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Background: Like many health library associations, the Medical Library Association (MLA) developed competencies guiding lifelong learning and competence for medical librarians. Medical librarians should be able to develop skills in identified areas. One MLA indicator of organising resources defines expert skill as the ability to develop classification and metadata schemes for unique collections. Objectives: This manuscript reviews available curricula for selected library programmes in the United States and Canada, along with professional development and informal opportunities for skill development to identify how medical librarians, who are not experts in cataloging or metadata and not employed as cataloging or metadata librarians, can progress in competency. Methods: The authors reviewed library school and continuing education programming around metadata, along with answers from a pre‐existing informal poll regarding cataloging and metadata roles in health sciences libraries. Data were collected and examined using descriptive statistics. Discussion: Gaps and opportunities for education around organising resources are discussed, including library school courses, formal continuing education opportunities and informal learning (e.g. peer support networks, on‐the‐job learning). Conclusion: Education in organising resources should be created throughout the educational journey of librarianship. Continuing educational opportunities in organising resources should be created by professional organisations that expect competency in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive feedbacks in climate processes can make it difficult to identify the primary drivers of climate phenomena. Some recent global climate model (GCM) studies address this issue by controlling the wind stress felt by the surface ocean such that the atmosphere and ocean become mechanically decoupled. Most mechanical decoupling studies have chosen to override wind stress with an annual climatology. In this study we introduce an alternative method of interannually varying overriding which maintains higher frequency momentum forcing of the surface ocean. Using a GCM (NCAR CESM1), we then assess the size of the biases associated with these two methods of overriding by comparing with a freely evolving control integration. We find that overriding with a climatology creates sea surface temperature (SST) biases throughout the global oceans on the order of ±1°C. This is substantially larger than the biases introduced by interannually varying overriding, especially in the tropical Pacific. We attribute the climatological overriding SST biases to a lack of synoptic and subseasonal variability, which causes the mixed layer to be too shallow throughout the global surface ocean. This shoaling of the mixed layer reduces the effective heat capacity of the surface ocean such that SST biases excite atmospheric feedbacks. These results have implications for the reinterpretation of past climatological wind stress overriding studies: past climate signals attributed to momentum coupling may in fact be spurious responses to SST biases. Plain Language Summary: Because the ocean influences the atmosphere and vice versa, chicken‐or‐egg type problems abound throughout the climate system. Some studies have addressed this by controlling the wind stress field felt by the ocean in climate models in order to mechanically decouple the ocean from the atmosphere and thus determine the surface ocean response to a change in momentum forcing. Most previous studies that override wind stress have fed the ocean a mean annual cycle; however, this method removes the effect of shorter‐term events like storms. We compare how well overriding experiments, forced either with the mean annual cycle of wind stress or with year‐to‐year varying wind stress, agree with a freely evolving control simulation. We find substantially larger sea surface temperature biases in the simulation forced with the mean annual cycle of wind stress. We attribute these biases to the lack of short‐term weather events which mix the surface ocean. Key Points: Most previous wind stress overriding simulations have disabled momentum feedbacks in global climate models by overriding with a climatologyWe introduce a protocol to override with interannually varying wind stress, which leads to smaller biases than climatological overridingWe attribute this difference to a lack of synoptic variability in climatological overriding which shoals the mixed layer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copepods are the most abundant metazoans on Earth, driving cycles of key elements in aquatic systems, most prominently carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). One key factor determining nutrient cycling is copepod somatic stoichiometry, which can reflect ecological strategy. We conducted a systematic review that updates the seminal work of Båmstedt (1986) by summarizing the effects of latitude, habitat, life history stage, and taxonomy on C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios of field‐collected copepods. We found that differences among copepod families accounted for the greatest variation, with the Rhincalanidae and Diaptomidae being particularly C‐rich, while the Calanidae were more N‐ and P‐rich. Copepod C:N was higher in inland waters compared with animals from marine environments in both copepodites and adult females, matching the higher C content of seston in many inland freshwaters. For both copepodites and adult females, mid‐latitude animals had higher C:N and C:P than high‐latitude animals, which matched predictions based on the availability of nutrients or adaptation to cold environments. More data must be gathered to fill gaps in our knowledge of copepod stoichiometry, focusing particularly on younger life stages, non‐calanoids, low and high latitudes, the southern hemisphere, and estuarine and some inland water habitats, including large lakes. Such information will help better parameterize models of aquatic ecosystems and improve our understanding of how copepods influence consumer‐driven nutrient cycling and food web dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Loneliness and social isolation are currently among the most challenging social issues. Given their detrimental impact on physical and mental health, identifying feasible and sustainable interventions to alleviate them is highly important. Friendly visiting, a befriending intervention whereby older persons are matched with someone who visits them on a regular basis, seems promising. However, it is unclear if face‐to‐face (F2F) friendly visiting by a volunteer (FVV) is effective at reducing loneliness or social isolation, or both. Objectives: To assess the effect of F2F FVV on feelings of loneliness, social isolation (primary outcomes) and wellbeing (i.e., life satisfaction, depressive symptom experiencing and mental health; secondary outcomes) in older adults. Search Methods: We searched six electronic databases up until 11 August 2021. We also consulted 15 other resources, including grey literature sources and websites of organizations devoted to loneliness and ageing, between 25 October and 29 November 2021. Selection Criteria: We included experimental and observational studies that quantitatively measured the effect of F2F FVV, compared to no friendly visiting, on at least one of following outcomes in older adults (≥60 years of age): loneliness, social isolation or wellbeing. Data Collection and Analysis: Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction and synthesis, risk of bias and GRADE assessment. If outcomes were measured multiple times, we extracted data for one short‐term (≤1 month after the intervention had ended), one intermediate‐term (>1 and ≤6 months), and one long‐term time point (>6 months). Data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐RCTs were presented and synthesized separately. Synthesis was done using vote counting based on the direction of effect. Main Results: Nine RCTs and four non‐RCTs, conducted primarily in the United States and involving a total of 470 older adults (mean or median ages: 72–83 years), were included. All studies were limited in size (20–88 participants each). Programmes lasted 6–12 weeks and mostly involved weekly visits by undergraduate students to community‐dwelling older adults. Visits consisted mainly of casual conversation, but sometimes involved gameplaying and TV‐watching. All studies had major shortcomings in design and execution. The current evidence about the effect of F2F FVV on loneliness in older adults is very uncertain, both in the short (one RCT in 88, and one non‐RCT in 35 participants) and intermediate term (one RCT in 86 participants) (both very low‐certainty evidence). The same goes for the effects on social isolation, again both in the short (one RCT in 88, and two non‐RCTs in 46 participants) and intermediate term (two non‐RCTs in 99 participants) (both very low‐certainty evidence). Similarly, there is a lot of uncertainty about the effect of F2F FVV on outcomes related to wellbeing (all very low‐certainty evidence). Authors' Conclusions: Due to the very low‐certainty evidence, we are unsure about the effectiveness of F2F FVV with regard to improving loneliness, social isolation, or wellbeing in older adults. Decision‐makers considering implementing FVV should take into account this uncertainty. More and larger high‐quality studies that are better designed and executed, and preferably conducted in various settings, are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic stressors are exacerbating the emergence and spread of pathogens worldwide. In regions like the Arctic, where ecosystems are particularly susceptible, marked changes are predicted in regional diversity, intensity, and patterns of infectious diseases. To understand such rapidly changing host‐pathogen dynamics and mitigate the impacts of novel pathogens, we need sensitive disease surveillance tools. We developed and validated a novel multiplexed, magnetic capture, and ddPCR tool for the surveillance of multiple pathogens in polar bears, a sentinel species that is considered susceptible to climate change and other stressors with a pan‐Arctic distribution. Through sequence‐specific magnetic capture, we concentrated five target template sequences from three zoonotic bacteria (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Francisella tularensis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) and two parasitic (Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp.) pathogens from large quantities (<100 g) of host tissue. We then designed and validated two multiplexed probe‐based ddPCR assays for the amplification and detection of the low‐concentration target DNA. Validations used 48 polar bear tissues (muscle and liver). We detected 14, 1, 3, 4, and 22 tissue positives for E. rhusiopathiae, F. tularensis, M. tuberculosis complex, T. gondii, and Trichinella spp., respectively. These multiplexed assays offer a rapid, specific tool for quantifying and monitoring the changing geographical and host distributions of pathogens relevant to human and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean dynamics at the submesoscale play a key role in mediating upper‐ocean energy dissipation and dispersion of tracers. Observations of ocean currents from synoptic mesoscale surveys at submesoscale resolution (250 m–100 km) from a novel airborne instrument (MASS DoppVis) reveal that the kinetic energy spectrum in the California Current System is nearly continuous from 100 km to sub‐kilometer scales, with a k−2 spectral slope. Although there is not a transition in the kinetic energy spectral slope, there is a transition in the dynamics to non‐linear ageostrophic interactions at scales of O $\mathcal{O}$(1 km). Kinetic energy transfer across spatial scales is enabled by interactions between the rotational and divergent components of the flow field at the submesoscale. Kinetic energy flux is patchy and localized at submesoscale fronts. Kinetic energy is transferred both downscale and upscale from 1 km in the observations of a cold filament. Plain Language Summary: Ocean dynamics at scales of 100 m–10 km, called the submesoscale, are important because they are associated with large velocity gradients and non‐linear interactions. Large gradients lead to vertical velocity, which facilitates ocean‐atmosphere interactions and ocean biological processes. Velocity gradients and non‐linear processes combine to transfer kinetic energy from the large‐scale flow to small‐scale perturbations. This can lead to instabilities that dissipate energy in the ocean surface layer (rather than the seafloor). Here we analyze novel observations that provide insight into ocean dynamics through the distributions of velocity gradients and energy transfer at 1 km scale. Dynamics at these scales have previously been modeled, but have not been observed directly. We observe a transition where non‐linear dynamics become more important at scales of order 10 km. We also introduce new interpretations of spectral analysis (analysis of energy and correlations across scales). Moreover, we analyze covariance of velocity gradient quantities and flow energetics to demonstrate that energy flux is episodic and localized at fronts. Together, these observations demonstrate that fronts play an important role in boundary‐layer kinetic energy processes and highlight the evolution of upwelling filaments. Key Points: Remote sensing observations reveal a kinetic energy spectrum with a continuous slope from 100 to 1 km in an eastern boundary regionBetween 1 and 10 km, ageostrophic non‐linear interactions become dynamically importantCross‐scale kinetic energy transfers computed from 2D velocity observations are associated with shear strain in the observed front [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans possess an intuitive understanding of the environment's physical properties and dynamics, which allows them to predict the outcomes of physical scenarios and successfully interact with the physical world. This predictive ability is thought to rely on mental simulations and has been shown to involve frontoparietal areas. Here, we investigate whether such mental simulations may be accompanied by visual imagery of the predicted physical scene. We designed an intuitive physical inference task requiring participants to infer the parabolic trajectory of an occluded ball falling in accordance with Newtonian physics. Participants underwent fMRI while (i) performing the physical inference task alternately with a visually matched control task, and (ii) passively observing falling balls depicting the trajectories that had to be inferred during the physical inference task. We found that performing the physical inference task activates early visual areas together with a frontoparietal network when compared with the control task. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we show that these regions contain information specific to the trajectory of the occluded ball (i.e., fall direction), despite the absence of visual inputs. Using a cross‐classification approach, we further show that in early visual areas, trajectory‐specific activity patterns evoked by the physical inference task resemble those evoked by the passive observation of falling balls. Together, our findings suggest that participants simulated the ball trajectory when solving the task, and that the outcome of these simulations may be represented in form of the perceivable sensory consequences in early visual areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This guide accompanies the following article: Christopher R. Freed, 'In the Spirit of Selden Bacon: The Sociology of Drinking and Drug Problems', Sociology Compass 4/10 (2010): 856-868, 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00325.x. Author's introduction In 1943, the sociologist Selden Bacon proposed studying drinking behavior from a 'sociologic' perspective. Since then a problem-oriented approach - a sociology of problem drinking and problem drug use, not a sociology of drinking and drug use behavior - has dominated the literature on alcohol and other drugs. However, the literature reveals a sociology of drinking and drug problems in the spirit of the research that Bacon proposed. The sociology of drinking and drug problems exposes the considerable influence of 'sociologic' factors on problem drinking and problem drug use and, in particular, that problem drinking and problem drug use are not caused exclusively by biologic traits. However, more research needs to analyze the normal use of alcohol and other drugs to better understand the connection between substance use and social life. Author recommends Bacon, Selden D. 1943. 'Sociology and the Problems of Alcohol: Foundations for a Sociologic Study of Drinking Behavior.' Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 4 : 402-45. In this seminal article, Bacon proposes a research plan for the 'sociologic' study of drinking behavior. Bacon urges sociologists to examine the functions of alcohol consumption; the manner and method by which alcohol is consumed, including where, when, and with whom; and drinking norms, sanctions, and sanctioning agents. Bacon also recommends that sociologists who study alcohol consider race, socio-economic status, and occupation, social and cultural mores and institutional demands, social change, and how drinking comportment, habits, customs, and roles are learned. Becker, Howard S. 1953. 'Becoming a Marihuana User.' American Journal of Sociology 59: 235-42. Becker argues that regular marijuana use is a learned behavior. Based on 50 interviews with musicians, laborers, and white-collar professionals who use marijuana, Becker suggests that novice marijuana users do not continue to use marijuana unless they learn from experienced users: (i) how to properly smoke marijuana, (ii) how to recognize its effects, and (iii) how to enjoy those effects. Fingarette, Herbert. 1988. Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Fingarette proposes that Americans have been so inundated with the idea that alcoholism is a disease that they overlook personal and scientific observations that indicate heavy drinkers can control their alcohol consumption. Heavy drinking is not a disease, Fingarette states, but a 'central activity' in the lives of some drinkers: heavy drinkers organize their daily life around drinking and look for settings that promise and promote heavy drinking. Heavy drinking, similar to all central activities, carries momentum and becomes a difficult pattern to break. Levine, Harry G. 1978. 'The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America.' Journal of Studies on Alcohol 39: 143-74. In this classic article, Levine argues that the mid-19th century development of market capitalism and middle-class society in America led to the discovery of addiction. Rapid social change and related social problems prompted medical professionals, religious leaders, and the American public to regard alcohol as inherently addicting and alcohol consumption as dangerous for society. Levine also traces the historical evolution of ideas concerning the cause and nature of alcohol addiction. Lindesmith, Alfred R. 1968. Addiction and Opiates, Rev. edn. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. Lindesmith finds that opiate users experience addiction only if they learn by observation or experience how to recognize opiate withdrawal, link withdrawal to their opiate use, and then use opiates again to relieve their withdrawal distress. According to Lindesmith, persons who do not become 'enlightened' about the symptoms of opiate withdrawal do not become addicted to opiates. MacAndrew, Craig and Robert B. Edgerton. 1969. Drunken Comportment: A Social Explanation. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. MacAndrew and Edgerton question the conventional wisdom that drinkers lose control when they consume alcohol. MacAndrew and Edgerton acknowledge that alcohol affects drinkers pharmacologically, but they also provide a wealth of anthropological evidence that reveals drunken comportment is 'societally sanctioned.' Cultural norms and values socialize individuals how to behave during different drinking situations. Pittman, David J. and Charles R. Snyder. (eds) 1962. Society, Culture, and Drinking Patterns. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This volume consists of some of the most influential analyses of alcohol consumption and alcoholism in the social science literature, organized under five different themes: (i) the anthropology of drinking, (ii) modern setting, (iii) social structure and subcultures, (iv) the origin and patterns of alcoholism, and (v) responsive movements and systems of control. Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. (eds) 1997. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Reinarman and Levine bring together essays about the crack scare in America that occurred during the late 1980s and the early 1990s. This important work in the sociology of alcohol and other drugs covers four broad areas: (i) myths and realities, (ii) crack in comparable societies, (iii) the price of repression, and (iv) punitive prohibition and harm reduction. Waldorf, Dan, Craig Reinarman, and Sheigla Murphy. 1991. Cocaine Changes: The Experience of Using and Quitting. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Waldorf, Reinarman, and Murphy suggest that a 'stake in conventional life'- a family, finances, a job, and social status, for example - helps heavy cocaine users control their use or even quit using cocaine. Health problems and diminishing pleasure from cocaine also help control use. Whatever cocaine users value and prioritize in their lives can be more powerful than the pharmacological effects of cocaine. Online materials Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies Library The Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies Library holds a wide-ranging collection of resources on the medical, psychological, and social aspects of alcohol and other drug use and abuse. The library's Alcohol Studies Database provides searchable access to over 80,000 works on alcohol and other drugs, including audio-visual materials. The Alcohol History Database covers alcohol-related subjects from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 2009). Alcohol Research Group Library, Public Health Institute The Alcohol Research Group Library contains almost 70,000 works on alcohol and other drugs from social, cultural, and legal perspectives. The library also holds items related to treatment and prevention (Public Health Institute 2010). The New York Academy of Medicine Library The New York Academy of Medicine Library houses a medical collection of over 550,000 works, a portion of which will soon be directly available online. The library's historical collection consists of resources from as early as 1700 BC on the history of medicine, public health, and other health care fields. Researchers and the general public can search most of these materials through the library's online catalog (The New York Academy of Medicine 2010). The Chester H. Kirk Collection, Brown University Library The Chester H. Kirk Collection consists of works on alcoholism and Alcoholics Anonymous. Related collections at the Brown University Library include: the Robert Holbrook Smith Collection of Books, Manuscripts and Memorabilia, the Rutgers Anti-Saloon League Collection of Temperance and Addiction Studies Periodicals, the Archives of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc., the Ernest Kurtz Collection on Alcoholism, and the Clarence Snyder Alcoholics Anonymous Collection. These collections are searchable through Josiah, the online catalog of Brown University Library (Brown University Library 2010). Division on Addictions, Cambridge Health Alliance, a teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School The Division on Addictions provides researchers, policy advocates, and the public with information about addiction to alcohol, drugs, and gambling. Through its Library and Archives portal, the Division offers access to scholarly articles authored by its staff and to the weekly BASIS, the Brief Addiction Science Information Source, a web-based publication that summarizes and analyzes the latest scientific research on various addiction-related topics. Other resources of the Division include Expressions of Addiction, a photographic essay that documents individuals during different stages of addiction (Division on Addictions 2010). Alcohol and Drugs History Society The Alcohol and Drugs History Society provides scholarly and popular information about the history of alcohol and other drugs. Its website consists of interest categories that range in subject from alcohol, to inhalants, to tea. The Alcohol and Drugs History Society website also provides access to back issues of The Social History of Alcohol and Drugs: An Interdisciplinary Journal, the official publication of the Alcohol and Drugs History Society (Alcohol and Drugs History Society 2010). Sample syllabus Weeks 1 and 2: Introduction Bacon, Selden D. 1943. 'Sociology and the Problems of Alcohol: Foundations for a Sociologic Study of Drinking Behavior.' Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 4: 402-45. Freed, Christopher R. 2010. 'In the Spirit of Selden Bacon: The Sociology of Drinking and Drug Problems.' Sociology Compass 4: 856-68. Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. 1997. 'Crack in Context: America's Latest Demon Drug.' Pp. 1-17 and 'The Crack Attack: Politics and Media in the Crack Scare.' Pp. 18-51 in Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice, edited by Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Week 3: Different people, different 'genussmittel' Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. 1992. 'Preface.' Pp. xiii-xiv,'Spices, or the Dawn of the Modern Age.' Pp. 3-14, 'Coffee and the Protestant Ethic.' Pp. 15-84, and 'Chocolate, Catholicism, Ancien Regime.' Pp. 85-95 in Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants, translated by David Jacobson. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Weeks 4 and 5: Constructing and deconstructing the disease concept of alcoholism Levine, Harry G. 1978. 'The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America.' Journal of Studies on Alcohol 39: 143-74. Kurtz, Ernest. 1979. 'Beginnings: November 1934-June 1935. The Limitations of the Drinking Alcoholic.' Pp. 7-36 in Not-God: A History of Alcoholics Anonymous. Center City, MN: Hazelden. Seeley, John R. 1962. 'Alcoholism is a Disease: Implications for Social Policy.' Pp. 586-93 in Society, Culture, and Drinking Patterns, edited by David J. Pittman and Charles R. Snyder. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rudy, David R. 1986. 'A Typology of Careers.' Pp. 55-69 in Becoming Alcoholic: Alcoholics Anonymous and the Reality of Alcoholism. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Fingarette, Herbert. 1988. 'What Science Now Knows, but the Public Doesn't.' Pp. 1-9, 'Can Alcoholics Control Their Drinking?' Pp. 31-47, and 'Understanding Heavy Drinking as a Way of Life.' Pp. 99-113 in Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Week 6: Pharmacological fallacy: The socio-cultural effect MacAndrew, Craig and Robert B. Edgerton. 1969. 'The Conventional Wisdom.' Pp. 1-12 and 'Drunkenness as Time Out: An Alternative Solution to the Problem of Drunken Changes-for-the-Worse.' Pp. 83-99 in Drunken Comportment: A Social Explanation. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. Morgan, John P. and Lynn Zimmer. 1997. 'The Social Pharmacology of Smokeable Cocaine: Not All It's Cracked Up to Be.' Pp. 131-70 in Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice, edited by Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Week 7: Using and quitting Lindesmith, Alfred R. 1968. 'The Nature of Addiction.' Pp. 69-96 in Addiction and Opiates. Rev. edn. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. Becker, Howard S. 1953. 'Becoming a Marihuana User.' American Journal of Sociology 59: 235-42. Schaler, Jeffrey A. 2000. 'Do Drug Addicts Lose It?' Pp. 21-36 in Addiction Is a Choice. Chicago, IL: Open Court. Waldorf, Dan, Craig Reinarman, and Sheigla Murphy. 1991. 'Making Sense of Cessation: A Synthesis.' Pp. 218-41 in Cocaine Changes: The Experience of Using and Quitting. Philadelphia. PA: Temple University Press. Week 8: The medical treatment of addiction White, William L. 2003. 'The History of 'Medicinal Specifics' as Addiction Cures in the United States.' Addiction 98: 261-67. Armstrong, Elizabeth M. 2003. 'Medical-Moral Authority and the Redefinition of Risk in the Twentieth Century.' Pp. 189-212 in Conceiving Risk, Bearing Responsibility: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome & the Diagnosis of Moral Disorder. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Freed, Christopher R. 2007. 'Addiction Medicine and Addiction Psychiatry in America: The Impact of Physicians in Recovery on the Medical Treatment of Addiction.' Contemporary Drug Problems 34: 111-35. Freed, Christopher R. 2010. 'Addiction Medicine and Addiction Psychiatry in America: Commonalities in the Medical Treatment of Addiction.' Contemporary Drug Problems 37: 139-63. Week 9: The origins, consequences, and value of punitive prohibition Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. 1997. 'Punitive Prohibition in America.' Pp. 321-33, Siegel, Loren. 1997. 'The Pregnancy Police Fight the War on Drugs.' Pp. 249-59, and Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. 1997. 'The Cultural Contradictions of Punitive Prohibition.' Pp. 334-44 in Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice, edited by Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Levine, Harry G. 2002. 'The Secret of Worldwide Drug Prohibition: The Varieties and Uses of Drug Prohibition.' The Independent Review 7: 165-80. Week 10: Drug, set, and setting Zinberg, Norman E. 1984. 'Preface.' Pp. vii-xiii in Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Zinberg, Norman E. 1972. 'Heroin Use in Vietnam and the United States: A Contrast and a Critique.' Archives of General Psychiatry 26: 486-88. Shaffer, Howard J. 1996. 'Understanding the Means and Objects of Addiction: Technology, the Internet, and Gambling.' Journal of Gambling Studies 12: 461-69. Room, Robin. 2003. 'The Cultural Framing of Addiction.' Janus Head 6: 221-34. Focus topics/questions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Charlemagne's, King of Franks, court library. The penultimate section of the Emperor's testamentary "breviarium," with which the "Life" concludes records that: 'he decreed that the books of which he had assembled a great collection in his library' (magnam in bibliotheca sua copiam congregavit) were to be available for purchase at the appropriate price by anyone who wanted them, and the proceeds distributed to the poor. Most of those luxury books were, almost certainly, created to be given away to specially favoured recipients, like gold rings and jewelled belts.

In this work we present a unique set of coincident and collocated high‐resolution observations of surface currents and directional properties of surface waves collected from an airborne instrument, the Modular Aerial Sensing System, collected off the coast of Southern California. High‐resolution observations of near surface current profiles and shear are obtained using a new instrument, "DoppVis", capable of capturing horizontal spatial current variability down to 128 m resolution. This data set provides a unique opportunity to examine how currents at scales ranging from 1 to 100 km modulate bulk (e.g., significant wave height), directional and spectral properties of surface gravity waves. Such observations are a step toward developing better understanding of the underlying physics of submesoscale processes (e.g., frontogenesis and frontal arrest) and the nature of transitions between mesoscale and submesoscale dynamics. Plain Language Summary: In recent years, through improvement of computational resolution of global ocean models, scientists have begun to suspect that kilometer‐scale eddies, whirlpools and fronts, called "submesoscale" variability, make important contributions to horizontal and vertical exchange of climate and biological variables in the upper ocean. Such features are challenging to analyze, because of their size (and how quickly they evolve; within hours), they are too large to study from a research vessel but smaller than regions typically studied with satellite measurements. In this work, we use a research aircraft instrumented to characterize ocean currents, temperature, color (in turn chlorophyll concentration) and the properties of surface waves over an area large enough to capture submesoscale processes. This approach is a step forward in understanding and quantifying the underlying physics of submesoscale processes, and in turn develops parameterization that can help improve the fidelity of weather and climate models. Key Points: Unique coincident and collocated airborne observations of Sea Surface Temperature, surface currents and properties of surface waves across submesoscales featuresA new airborne instrument enables observations of surface currents, vertical and horizontal shear to capture quickly evolving ocean featuresSuch observations are crucial to develop better understanding of the physics of submesoscale processes and wave‐current interaction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the debates around the "miracle of Maglavit", a shepherd's vision of God that took place in 1935 in Romania and attracted much contemporary popular and intellectual interest. The debates drew in arguments from doctors and theologians, who discussed the psychology of divine revelation and tried to elaborate the implications that such an event could have for the life of the Romanian nation. The paper places these debates in the context of wider contemporary discussions about psychology and religion. I argue that what Maglavit shows is that, in Romania at least, public debates about visionary experience in the 1930s were not only debates about its psychology, but of a psychology thoroughly imbricated with political concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased in their severity and extent in many parts of the world and pose serious threats to local aquaculture, fisheries, and public health. In many cases, the mechanisms triggering and regulating HAB events remain poorly understood. Using underwater microscopy and Residual Neural Network (ResNet‐18) to taxonomically classify imaged organisms, we developed a daily abundance record of four potentially harmful algae (Akashiwo sanguinea, Chattonella spp., Dinophysis spp., and Lingulodinium polyedra) and major grazer groups (ciliates, copepod nauplii, and copepods) from August 2017 to November 2020 at Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier, a coastal location in the Southern California Bight. Random Forest algorithms were used to identify the optimal combination of environmental and ecological variables that produced the most accurate abundance predictions for each taxon. We developed models with high prediction accuracy for A. sanguinea (R2=0.79±0.06), Chattonella spp. (R2=0.63±0.06), and L. polyedra (R2=0.72±0.08), whereas models for Dinophysis spp. showed lower prediction accuracy (R2=0.24±0.07). Offshore nutricline depth and indices describing climate variability, including El Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, that influence regional‐scale ocean circulation patterns and environmental conditions, were key predictor variables for these HAB taxa. These metrics of regional‐scale processes were generally better predictors of HAB taxa abundances at this coastal location than the in situ environmental measurements. Ciliate abundance was an important predictor of Chattonella and Dinophysis spp., but not of A. sanguinea and L. polyedra. Our findings indicate that combining regional and local environmental factors with microzooplankton populations dynamics can improve real‐time HAB abundance forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing wildfire and declining snowpacks in mountain regions threaten water availability. We combine satellite‐based fire detections with snow seasonality classifications to examine fire activity in California's seasonal and ephemeral snow zones. We find a nearly tenfold increase in fire activity during 2020–2021 versus 2001–2019. Accumulation season broadband snow albedo declined 25%–71% at two burned sites (2021 and 2022) according to in‐situ data relative to un‐burned conditions, with greater declines associated with increased burn severity. By enhancing snowpack susceptibility to melt, both decreased snow albedo and canopy drove midwinter melt during a multi‐week dry spell in 2022. Despite similar meteorological conditions in December–February 2013 and 2022–linked to persistent high pressure weather regimes–minimal melt occurred in 2013. Post‐fire snowpack differences are confirmed with satellite measurements. With growing geographical overlap between wildfire and snow, our findings suggest California's snowpack is increasingly vulnerable to the compounding effects of dry spells and wildfire. Plain Language Summary: Satellite fire detections indicate substantial increases in wildfire activity in California's snow‐covered landscapes during 2020 and 2021, suggesting wildfire is increasingly altering mountain hydrology. During 2022, a multi‐week mid‐winter drought, or dry spell, occurred. A meteorologically‐similar dry spell occurred in 2013, and the 2022 event provides a test case to examine how post‐fire changes (canopy loss and deposition of burned dark material on snowpack) alter snowmelt patterns. Using field observations, weather station data, and satellite remote sensing of snow, we find large reductions in snow albedo and canopy cover drove rapid melt during the 2022 dry spell in burned areas whereas during 2013, minimal melt occurred. The societal connection between mountains and humans will be strained as mountains face increasing climate‐related stressors. Midwinter drought, snow loss, and increasing wildfire are expectations of a warming world. Addressing these challenges requires innovative water and forest management paradigms. Our findings motivate additional research into assessing and planning for post‐fire hydrologic changes in snow‐dominated landscapes as both wildfire and dry spells will increase in frequency with climate warming. Key Points: A 9.8x increase in satellite fire detections in California's snow zones in 2020–2021 versus 2001–2019 implies growing overlap in fire and snowPost‐fire accumulation season broadband snow albedo declined 25%–71%, driving fewer snow‐covered days and lower snow‐cover fractionCompared with the meteorologically similar 2013 dry spell, albedo and canopy declines led to rapid midwinter melt in 2022 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most used drugs in the UK. PPI use has been associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk, although these results have been inconsistent. We hypothesized that PPI could modulate BMD by altering gut and/or host systemic metabolic environments. Using data from more than 5000 British male and female individuals, we confirmed that PPI use is associated with decreased lumbar spine and total hip BMD. This effect was not mediated through the gut microbiome. We suggest here that PPI use may influence total hip BMD, both directly and indirectly, via plasma metabolites involved in the sex hormone pathway. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of warm Atlantic water on the Greenland continental shelf has been connected to the accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, particularly in the southwest and southeast shelf regions. Results from two high‐resolution coupled ocean‐sea ice simulations that utilized either the 1/10° Parallel Ocean Program (POP) or the 1/12° HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) are used to understand the flux of heat on and off the southern Greenland shelf. The analysis reveals that the region of greatest heat flux onto the shelf is southeast Greenland. On the southwestern shelf, heat is mainly exported from the shelf to the interior basins. We identify differences in the shelf break current structure and on‐shelf heat content between the two simulations. Just south of the Denmark Strait, there is a seasonally persistent pattern of multi‐day variability in the cross‐shelf heat flux in both simulations. In the POP simulation, this high‐frequency signal results in net on‐shore heat flux. In the HYCOM simulation, the signal is weaker and results in net off‐shelf heat flux. This variability is consistent with Denmark Strait Overflow eddies traveling along the shelf break. Plain Language Summary: Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has been accelerating in recent decades because of rising ocean and air temperatures. Warm ocean water in the deep basin from the subtropical North Atlantic is separated from the ice sheet margin (glacier termini in the Greenland fjords) by the shallower continental shelf region. In this study we compare two simulations of the ocean and sea ice that represent the currents and eddying motions around Greenland realistically. We identify how and where heat is moved on and off the southern Greenland shelf and consider the results to be robust when they are common to both simulations. Warm water mainly moves onto the southeast shelf and off the southwest shelf; the currents on the shelf transport the warm water around the southern tip of Greenland. Near the Denmark Strait we identify oscillations in the warm water crossing onto the shelf that are associated with the presence of Denmark Strait Overflow eddies. On average, these eddies move heat onto the shelf in one model and off the shelf in the other. Understanding how warm water reaches the shelf allows us to better understand how the ocean contributes to the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Key Points: Cross‐shelf heat flux is strongest over the southeast continental shelf in both POP and HYCOM ocean modelsDenmark Strait Overflow eddies traveling along the shelf break drive multi‐day oscillations of on‐shelf heat fluxOn‐shelf heat fluxes along the wide sector of the southeast Greenland shelf are associated with the mean flow in HYCOM and eddies in POP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depictions of and references to apes (tailless hominoids) are very limited in early historical written accounts. The first known published representations of ape‐like primates appear in Medieval European books during the first century following the invention of printing. Considering the current knowledge of ape iconography, this article examines an unusual image of a couple of ape‐like creatures rendered in a European manuscript and explores the possible links of this challenging illustration with historical accounts and contexts during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. The studied manuscript is known as "BL Sloane MS 4016" and is a medieval herbal manuscript (Tratactus de Herbis) of Lombardian origin dated c. 1440. The illustration in question, which also appears in similar manuscripts, represents two primates. However, these representations differ significantly from those in the other manuscripts. The individuals have physical features that suggest attribution to chimpanzees. The location and the date of the manuscript in relation to the extended merchant and travel network between Europe and Africa during the late Medieval times and earlier Renaissance most likely indicate that free‐living or traded chimpanzees or their images may have been the visual source for the illustration. The examination of early depictions and descriptions of apes helps us to understand how we, humans, have represented our own closest zoological relatives. In doing so, this study also provides a review of early ape iconography and historical accounts about African primates during the so‐called Age of Discoveries. Research highlights: ‐An exploration of the earliest depictions of African apes in Medieval times and the early Renaissance, including that of a challenging and novel image of chimpanzees.‐A revision of the historical accounts about African primate diversity during the 15th and 16th centuries.‐Expanding knowledge about primates in the past serves as a tool for ultimately building more robust plans for the future conservation of all endangered primates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have found that Northern Hemisphere aerosol‐like cooling induces a La Niña‐like response in the tropical Indo‐Pacific. Here, we explore how a coupled ocean‐atmosphere feedback pathway communicates and sustains this response. We override ocean surface wind stress in a comprehensive climate model to decompose the total ocean‐atmosphere response to forced extratropical cooling into the response of surface buoyancy forcing alone and surface momentum forcing alone. In the subtropics, the buoyancy‐forced response dominates: the positive low cloud feedback amplifies sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies which wind‐driven evaporative cooling communicates to the tropics. In the equatorial Indo‐Pacific, buoyancy‐forced ocean dynamics cool the surface while the Bjerknes feedback creates zonally asymmetric SST patterns. Although subtropical cloud feedbacks are model‐dependent, our results suggest this feedback pathway is robust across a suite of models such that models with a stronger subtropical low cloud response exhibit a stronger La Niña response. Plain Language Summary: Anthropogenic aerosols are an important radiative forcing on the climate system contributing to observed climate variability. In prior modeling studies, idealized aerosol‐like forcing applied to Northern Hemisphere high latitude regions has resulted in a tropical La Niña‐like response in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. In this study, we investigate the pathway by which high latitude aerosol‐like cooling is communicated to the tropics via a sequence of ocean‐atmosphere positive feedback processes. We explore this pathway further by parsing out the total climate response into surface forcing which alters the buoyancy of seawater via heat or freshwater and surface wind stress forcing which alters the momentum of seawater. We find that subtropical patterns, arising from low clouds and wind‐induced evaporative cooling, are primarily buoyancy‐forced, while tropical asymmetries arise from momentum forcing. The results show that this pathway is robust across seven climate models such that stronger subtropical cloud responses elicit stronger sea surface temperature responses in the equatorial Pacific. The results highlight the important link between extratropical aerosol‐like forcing and La Niña‐like patterns via these coupled ocean‐atmosphere feedbacks. The equatorial Pacific can drive major climate variability, suggesting global implications for these results. Key Points: A pathway of three coupled ocean‐atmosphere feedbacks communicates extratropical anomalous cooling and sustains a tropical responseBroadly, buoyancy‐forced adjustments dominate in the subtropics while momentum‐forced adjustments create zonal asymmetries in the tropicsThis mechanistic pathway seems to be robust across several global climate models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]