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A recent study published in the New Disease Reports journal has identified Melampsora ferrinii as the cause of rust disease on Corydalis incisa, commonly known as incised fumewort, in Korea. This is the first recorded instance of M. ferrinii affecting C. incisa in Korea. The study found that the spread of C. incisa, driven by global climate change, could potentially lead to the occurrence of M. ferrinii on Salix species, which could result in ecological and economic damage. This research highlights the importance of monitoring and managing the spread of invasive species in the face of climate change. [Extracted from the article]

Rust fungi in the genus Melampsora usually cause disease on hosts in the Salicaceae. Identification of Melampsora species is often complicated due to few differences in spore morphology and little publicly available comparative sequence data. Weeping willow trees (primarily Salix babylonica and its hybrids) have been reported to be infected by 11 Melampsora species; however, most of these records are based on morphological characterization. New collections of rust fungi on weeping willows from the central USA were analysed using a combination of morphology, ITS and LSU r DNA sequencing, and host data to determine that they represent an undescribed rust fungus, Melampsora ferrinii sp. nov. Additional studies of herbarium material revealed that M. ferrinii has occasionally been collected but identified as M. epitea. In addition to North America, M. ferrinii is also present in South America and has been infecting weeping willows there since at least the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to investigate on the impact of the invasive Cronartium ribicola to the mutualism relationship of the Clark's Nutcracker and Whitebark pine in the U.S. It is reported that disruption, due to human activities, is one of the suspected cause of disturbance on the helping relationship between the two mentioned species and cites its contribution to the near extinction of these species in the forest. However, Cronartium ribicola is considered as the worst invader of mutualism, where it can infect the Whitebark pine by reducing the production of pine cones through its invasive white pine blister rust. In addition, the birds' ability to disperse the pine cones has also declined. Furthermore, ecological researchers have exerted their efforts to mitigate the invasive pathogen.

We report the discovery, characterization and validation of 118 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for poplar leaf rust Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae identified using a gene-targeted approach in an expressed sequence tag (EST) library. We developed a genotyping assay using the iPLEX™ primer extension method for two multiplex assays of 28 and 22 SNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AFLP analysis was used to examine the genetic structure of the mycoparasite Sphaerellopsis filum on willow rust Melampsora larici-epitea using two sets of samples of a willow clone in a short-rotation coppice planting. The first set was collected from a plot (short strip) in 1998, 1999 and 2000 and the second from another plot (long strip) in 2000. In all, 228 S. filum isolates were typed, 139 AFLP loci scored and 54 AFLP genotypes identified. In the short strip, genotypes sampled in 1998 were no longer detected in subsequent years and genotype diversity fluctuated (0·25–0·68) over the years, indicating that migration had a major impact on the genotype structure. Two distinct groups (average Nei and Li's similarity coefficient between the groups = 0·047) were identified. The group B genotypes were sampled only in 2000. Within the groups, the average similarities were > 0·96. Both the index of association test and the parsimony tree length permutation test suggest that there was a significant clonality in group A while recombination cannot be ruled out in group B. Localized clusters of AFLP genotypes were detected using the software SaTScan that is based on the spatial scan statistic. Possible mechanisms involved in the spread of S. filum in willow coppice plantations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1 Host–pathogen interactions in isolated populations may result in the adaptation of pathogens to local hosts. However, results of earlier studies of local adaptation in plant–pathogen systems have been contradictory and it has been suggested that specific, species characteristics, for example distribution, dispersal and the degree of pathogen dependence on the host, are important for the outcome of host–pathogen interactions. In addition, the scale of the study may influence whether or not local adaptation is found. 2 We argue that local adaptation of the pathogen to the host can be expected in a system where: (i) the pathogen is host-specific with a short generation time compared with the host; (ii) populations are isolated, allowing localized evolution to occur; and (iii) the study is performed on a geographical scale exceeding the maximum dispersal range of the interacting species. 3 To test these predictions we examined the within- and among-population variation in resistance and virulence of the plant–pathogen system Salix triandra– Melampsora amygdalinae. The pathogen occurs throughout the whole distribution range of the host, and the area of interest consists of highly isolated, small natural populations. 4 Resistance and virulence differed both within and between populations and all clones showed a unique resistance pattern. We conclude that M. amygdalinae is locally adapted to the host S. triandra as all pathogen populations have a higher probability of infecting sympatric than allopatric hosts. Furthermore, high resistance in the host population was accompanied by a high virulence in the pathogen population, suggesting that high resistance levels in a host population may select for more virulent pathogen populations, or vice versa. 5 The nature of host–pathogen interactions differs among systems, and the dynamics of the interaction between S. triandra and M. amygdalinae is governed by characteristics that have resulted in the evolution of local adaptation. 6 Thus, when studying local adaptation of pathogens to their hosts it is important to consider the biology, as well as the scale of dispersal and spatial distribution of both host and pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed 15 microsatellite loci in the poplar rust fungus, Melampsora larici-populina, using two enrichment protocols. Polymorphism of each locus was assessed on a panel of 30 isolates, comprising three subpanels (world, regional and local scales). Thirteen loci were polymorphic with three to eight alleles detected. The 15 loci were also tested on five related Melampsora species, M. allii-populina, M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae, M. larici-tremulae, M. rostrupii and M. pinitorqua, and partial or global cross-amplification events were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 174Salix(willow) clones belonging to 57 species and 14 interspecific hybrids were inoculated with seven pathotypes ofMelampsora larici-epiteausing the leaf disc method. Infection types were scored based on the uredinial pustule area data and the inoculum density. A close correlation (R2 = 0·82) was found between the average pustule area and the average number of spores produced. Most of the willows were also assessed in the field for rust in 1999. Most willow clones belonging to the species native to western Europe were infected by the rust. In inoculation experiments, uredinia developed on 46S. viminalisclones, out of a total of 47. In the field, all theS. viminalisclones were infected by rust. Within the subgenusVetrix, eight out of the 17 willow species that originated from North and South America produced rust pustules in inoculation experiments. Of these,S. pellitawas most susceptible.Salix irrorataandS. lasiolepsisvar.bracelinaeproduced well developed pustules after inoculation but no rust infections were detected in the field. In both leaf disc tests and field assessments, no rust infections were found onS. candida,S. cordata,S. drummondiana,S. eriocephala,S. hookeriana,S. houghtonii,S. humilis,S. rigidavar.mackenzianaandS. syrticola. Of 12 species of subgenusVetrixnative to northeast Asia and Japan, onlyS. kochianawas susceptible both in inoculation tests and in the field.Salix rossicaproduced no symptoms in leaf disc tests but showed low levels of infection in the field. The maximum infection type scores in leaf disc tests were highly significantly correlated with field disease severity scores (Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0·76,P < 1 × 10−10). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates haustorial morphology of the cone-rust pathogen, cronartium conigenum, among naturally infected female strobili of three Guatemalan pines, P. maxiininoi, P. pseudostrobus, and P. oocarpa. Among the three pine species, haustorial shapes and sizes were more variable in P. inaximinoi and P. oocarpa than in P. pseudosero bus. The haustorial shapes and sizes were more variable in parenchyma cells of the cortex, xylem, and pith than in the cells in the phloem, xylem rays, and tracheids. The haustoria were also present in larger numbers in the parenchyma cells of the cortex, xylem, and pith than in phloem parenchyma cells and tracheids. In living cells, the tips of some haustoria were appressed to the host nuclei.

The article analyzes the inheritance of resistance to Melampsora on Salix viminalis, the variation in resistance over space and time, and rust infection rate in relation to the geographic origin of the host. Four series of experiments located in south-central and southernmost Sweden were used for the analysis. The analysis showed that there was considerable additive genetic variation for rust resistance, that the results have low repeatability over space and time, and that the material from southernmost Sweden was most sensitive to the rusts occurring in South Sweden.

Copyright of European Journal of Forest Pathology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Journal of Forest Pathology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Journal of Forest Pathology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reports an investigation undertaken with the aid of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to elucidate the three dimensional morphology of mature haustoria of the haploid stage of Cronartium ribicola in the different cells of Pinus monticola bark. Haustoria, particularly young small ones, are often hidden in the host cytoplasm and therefore are difficult to discern with the SEM. Haustoria were observed in almost all host cells of the densely invaded areas at or near canker centers. They were observed in all types of host cells such as cortical parenchyma , phloem parenchyma, ray parenchyma, and Sieve elements.

Uredospores of Melampsora larici-populina and Melampsora allii-populina show some reactions in common physical factors. In both species germination requires high relative humidity and darkness has adverse effects. For other characters, differences appear in their behavior. The optimum temperature for germination is 13°C for M. larici-populina but 16°C for M allii-populina. M. larici-populina uredospores germinate more slowly but their germ tubes grow faster. Above 16°C, germination of M. laricipopulnaa spores is reduced and temperatures above 30°C induce a delay in subsequent germination. However, their germination capacity is less affected by heavy and long frosts as compared with M. allii populina.

This article focuses on a study conducted as of February 1976, regarding the germination ability of teleutospores of melampsora pinitorqua, a fungus, overwintered in different situations and under different types of soil cover. The germination period is affected by local environmental conditions. The intensity of germination of teleutospores overwintered in the underbrush is much lower than that of teleutospores overwintered on uncovered soil. The findings may be very useful for understanding variability of disease incidence in different stations, years and types of soil coverings, besides, for obtaining the best germination ability of teleutospores in susceptibility trials of pine.

Present knowledge of host range and distribution of Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr. in Italy is reported. Melampsora larici-tremulae, which occurs at high altitude in the Apennines and the Alps and infects only larch, can infect pine also in artificial conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melampsora medusae Thüm. and M. larici-populina Kleb. are the most popular conifer rusts, that have been found in Australia. M. medusae and M. larici-populina differ in the size, shape and wall echinulation of the urediniospores, in the apical wall thickness of their uredinial paraphyses, in the position of the telia on the host leaf, and in their host range. M. medusae has the widest host range, but it occurs mainly on Populus deltoides clones and hybrids. M. larici populina occurs mainly on P. nigra var. italica.

Eighteen isolates of the rust fungus Melampsora from different locations in England were tested for pathogenicity to a large range of willow clones (Salix spp.) in experiments involving inoculation of leaf discs. Seventeen of the isolates were of leaf-infecting M. epitea var. epitea, 16 of which represented forms which alternated on Larix and one of which alternated on Ribes. The remaining isolate was of uncertain identity. Two experiments were carried out. In the first exp>eriment, 24 willow clones consisting of 20 Salix species and interspecific hybrids were inoculated with eight isolates from clones of S. viminalis. In the other experiment, 77 clones from 57 species or hybrids were inoculated with 10 isolates from several Salix spp. The M. epitea var. epitea isolates from S. viminalis clones were all similarly pathogenic, whilst most of the other isolates expressed distinct host specificity. Eight distinct pathotypes were recognized within M. epitea var. epitea. All except one of these alternated on Larix and could be assigned to three formae speciales which had been reported previously in Europe: four pathotypes to f.sp. larici-epitea typica, two to f.sp. larici-retusae, and one to f.sp. tarici-daphnoides. The Ribes-alternating pathotype of M. epitea var. epitea infected only S. purpurea. Nine differential willow hosts are proposed as reference clones to distinguish between the larch-alternating pathotypes, the Ribes-alternating rust and the ‘stem-infecting’ form. The extent of pathogenic variation encountered amongst sexually reproducing rusts suggests that more pathotypes probably exist and will arise in future in response to selection given by long-term clonal willow plantings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disease severity, based on six parameters (time from inoculation to flecking and eruption of uredinia, uredinial density and the amounts of urediniospores produced), was assessed on leaf discs cut from four cultivars of Populus spp. raised with either a long ( 15 h) or a short (10 h) photoperiod. The discs were inoculated with race 4 of Melampsora medusae and subsequently incubated with either a long (15 h) or a short (10 h) photoperiod. While disease severity, based on most parameters, was lower in discs from the continuing long photoperiod (15 h pre-and 15 h post-inoculation) than from the continuing short photoperiod (10 h pre- and 10 h post- inoculation), maximum seventy was developed by discs given a combination of a short pre- and a long post-inoculation photoperiod. The relative contribution of the cultivar, the pre- and the post-inoculation photoperiod and their second- and third-order interactions to variation in disease severity depended on the parameter employed to assess severity. The parameters used are elements of disease monocycles and their possible significance in modelling epidemics is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melampsora species and their hybrids are obligate parasites of Populus and Salix species worldwide. The increasing interest in Populus and Salix for biomass and fibre production necessitates genetic markers for population studies of Melampsora spp. Libraries enriched for simple sequence repeats were used to develop five microsatellite markers for Melampsora medusae and Melampsora larici-populina. The variation detected by these markers will be valuable for phylogenetic and population genetic studies, substantiate putative hybrids, and deployment of resistant poplar clones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on melampsora euphorbiae, a new disease found on Euphorbia rigidain in Turkey. Euphorbia rigida occurs widely in Turkey and is a weed of gardens and uncultivated areas. Symptoms include the drying of leaves before normal flowering season. It occurred mostly on the lower surface of leaves and on stems. Melampsora euphorbiae has clear potential as biological control agent against other Euphorbia species. The rust disease poses more of a threat to the horticultural trade of E. rigidain at present.

In September 2001, the uredinia sori of rust were found on alder trees in As parish, Akershus, in south-eastern Norway. Further examination of these sori, which always occurred on the lower side of the infected leaves, revealed urediniospores, which were uniformly echinulate and which had apical spines. From this morphology, Melampsoridium hiratsukanum was identified. Melampsoridium betulinum is also known to occur on A. glutinosa in As. A germination test with fresh urediniospores of M. hiratsukanum revealed four to six bizonate pores, similar to those reported for M. betulinum. However, this rust lacks spines in the apical region of its urediniospores and it is the presence of spines in the apical region that distinguishes these rust species.