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Intelligent recognition of human positioning, posture, and hand‐gesture based on wireless electromagnetic (EM) induction has recently garnered widespread attention and is anticipated to find wide applications in various smart scenarios. Here a novel and robust hand gesture recognition method based on programmable topological metasurfaces is presented. By exploiting the programmability of surface waves by the topological metasurfaces, multi‐dimensional near‐field coupling pathways are flexibly constructed to extract the EM feature information corresponding to different hand gestures. An intelligent EM acquisition system that can rapidly capture the EM information of the topological metasurface for different gesture coupling conditions is built. The EM transmission data for thousands of gestures to train the neural network, which can achieve a recognition accuracy of more than 99% for 5 single‐hand gestures, and 25 two‐hand gesture combinations are experimentally collected. It is expected that the proposed scheme will advance the research in human body wireless sensing and promote the intelligent sensing applications of the topological metasurfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 to high‐value carbon‐based chemicals provides a sustainable approach to achieving an artificial carbon cycle. In the decade, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a kind of porous crystalline porous materials featuring well‐defined structures, large surface area, high porosity, diverse components, easy tailorability, and controllable morphology, have attracted considerable research attention, serving as electrocatalysts to drive CO2 reduction. In this review, the reaction mechanisms of electrochemical CO2 reduction and the structure/component advantages of MOFs meeting the requirements of electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction are analyzed. After that, the representative progress for the precise fabrication of MOF‐based electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction, focusing on catalytic site design and microenvironment modulation, are systemically summarized. Furthermore, the emerging applications and promising research for more practical scenarios related to electrochemical CO2 conversion are specifically proposed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future outlook of MOFs for electrochemical CO2 reduction are further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abnormal overexpression of FLT3 kinase is intimately associated with pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), positioning FLT3 inhibitors as pivotal therapeutic agents. Despite the availability of three FDA‐approved FLT3 inhibitors, their clinical utility is hampered by resistance stemming from tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutations. Through an integrative analysis of case studies, we identified a potential advantage of type I FLT3 inhibitors in overcoming TKD mutation‐induced resistance. Structure–activity relationships (SAR) analysis indicated that FW‐1 exhibited over 50% inhibition against FLT3 at a concentration of 1 μM and demonstrated potent activity against AML cell lines MV4‐11 (IC50 = 2.68 μM) and MOLM‐13 (IC50 = 1.03 μM). In our cellular mechanistic studies, FW‐1 also effectively induced apoptosis by arresting cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 phase. This study introduces FW‐1 as a promising lead for type I FLT3 inhibitor, warranting further optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological metasurfaces based on the quantum valley Hall effect have garnered attention for their ability to enable novel physical phenomena. However, the propagation characteristics of flexible topological metasurfaces under bending and folding remain underexplored, leaving open questions about the behaviors of topological edge states in these configurations. This study investigates edge‐state propagation and frequency response in topological insulator metasurfaces under varying degrees of circular bending and dihedral folding. A flexible topological insulator is designed, fabricated, and tested with a passband between 4.4 and −4.6 GHz, monitoring how its transmission passband changes as the curvature radius decreases from 400 to 100 mm. Simulations and experimental measurements reveal how the transmission frequency response and near‐field distribution evolve as the metasurface undergoes folding from 90° to 30°. Results show that both the topological passband and transmission gradually vary with reduced folding angles, while arc‐shaped bending minimally affects the propagation path, though the passband narrows slightly with increased curvature. To illustrate the impact, metasurface communication performance between planar and folded configurations (90° to 30°) is compared, observing a notable performance drop after folding. This study aims to enhance the understanding of edge‐state properties in topological systems under deformation and promote further advancements in flexible topological devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological photonic insulators serve as highways for light propagation, enabling photons to be transported with topological protection and enriching the understanding of light‐matter interactions. However, the prohibitive fabrication and non‐reconfigurable functionality of current topological photonics seriously hinder its practical applications. Here, a revolutionary concept of phase‐transition photonic brick is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which can be regarded as an ideal building block to develop reconfigurable highways for light propagations. The proposed modular photonic brick not only integrates the inherent benefits of both passive and active topological photonics, but also offers previously unattainable superiority, including flexible scalability, deformability, detachability, and recyclability. Leveraging these benefits, this work provides a groundbreaking topological platform that balances the reconfigurability, multifunctionality, low electrical energy consumption, and low device fabrication cost. By unlocking the potential of recyclable photonic bricks, the work represents a significant step toward realizing the extensive and sustainable practical applications of topological photonics in information processing, computing, communications, and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at analyzing, evaluating, and optimizing the pectin hydrolysis process to improve the quality of carbonated beverages made from red dragon fruit combined with mint flavor. Red dragon fruit, rich in nutrients and antioxidants, presents challenges in beverage processing due to its high pectin content, which affects clarity and anthocyanin stability. The research investigates the impact of various parameters, including enzyme concentration, hydrolysis time, and temperature, on juice clarity and anthocyanin content. Using a central composite design model, optimal conditions were determined to maximize juice clarity and anthocyanin content. Sensory evaluation during the blending process was also conducted to assess consumer acceptance, focusing on clarity, color, flavor, taste, and total acceptability. The optimum conditions were found to yield maximum clarity (52.763%) and anthocyanin content (224.414 mg C3G/L). Sensory evaluation indicated that 20% dragon fruit juice concentration with 0.12% citric acid, 13°Bx, and 0.30% mint flavor provided the best consumer acceptance. This research demonstrates the potential for producing high‐quality, appealing, and nutritious carbonated beverages from red dragon fruit, contributing to healthier and more sustainable consumption trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylamide (AAM), a compound extensively utilized in various industrial applications, has been reported to induce toxic effects across multiple tissues in living organisms. Despite its widespread use, the impact of AAM on ovarian function and the mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. Here, we established an AAM‐exposed mouse toxicological model using 21 days of intragastric AAM administration. AAM exposure decreased ovarian coefficient and impaired follicle development. Further investigations revealed AAM would trigger apoptosis and disturb tricarboxylic acid cycle in ovarian tissue, thus affecting mitochondrial electron transport function. Moreover, AAM exposure decreased oocyte and embryo development potential, mechanically associated with pericentrin and phosphorylated Aurora A cluster failure, leading to meiotic spindle assembly defects. Collectively, these results suggest that AAM exposure may lead to apoptosis, glucose metabolic disorders, and mitochondrial dysfunction in ovary tissue, ultimately compromising oocyte quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease, pathologically characterized by TDP‐43 aggregates. Recent evidence has been indicated that phosphorylated TDP‐43 (pTDP‐43) is present not only in motor neurons but also in muscle tissues. However, it is unclear whether testing pTDP‐43 aggregation in muscle tissue would assist in the diagnosis of ALS. We propose three key questions: (i) Is aggregation of pTDP‐43 detectable in routine biopsied muscles? (ii) Can detection of pTDP‐43 aggregation discriminate between ALS and non‐ALS patients? (iii) Can pTDP‐43 aggregation be observed in the early stages of ALS? We conducted a diagnostic study comprising 2 groups: an ALS group in which 18 cases underwent muscle biopsy screened from a registered ALS cohort consisting of 802 patients and a non‐ALS control group, in which we randomly selected 54 muscle samples from a biospecimen bank of 684 patients. Among the 18 ALS patients, 3 patients carried pathological GGGGCC repeats in the C9ORF72 gene, 2 patients carried SOD1 mutations, and 7 patients were at an early stage with only one body region clinically affected. The pTDP‐43 accumulation could be detected in routine biopsied muscles, including biceps brachii, deltoid, tibialis anterior, and quadriceps. Abnormal aggregation of pTDP‐43 was present in 94.4% of ALS patients (17/18) compared to 29.6% of non‐ALS controls (16/54; p < 0.001). The pTDP‐43 aggregates were mainly close to the sarcolemma. Using a semi‐quantified pTDP‐43 aggregates score, we applied a cut‐off value of 3 as a diagnostic biomarker, resulting in a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 83.3%. Moreover, we observed that accumulation of pTDP‐43 occurred in muscle tissues prior to clinical symptoms and electromyographic lesions. Our study provides proof‐of‐concept for the detection of pTDP‐43 accumulation via routine muscle biopsy which may serve as a novel biomarker for diagnosis of ALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regionalization is the basic feature of cruise shipping network organization. We insist that the cruise networks of Alaska, Hawaii, etc., have developed into a whole with the scaling up of cruise tourism. To prove it, we used complex network analysis methods to explore the port connections and the spatial structure of the cruise shipping network in these regions. We found that Alaska, Hawaii, and the west coast of Mexico all belong to seasonal cruise market areas. Cruise itineraries in these areas are categorized into one‐way and round‐trip itineraries, and more than 70% of the itineraries are short duration and medium duration. These areas build cruise shipping networks used in Vancouver, Los Angeles, Anchorage, San Francisco, Honolulu, and other cruise ports, which can be subdivided into nine single‐core cruise shipping network systems and two dual‐core cruise shipping network systems. The interconnection of different systems forms a T‐shaped cruise shipping network in geographical space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The anterior and lateral position of the anterolateral papillary muscle (ALPM) has found to be reached with better catheter stability and less mechanical bumping via the transseptal (TS) compared to the retrograde aortic (RA) approach. The aim of this study is to compare the TS and RA approaches on mapping and ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) arising from ALPMs. Methods: Thirty‐two patients with ALPM‐VAs undergoing mapping and ablation via the TS approach were included and compared with 31 patients via the RA approach within the same period. Acute success was compared, as well as other outcomes including misinterpreted mapping results due to bumping, radiofrequency (RF) attempts, procedural time and success rate at 12‐month follow‐up. Results: Acute success was achieved in more cases in the TS group (96.4% vs. 72.0%, p =.020). During activation mapping, bump‐provoked premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) misinterpreted as clinical PVCs were more common in the RA group (30.0% vs. 58.3%, p =.036), leading to more RF attempts (3.5 ± 2.7 vs. 7.2 ± 6.8, p =.006). Suppression of VAs were finally achieved in the unsuccessful cases by changing to the alternative approach, but the procedural time was significantly less in the TS group (90.0 ± 33.0 vs. 113.7 ± 41.1 min, p =.027) with less need to change the approach, although follow‐up success rates were similar (75.0% vs. 71.0%, p =.718). Conclusion: A TS rather than RA approach as the initial approach appears to facilitate mapping and ablation of ALPM‐VAs, specifically by decreasing the possibility of misleading mapping results caused by bump‐provoked PVC, and increase the acute success rate thereby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite docetaxel combined with cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil (TPF) being the established treatment for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), there are patients who do not respond positively to this form of therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying this lack of benefit remain unclear. DCAF7 is identified as a chemoresistance gene attenuating the response to TPF therapy in NPC patients. DCAF7 promotes the cisplatin resistance and metastasis of NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, DCAF7 serves as a scaffold protein that facilitates the interaction between USP10 and G3BP1, leading to the elimination of K48‐linked ubiquitin moieties from Lys76 of G3BP1. This process helps prevent the degradation of G3BP1 via the ubiquitin‒proteasome pathway and promotes the formation of stress granule (SG)‐like structures. Moreover, knockdown of G3BP1 successfully reversed the formation of SG‐like structures and the oncogenic effects of DCAF7. Significantly, NPC patients with increased levels of DCAF7 showed a high risk of metastasis, and elevated DCAF7 levels are linked to an unfavorable prognosis. The study reveals DCAF7 as a crucial gene for cisplatin resistance and offers further understanding of how chemoresistance develops in NPC. The DCAF7‐USP10‐G3BP1 axis contains potential targets and biomarkers for NPC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumorous bone defects present significant challenges for surgical bio‐reconstruction due to the dual pathological conditions of residual tumor presence and extensive bone loss following excision surgery. To address this challenge, a "thermal switch" smart bone scaffold based on the silicene nanosheet‐modified decalcified bone matrix (SNS@DBM) is developed by leveraging the natural affinity between collagen and silicene, which is elucidated by molecular dynamics simulations. Benefitting from its exceptional photothermal ability, biodegradability, and bioactivity, the SNS@DBM "thermal switch" provides an integrated postoperative sequential thermotherapy for tumorous bone loss by exerting three levels of photothermal stimulation (i.e., strong, moderate, and nonstimulation). During the different phases of postoperative bioconstruction, the SNS@DBM scaffold realizes simultaneous residual tumor ablation, tumor recurrence prevention, and bone tissue regeneration. These biological effects are verified in the tumor‐bearing nude mice of patient‐derived tissue xenografts and critical cranium defect rats. Mechanism research prompts moderate heat stimulus generated by and coordinating with SNSs can upregulate osteogenic genes, promote macrophages M2 polarization, and intensify angiogenesis of H‐type vessels. This study introduces a versatile approach to the management of tumorous bone defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago lanceolata has been increasingly cultivated in recent years as a forage crop due to its high feeding quality, good adaptability and medicinal benefits. Between 2015 and 2023, Alternaria leaf spot (ALS), appearing as reddish‐brown necrotic spots with a greyish white to pale brown centre, was commonly observed in two forage germplasm nurseries of P. lanceolata of Sichuan Province, China. Initially, 139 Alternaria strains were isolated from leaf lesions, and then identified using the identity of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences in the NCBI database and the similarity of morphological characteristics. By pure culture technique, six representative isolates were finally obtained for the present study. Based on both multilocus phylogeny (SSU, LSU, ITS, gapdh, rpb2, tef1, endoPG, OPA10‐2, alt a 1, KOG1058 and KOG1077) and morphology, four Alternaria species were identified: three new records of A. alternata, A. arborescens species complex and A. gossypina on this host in China, belonging to section Alternaria, and a new species of section Porri, namely, A. lanceolatae sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests by inoculation on both detached leaves and whole plants revealed that A. lanceolatae was the most important causal agent of ALS, while the other three species were nonpathogenic to P. lanceolata. This study characterized a novel pathogenic Alternaria species of section Porri from P. lanceolata in China and could contribute as useful research for possible ALS management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grassland caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Lymantriinae: Gynaephora) are the most damaging pests to alpine meadows in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Here, we conducted extensive sampling from 39 geographic populations covering almost the entire distribution of the eight QTP Gynaephora (Hübner) species to investigate phylogeographic patterns and speciation based on two mitochondrial genes (COI and ND5). A total of 40 haplotypes were detected in the 39 populations, with >70% of all haplotypes not shared between populations. The monophyletic QTP Gynaephora migrated from non‐QTP regions during the Pliocene, corresponding to the uplift of the QTP, suggesting a mode of transport into the QTP. Among the eight QTP Gynaephora species described by morphological characteristics, two species (G. alpherakii and G. menyuanensis) were recovered as monophyletic groups (Clades B and C), while the remaining six formed two monophyletic clades: Clade A (G. qinghaiensis, G. jiuzhiensis, and G. qumalaiensis) and Clade D (G. aureata, G. ruoergensis, and G. minora). These results suggested that the number of the QTP Gynaephora species may be overestimated and further studies based on both morphological and nuclear gene data are needed. Genetic differentiation and speciation of the QTP Gynaephora were likely driven by the QTP uplifts and associated climate fluctuations during the Pleistocene, indicated by divergence time estimation, suggesting that isolation and subsequent divergence was the dominant mode of speciation. The Sanjiangyuan region (i.e., Clade A, characterized by high genetic diversity) may have been a glacial refugium of the QTP Gynaephora, as supported by analyses of gene flow and biogeography. High levels of genetic diversity were found in QTP Gynaephora, without population expansion, which may explain the high‐altitude adaptation and outbreaks of grassland caterpillars in alpine meadows of the QTP. This study provides the largest phylogeographic analysis of QTP Gynaephora and improves our understanding of the diversity and speciation of QTP insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunnelling in complex geological strata is a challenging task that can affect the performance of shield machines and result in unexpected hazards. Therefore, extensive knowledge of unfavourable environments and shield operational parameters is essential for ensuring successful and safe tunnelling. This study aims to analyse the geological and hydrological conditions of the Chunfeng Tunnel and present the key construction technologies of a large slurry shield machine when crossing complex strata. To this end, attempts were made to (i) discuss the geological and environmental challenges encountered during the tunnelling process and present some early interpretations based on the database information, (ii) analyse the factors affecting tunnel performance and simulate the ground surface settlement along the tunnel alignment and (iii) discuss the countermeasures under adverse ground conditions and propose future directions. The results revealed that tunnelling in fault zones with soft upper and hard lower strata led to severe wear of disc cutters and controlling the tunnelling parameters could provide a suitable method for adjusting the construction process. This study leveraged extensive experience gained during tunnelling using a large slurry shield machine, with special emphasis on mixed ground strata, by providing valuable insights and suggested responses for effective tunnelling strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the presence of astrocyte antibodies in patients, excluding aquaporin‐4 or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies, while evaluating associated biomarkers and pathologies. Methods: Patient serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were tested for antibodies using tissue‐ and cell‐based assays. Neurofilament light chain (NFL) and GFAP in the CSF were detected using single‐molecule array (SIMOA). Results: 116 patients accepted SIMOA. Fifteen functional neurological disorders patients without antibodies were designated as controls. Thirty‐five patients were positive for astrocyte antibodies (Anti‐GFAP: 7; Anti‐AQP4: 7; unknown antibodies: 21, designed as the double‐negative group, DNAP). The most frequent phenotype of DNAP was encephalitis (42.9%), followed by myelitis (23.8%), movement disorders (19.0%), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis‐like (ALS‐like) disease (14.2%). The levels of CSF GFAP and NFL in DNAP were higher than in the control (GFAP: 1967.29 [776.60–13214.47] vs 475.38 [16.80–943.60] pg/mL, p < 0.001; NFL: 549.11 [162.08–2462.61] vs 214.18 [81.60–349.60] pg/mL, p = 0.002). GFAP levels decreased in DNAP (n = 5) after immunotherapy (2446.75 [1583.45–6277.33] vs 1380.46 [272.16–2005.80] pg/mL, p = 0.043), while there was no difference in NFL levels (2273.78 [162.08–2462.61] vs 890.42 [645.06–3168.06] pg/mL, p = 0.893). Two brain biopsy patterns were observed: one exhibited prominent tissue proliferation and hypertrophic astrocytes, with local loss of astrocytes, while the other showed severe astrocyte depletion with loss of neurofilaments around the vessels. Eighteen patients received immunotherapy, and improved except one with ALS‐like symptoms. We identified anti‐vimentin in this patient. Discussion: There are unidentified astrocyte antibodies. The manifestations of double‐negativity are heterogeneous; nevertheless, the pathology and biomarkers remain consistent with astrocytopathy. Immunotherapy is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous SiC fibers with excellent mechanical properties and high‐temperature resistance possess immense potential as reinforcements for aeroengines. In this work, we prepared functionalized boron nitride nanosheet (F‐BNNS) composite SiC (F‐BNNS/SiC) fibers by polymer‐derived method. Due to the existence of F‐BNNS, the F‐BNNS/SiC fibers demonstrate an improved tensile strength up to 2300 MPa, representing a 25% increase compared to the original SiC fibers. Furthermore, owing to the chemical bonds established between the F‐BNNS and the SiCxOy network, the decomposition of the SiCxOy amorphous phase and the crystallization of SiC at high temperatures is effectively suppressed. The F‐BNNS/SiC fibers exhibit improved high‐temperature resistance, maintaining a tensile strength of 720 MPa up to 1500°C, while the SiC fibers completely degraded under the same conditions. The successful preparation of BNNS/SiC fibers may offer new insights into the performance enhancement of advanced ceramic fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in high‐entropy inorganic compounds originates from their ability to stabilize cations and anions in local environments that rarely occur at standard temperature and pressure. This leads to new crystalline phases in many‐cation formulations with structures and properties that depart from conventional trends. The highest‐entropy homogeneous and random solid solution is a parent structure from which a continuum of lower‐entropy offspring can originate by adopting chemical and/or structural order. This report demonstrates how synthesis conditions, thermal history, and elastic and chemical boundary conditions conspire to regulate this process in Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2O, during which coherent CuO nanotweeds and spinel nanocuboids evolve. We do so by combining structured synthesis routes, atomic‐resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, density functional theory, and a phase field modeling framework that accurately predicts the emergent structure and local chemistry. This establishes a framework to appreciate, understand, and predict the macrostate spectrum available to a high‐entropy system that is critical to rationalizing property engineering opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Homeotic complex (Hox) genes play a crucial role in determining segment identity and appendage morphology in bilaterian animals along the antero‐posterior axis. Recent studies have expanded to agricultural pests such as fall armyworm (FAW), scientifically known as Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which significantly threatens global agricultural productivity. However, the specific role of the hox gene Sfabd‐B in FAW remains unexplored. This research investigates the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Sfabd‐B in various tissues at different developmental stages using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Additionally, we explored the potential function of the Sfabd‐B gene located in the FAW genome using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The larval mutant phenotypes can be classified into three subgroups as compared with wild‐type individuals, that is, an excess of pedis in the posterior abdomen, deficient pedis due to segmental fusion and deviations in the posterior abdominal segments. Importantly, significant differences in mutant phenotypes between male and female individuals were also evident during the pupal and adult phases. Notably, both the decapentaplegic (dpp) and cuticular protein 12 (cp 12) genes displayed a substantial marked decrease in expression levels in the copulatory organ of male mutants and the ovipositor of female mutants compared with the wild type. These findings highlight the importance of Sfabd‐B in genital tract patterning, providing a potential target for improving genetic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Torus Palatinus (TP) is a common trait with an unclear aetiology. Although prior studies suggest a hereditary component, the genetic factors that influence TP risk remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to identify genetic variants associated with TP. Materials and Methods: We assessed the TP status of 829 individuals from various ancestral backgrounds using 3D palate scans. We then carried out a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) to identify common variants associated with TP. We also performed gene‐based tests across the exome to investigate the role of low‐frequency coding variants. Results: Our GWAS did not identify any genome‐wide significant signals but identified suggestive associations including hits on chromosomes 2, 5 and 17 with p‐values less than 5 × 10−6. Candidate genes at these suggestive loci have been implicated in normal‐range craniofacial features, syndromes with facial and oral malformations, and bone density. We did not find evidence that low‐frequency coding variants influence TP risk. In addition, we failed to replicate associations identified in prior genetic studies of TP. Conclusion: These findings suggest that multiple genes likely influence the development of TP. Independent replication will be required to confirm our suggestive associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean (Glycine max) is the single most important global source of vegetable protein. Yield improvements per unit land area are needed to avoid further expansion onto natural systems. Mesophyll conductance (gm) quantifies the ease with which CO2 can diffuse from the sub‐stomatal cavity to Rubisco. Increasing gm is attractive since it increases photosynthesis without increasing water use. Most measurements of gm have been made during steady‐state light saturated photosynthesis. In field crop canopies, light fluctuations are frequent and the speed with which gm can increase following shade to sun transitions affects crop carbon gain. Is there variability in gm within soybean germplasm? If so, indirect selection may have indirectly increased gm during domestication and subsequent breeding for sustainability and yield. A modern elite cultivar (LD11) was compared with four ancestor accessions of Glycine soja from the assumed area of domestication by concurrent measurements of gas exchange and carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C). gm was a significant limitation to soybean photosynthesis both at steady state and through light induction but was twice the value of the ancestors in LD11. This corresponded to a substantial increase in leaf photosynthetic CO2 uptake and water use efficiency. Summary statement: Mesophyll conductance (gm) describes the ease of CO2 transfer from the sub‐stomatal cavity to Rubisco, improvement would increase photosynthesis without additional water loss. gm likely doubled in soybean domestication, suggesting variation within the germplasm for exploitation by direct selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycoris aurea, celebrated for its visually striking flowers and significant medicinal value due to the presence of alkaloids such as lycorine and galanthamine, has intricate yet poorly understood regulatory mechanisms. This study provides a detailed examination of the transcriptomic, metabolomic and ecological dynamics of L. aurea, aiming to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of alkaloid biosynthesis. Our comparative analysis across different ecological settings highlighted key genes involved in alkaloid biosynthesis, such as genes encoding aldehyde dehydrogenase and norbelladine 4′‐O‐methyltransferase, which were distinctively increased in the high alkaloids‐producing group. We identified a total of 6871 differentially expressed genes and 915 metabolites involved in pathways like terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. Protein interaction network analysis revealed significant upregulation of photosynthesis, photosystem and photosynthetic membrane pathways in the alkaloids‐producing region. Furthermore, our research delineated the interactions among soil microbial communities, genes and plant and soil biochemical properties, noting that bacterial populations correlate with soil properties that favour the activation of metabolic pathways essential for alkaloid production. Collectively, this study advances our understanding of the genetic and metabolic alkaloid biosynthesis pathways in L. aurea, shedding light on the complex interactions that govern alkaloid production. Summary statement: This study uncovers the molecular mechanisms behind alkaloid biosynthesis in Lycoris aurea, identifying key genes and metabolites involved in pathways like terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. The findings also reveal how soil microbial interactions affect alkaloid production in specific settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is a new bio‐meta‐heuristic algorithm presented to simulate the predatory humpback whales' behavior in the ocean. In previous studies, WOA has been observed to exhibit lower accuracy and slower convergence rates. In this paper, we propose an improved the WOA by innovatively incorporating an adaptive fitness‐distance balance strategy, namely AFWOA. AFWOA can continuously and efficiently identify the maximum potential candidate solutions from the population within the search process, thus improving the accuracy rate and convergence speed of the algorithm. Through various experiments in IEEE CEC2017 and an ill‐conditional problem, AFWOA is proven to be more competitive than the original WOA, several other state‐of‐the‐art WOA variants and other four classic meta‐heuristic algorithms. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a novel metasurface patch antenna with characteristics of metasurface and broadband for in‐band full‐duplex applications, which is configured with a parasitic metasurface, a square patch, two separated feeding networks for transmitting and receiving ports (Tx and Rx), and a square ground. Two feeding networks consist of an antisymmetric L‐shaped probe feeding structure for Rx and a double F‐shaped feeding structure with a 3 dB/180° hybrid coupler for the Tx port to achieve ±45° polarization and significantly enhanced isolation between the ports. Most importantly, the proposed parasitic metasurface realizes good impedance matching and improves realized gain. Therefore, the proposed antenna attains a −10 dB of overlapped bandwidth of 52.6% through 1.7 to 2.7 GHz with a high isolation of over 41.5 dB. Additionally, the measured gains are 8.9 ± 1.1 dBi for the Rx port and 7.4 ± 0.9 dBi for the Tx port, respectively. These characteristic data all support that the proposed antenna will play an essential role in IBFD applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast energy stored in the ocean, which receives an average solar power of ≈60 000 TW per year, surpasses human energy consumption by three orders of magnitude. Harnessing even a small fraction of it holds great promise in addressing global energy and water crises. Here, an integrated device that achieves unprecedented power density up to 1.1 W m−2 with excellent stability through a salinity concentration gradient induced by solar evaporation, while simultaneously producing clean water at a rate of 1.25 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun irradiation is presented. The remarkable electricity generation capability stems from the unique interlayer structure of polyaniline‐graphene oxide‐MnO2 (PANI@GO/MnO2) electrodes, enabling the recovery of electrochemical potentials from a wide range of ion salinity concentrations within the device and the additional Donnan potential generated by the anion‐exchange membrane. Furthermore, periodic flipping of the device effectively reactivates the electrodes and suppresses salt accumulation, enabling long‐term operation. Notably, a prototype device of 8 × 25 cm2 exhibits a short‐circuit current of 10 mA and an open‐circuit voltage of 10.2 V, as well as a clean water production rate of 24.8 g per hour. These findings shed light on the reliable technology for power and freshwater supply in marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study investigates the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) to simulate human emotional responses to color using two established methods: semantic differential (SD) method and word‐color association (WCA) approach. The SD method quantifies emotional reactions to colors through bipolar adjective pairs (e.g., warm–cool, heavy–light), while the WCA method explores associations between specific words and colors. AI responses were compared with data from human participants across various demographics. Results show that AI consistently evaluates basic emotional dimensions, such as warm–cool and heavy–light, with high accuracy, often surpassing human consistency. However, AI struggled with more subjective and culturally influenced dimensions like modern–classical and active‐passive. In the WCA experiment, AI replicated many general color associations but faced challenges with complex emotions like joy and anticipation. These findings highlight AI's potential in tasks requiring standardized emotional responses but reveal its limitations in capturing nuanced human emotions, especially in culturally sensitive contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proliferation of cloud computing and the escalating demand for extensive data processing capabilities, an increasing number of enterprises are embracing hybrid cloud solutions. However, as more businesses move toward hybrid clouds, the need for effective solutions to privacy and security concerns becomes increasingly important. Although current scheduling approaches for cloud computing have addressed privacy protection to some extent, few have adequately considered the unique challenges posed by hybrid clouds. To address this gap, we propose a novel approach for scheduling jobs in hybrid clouds that prioritizes privacy protection. Our approach, called PH‐DRL, leverages Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to intelligently allocate jobs to virtual machines, optimizing both privacy and Quality of Service (QoS), while minimizing response time. We present the detailed implementation of our approach and our experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of PH‐DRL in terms of privacy protection compared to existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Damage to glass/carbon fiber reinforced hybrid composites from ballast impacts was a critical risk during high‐speed rail operation. In this study, strain sensors were employed to predict the maximum strain values induced by impact. Additionally, a finite element model (FEM) was established to obtain impact signal datasets. Train speed, maximum ballast diameter, and impact angle were selected as signal features. A particle swarm optimization–backpropagation neural network (PSO‐BPNN) damage prediction model was developed and optimized using the response surface methodology. The optimization improved prediction accuracy by 43% compared to the unoptimized model, reducing the mean squared error to below 0.0015%. Different sensor monitoring layout schemes were proposed and the results showed that the diagonal sensor layout achieved the highest monitoring accuracy, with a mean squared error of 0.0043%. The PSO‐BPNN model achieved a prediction success rate of 96%. Integrating FEM with machine learning enables real‐time composite damage prediction. Hyperparameter optimization enhanced the PSO‐BPNN model's accuracy. Model prediction accuracy exceeds 96%. The effect of different sensor layouts on prediction accuracy was tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our knowledge of species diversity in biodiversity hotspots remains incomplete. The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) and the mountainous region of southwestern China have long been regarded as biodiversity hotspots. However, despite considerable efforts, numerous plant species may still elude formal description. Rhodiola L. (Crassulaceae) encompasses ca. 58 perennial herb species, which have been used as an important traditional medicinal plant for centuries. Rampant exploitation has put some species at risk of extinction. Rhodiola has also been recognized as a promising model for investigating radiation speciation in the QTP. However, the phylogenetic relationships among major clades in the genus are still not well resolved, and the underlying causes of cytonuclear discordance briefly mentioned in previous studies remain unexplored. Through phylogenomic analyses utilizing data from both the nuclear genome and plastome of 42 species, we identified six major clades in Rhodiola and found extensive cytonuclear discordance, which was primarily attributed to hybridization and introgression occurring among clades or closely related species. In addition, the integration of morphological, phylogenomic, population genomic, and ecological evidence resulted in the identification and description of a new species of Rhodiola: R. renii sp. nov., and the reclassification of a previously Pseudosedum species merged into Rhodiola. Our results highlight the significant role of hybridization and introgression in the evolution of Rhodiola and probably other rapid‐radiated groups in the QTP, and emphasize the need for increased species discovery efforts in biodiversity hotspots such as the QTP and its adjacent mountainous areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Piglets with different weaning body weights exhibit varying growth performance. This study explores the relationship between their plasma metabolites and gut microbiota to reveal differences in metabolic regulation and microbial composition.Plasma and colon content samples from piglets of different weaning weights were collected. Untargeted metabolomics, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, multivariate statistics, and bioinformatics were used to identify and compare metabolites.Six key findings emerged. First, 23 differential metabolites were found, with three upregulated in high‐weight piglets and 20 downregulated in low‐weight piglets. A total of 15 were lipids or lipid‐like molecules. Second, metabolic pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the sphingolipid signaling pathway, HIF‐1 signaling pathway, sphingolipid metabolism pathway, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathway, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathway were the most significantly affected pathways in the plasma of piglets with different weaning body weights. Third, alpha diversity was lower in low‐weight weaned piglets. Fourth, Lactobacillus was 23.16% in high‐weight piglets, higher than 19.62% in low‐weight ones. Fifth, linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed that Faecalibacterium is a biomarker for low‐body‐weight piglets and Oscillospira is a biomarker for high‐body‐weight piglets. Finally, Spearman correlation analysis indicated that Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, and Oscillospira were negatively correlated with differential metabolites in plasma.The plasma metabolites and colon microbiota differed between piglets of different body weights. Lipid‐related plasma metabolites contributed to weight variation, being lower in heavier piglets. The colonic microbiota, especially Oscillospira and Roseburia, exhibited strong correlations with these metabolites. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with ternary oxide cathode materials are the prevalent energy storage devices for electric vehicles, and the huge amounts of spent LIBs pose severe challenges in terms of environmental impact and resource management. Particularly, the proper handling of degraded cathode materials is of central importance for the sustainable and closed‐loop development of LIBs industry. In this context, direct regeneration of degraded ternary oxides toward reusable high‐performance cathode materials is environmentally and economically favorable in contrast to present metallurgical recycling methods. In this work, a simple and effective two‐step method is demonstrated to regenerate the degraded NCM 622 (LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2) materials by elemental compensation and structural restoration. Moreover, a multi‐functional LTO (Li4Ti5O12) surface coating is simultaneously designed to guarantee rapid Li+ diffusion and stable surface of the regenerated product. Therefore, the regenerated LTO‐coated NCM materials show excellent electrochemical performance; specifically, the initial discharge capacity (183.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), rate capability (90.0 mAh g−1 at 10 C), and cycling stability (79.3% capacity retention after 200 cycles) are even comparable with those of fresh materials. The as‐established upcycling strategy may shed light on the value‐added recycling of degraded cathode materials and thereby a virtuous cycle of LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in Nanyang cattle after a single intravenous (IV), and intramuscular (IM) administration of enrofloxacin at 2.5 mg/kg body weight (BW). Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in plasma were simultaneously determined using a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay method and subjected to a non‐compartmental analysis. After IV administration, enrofloxacin had a mean (±SD) volume of distribution at steady state (VSS) of 1.394 ± 0.349 L/kg, a terminal half‐life (t1/2λz) of 3.592 ± 1.205 h, and a total body clearance (Cl) of 0.675 ± 0.16 L/h/kg. After IM administration, enrofloxacin was absorbed relatively slowly but completely, with a mean absorption time (MAT) of 6.051 ± 1.107 h and a bioavailability of 99.225 ± 7.389%. Both compounds were detected simultaneously in most plasma samples following both routes of administration, indicating efficient biotransformation of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin. After IV injection, the peak concentration (Cmax) of ciprofloxacin was 0.315 ± 0.017 μg/mL, observed at 0.958 ± 0.102 h. Following IM injection, the corresponding values were 0.071 ± 0.006 μg/mL and 3 ± 1.095 h, respectively. Following IV and IM administration, the conversion ratio of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was calculated as 59.2 ± 9.6% and 31.2 ± 7.7%, respectively. The present results demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic profiles for enrofloxacin, characterized by complete absorption with relatively slow kinetics, extensive distribution, efficient biotransformation to ciprofloxacin, and prolonged elimination in Nanyang cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach was applied to synthesize B6O using CaB6 and B2O3 powders as reactants. CaB6 and B2O3 were reacted to generate B6O and CaB2O4 at 1573 K, and the by‐product CaB2O4 was removed by acid leaching. It was found that the samples prepared in this work were oxygen deficient (B6Ox, x ≈.76–.77). The optimal molar ratio of CaB6 to B2O3 was determined to be 3:5, and excess B2O3 could not lead to a change in the value of oxygen occupancy. Scanning electron microscope images showed that regular holes similar to the morphologies of CaB6 particles were exhibited in the final samples, which could be explained by the diffusion of CaB6 during the reaction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterometallic cluster‐based materials offer the potential to incorporate multiple functionalities, leveraging the aggregation effects of clusters and translating this heterogeneity and complexity into unexpected properties that are more than just the sum of their components. However, the rational construction of heterometallic cluster‐based materials remains challenging due to the complexity of metal cation coordination and structural unpredictability. This minireview provides insights into a general synthetic strategy based on Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) theory, summarizing its advantages in the designed synthesis of discrete heterometallic clusters (intracluster assembly) and infinite heterometallic cluster‐based materials (intercluster assembly). Furthermore, it emphasizes the potential to exploit the intrinsic properties of mixed components to achieve breakthroughs across a broad range of applications. The insights from this review are expected to drive the progress of heterometallic cluster‐based materials in a controllable and predictable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an emerging treatment of lung cancer, yet it is accompanied by certain safety concerns and operational limitations. This first multi‐centre, large‐scale clinical trial aimed to investigate the technical performance, efficacy and safety of an innovative transbronchial RFA system for lung tumours. Methods: The study enrolled patients with malignant lung tumours who underwent transbronchial RFA using an automatic saline microperfusion system between January 2021 and December 2021 across 16 medical centres. The primary endpoint was the complete ablation rate. The performance and safety of the technique, along with the 1‐year survival rates, were evaluated. Results: This study included 126 patients (age range: 23–85 years) with 130 lung tumours (mean size: 18.77 × 14.15 mm) who had undergone 153 transbronchial RFA sessions, with a technique success rate of 99.35% and an average ablation zone size of 32.47 mm. At the 12‐month follow‐up, the complete ablation rate and intrapulmonary progression‐free survival rates were 90.48% and 88.89%, respectively. The results of patients with ground‐glass nodules (GGNs) were superior to those of the patients with solid nodules (12‐month complete ablation rates: solid vs. pure GGN vs. mixed GGN: 82.14% vs. 100% vs. 96.08%, p = 0.007). No device defects were reported. Complications such as pneumothorax, haemoptysis, pleural effusion, pulmonary infection and pleural pain were observed in 3.97%, 6.35%, 8.73%, 11.11% and 10.32% of patients, respectively. Two subjects died during the follow‐up period. Conclusion: Transbronchial RFA utilizing an automatic saline microperfusion system is a viable, safe and efficacious approach for the treatment for lung tumours, particularly for patients with GGNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two heats of steel are melted using a vacuum induction furnace in the laboratory, with one heat undergoing magnesium treatment and the other being subjected to a combined magnesium–calcium treatment. The precipitation and agglomeration behaviors of inclusions of these two steel samples are observed using a high‐temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy. MnS precipitates form around oxide cores and undergo rapid growth during the solidification process of molten steel, and these MnS precipitates with oxide cores react with the cores, resulting in the transformation of the MnS into complex sulfides. In comparison with Al2O3 inclusions, MgO·Al2O3 inclusions have a lower critical velocity (Vc), making them more susceptible to being engulfed by the solid–liquid interface. As the size of colliding inclusions increases, the coalescence–collision frequency (E0) initially decreases until it reaches a minimum value. After that, with further size increments, the frequency starts to increase. During the inclusions growth process through collision, there is a distinct zone where coalescence–collision frequency is low. Inclusions that reach this zone struggle to grow further due to reduced collision coalescence, consequently leading to a predominance of inclusions with diameters in this zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visualization is a cornerstone in human–computer interaction, evolving from large screens to mobile devices and now to wearable display technology. However, conventional batteries and displays lack the softness and stretchability inherent to human skin. Here, a fully flexible, all‐in‐one electronic display skin by integrating a flexible microLED display, a stretchable circuit, and a Zn|PAM|V2O5 hydrogel battery pack is developed. Vapor‐phase bulk transfer is used to efficiently and accurately transfer 10 000 microLEDs onto a flexible substrate, ensuring high flexibility and ultra‐thin (240 µm). The flexible hydrogel battery pack provides sustainable energy, with a high specific capacity of 331.3 mAh g−1. Additionally, a transparent stretchable circuit board (maximum stretch 40%) is made by 3D printing technology. The skin display exhibited exceptional stretchability and biocompatibility, conforming to movements while maintaining high‐resolution dynamic visual outputs. These innovations pave the way for advanced skin‐implanted displays, promising transformative applications in information interaction, healthcare, and artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal aerogels (MAs) are emerging all‐nanometal‐structured self‐standing porous materials featuring exceptional performances in diverse fields. They have recently been adopted as 3D surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, while the less utilization of the unique porous structure leads to limited performance. Here, a fascinating compression‐mediated regulation strategy is presented to largely boost the SERS performance of Au–Ag aerogels. By gently pressing, both the density of hot spots and the inter‐ligament distance can be efficiently modulated, thus enabling to flexibly manipulate the SERS properties of MAs. On this basis, a record‐high misfocus tolerance (∼8.8 mm), low detection limit (down to 0.1 nM), high stability (>1 month), reusability, and multiplex detection ability are concurrently realized. This study may point out a new direction for engineering 3D SERS substrates with tunable and exceptional performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric ulcers accompanied by acute or chronic bleeding represent a significant risk of fatality. However, the development of effective strategies for achieving rapid hemostasis and wound healing in gastric ulcer bleeding represents a formidable challenge. To address this challenge, thrombin‐derived C‐terminal peptide (TCP‐25) is employed as a targeted agent, and it is incorporated into two novel injectable and biocompatible carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs) hydrogels via Schiff's base reaction. The TCP‐25 peptide hydrogels display optimal adaptability within the distinctive gastrointestinal microenvironment, demonstrating a balance of acid resistance and degradation, along with controlled release and bioactivity, and good bio‐adhesive properties. Both in vitro and in vivo reveal that the hydrogel achieves rapid hemostasis. In an ethanol‐induced gastric ulcer model in rats, it demonstrates that the hydrogel effectively inhibits gastric ulcer bleeding by 92% within 24‐h, exhibiting efficacy that surpasses that of omeprazole medicine, a commonly used clinical treatment. This enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of the CMCs hydrogel and TCP‐25 peptide in effectively achieving hemostasis, inhibiting bacterial growth, and promoting gastric wound healing in acute or chronic bleeding gastric ulcers. Consequently, the present work offers promising clinical applications for rapid hemostasis and wound healing in gastric ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain boundary (GB) plastic deformation is a critical deformation mode that can significantly affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of metals. Given its importance, numerous studies have been conducted over the past few decades to investigate the atomistic mechanism of GB plasticity, which includes GB migration, GB sliding, and grain rotation. These three deformation modes typically occur simultaneously and interact cooperatively. Despite substantial advancements in understanding the atomic‐scale mechanisms of GB plasticity, there is a scarcity of review papers addressing the in situ atomic‐scale mechanisms of GB plasticity. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the atomistic mechanisms of GB plasticity in metals, detailing modes predicted by theoretical models and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, as well as discussing mechanisms verified by in situ atomic‐scale experiments. Additionally, it examines the factors influencing GB deformation. The authors intend for this review to serve not only as a valuable resource for researchers in the field of nanocrystalline (NC) metals but also as a textbook for educating graduate students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) has garnered significant attention as a promising solution for advanced energy storage systems. By employing non‐flammable solid electrolytes in ASSLMBs, their safety profile is enhanced, and the use of lithium metal as the anode allows for higher energy density compared to traditional lithium‐ion batteries. To fully realize the potential of ASSLMBs, solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) must meet several requirements. These include high ionic conductivity and Li+ transference number, smooth interfacial contact between SSEs and electrodes, low manufacturing cost, excellent electrochemical stability, and effective suppression of dendrite formation. This paper delves into the essential requirements of SSEs to enable the successful implementation of ASSLMBs. Additionally, the representative state‐of‐the‐art examples of SSEs developed in the past 5 years, showcasing the latest advancements in SSE materials and highlighting their unique properties are discussed. Finally, the paper provides an outlook on achieving balanced and improved SSEs for ASSLMBs, addressing failure mechanisms and solutions, highlighting critical challenges such as the reversibility of Li plating/stripping and thermal runaway, advanced characterization techniques, composite SSEs, computational studies, and potential and challenges of ASS lithium–sulfur and lithium–oxygen batteries. With this consideration, balanced and improved SSEs for ASSLMBs can be realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simplified process to prepare solid electrolytes (SEs) that fulfill long cyclability, fast‐charging performance, and wide‐temperature feasibility in all‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) is important. Here, amorphous LiTaOCl4 (aLTOC) SE is synthesized within only four hours via a two‐step reaction by high‐energy ball milling method, which exhibits high ionic conductivity and excellent interfacial compatibility. A bilayer SE based on aLTOC and sulfide along with corresponding ASSLBs, are constructed. Furthermore, slight evolution of the unusual microstructure in the chloride/sulfur interfacial region is observed and analyzed. Density functional theory calculations show that S tends to displace O sites in TaO2Cl4 octahedra instead of Cl sites. As a result of the enhanced interfacial stability and reduced formation of ionically insulating phases, the assembled ASSLBs achieve superior rate performance and cyclability in a wide temperature range. Notably, the ASSLBs show capacity retention of 84.4% and 77.6% after 2000 and 1000 cycles at current density of 10C at 30 and 60 °C, respectively. Importantly, even under −20 °C, the cell works stably over 1600 cycles with capacity retention of 76.3% at 0.5C. The work pave the way for the massive production of high‐performance amorphous chloride electrolytes and the realization of fast‐charging ASSLBs with long cycle life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual‐band electrochromic (DBEC) smart windows are an emerging energy‐saving technology, especially those constructed from single‐component DBEC materials as they offer an easy way to independently regulate visible (VIS) and near‐infrared (NIR) light. However, the current complicated organic ligand approach used to synthesize single‐component DBEC materials necessitates a post‐annealing treatment, which may severely compromise the scalability of DBEC smart windows. Herein, one organic ligand‐free process is developed to produce well‐controlled Nb‐doped anatase TiO2 nanocrystals (NTO NCs) followed by spraying on arbitrary substrates, giving NTO rigid or flexible films with good DBEC properties and a high optical modulation over 92%. A prototype of a 20 cm × 20 cm DBEC smart window is built. The simplicity and scalability of the synthesis and fabrication process make it a scalable approach to constructing large‐area electrochromic smart windows and foils, with promising applications in fields such as buildings and automobiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to ultra‐lightweight and integrable functionality, black aerogels are applied as light‐shielding units in complex optical systems. However, the preparation of most black aerogels involves complex and time‐consuming carbonization processes to induce carbon particles. Inspired by the barb structure of the black feathers, a simple and short‐time approach by using helium (He) ion implantation to obtain black silica aerogel, which possesses microscale, biomimetic cone arrays with several microcavities, is introduced. Benefiting from this multilevel structure, only a thin surface of ≈47 µm is required to realize evident light shielding with ≈3% transmittance and ≈2% reflectivity in the visible region. This film also possessed considerable photothermal conversion, which increased to more than 65 °C from room temperature under 1 sun energy density. Meanwhile, the realization of this black surface inherits the excellent properties of the aerogel, such as porosity, high specific surface area, and low density. This work presents a simple and effective technique for preparing black surfaces based on aerogel monoliths, holding potential for use in photocatalysis, photothermal therapy, and light stealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are often reported by youths with chronic pain, and both ACEs and chronic pain disrupt how information is processed. However, it is unknown whether changes to shared neural networks underlie the relationship between ACEs and the development of pain symptoms. This study explored the relationships between ACEs, brain efficiency, and pain symptomology in youth. Methods: A community sample of youths aged 14–18 years underwent MRIs, answered trauma and pain questionnaires, and underwent pain sensory testing, twice, 3 months apart (Nbaseline = 44; Nfollow‐up = 42). Sensory testing determined thresholds for mechanical and thermal stimuli. Global and local network efficiencies were evaluated using graph theory. Generalized estimating equations were applied to examine whether brain efficiency moderated the relationships between ACEs, pain intensity, and pain sensitivity (i.e., mechanical detection, heat pain, and temperature change thresholds). Results: There was a significant interaction between ACEs and global brain efficiency in association with pain intensity (β = −0.31, p = 0.02) and heat pain (β = −0.29, p = 0.004). Lower global brain efficiency exacerbated the relationship between ACEs and pain intensity (θX → Y|W = −1.16 = 0.37, p = 0.05), and heat pain sensitivity (θX → Y|W = −1.30 = 0.44, p = 0.05). Higher global brain efficiency ameliorated the relationship between ACEs and pain intensity (θX → Y|W = 1.75 = −0.53, p = 0.05). Conclusions: The relationship between ACEs and pain symptomology was comparable to chronic pain phenotypes (i.e., higher pain intensity and pain thresholds) and may vary as a function of brain efficiency in youth. This stresses the importance of assessing for pain symptoms in trauma‐exposed youth, as earlier identification and intervention are critical in preventing the chronification of pain. Significance: This article explores the relationship between ACEs, pain symptomology, and brain efficiency in youth. ACEs may affect how the brain processes information, including pain. Youths with lower brain efficiencies that were exposed to more ACEs have pain symptomology comparable to youths with chronic pain. Understanding this relationship is important for the earlier identification of pain symptoms, particularly in vulnerable populations such as youths exposed to trauma, and is critical for preventing the chronification of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active sites of inexpensive transition metal electrocatalysts are sparse and singular, thus high‐entropy alloys composed of non‐precious metals have attracted considerable attention due to their multi‐component synergistic effects. However, the facile synthesis of high‐entropy alloy composites remains a challenge. Herein, we report a "one‐stone, two‐birds" method utilizing zinc (Zn)‐rich metal–organic frameworks as precursors, by virtue of the low boiling point of Zn (907 °C) and its high volatility in alloys, high‐entropy alloy carbon nanocomposite with a layered pore structure was ultimately synthesized. The experimental results demonstrate that the volatilization of zinc can prevent metal agglomeration and contribute to the formation of uniformly dispersed high‐entropy alloy nanoparticles at slower pyrolysis and cooling rates. Simultaneously, the volatilization of Zn plays a crucial role in creating the hierarchically porous structure. Compared to the zinc‐free HEA/NC‐1, the HEA/NC‐5 derived from the precursor containing 0.8 Zn exhibit massive micropores and mesopores. The resulting nanocomposites represent a synergistic effect between highly dispersed metal catalytic centers and hierarchical adsorption sites, thus achieving excellent electrocatalytic oxygen reduction performance with low catalyst loading compared to commercial Pt/C. This convenient zinc‐rich precursor method can be extended to the production of more high‐entropy alloys and various application fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]