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Abstract: Four so far unknown pyrroloquinoline alkaloids, yellow mycenaflavins A, B, and C, and the purple mycenaflavin D, have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Mycena haematopus. The structures of these new alkaloids were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and HRMS (ESI+). The mycenaflavins are structurally related to mycenarubins and haematopodins, which have been previously identified in M. haematopus. However, compared with other known fungal pyrroloquinoline alkaloids, the mycenaflavins contain an additional double bond within the pyrroloquinoline moiety that accounts for the yellow colour of the monomeric mycenaflavins A, B, and C. The purple mycenaflavin D is the first known dimeric pyrroloquinoline alkaloid with a C−C bridge between the two pyrroloquinoline units. Although the minor pyrroloquinoline alkaloid constituent mycenaflavin A exhibits only moderate bioactivity against the soil bacterium Azoarcus tolulyticus, the major pyrroloquinoline alkaloid constituent haematopodin B is similarly active as the antibiotic gentamicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the study on pollination ecology of Gastrodia pubilabiata, an achlorophyllous orchid that is dependent on saprotrophic fungi with no apparent reciprocal benefit. It highlights its pollinator attraction from fungus including Mycena decaying mushrooms. The experimental design and research findings are included.

Mycenadiols A-D ( 1- 4, resp.), phenylglycols possessing an ethynyl or vinyl (ethenyl) group were isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Mycena pruinosoviscida BCC 22723. The structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR-spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by synthesis. Compounds 1- 4 are synthetically known, but, they have not been previously isolated from natural sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectomycorrhizal and endophytic fungi of Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var. japonica Hara seedlings were investigated by bioassay using soils from sites where the surface layer had been removed by destructive disturbances. Soil samples were taken from sites A, B, C and D, where 1, 2–3, 4–5, and 7–8 years, respectively had passed since disturbance. Naturally regenerated B. platyphylla var. japonica seedlings grew at sites C and D, but not at sites A or B. The percentages of ectomycorrhizal formation in seedlings were significantly lower in the soils from site A (4%) and site B (13%), compared to those in the soils from site C (53%) and site D (37%). The numbers of ectomycorrhizal morphologic types in sites A, B, C, and D were eight, five, one, and seven, respectively. The same dominant type of ectomycorrhiza was found in sites C and D, and this type was different from those in sites A and B. The frequencies of colonization of seedling roots by endophytic fungi, especially Mycelium radicis atrovirens Melin (MRA) in soils from sites A and B were 31 and 33%, respectively; these frequencies were significantly higher than those for site C (0%) and site D (2%). During the initial stage of establishment of vegetation following disturbance, the quantities and types of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field that have the potential to associate with B. platyphylla var. japonica might rapidly change after invasion of the host plant. Ectomycorrhizal fungi seemed to compete with endophytic MRA fungi for colonization of the roots of B. platyphylla var. japonica seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiration of four decomposer fungi (Mycena galopus (Pers.) Kummer, Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud, Phoma exigua Desm. and Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries) growing on four species of leaf litter (Pinus sylvestris L., Picea sitchensis (Bongard) Carriere, Fraxinus excelsior L. and Corylus avellana L.) was inhibited by dry-deposited SO2 in a laboratory experiment. Mycelial extension of the four fungi growing on four different agar media was inhibited by SO2 fumigation (40 nl 1-1) in the laboratory, and media containing carbohydrates decreased the inhibitory effect of SO2 fumigation. Fumigation caused a statistically significant reduction in the mycelial extension of all species tested on tap-water agar. These experiments demonstrate that decomposition of leaf litter is inhibited by environmentally realistic concentrations of SO2 and that the effect is exerted via inhibition of saprotrophic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative sensitivities of Mycena galopus (Pers.) Kummer, Phoma exigua (Desm.), Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries and Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud to low concentrations (12.5 100.0 μM) of sulphite (SO32- when growing on decomposing needles of Picea sitchensis (Bongard) Carriere (Sitka spruce) and Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) were assessed. Carbon dioxide evolution from the decomposing needles was strongly inhibited by SO32- at pH 3.0-4.5. P. Eixgua was the most sensitive of the species tested in the mycelial state and C.cladosporioides was the most sensitive spices tested as spores. Mycelium was consistently less sensitive then spores. The inhibitory effect of SO32- on CO2 evolution was increased by increasing the SO32- concentration or decreasing the pH. The concentrations shown to exert toxicity were similar to those which have been measured in rainfall in the UK, and the results provide evidence that SO32 can be toxic to litter fungi at environmentally realistic concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

isolation, structure elucidation, and absolute configuration of mycenadiols A-D [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]