volatile compounds, many of which serve ecological roles in attracting pollinators, deterring herbivores, and communicating with their surroundings. Methyl anthranilate (MeAA) is an anti‐herbivory defensive volatile responsible for grape aroma that is emitted by several agriculturally relevant plants, including citrus, grapes, and maize. Unlike maize, which uses a one‐step anthranilate methyltransferase (AAMT), grapes have been thought to use a two‐step pathway for MeAA biosynthesis. By mining available transcriptomics data, we identified two AAMTs in Vitis vinifera (wine grape), as well as one ortholog in "Concord" grape. Many angiosperms methylate the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) to produce methyl salicylate, which acts as a plant‐to‐plant communication molecule. Because the Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) SA methyltransferase can methylate both anthranilate (AA) and SA, we used this enzyme to examine the molecular basis of AA activity by introducing rational mutations, which identified several active site residues that increase activity with AA. Reversing this approach, we introduced mutations that imparted activity with SA in the maize AAMT, which uncovered different active site residues from those in the citrus enzyme. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of the Vitis AAMTs shares an ancestor with jasmonic acid methyltransferases, similar to the AAMT from strawberry (Frageria sp.). Collectively, these data demonstrate the molecular mechanisms underpinning AA activity across methyltransferases and identify one‐step enzymes by which grapes synthesize MeAA. Significance Statement: While the two‐step pathway responsible for the biosynthesis of the grape aroma molecule, methyl anthranilate, has remained incomplete in Vitis spp., we identified two one‐step anthranilate methyltransferases in wine and one in "Concord" grapes that can methylate the tryptophan pathway intermediate anthranilate. Tracing the molecular basis of anthranilate activity in the maize and sweet orange methyltransferases uncovered distinct active site amino acids that impart substrate specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]