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Background: Like many health library associations, the Medical Library Association (MLA) developed competencies guiding lifelong learning and competence for medical librarians. Medical librarians should be able to develop skills in identified areas. One MLA indicator of organising resources defines expert skill as the ability to develop classification and metadata schemes for unique collections. Objectives: This manuscript reviews available curricula for selected library programmes in the United States and Canada, along with professional development and informal opportunities for skill development to identify how medical librarians, who are not experts in cataloging or metadata and not employed as cataloging or metadata librarians, can progress in competency. Methods: The authors reviewed library school and continuing education programming around metadata, along with answers from a pre‐existing informal poll regarding cataloging and metadata roles in health sciences libraries. Data were collected and examined using descriptive statistics. Discussion: Gaps and opportunities for education around organising resources are discussed, including library school courses, formal continuing education opportunities and informal learning (e.g. peer support networks, on‐the‐job learning). Conclusion: Education in organising resources should be created throughout the educational journey of librarianship. Continuing educational opportunities in organising resources should be created by professional organisations that expect competency in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome‐wide approaches, such as whole‐exome sequencing (WES), are widely used to decipher the genetic mechanisms underlying inter‐individual variability in disease susceptibility. We aimed to dissect inborn monogenic determinants of idiopathic liver injury in otherwise healthy children. We thus performed WES for 20 patients presented with paediatric‐onset recurrent elevated transaminases (rELT) or acute liver failure (ALF) of unknown aetiology. A stringent variant screening was undertaken on a manually‐curated panel of 380 genes predisposing to inherited human diseases with hepatobiliary involvement in the OMIM database. We identified rare nonsynonymous variants in nine genes in six patients (five rELT and one ALF). We next performed a case‐level evaluation to assess the causal concordance between the gene mutated and clinical symptoms of the affected patient. A genetic diagnosis was confirmed in four rELT patients (40%), among whom two carried novel mutations in ACOX2 or PYGL, and two had previously‐reported morbid variants in ABCB4 or PHKA2. We also detected rare variants with uncertain clinical significance in CDAN1, JAG1, PCK2, SLC27A5 or VPS33B in rELT or ALF patients. In conclusion, implementation of WES improves diagnostic yield and enables precision management in paediatric cases of liver injury with unknown aetiology, in particular recurrent hypertransaminasemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic biology aims to engineer transgene switches for precise therapeutic protein control in cell‐based gene therapies. However, off‐the‐shelf trigger‐inducible gene circuits are usually switched on by single or structurally similar molecules. This study presents a mammalian gene‐switch platform that controls therapeutic gene expression by a wide range of molecules generating low, non‐toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this system, KEAP1 (Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1) serves as ROS sensor, regulating the translocation of NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2) to the nucleus, where NRF2 binds to antioxidant response elements (ARE) to activate the expression of a gene of interest. It is found that a promoter containing eight‐tandem ARE repeats is highly sensitive to the low ROS levels generated by the soluble and volatile molecules, which include food preservatives, food additives, pharmaceuticals, and signal transduction inducers. In a proof‐of‐concept study, it is shown that many of these compounds can independently trigger microencapsulated engineered cells to produce sufficient insulin to restore normoglycemia in experimental type‐1 diabetic mice. It is believed that this system greatly extends the variety of small‐molecule inducers available to drive therapeutic gene switches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive feedbacks in climate processes can make it difficult to identify the primary drivers of climate phenomena. Some recent global climate model (GCM) studies address this issue by controlling the wind stress felt by the surface ocean such that the atmosphere and ocean become mechanically decoupled. Most mechanical decoupling studies have chosen to override wind stress with an annual climatology. In this study we introduce an alternative method of interannually varying overriding which maintains higher frequency momentum forcing of the surface ocean. Using a GCM (NCAR CESM1), we then assess the size of the biases associated with these two methods of overriding by comparing with a freely evolving control integration. We find that overriding with a climatology creates sea surface temperature (SST) biases throughout the global oceans on the order of ±1°C. This is substantially larger than the biases introduced by interannually varying overriding, especially in the tropical Pacific. We attribute the climatological overriding SST biases to a lack of synoptic and subseasonal variability, which causes the mixed layer to be too shallow throughout the global surface ocean. This shoaling of the mixed layer reduces the effective heat capacity of the surface ocean such that SST biases excite atmospheric feedbacks. These results have implications for the reinterpretation of past climatological wind stress overriding studies: past climate signals attributed to momentum coupling may in fact be spurious responses to SST biases. Plain Language Summary: Because the ocean influences the atmosphere and vice versa, chicken‐or‐egg type problems abound throughout the climate system. Some studies have addressed this by controlling the wind stress field felt by the ocean in climate models in order to mechanically decouple the ocean from the atmosphere and thus determine the surface ocean response to a change in momentum forcing. Most previous studies that override wind stress have fed the ocean a mean annual cycle; however, this method removes the effect of shorter‐term events like storms. We compare how well overriding experiments, forced either with the mean annual cycle of wind stress or with year‐to‐year varying wind stress, agree with a freely evolving control simulation. We find substantially larger sea surface temperature biases in the simulation forced with the mean annual cycle of wind stress. We attribute these biases to the lack of short‐term weather events which mix the surface ocean. Key Points: Most previous wind stress overriding simulations have disabled momentum feedbacks in global climate models by overriding with a climatologyWe introduce a protocol to override with interannually varying wind stress, which leads to smaller biases than climatological overridingWe attribute this difference to a lack of synoptic variability in climatological overriding which shoals the mixed layer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Loneliness and social isolation are currently among the most challenging social issues. Given their detrimental impact on physical and mental health, identifying feasible and sustainable interventions to alleviate them is highly important. Friendly visiting, a befriending intervention whereby older persons are matched with someone who visits them on a regular basis, seems promising. However, it is unclear if face‐to‐face (F2F) friendly visiting by a volunteer (FVV) is effective at reducing loneliness or social isolation, or both. Objectives: To assess the effect of F2F FVV on feelings of loneliness, social isolation (primary outcomes) and wellbeing (i.e., life satisfaction, depressive symptom experiencing and mental health; secondary outcomes) in older adults. Search Methods: We searched six electronic databases up until 11 August 2021. We also consulted 15 other resources, including grey literature sources and websites of organizations devoted to loneliness and ageing, between 25 October and 29 November 2021. Selection Criteria: We included experimental and observational studies that quantitatively measured the effect of F2F FVV, compared to no friendly visiting, on at least one of following outcomes in older adults (≥60 years of age): loneliness, social isolation or wellbeing. Data Collection and Analysis: Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction and synthesis, risk of bias and GRADE assessment. If outcomes were measured multiple times, we extracted data for one short‐term (≤1 month after the intervention had ended), one intermediate‐term (>1 and ≤6 months), and one long‐term time point (>6 months). Data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐RCTs were presented and synthesized separately. Synthesis was done using vote counting based on the direction of effect. Main Results: Nine RCTs and four non‐RCTs, conducted primarily in the United States and involving a total of 470 older adults (mean or median ages: 72–83 years), were included. All studies were limited in size (20–88 participants each). Programmes lasted 6–12 weeks and mostly involved weekly visits by undergraduate students to community‐dwelling older adults. Visits consisted mainly of casual conversation, but sometimes involved gameplaying and TV‐watching. All studies had major shortcomings in design and execution. The current evidence about the effect of F2F FVV on loneliness in older adults is very uncertain, both in the short (one RCT in 88, and one non‐RCT in 35 participants) and intermediate term (one RCT in 86 participants) (both very low‐certainty evidence). The same goes for the effects on social isolation, again both in the short (one RCT in 88, and two non‐RCTs in 46 participants) and intermediate term (two non‐RCTs in 99 participants) (both very low‐certainty evidence). Similarly, there is a lot of uncertainty about the effect of F2F FVV on outcomes related to wellbeing (all very low‐certainty evidence). Authors' Conclusions: Due to the very low‐certainty evidence, we are unsure about the effectiveness of F2F FVV with regard to improving loneliness, social isolation, or wellbeing in older adults. Decision‐makers considering implementing FVV should take into account this uncertainty. More and larger high‐quality studies that are better designed and executed, and preferably conducted in various settings, are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copepods are the most abundant metazoans on Earth, driving cycles of key elements in aquatic systems, most prominently carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). One key factor determining nutrient cycling is copepod somatic stoichiometry, which can reflect ecological strategy. We conducted a systematic review that updates the seminal work of Båmstedt (1986) by summarizing the effects of latitude, habitat, life history stage, and taxonomy on C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios of field‐collected copepods. We found that differences among copepod families accounted for the greatest variation, with the Rhincalanidae and Diaptomidae being particularly C‐rich, while the Calanidae were more N‐ and P‐rich. Copepod C:N was higher in inland waters compared with animals from marine environments in both copepodites and adult females, matching the higher C content of seston in many inland freshwaters. For both copepodites and adult females, mid‐latitude animals had higher C:N and C:P than high‐latitude animals, which matched predictions based on the availability of nutrients or adaptation to cold environments. More data must be gathered to fill gaps in our knowledge of copepod stoichiometry, focusing particularly on younger life stages, non‐calanoids, low and high latitudes, the southern hemisphere, and estuarine and some inland water habitats, including large lakes. Such information will help better parameterize models of aquatic ecosystems and improve our understanding of how copepods influence consumer‐driven nutrient cycling and food web dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic stressors are exacerbating the emergence and spread of pathogens worldwide. In regions like the Arctic, where ecosystems are particularly susceptible, marked changes are predicted in regional diversity, intensity, and patterns of infectious diseases. To understand such rapidly changing host‐pathogen dynamics and mitigate the impacts of novel pathogens, we need sensitive disease surveillance tools. We developed and validated a novel multiplexed, magnetic capture, and ddPCR tool for the surveillance of multiple pathogens in polar bears, a sentinel species that is considered susceptible to climate change and other stressors with a pan‐Arctic distribution. Through sequence‐specific magnetic capture, we concentrated five target template sequences from three zoonotic bacteria (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Francisella tularensis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) and two parasitic (Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp.) pathogens from large quantities (<100 g) of host tissue. We then designed and validated two multiplexed probe‐based ddPCR assays for the amplification and detection of the low‐concentration target DNA. Validations used 48 polar bear tissues (muscle and liver). We detected 14, 1, 3, 4, and 22 tissue positives for E. rhusiopathiae, F. tularensis, M. tuberculosis complex, T. gondii, and Trichinella spp., respectively. These multiplexed assays offer a rapid, specific tool for quantifying and monitoring the changing geographical and host distributions of pathogens relevant to human and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This guide accompanies the following article: Christopher R. Freed, 'In the Spirit of Selden Bacon: The Sociology of Drinking and Drug Problems', Sociology Compass 4/10 (2010): 856-868, 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00325.x. Author's introduction In 1943, the sociologist Selden Bacon proposed studying drinking behavior from a 'sociologic' perspective. Since then a problem-oriented approach - a sociology of problem drinking and problem drug use, not a sociology of drinking and drug use behavior - has dominated the literature on alcohol and other drugs. However, the literature reveals a sociology of drinking and drug problems in the spirit of the research that Bacon proposed. The sociology of drinking and drug problems exposes the considerable influence of 'sociologic' factors on problem drinking and problem drug use and, in particular, that problem drinking and problem drug use are not caused exclusively by biologic traits. However, more research needs to analyze the normal use of alcohol and other drugs to better understand the connection between substance use and social life. Author recommends Bacon, Selden D. 1943. 'Sociology and the Problems of Alcohol: Foundations for a Sociologic Study of Drinking Behavior.' Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 4 : 402-45. In this seminal article, Bacon proposes a research plan for the 'sociologic' study of drinking behavior. Bacon urges sociologists to examine the functions of alcohol consumption; the manner and method by which alcohol is consumed, including where, when, and with whom; and drinking norms, sanctions, and sanctioning agents. Bacon also recommends that sociologists who study alcohol consider race, socio-economic status, and occupation, social and cultural mores and institutional demands, social change, and how drinking comportment, habits, customs, and roles are learned. Becker, Howard S. 1953. 'Becoming a Marihuana User.' American Journal of Sociology 59: 235-42. Becker argues that regular marijuana use is a learned behavior. Based on 50 interviews with musicians, laborers, and white-collar professionals who use marijuana, Becker suggests that novice marijuana users do not continue to use marijuana unless they learn from experienced users: (i) how to properly smoke marijuana, (ii) how to recognize its effects, and (iii) how to enjoy those effects. Fingarette, Herbert. 1988. Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Fingarette proposes that Americans have been so inundated with the idea that alcoholism is a disease that they overlook personal and scientific observations that indicate heavy drinkers can control their alcohol consumption. Heavy drinking is not a disease, Fingarette states, but a 'central activity' in the lives of some drinkers: heavy drinkers organize their daily life around drinking and look for settings that promise and promote heavy drinking. Heavy drinking, similar to all central activities, carries momentum and becomes a difficult pattern to break. Levine, Harry G. 1978. 'The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America.' Journal of Studies on Alcohol 39: 143-74. In this classic article, Levine argues that the mid-19th century development of market capitalism and middle-class society in America led to the discovery of addiction. Rapid social change and related social problems prompted medical professionals, religious leaders, and the American public to regard alcohol as inherently addicting and alcohol consumption as dangerous for society. Levine also traces the historical evolution of ideas concerning the cause and nature of alcohol addiction. Lindesmith, Alfred R. 1968. Addiction and Opiates, Rev. edn. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. Lindesmith finds that opiate users experience addiction only if they learn by observation or experience how to recognize opiate withdrawal, link withdrawal to their opiate use, and then use opiates again to relieve their withdrawal distress. According to Lindesmith, persons who do not become 'enlightened' about the symptoms of opiate withdrawal do not become addicted to opiates. MacAndrew, Craig and Robert B. Edgerton. 1969. Drunken Comportment: A Social Explanation. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. MacAndrew and Edgerton question the conventional wisdom that drinkers lose control when they consume alcohol. MacAndrew and Edgerton acknowledge that alcohol affects drinkers pharmacologically, but they also provide a wealth of anthropological evidence that reveals drunken comportment is 'societally sanctioned.' Cultural norms and values socialize individuals how to behave during different drinking situations. Pittman, David J. and Charles R. Snyder. (eds) 1962. Society, Culture, and Drinking Patterns. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This volume consists of some of the most influential analyses of alcohol consumption and alcoholism in the social science literature, organized under five different themes: (i) the anthropology of drinking, (ii) modern setting, (iii) social structure and subcultures, (iv) the origin and patterns of alcoholism, and (v) responsive movements and systems of control. Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. (eds) 1997. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Reinarman and Levine bring together essays about the crack scare in America that occurred during the late 1980s and the early 1990s. This important work in the sociology of alcohol and other drugs covers four broad areas: (i) myths and realities, (ii) crack in comparable societies, (iii) the price of repression, and (iv) punitive prohibition and harm reduction. Waldorf, Dan, Craig Reinarman, and Sheigla Murphy. 1991. Cocaine Changes: The Experience of Using and Quitting. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Waldorf, Reinarman, and Murphy suggest that a 'stake in conventional life'- a family, finances, a job, and social status, for example - helps heavy cocaine users control their use or even quit using cocaine. Health problems and diminishing pleasure from cocaine also help control use. Whatever cocaine users value and prioritize in their lives can be more powerful than the pharmacological effects of cocaine. Online materials Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies Library The Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies Library holds a wide-ranging collection of resources on the medical, psychological, and social aspects of alcohol and other drug use and abuse. The library's Alcohol Studies Database provides searchable access to over 80,000 works on alcohol and other drugs, including audio-visual materials. The Alcohol History Database covers alcohol-related subjects from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 2009). Alcohol Research Group Library, Public Health Institute The Alcohol Research Group Library contains almost 70,000 works on alcohol and other drugs from social, cultural, and legal perspectives. The library also holds items related to treatment and prevention (Public Health Institute 2010). The New York Academy of Medicine Library The New York Academy of Medicine Library houses a medical collection of over 550,000 works, a portion of which will soon be directly available online. The library's historical collection consists of resources from as early as 1700 BC on the history of medicine, public health, and other health care fields. Researchers and the general public can search most of these materials through the library's online catalog (The New York Academy of Medicine 2010). The Chester H. Kirk Collection, Brown University Library The Chester H. Kirk Collection consists of works on alcoholism and Alcoholics Anonymous. Related collections at the Brown University Library include: the Robert Holbrook Smith Collection of Books, Manuscripts and Memorabilia, the Rutgers Anti-Saloon League Collection of Temperance and Addiction Studies Periodicals, the Archives of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc., the Ernest Kurtz Collection on Alcoholism, and the Clarence Snyder Alcoholics Anonymous Collection. These collections are searchable through Josiah, the online catalog of Brown University Library (Brown University Library 2010). Division on Addictions, Cambridge Health Alliance, a teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School The Division on Addictions provides researchers, policy advocates, and the public with information about addiction to alcohol, drugs, and gambling. Through its Library and Archives portal, the Division offers access to scholarly articles authored by its staff and to the weekly BASIS, the Brief Addiction Science Information Source, a web-based publication that summarizes and analyzes the latest scientific research on various addiction-related topics. Other resources of the Division include Expressions of Addiction, a photographic essay that documents individuals during different stages of addiction (Division on Addictions 2010). Alcohol and Drugs History Society The Alcohol and Drugs History Society provides scholarly and popular information about the history of alcohol and other drugs. Its website consists of interest categories that range in subject from alcohol, to inhalants, to tea. The Alcohol and Drugs History Society website also provides access to back issues of The Social History of Alcohol and Drugs: An Interdisciplinary Journal, the official publication of the Alcohol and Drugs History Society (Alcohol and Drugs History Society 2010). Sample syllabus Weeks 1 and 2: Introduction Bacon, Selden D. 1943. 'Sociology and the Problems of Alcohol: Foundations for a Sociologic Study of Drinking Behavior.' Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 4: 402-45. Freed, Christopher R. 2010. 'In the Spirit of Selden Bacon: The Sociology of Drinking and Drug Problems.' Sociology Compass 4: 856-68. Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. 1997. 'Crack in Context: America's Latest Demon Drug.' Pp. 1-17 and 'The Crack Attack: Politics and Media in the Crack Scare.' Pp. 18-51 in Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice, edited by Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Week 3: Different people, different 'genussmittel' Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. 1992. 'Preface.' Pp. xiii-xiv,'Spices, or the Dawn of the Modern Age.' Pp. 3-14, 'Coffee and the Protestant Ethic.' Pp. 15-84, and 'Chocolate, Catholicism, Ancien Regime.' Pp. 85-95 in Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants, translated by David Jacobson. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Weeks 4 and 5: Constructing and deconstructing the disease concept of alcoholism Levine, Harry G. 1978. 'The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America.' Journal of Studies on Alcohol 39: 143-74. Kurtz, Ernest. 1979. 'Beginnings: November 1934-June 1935. The Limitations of the Drinking Alcoholic.' Pp. 7-36 in Not-God: A History of Alcoholics Anonymous. Center City, MN: Hazelden. Seeley, John R. 1962. 'Alcoholism is a Disease: Implications for Social Policy.' Pp. 586-93 in Society, Culture, and Drinking Patterns, edited by David J. Pittman and Charles R. Snyder. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rudy, David R. 1986. 'A Typology of Careers.' Pp. 55-69 in Becoming Alcoholic: Alcoholics Anonymous and the Reality of Alcoholism. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Fingarette, Herbert. 1988. 'What Science Now Knows, but the Public Doesn't.' Pp. 1-9, 'Can Alcoholics Control Their Drinking?' Pp. 31-47, and 'Understanding Heavy Drinking as a Way of Life.' Pp. 99-113 in Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Week 6: Pharmacological fallacy: The socio-cultural effect MacAndrew, Craig and Robert B. Edgerton. 1969. 'The Conventional Wisdom.' Pp. 1-12 and 'Drunkenness as Time Out: An Alternative Solution to the Problem of Drunken Changes-for-the-Worse.' Pp. 83-99 in Drunken Comportment: A Social Explanation. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. Morgan, John P. and Lynn Zimmer. 1997. 'The Social Pharmacology of Smokeable Cocaine: Not All It's Cracked Up to Be.' Pp. 131-70 in Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice, edited by Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Week 7: Using and quitting Lindesmith, Alfred R. 1968. 'The Nature of Addiction.' Pp. 69-96 in Addiction and Opiates. Rev. edn. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. Becker, Howard S. 1953. 'Becoming a Marihuana User.' American Journal of Sociology 59: 235-42. Schaler, Jeffrey A. 2000. 'Do Drug Addicts Lose It?' Pp. 21-36 in Addiction Is a Choice. Chicago, IL: Open Court. Waldorf, Dan, Craig Reinarman, and Sheigla Murphy. 1991. 'Making Sense of Cessation: A Synthesis.' Pp. 218-41 in Cocaine Changes: The Experience of Using and Quitting. Philadelphia. PA: Temple University Press. Week 8: The medical treatment of addiction White, William L. 2003. 'The History of 'Medicinal Specifics' as Addiction Cures in the United States.' Addiction 98: 261-67. Armstrong, Elizabeth M. 2003. 'Medical-Moral Authority and the Redefinition of Risk in the Twentieth Century.' Pp. 189-212 in Conceiving Risk, Bearing Responsibility: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome & the Diagnosis of Moral Disorder. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Freed, Christopher R. 2007. 'Addiction Medicine and Addiction Psychiatry in America: The Impact of Physicians in Recovery on the Medical Treatment of Addiction.' Contemporary Drug Problems 34: 111-35. Freed, Christopher R. 2010. 'Addiction Medicine and Addiction Psychiatry in America: Commonalities in the Medical Treatment of Addiction.' Contemporary Drug Problems 37: 139-63. Week 9: The origins, consequences, and value of punitive prohibition Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. 1997. 'Punitive Prohibition in America.' Pp. 321-33, Siegel, Loren. 1997. 'The Pregnancy Police Fight the War on Drugs.' Pp. 249-59, and Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. 1997. 'The Cultural Contradictions of Punitive Prohibition.' Pp. 334-44 in Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice, edited by Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Levine, Harry G. 2002. 'The Secret of Worldwide Drug Prohibition: The Varieties and Uses of Drug Prohibition.' The Independent Review 7: 165-80. Week 10: Drug, set, and setting Zinberg, Norman E. 1984. 'Preface.' Pp. vii-xiii in Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Zinberg, Norman E. 1972. 'Heroin Use in Vietnam and the United States: A Contrast and a Critique.' Archives of General Psychiatry 26: 486-88. Shaffer, Howard J. 1996. 'Understanding the Means and Objects of Addiction: Technology, the Internet, and Gambling.' Journal of Gambling Studies 12: 461-69. Room, Robin. 2003. 'The Cultural Framing of Addiction.' Janus Head 6: 221-34. Focus topics/questions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Charlemagne's, King of Franks, court library. The penultimate section of the Emperor's testamentary "breviarium," with which the "Life" concludes records that: 'he decreed that the books of which he had assembled a great collection in his library' (magnam in bibliotheca sua copiam congregavit) were to be available for purchase at the appropriate price by anyone who wanted them, and the proceeds distributed to the poor. Most of those luxury books were, almost certainly, created to be given away to specially favoured recipients, like gold rings and jewelled belts.

Chiral metal nanoparticles (NPs) offer a powerful means of inducing and harnessing optical activity. However, due to the incomplete knowledge of the underlying growth mechanisms, there is still limited control over the achievable morphological detail and, consequently, over the resulting optical activity. Therefore, theoretical modeling is needed to guide experimental development toward optimizing the plasmonic chiroptical response. Toward filling this gap, herein an extensive parametric analysis is presented, via computer‐aided‐design (CAD) models and full‐wave electrodynamic simulations, which aims at systematically analyzing the influence of structural changes on the plasmonic circular dichroism (CD) spectra of rod‐shaped gold NPs comprising helical indentations on achiral nanorod cores. From this analysis, interesting patterns in the plasmon‐mediated resonant behavior are identified and cause–effect relationships are drawn that may serve as a go‐to recipe for the understanding and fabrication of these NPs and their applications, such as spectroscopic (bio)detection including CD spectral shifts and surface‐enhanced Raman optical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archives can be rich sources of information, yet they are also very often built within the violent processes of empire‐building, setting the stage for how knowledge about colonised places are constructed, disrupted, and how their histories are understood. Archives often tell us more about power and the kinds of knowledge that were important to imperial powers than the people and places disrupted by empire. This necessitates careful consideration of the archive itself, and not simply the information it contains. The relationship between the visual aspects of the archive and the ways that we come to know about colonised sites is the focus of this paper. Focusing on photos of rural Puerto Rico taken after The Depression (circa 1941–1942), this paper builds an understanding of archives as sites that can be transformed into conceptual or imaginary space that exists outside of the original purposes of the archives. This space is reliant on the willingness of those who encounter archives to read beyond what they are presented with. This in turn allows for careful reading of the traces and possibilities inside archives that subvert their seemingly totalising narrative. The relationship between the visual aspects of the archive and the ways that we come to know about colonised sites is the focus of this paper. Focusing on photos of rural Puerto Rico taken after The Depression (circa 1941–1942), this paper builds an understanding of archives as sites that can be transformed into conceptual or imaginary space that exists outside the original purposes of the archives. This space is reliant on the willingness of those who encounter archives to read beyond what they are presented with. This in turn allows for careful reading of the traces and possibilities inside archives that subvert their seemingly totalising narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Java streams are receiving the attention of developers targeting the Java virtual machine (JVM) as they ease the development of data‐processing logic, while also favoring code extensibility and maintainability through a concise and declarative style based on functional programming. Recent studies aim to shedding light on how Java developers use streams. However, they consider only small sets of applications and mainly apply manual code inspection and static analysis techniques. As a result, the large‐scale dynamic analysis of stream processing remains an open research question. In this article, we present the first large‐scale empirical study on the use of streams in Java code exercised via unit tests. We present stream‐analyzer, a novel dynamic program analysis (DPA) that collects runtime information and key metrics, which enable a fine‐grained characterization of sequential and parallel stream processing. We use a fully automatic approach to massively apply our DPA for the analysis of open‐source software projects hosted on GitHub. Our findings advance the understanding of the use of Java streams. Both the scale of our analysis and the profiling of dynamic information enable us to confirm with more confidence the outcome highlighted at a smaller scale by related work. Moreover, our study reports the popularity of many features of the Stream API and highlights multiple findings about runtime characteristics unique to streams, while also revealing inefficient stream processing and stream misuses. Finally, we present implications of our findings for developers of the Stream API, tool builders and researchers, and educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Transcriptional corepressors of the Topless (TPL) family regulate plant hormone and immunity signaling. The lack of a genome‐wide profile of their chromatin associations limits understanding of the TPL family roles in transcriptional regulation.Chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP‐Seq) was performed on Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing GFP‐tagged Topless‐related 1 (TPR1‐GFP) with and without constitutive immunity via Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1). RNA‐Seq profiling of the TPR1‐GFP lines and pathogen‐infected tpl/tpr mutants, combined with measuring immunity, growth, and physiological parameters was employed to investigate TPL/TPR roles in immunity and defense homeostasis.TPR1 was enriched at promoter regions of c. 1400 genes and c. 10% of the detected binding required EDS1 immunity signaling. In a tpr1 tpl tpr4 (t3) mutant, resistance to bacteria was slightly compromised, and defense‐related transcriptional reprogramming was weakly reduced or enhanced, respectively, at early (< 1 h) and late 24 h stages of bacterial infection. The t3 plants challenged with bacteria or pathogen‐associated molecular pattern nlp24 displayed photosystem II dysfunctions. Also, t3 plants were hypersensitive to phytocytokine pep1 at the level of root growth inhibition. Transgenic expression of TPR1 rescued these t3 physiological defects.We propose that TPR1 and TPL family proteins function in Arabidopsis to reduce detrimental effects associated with activated transcriptional immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean dynamics at the submesoscale play a key role in mediating upper‐ocean energy dissipation and dispersion of tracers. Observations of ocean currents from synoptic mesoscale surveys at submesoscale resolution (250 m–100 km) from a novel airborne instrument (MASS DoppVis) reveal that the kinetic energy spectrum in the California Current System is nearly continuous from 100 km to sub‐kilometer scales, with a k−2 spectral slope. Although there is not a transition in the kinetic energy spectral slope, there is a transition in the dynamics to non‐linear ageostrophic interactions at scales of O $\mathcal{O}$(1 km). Kinetic energy transfer across spatial scales is enabled by interactions between the rotational and divergent components of the flow field at the submesoscale. Kinetic energy flux is patchy and localized at submesoscale fronts. Kinetic energy is transferred both downscale and upscale from 1 km in the observations of a cold filament. Plain Language Summary: Ocean dynamics at scales of 100 m–10 km, called the submesoscale, are important because they are associated with large velocity gradients and non‐linear interactions. Large gradients lead to vertical velocity, which facilitates ocean‐atmosphere interactions and ocean biological processes. Velocity gradients and non‐linear processes combine to transfer kinetic energy from the large‐scale flow to small‐scale perturbations. This can lead to instabilities that dissipate energy in the ocean surface layer (rather than the seafloor). Here we analyze novel observations that provide insight into ocean dynamics through the distributions of velocity gradients and energy transfer at 1 km scale. Dynamics at these scales have previously been modeled, but have not been observed directly. We observe a transition where non‐linear dynamics become more important at scales of order 10 km. We also introduce new interpretations of spectral analysis (analysis of energy and correlations across scales). Moreover, we analyze covariance of velocity gradient quantities and flow energetics to demonstrate that energy flux is episodic and localized at fronts. Together, these observations demonstrate that fronts play an important role in boundary‐layer kinetic energy processes and highlight the evolution of upwelling filaments. Key Points: Remote sensing observations reveal a kinetic energy spectrum with a continuous slope from 100 to 1 km in an eastern boundary regionBetween 1 and 10 km, ageostrophic non‐linear interactions become dynamically importantCross‐scale kinetic energy transfers computed from 2D velocity observations are associated with shear strain in the observed front [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fat depth (FD) and muscle depth (MD) are economically important traits and used to estimate carcass lean content (LMP), which is one of the main breeding objectives in pig breeding programmes. We assessed the genetic architectures of body composition traits for additive and dominance effects in commercial crossbred Piétrain pigs using both 50 K array and sequence genotypes. We first performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) using single‐marker association analysis with a false discovery rate of 0.1. Then, we estimated the additive and dominance effects of the most significant variant in the quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions. It was investigated whether the use of whole‐genome sequence (WGS) will improve the QTL detection (both additive and dominance) with a higher power compared with lower density SNP arrays. Our results showed that more QTL regions were detected by WGS compared with 50 K array (n = 54 vs. n = 17). Of the novel associated regions associated with FD and LMP and detected by WGS, the most pronounced peak was on SSC13, situated at ~116–118, 121–127 and 129–134 Mbp. Additionally, we found that only additive effects contributed to the genetic architecture of the analysed traits and no significant dominance effects were found for the tested SNPs at QTL regions, regardless of panel density. The associated SNPs are located in or near several relevant candidate genes. Of these genes, GABRR2, GALR1, RNGTT, CDH20 and MC4R have been previously reported as being associated with fat deposition traits. However, the genes on SSC1 (ZNF292, ORC3, CNR1, SRSF12, MDN1, TSHZ1, RELCH and RNF152) and SSC18 (TTC26 and KIAA1549) have not been reported previously to our best knowledge. Our current findings provide insights into the genomic regions influencing composition traits in Piétrain pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean chlorophyll time series exhibit temporal variability on a range of timescales due to environmental change, ecological interactions, dispersal, and other factors. The differences in chlorophyll temporal variability observed at stationary locations (Eulerian perspective) or following water parcels (Lagrangian perspective) are poorly understood. Here we contrasted the temporal variability of ocean chlorophyll in these two observational perspectives, using global drifter trajectories and satellite chlorophyll to generate matched pairs of Eulerian‐Lagrangian time series. We found that for most ocean locations, chlorophyll variances measured in Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives are not statistically different. In high latitude areas, the two perspectives may capture similar variability due to the large spatial scale of chlorophyll patches. In localized regions of the ocean, however, chlorophyll variability measured in these two perspectives may significantly differ. For example, in some western boundary currents, temporal chlorophyll variability in the Lagrangian perspective was greater than in the Eulerian perspective. In these cases, the observing platform travels rapidly across strong environmental gradients and constrained by the shelf topography, potentially leading to greater Lagrangian variability in chlorophyll. In contrast, we found that Eulerian chlorophyll variability exceeded Lagrangian variability in some key upwelling zones and boundary current extensions. In these cases, variability in the nutrient supply may generate intermittent chlorophyll anomalies in the Eulerian perspective, while the Lagrangian perspective sees the transport of such anomalies off‐shore. These findings aid with the interpretation of chlorophyll time series from different sampling methodologies, inform observational network design, and guide validation of marine ecosystem models. Plain Language Summary: The differences in phytoplankton variability through time observed at fixed locations (Eulerian perspective) or following water parcels (Lagrangian perspective) are poorly understood. We created a large set of satellite chlorophyll matched time series pairs in the Eulerian and Lagrangian perspective, using global drifter trajectories as an approximation of how surface ocean currents move. We found that for most ocean locations, chlorophyll variability measured in Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives is not different. In high latitude zones, chlorophyll appears to vary similarly over large areas. However, in localized regions of the ocean, such as western boundary currents and upwelling regions, chlorophyll variability in these two perspectives may significantly differ. The causes are linked to the specific ocean dynamics of each area. Key Points: For most ocean locations, chlorophyll variances measured in Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives are not statistically differentIn some western boundary currents, chlorophyll variance was greater in the Lagrangian perspectiveIn some key upwelling zones and boundary current extensions, chlorophyll variance was greater in the Eulerian perspective [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many nations emerged during the collapse of the empire, the case of China is curious in its failure to divide into separate nation‐states. Resisting disunion, the Republic of China (ROC) adopted a rhetoric of national pluralism and laid claim to the fallen Qing Empire's vast territory. This divergence from other post‐imperial nationalisms engenders questions about the legacy of imperialism in the ROC's approaches to nation‐building. Such questions remain salient after the ROC retreat to Taiwan (1949), as since the end of martial law (1987), the ROC has championed itself as a model of multiculturalism. This paper examines the extent to which today's 'Multicultural Taiwan' paradigm differs from 20th‐century official conceptualisations of pluralism, through discourse analysis of publications from the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission (MTAC). Investigation finds that despite centring Taiwan in national ideology, certain Chinese imperialist attitudes towards cultural hierarchy remained influential in MTAC representations of pluralism within Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans possess an intuitive understanding of the environment's physical properties and dynamics, which allows them to predict the outcomes of physical scenarios and successfully interact with the physical world. This predictive ability is thought to rely on mental simulations and has been shown to involve frontoparietal areas. Here, we investigate whether such mental simulations may be accompanied by visual imagery of the predicted physical scene. We designed an intuitive physical inference task requiring participants to infer the parabolic trajectory of an occluded ball falling in accordance with Newtonian physics. Participants underwent fMRI while (i) performing the physical inference task alternately with a visually matched control task, and (ii) passively observing falling balls depicting the trajectories that had to be inferred during the physical inference task. We found that performing the physical inference task activates early visual areas together with a frontoparietal network when compared with the control task. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we show that these regions contain information specific to the trajectory of the occluded ball (i.e., fall direction), despite the absence of visual inputs. Using a cross‐classification approach, we further show that in early visual areas, trajectory‐specific activity patterns evoked by the physical inference task resemble those evoked by the passive observation of falling balls. Together, our findings suggest that participants simulated the ball trajectory when solving the task, and that the outcome of these simulations may be represented in form of the perceivable sensory consequences in early visual areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describing, naming and understanding the tissues and cell types composing biological organisms underpin myriad research endeavours in the biosciences. This is obvious when the organismal structure is a direct subject of the investigation such as in analyses of structure–function relationships. However, it also applies when structure represents the context. Gene expression networks and physiological processes cannot be divorced from the spatial and structural framework of the organs in which they operate. Atlases of anatomy and a precise vocabulary are therefore key tools on which modern scientific endeavours in the life sciences are based. One of the seminal authors whose books are familiar to nearly everyone in the plant biology community is Katherine Esau (1898–1997), a phenomenal plant anatomist and microscopist whose textbooks are still used daily around the world – 70 years after their first publication. Several technical innovations in microscopy have emerged since Esau's time and plant biological studies by authors who were trained using her books are shown side‐by‐side with Esau's drawings. LAY DESCRIPTION: The structure of cells and tissues provides the spatial context for physiological processes that keep biological organisms alive. Understanding the anatomy of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms is therefore a crucial foundation to biological and biomedical research. Microscopy has been a fundamental tool to explore and document anatomy for hundreds of years. Two of the seminal anatomy textbooks were written by Katherine Esau (1898–1997), a phenomenal plant anatomist and microscopist. Her books are still used daily around the world—70 years after their first publication. Generations of university graduates have been trained based on her micrographs and drawings of plant structures, the accompanying descriptions, and her explanations of the structure‐function relationships. This paper shows some of her illustrations side‐by‐side with images from modern research studies conducted by some of those trained through her books. These studies highlight many recent technical developments in the field of microscopy and plant science that have emerged in the three decades since Esau last operated a microscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boundary between the overriding and subducting plates is locked along some portions of the Cascadia subduction zone. The extent and location of locking affects the potential size and frequency of great earthquakes in the region. Because much of the boundary is offshore, measurements on land are incapable of completely defining a locked zone in the up‐dip region. Deformation models indicate that a record of seafloor height changes on the accretionary prism can reveal the extent of locking. To detect such changes, we have initiated a series of calibrated pressure measurements using an absolute self‐calibrating pressure recorder. A piston‐gauge calibrator under careful metrological considerations produces an absolutely known reference pressure to correct seafloor pressure observations to an absolute value. We report an accuracy of about 25 ppm of the water depth, or 0.02 kPa (0.2 cm equivalent) at 100 m to 0.8 kPa (8 cm equivalent) at 3,000 m. These campaign survey‐style absolute pressure measurements on seven offshore benchmarks in a line extending 100 km westward from Newport, Oregon from 2014 to 2017 establish a long‐term, sensor‐independent time series that can, over decades, reveal the extent of vertical deformation and thus the extent of plate locking and place initial limits on rates of subsidence or uplift. Continued surveys spanning years could serve as calibration values for co‐located or nearby continuous pressure records and provide useful information on possible crustal deformation rates, while epoch measurements spanning decades would provide further limits and additional insights on deformation. Plain Language Summary: The Cascadia subduction zone has produced large earthquakes and tsunamis whose potential size and interval is affected by the amount and distribution of locking between the tectonic plates. A large portion of the subduction zone is offshore, where typical land‐ and satellite‐based methods are ineffective at measuring crustal changes. Seafloor water pressure observations can be used to measure height changes, but pressure gauges inherently drift at rates typically greater than the expected vertical seafloor deformation rates. The absolute self‐calibrating pressure recorder (ASCPR) measures the true, absolute, sensor‐independent seafloor pressure by addressing and correcting sources of error caused by the internal piston gauge calibrator and recording pressure gauges. The accuracy of our measurements is about 25 ppm of the water depth, or about 2.5 cm of height per 1,000 m of water. Campaign survey‐style measurements using the ASCPR at seven benchmarks off the coast of Newport, Oregon from 2014 to 2017 establish a long‐term record of absolute measurements that can be referenced by studies decades or more in the future or can estimate and correct drift of nearby continuous pressure gauges. Continued measurements can provide insights on seafloor deformation and thus locking in Cascadia. Key Points: Campaign‐style surveys of absolute calibrated seafloor pressure measurements were made in the Cascadia subduction zone from 2014 to 2017These sensor‐independent measurements act as long‐term, absolute reference values that can be used for future vertical deformation studiesWe document and quantify the sources of error in the technique with a total uncertainty of ∼25 ppm, or ∼0.25 kPa per 1,000 m water depth [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of charged biomacromolecules is widely found in biomineralization. To investigate the significance of this biological strategy for mineralization control, gelatin‐incorporated calcite crystals grown from gelatin hydrogels with different charge concentrations along the gel networks are examined. It is found that the bound charged groups on gelatin networks (amino cations, gelatin‐NH3+ and carboxylic anions, gelatin‐COO−) play crucial roles in controlling the single‐crystallinity and the crystal morphology. And the charge effects are greatly enhanced by the gel‐incorporation because the incorporated gel networks force the bound charged groups on them to attach to crystallization fronts. In contrast, ammonium ions (NH4+) and acetate ions (Ac−) dissolve in the crystallization media do not exhibit the similar charge effects because the balance of attachment/detachment make them more difficult to be incorporated. Employing the revealed charge effects, the calcite crystal composites with different morphologies can be flexibly prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we present a unique set of coincident and collocated high‐resolution observations of surface currents and directional properties of surface waves collected from an airborne instrument, the Modular Aerial Sensing System, collected off the coast of Southern California. High‐resolution observations of near surface current profiles and shear are obtained using a new instrument, "DoppVis", capable of capturing horizontal spatial current variability down to 128 m resolution. This data set provides a unique opportunity to examine how currents at scales ranging from 1 to 100 km modulate bulk (e.g., significant wave height), directional and spectral properties of surface gravity waves. Such observations are a step toward developing better understanding of the underlying physics of submesoscale processes (e.g., frontogenesis and frontal arrest) and the nature of transitions between mesoscale and submesoscale dynamics. Plain Language Summary: In recent years, through improvement of computational resolution of global ocean models, scientists have begun to suspect that kilometer‐scale eddies, whirlpools and fronts, called "submesoscale" variability, make important contributions to horizontal and vertical exchange of climate and biological variables in the upper ocean. Such features are challenging to analyze, because of their size (and how quickly they evolve; within hours), they are too large to study from a research vessel but smaller than regions typically studied with satellite measurements. In this work, we use a research aircraft instrumented to characterize ocean currents, temperature, color (in turn chlorophyll concentration) and the properties of surface waves over an area large enough to capture submesoscale processes. This approach is a step forward in understanding and quantifying the underlying physics of submesoscale processes, and in turn develops parameterization that can help improve the fidelity of weather and climate models. Key Points: Unique coincident and collocated airborne observations of Sea Surface Temperature, surface currents and properties of surface waves across submesoscales featuresA new airborne instrument enables observations of surface currents, vertical and horizontal shear to capture quickly evolving ocean featuresSuch observations are crucial to develop better understanding of the physics of submesoscale processes and wave‐current interaction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the debates around the "miracle of Maglavit", a shepherd's vision of God that took place in 1935 in Romania and attracted much contemporary popular and intellectual interest. The debates drew in arguments from doctors and theologians, who discussed the psychology of divine revelation and tried to elaborate the implications that such an event could have for the life of the Romanian nation. The paper places these debates in the context of wider contemporary discussions about psychology and religion. I argue that what Maglavit shows is that, in Romania at least, public debates about visionary experience in the 1930s were not only debates about its psychology, but of a psychology thoroughly imbricated with political concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased in their severity and extent in many parts of the world and pose serious threats to local aquaculture, fisheries, and public health. In many cases, the mechanisms triggering and regulating HAB events remain poorly understood. Using underwater microscopy and Residual Neural Network (ResNet‐18) to taxonomically classify imaged organisms, we developed a daily abundance record of four potentially harmful algae (Akashiwo sanguinea, Chattonella spp., Dinophysis spp., and Lingulodinium polyedra) and major grazer groups (ciliates, copepod nauplii, and copepods) from August 2017 to November 2020 at Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier, a coastal location in the Southern California Bight. Random Forest algorithms were used to identify the optimal combination of environmental and ecological variables that produced the most accurate abundance predictions for each taxon. We developed models with high prediction accuracy for A. sanguinea (R2=0.79±0.06), Chattonella spp. (R2=0.63±0.06), and L. polyedra (R2=0.72±0.08), whereas models for Dinophysis spp. showed lower prediction accuracy (R2=0.24±0.07). Offshore nutricline depth and indices describing climate variability, including El Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, that influence regional‐scale ocean circulation patterns and environmental conditions, were key predictor variables for these HAB taxa. These metrics of regional‐scale processes were generally better predictors of HAB taxa abundances at this coastal location than the in situ environmental measurements. Ciliate abundance was an important predictor of Chattonella and Dinophysis spp., but not of A. sanguinea and L. polyedra. Our findings indicate that combining regional and local environmental factors with microzooplankton populations dynamics can improve real‐time HAB abundance forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing wildfire and declining snowpacks in mountain regions threaten water availability. We combine satellite‐based fire detections with snow seasonality classifications to examine fire activity in California's seasonal and ephemeral snow zones. We find a nearly tenfold increase in fire activity during 2020–2021 versus 2001–2019. Accumulation season broadband snow albedo declined 25%–71% at two burned sites (2021 and 2022) according to in‐situ data relative to un‐burned conditions, with greater declines associated with increased burn severity. By enhancing snowpack susceptibility to melt, both decreased snow albedo and canopy drove midwinter melt during a multi‐week dry spell in 2022. Despite similar meteorological conditions in December–February 2013 and 2022–linked to persistent high pressure weather regimes–minimal melt occurred in 2013. Post‐fire snowpack differences are confirmed with satellite measurements. With growing geographical overlap between wildfire and snow, our findings suggest California's snowpack is increasingly vulnerable to the compounding effects of dry spells and wildfire. Plain Language Summary: Satellite fire detections indicate substantial increases in wildfire activity in California's snow‐covered landscapes during 2020 and 2021, suggesting wildfire is increasingly altering mountain hydrology. During 2022, a multi‐week mid‐winter drought, or dry spell, occurred. A meteorologically‐similar dry spell occurred in 2013, and the 2022 event provides a test case to examine how post‐fire changes (canopy loss and deposition of burned dark material on snowpack) alter snowmelt patterns. Using field observations, weather station data, and satellite remote sensing of snow, we find large reductions in snow albedo and canopy cover drove rapid melt during the 2022 dry spell in burned areas whereas during 2013, minimal melt occurred. The societal connection between mountains and humans will be strained as mountains face increasing climate‐related stressors. Midwinter drought, snow loss, and increasing wildfire are expectations of a warming world. Addressing these challenges requires innovative water and forest management paradigms. Our findings motivate additional research into assessing and planning for post‐fire hydrologic changes in snow‐dominated landscapes as both wildfire and dry spells will increase in frequency with climate warming. Key Points: A 9.8x increase in satellite fire detections in California's snow zones in 2020–2021 versus 2001–2019 implies growing overlap in fire and snowPost‐fire accumulation season broadband snow albedo declined 25%–71%, driving fewer snow‐covered days and lower snow‐cover fractionCompared with the meteorologically similar 2013 dry spell, albedo and canopy declines led to rapid midwinter melt in 2022 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most used drugs in the UK. PPI use has been associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk, although these results have been inconsistent. We hypothesized that PPI could modulate BMD by altering gut and/or host systemic metabolic environments. Using data from more than 5000 British male and female individuals, we confirmed that PPI use is associated with decreased lumbar spine and total hip BMD. This effect was not mediated through the gut microbiome. We suggest here that PPI use may influence total hip BMD, both directly and indirectly, via plasma metabolites involved in the sex hormone pathway. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depictions of and references to apes (tailless hominoids) are very limited in early historical written accounts. The first known published representations of ape‐like primates appear in Medieval European books during the first century following the invention of printing. Considering the current knowledge of ape iconography, this article examines an unusual image of a couple of ape‐like creatures rendered in a European manuscript and explores the possible links of this challenging illustration with historical accounts and contexts during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. The studied manuscript is known as "BL Sloane MS 4016" and is a medieval herbal manuscript (Tratactus de Herbis) of Lombardian origin dated c. 1440. The illustration in question, which also appears in similar manuscripts, represents two primates. However, these representations differ significantly from those in the other manuscripts. The individuals have physical features that suggest attribution to chimpanzees. The location and the date of the manuscript in relation to the extended merchant and travel network between Europe and Africa during the late Medieval times and earlier Renaissance most likely indicate that free‐living or traded chimpanzees or their images may have been the visual source for the illustration. The examination of early depictions and descriptions of apes helps us to understand how we, humans, have represented our own closest zoological relatives. In doing so, this study also provides a review of early ape iconography and historical accounts about African primates during the so‐called Age of Discoveries. Research highlights: ‐An exploration of the earliest depictions of African apes in Medieval times and the early Renaissance, including that of a challenging and novel image of chimpanzees.‐A revision of the historical accounts about African primate diversity during the 15th and 16th centuries.‐Expanding knowledge about primates in the past serves as a tool for ultimately building more robust plans for the future conservation of all endangered primates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of warm Atlantic water on the Greenland continental shelf has been connected to the accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, particularly in the southwest and southeast shelf regions. Results from two high‐resolution coupled ocean‐sea ice simulations that utilized either the 1/10° Parallel Ocean Program (POP) or the 1/12° HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) are used to understand the flux of heat on and off the southern Greenland shelf. The analysis reveals that the region of greatest heat flux onto the shelf is southeast Greenland. On the southwestern shelf, heat is mainly exported from the shelf to the interior basins. We identify differences in the shelf break current structure and on‐shelf heat content between the two simulations. Just south of the Denmark Strait, there is a seasonally persistent pattern of multi‐day variability in the cross‐shelf heat flux in both simulations. In the POP simulation, this high‐frequency signal results in net on‐shore heat flux. In the HYCOM simulation, the signal is weaker and results in net off‐shelf heat flux. This variability is consistent with Denmark Strait Overflow eddies traveling along the shelf break. Plain Language Summary: Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has been accelerating in recent decades because of rising ocean and air temperatures. Warm ocean water in the deep basin from the subtropical North Atlantic is separated from the ice sheet margin (glacier termini in the Greenland fjords) by the shallower continental shelf region. In this study we compare two simulations of the ocean and sea ice that represent the currents and eddying motions around Greenland realistically. We identify how and where heat is moved on and off the southern Greenland shelf and consider the results to be robust when they are common to both simulations. Warm water mainly moves onto the southeast shelf and off the southwest shelf; the currents on the shelf transport the warm water around the southern tip of Greenland. Near the Denmark Strait we identify oscillations in the warm water crossing onto the shelf that are associated with the presence of Denmark Strait Overflow eddies. On average, these eddies move heat onto the shelf in one model and off the shelf in the other. Understanding how warm water reaches the shelf allows us to better understand how the ocean contributes to the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Key Points: Cross‐shelf heat flux is strongest over the southeast continental shelf in both POP and HYCOM ocean modelsDenmark Strait Overflow eddies traveling along the shelf break drive multi‐day oscillations of on‐shelf heat fluxOn‐shelf heat fluxes along the wide sector of the southeast Greenland shelf are associated with the mean flow in HYCOM and eddies in POP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have found that Northern Hemisphere aerosol‐like cooling induces a La Niña‐like response in the tropical Indo‐Pacific. Here, we explore how a coupled ocean‐atmosphere feedback pathway communicates and sustains this response. We override ocean surface wind stress in a comprehensive climate model to decompose the total ocean‐atmosphere response to forced extratropical cooling into the response of surface buoyancy forcing alone and surface momentum forcing alone. In the subtropics, the buoyancy‐forced response dominates: the positive low cloud feedback amplifies sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies which wind‐driven evaporative cooling communicates to the tropics. In the equatorial Indo‐Pacific, buoyancy‐forced ocean dynamics cool the surface while the Bjerknes feedback creates zonally asymmetric SST patterns. Although subtropical cloud feedbacks are model‐dependent, our results suggest this feedback pathway is robust across a suite of models such that models with a stronger subtropical low cloud response exhibit a stronger La Niña response. Plain Language Summary: Anthropogenic aerosols are an important radiative forcing on the climate system contributing to observed climate variability. In prior modeling studies, idealized aerosol‐like forcing applied to Northern Hemisphere high latitude regions has resulted in a tropical La Niña‐like response in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. In this study, we investigate the pathway by which high latitude aerosol‐like cooling is communicated to the tropics via a sequence of ocean‐atmosphere positive feedback processes. We explore this pathway further by parsing out the total climate response into surface forcing which alters the buoyancy of seawater via heat or freshwater and surface wind stress forcing which alters the momentum of seawater. We find that subtropical patterns, arising from low clouds and wind‐induced evaporative cooling, are primarily buoyancy‐forced, while tropical asymmetries arise from momentum forcing. The results show that this pathway is robust across seven climate models such that stronger subtropical cloud responses elicit stronger sea surface temperature responses in the equatorial Pacific. The results highlight the important link between extratropical aerosol‐like forcing and La Niña‐like patterns via these coupled ocean‐atmosphere feedbacks. The equatorial Pacific can drive major climate variability, suggesting global implications for these results. Key Points: A pathway of three coupled ocean‐atmosphere feedbacks communicates extratropical anomalous cooling and sustains a tropical responseBroadly, buoyancy‐forced adjustments dominate in the subtropics while momentum‐forced adjustments create zonal asymmetries in the tropicsThis mechanistic pathway seems to be robust across several global climate models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonaceous chondrites of the Vigarano group (CV) are primitive (nearly un‐metamorphosed) meteorites that provide a wealth of information about the early solar system, including constraints on chondrule formation, origin of calcium‐aluminum inclusions, stability of organic compounds, and redox conditions. The US Antarctic meteorite collection contains 119 CV samples from 15 dense collection areas (DCAs) from the TransAntarctic Mountains; these samples have been assigned a preliminary classification as CVs, but not to the subgroups oxidized A, oxidized B, and reduced. Furthermore, variation in petrologic grade can be determined non‐destructively using Raman spectroscopy. To update the classification of both subgroups and petrologic types in the collection, we have acquired magnetic susceptibility, metal and sulfide compositions, and Raman spectra. Overall, there are 55 oxidized A samples, 18 oxidized B samples, and 46 reduced samples. Several of the CVs are quite primitive (Lewis Cliffs Ice Tongue and MacAlpine Hills) but are also very small. Multiple pairing groups have been identified in the Miller Range (MIL), Queen Alexandra Range, and Larkman Nunatak DCAs, including all of the subgroups. In MIL 090981, there is evidence for multiple lithologies. We make suggested updates for all the samples, knowing that this information will help to better guide researchers interested in studying the CV chondrites in the US Antarctic meteorite collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a dense population of microorganisms whose metabolism impacts human health and physiology. The gut microbiome encodes millions of genes, the products of which endow our bodies with unique biochemical activities. In the context of drug metabolism, microbial biochemistry in the gut influences humans in two major ways: (1) by producing small molecules that modulate expression and activity of human phase I and II pathways; and (2) by directly modifying drugs administered to humans to yield active, inactive, or toxic metabolites. Although the capacity of the microbiome to modulate drug metabolism has long been known, recent studies have explored these interactions on a much broader scale and have revealed an unprecedented scope of microbial drug metabolism. The implication of this work is that we might be able to predict the capacity of an individual's microbiome to metabolize drugs and use this information to avoid toxicity and inform proper dosing. Here, we provide a tutorial of how to study the microbiome in the context of drug metabolism, focusing on in vitro, rodent, and human studies. We then highlight some limitations and opportunities for the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native plants are often promoted for gardening, biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration. Native plant gardening can contribute to environmental sustainability by conserving water and creating biologically diverse habitat. Despite the many virtues of native plants, there are challenges to building relationships between people and plants, including limited plant availability and low level of general plant appreciation and literacy. Activities that foster people–plant connections can help to alleviate Plant Awareness Disparity, foster plant conservation and produce more native plants.We describe how our environmental non‐profit organization, the Kootenay Native Plant Society, has worked to encourage people–plant connections in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia, Canada, over a 10‐year period. We borrowed from different disciplines, practices and theories to inform our work—from organic gardening and ecological restoration to sustainable development. Our programmes developed from outreach and educational activities to more place‐based and interactive initiatives. Initial activities, including wildflower walks and school programmes, offered plant information but more meaningful plant engagement was needed. We provided deeper knowledge through a flagship species approach showcasing a native plant, camas Camassia quamash, itxwa, resulting in greater appreciation for camas, although this strategy rarely translated to broader plant conservation by residents. We developed more specialized programmes that trained participants in native plant propagation and gardening, where they gained competence and contributed to a social group linked by community‐based conservation efforts and a passion for native plants.We learned our journey to connect more people with native species and get plants into gardens was a pathway towards a community of practice. Building lasting people–plant connections is not straightforward; it is an adaptive integrative process requiring delivery of dynamic and complementary activities developed over time from cumulative insights and organizational reflection. What we thought was simply an unavailability of native plants paired with people's lack of native plant appreciation was more complex, requiring a shift in social understanding of people's relationships with plants. The cultivation of a community of practice is an act of socio‐ecological restoration, a shared pathway that supports a self‐sustaining community practicing good stewardship and empowered to grow native plants. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toy Story 2 only exists because one of the movie's directors had made a backup copy of the movie while she worked from home, otherwise the movie would have been lost due to a computer malfunction. Just as though content access through the internet was intended to allow for works to become more easily accessible, there is no guarantee that they will remain this way. How, then, do we assure users and creators have not only a right to access content made available online, but also a right to preserve such access? This article intends to answer this question by analyzing US Copyright regulation, how it regulates access and preservation of works, and, especially, how it does not. I argue that a policy proposal regarding a right to preserve access could be had based on data protection regulation. Getting inspiration from the way recent data regulation legislation forced different providers that operate on the internet to adapt their terms into a regulatory "common ground," this article claims users would be benefited if they could preserve the right of access to works they legally acquired the same way as they have access to and can make copies of their personal data in these services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No, Sir, the association of the London booksellers was not set on foot for the purpose of prosecuting the booksellers in the country, as the elder Mr. Merrill informed you last Tuesday, but in order to relieve the country Booksellers a subscription was made to pay all such Booksellers who had bought any pirated books through mistake, which was often done, as the pirates printed books with the proprietors names at the bottom. B I Morning Chronicle i , 29 March b : A counter petition is prepared and signed by the stall booksellers, in order to be presented to the House of Commons, against the bill for the relief of the booksellers holders of copy-right. Upon a cross-examination Mr. Wilkie's replies to the questions put to him gave the House the following information: - That in 1759 he signed a circular letter to the Country Booksellers at the instance of a Committee of the London Booksellers, who had entered into an association, not for the purpose of prosecuting the Country Booksellers, as the elder Mr. Merrill had informed the House on the Tuesday before; but in order to relieve the Country Booksellers a subscription was made to pay all such Booksellers who had bought any pirated books through mistake, which was often done, as the Pirates printed books with the proprietors names at the bottom. This Part comprises all the known reports of the parliamentary debates on the Booksellers' Bill in the London, Edinburgh and Glasgow newspapers and monthly magazines. B I Middlesex Journal i , 31 May-2 June b : The Booksellers bill was presented to the House of Lords, yesterday, by Mr. Feilde, Mr. Burke, Col. Onslow, &c. B I Public Ledger i , 2 June b : Read a first time the Booksellers Bill, relative to Literary Property, and after a debate, the Bill was rejected on a division 21 against 11. [Extracted from the article]

The Musée du Quai Branly Jacques Chirac (MQBJC) in Paris includes a commissioned ceiling mural by Australian artist John Mawurndjul. Neither the identity of the artist nor the cultural meaning of the work features strongly as part of the visitor experience for this work. Such interpretation is, in general, pushed to the margins in the museum's permanent exhibits. Paradoxically, the temporary exhibits are treated differently. The paper details how the power of John Mawurndjul's art is developed in relation to social activities on his own country as well as his cross‐cultural engagements with the broader art world. Cultural meaning and strong principles of aesthetics are developed through this creativity. The paper presents these insights as interpretational possibilities for Mawurndjul's mural and questions whether an avowed museum of world arts can continue to ignore the development of a more cross‐cultural definition of aesthetics and a relational approach to develop and interpret its permanent exhibits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Microalgae accumulate high levels of oil under stress, but the underlying biosynthetic pathways are not fully understood. We sought to identify key regulators of lipid metabolism under stress conditions.We found that the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gene encoding the MYB‐type transcription factor MYB1 is highly induced under stress conditions. Two myb1 mutants accumulated less total fatty acids and storage lipids than their parental strain upon nitrogen (N) depletion.Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in lipid metabolism are highly enriched in the wild‐type but not in the myb1‐1 mutant after 4 h of N depletion. Among these genes were several involved in the transport of fatty acids from the chloroplast to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): acyl‐ACP thioesterase (FAT1), Fatty Acid EXporters (FAX1, FAX2), and long‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetase1 (LACS1). Furthermore, overexpression of FAT1 in the chloroplast increased lipid production. These results suggest that, upon N depletion, MYB1 promotes lipid accumulation by facilitating fatty acid transport from the chloroplast to the ER.This study identifies MYB1 as an important positive regulator of lipid accumulation in C. reinhardtii upon N depletion, adding another player to the established regulators of this process, including NITROGEN RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (NRR1) and TRIACYLGLYCEROL ACCUMULATION REGULATOR 1 (TAR1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing number of medical students and limited availability of cadavers have led to a reduction in anatomy teaching through human cadaveric dissection. These changes triggered the emergence of innovative teaching and learning strategies in order to maximize students learning of anatomy. An alternative approach to traditional dissection was presented in an effort to improve content delivery and student satisfaction. The objective of this study is to acquire three‐dimensional (3D) anatomical data using structured‐light surface scanning to create a dynamic four‐dimensional (4D) dissection tool of four regions: neck, male inguinal and femoral areas, female perineum, and brachial plexus. At each dissection step, identified anatomical structures were scanned using a 3D surface scanner (Artec Spider™). Resulting 3D color meshes were overlaid to create a 4D (3D+time) environment. An educational interface was created for neck dissection. Its implementation in the visualization platform allowed 4D virtual dissection by navigating from surface to deep layers and vice versa. A group of 28 second‐year medical students and 17 first‐year surgery residents completed a satisfaction survey. A majority of medical students (96.4%) and 100% of surgery residents said that they would recommend this tool to their colleagues. According to surgery residents, the main elements of this virtual tool were the realistic high‐quality of 3D acquisitions and possibility to focus on each anatomical structure. As for medical students, major elements were the interactivity and entertainment aspect, precision, and accuracy of anatomical structures. This approach proves that innovative solutions to anatomy education can be found to help to maintain critical content and student satisfaction in anatomy curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First Aid Kits are collections of the most important medical equipment required for quick medical assistance. Similarly, enzyme kits can provide a proficient, ready‐ and easy‐to‐use collection of biocatalysts that can be applied with high reproducibility. In this article, we illustrate how kits of oxyfunctionalisation enzymes could operate as synthetic 'First Aid' for chemists working on complex natural product total synthesis in an early‐ or late‐stage fashion, as well as in lead diversification in drug discovery processes. We reason that enzyme kits could catalyse the integration of biocatalysis into (synthetic) organic chemistry and describe how we envision their future application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of epigenetic drug and probe discovery is on the rise. This is not only paramount to identify and develop therapeutic treatments associated with epigenetic processes but also to understand the underlying epigenetic mechanisms involved in biological processes. To this end, chemical vendors have been developing synthetic compound libraries focused on epigenetic targets to increase the probabilities of identifying promising starting points for drug or probe candidates. However, the chemical contents of these data sets, the distribution of their physicochemical properties, and diversity remain unknown. To fill this gap and make this information available to the scientific community, we report a comprehensive analysis of eleven libraries focused on epigenetic targets containing more than 50,000 compounds. We used well‐validated chemoinformatics approaches to characterize these sets, including novel methods such as automated detection of analog series and visual representations of the chemical space based on Constellation Plots and Chemical Library Networks. This work will guide the efforts of experimental groups working on high‐throughput and medium‐throughput screening of epigenetic‐focused libraries. The outcome of this work can also be used as a reference to design and describe novel focused epigenetic libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some decades now, galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM) institutions have provided access to information resources in digital format. Although some datasets are openly available, they are often not used to their full potential. Recently, approaches such as the so‐called Labs within GLAM institutions promote the reuse of digital collections in innovative and inspiring ways. In this article, we explore a straightforward computational procedure to identify emerging topics in periodical materials such as newspapers, bibliographies, and journals. The method is illustrated in three use cases based on public digital collections. This type of tools are expected to promote further usage by researchers of the digital collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the quantitative regulatory function of transcription factors (TFs) based on factors such as binding sequence, binding location, and promoter type is not possible. The interconnected nature of gene networks and the difficulty in tuning individual TF concentrations make the isolated study of TF function challenging. Here, we present a library of Escherichia coli strains designed to allow for precise control of the concentration of individual TFs enabling the study of the role of TF concentration on physiology and regulation. We demonstrate the usefulness of this resource by measuring the regulatory function of the zinc‐responsive TF, ZntR, and the paralogous TF pair, GalR/GalS. For ZntR, we find that zinc alters ZntR regulatory function in a way that enables activation of the regulated gene to be robust with respect to ZntR concentration. For GalR and GalS, we are able to demonstrate that these paralogous TFs have fundamentally distinct regulatory roles beyond differences in binding affinity. Synopsis: This study presents a library of Escherichia coli strains where the concentration of individual transcription factors (TF) can be independently tuned and measured, allowing the analysis of copy number dependent TF roles in regulatory networks and cellular physiology. A library is constructed, with the ability to titrate the expression level of any of the nearly 200 TFs in E. coli.Independent control of TF levels enables the focused analysis of TF function and role in physiology, in isolation from the native network.The usefulness in dissecting gene regulatory functions of TFs is demonstrated for a metal responsive TF (ZntR) as well as a paralogous TF pair (GalR and GalS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess the use of a four‐beam, Janus‐type ADCP for the measurement of lateral Reynolds stress (u′v′¯) in wavy coastal environments. The calculation of u′v′¯ derives either from the fluctuating beam velocity equations or directly from the fluctuating part of the Cartesian velocities (u′,v′), with each requiring different assumptions. We adapt existing wave‐turbulence decomposition strategies to isolate the lateral turbulent motions at frequencies below those of surface gravity waves. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated via comparisons with independent ADV‐based stress estimates at two sites. Comparisons show good quantitative agreement over the tidal cycle, and indicate that ADCPs can effectively resolve lateral turbulent fluxes via ensemble‐averaging. Assessment of ensemble‐averaged turbulence cospectra indicates that the proposed approach is effective in isolating the low‐frequency (below the waveband) turbulent stresses from wave‐induced errors. Furthermore, the vertical structure of the turbulent Reynolds stresses is examined as a function of tidal phase in an unstratified, tidally‐driven flow over a rough coral reef seabed in weak swell conditions. Observations and analysis indicate that lateral fluxes are tied to the cross‐shore (lateral) gradient of the mean alongshore flow, though vertical and lateral stresses are primarily driven by bottom‐generated turbulence. Scaling considerations indicate that cross‐shore transport by lateral turbulent mixing could be relevant to coral reef shelves with steep cross‐reef slopes and rough bottoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study diagnoses the drivers of intraseasonal variability of mixed layer chlorophyll‐a (Chl) concentration in the tropical Indian Ocean during boreal summer (June–September) using a well‐tested coupled ocean‐ecosystem model. Results show that wind forcing is the primary source for energetic intraseasonal Chl concentration variability in the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal (BoB) modulated by the Central Indian Ocean (CIO) mode. The atmospheric anomalous anticyclone associated with the positive phase of CIO mode drives southeastward currents in the Arabian Sea, which transport nutrient and Chl towards the east. Simultaneously, the wind‐induced offshore currents strengthen upwelling in the western boundary of BoB, resulting in enhanced Chl in the upper ocean. Conversely, because of the formation of a barrier layer, the nutrient supply is suppressed along the equator, which causes a negative correlation between the CIO mode and Chl. This study complements the Madden‐Julian Oscillation forcing on the intraseasonal Chl concentration anomaly in the tropical Indian Ocean. Plain Language Summary: A close examination in Chlorophyll‐a (Chl) is essential for monitoring in ocean biodiversity as well as fisheries resources. Previous studies have reported Chl concentration variability in the tropical Indian Ocean on intraseasonal timescale associated with Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO). Our study finds that the intraseasonal variability of mixed layer Chl concentration is modulated by the Central Indian Ocean (CIO) mode during boreal summer, which precedes monsoon intraseasonal oscillation. The CIO mode‐related winds induce anomalous currents in the upper ocean of tropical Indian Ocean, and thereby lead to nutrient supply, Chl blooms and advections. As a result, the Chl concentration is enhanced in the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal, but reduced in the tropical Indian Ocean during the positive phase of CIO mode. Our results elicit the role of the oceanic processes related to the CIO mode in the intraseasonal variability of Chl concentration, which is distinct from the MJO. Key Points: The Central Indian Ocean mode plays an important role in the intraseasonal variability of chlorophyll‐a (Chl) concentration in the mixed layer of tropical Indian OceanThe wind‐driven southeastward currents bring nutrient and Chl to the eastern Arabian Sea and enhance upwelling and nutrient supply in the western Bay of BengalThe barrier layer suppresses the nutrient supply in the tropical Indian Ocean and decreases the Chl concentration in the upper ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores what it means to work with decontextualized or mysterious archival traces within collections that already contain obscured provenance. In particular, it compels us to consider what a single object can tell us about the individual, Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, and what it can teach us about the larger queer community from which it may have originated. Astrology, the occult, and new forms of spirituality proliferated in Weimar Germany, emerging from the late 19th century psy sciences and evolving within Berlin's urban landscape. The extent to which these occult and alternative pathways held a queer dimension is unknown, but not improbable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much attention has been focused on fine‐grained sediments carried as suspended load in rivers due to their potential to transport, disperse, and preserve organic carbon (OC), while the transfer and fate of OC associated with coarser‐grained sediments in fluvial systems have been less extensively studied. Here, sedimentological, geochemical, and biomolecular characteristics of sediments from river depth profiles reveal distinct hydrodynamic behavior for different pools of OC within the Mackenzie River system. Higher radiocarbon (14C) contents, low N/OC ratios, and elevated plant‐derived biomarker loadings suggest a systematic transport of submerged vascular plant debris above the active riverbed in large channels both upstream of and within the delta. Subzero temperatures hinder OC degradation promoting the accumulation and waterlogging of plant detritus within the watershed. Once entrained into a channel, sustained flow strength and buoyancy prevent plant debris from settling and keep it suspended in the water column above the riverbed. Helical flow motions within meandering river segments concentrate lithogenic and organic debris near the inner river bends forming a sediment‐laden plume. Moving offshore, we observe a lack of discrete, particulate OC in continental shelf sediments, suggesting preferential trapping of coarse debris within deltaic and neritic environments. The delivery of waterlogged plant detritus transport and high sediment loads during the spring flood may reduce oxygen exposure times and microbial decomposition, leading to enhanced sequestration of biospheric OC. Undercurrents enriched in coarse, relatively fresh plant fragments appear to be reoccurring features, highlighting a poorly understood yet significant mechanism operating within the terrestrial carbon cycle. Plain Language Summary: Coarse sediments are generally neglected as pathways and sinks of terrestrial organic carbon (OC) due to their presumed low OC contents and preservation potential. However, sedimentological and geochemical properties of sediments collected from the Mackenzie River reveal the co‐occurrence of coarse‐grained lithogenic particles with substantial quantities of pieces of plant biomass close to the riverbed. We argue that cold conditions in Arctic regions limit organic matter decomposition and favor the accumulation and water saturation of plant debris. These plant fragments will initially sink but are carried along the riverbed due to their shape, which is more elongated and planar than other particles. As rivers meander and navigate bends, water flow can divert coarser particles toward the inner bend, creating sediment‐laden undercurrents. We find that offshore in the Arctic Ocean, discrete plant detritus is apparently less common and we suggest that these particles are trapped within the Mackenzie Delta. The large amount of sediment exported during the spring flood promotes rapid burial of plant debris, likely preventing the decomposition of OC and the release of CO2 to the atmosphere. Our observations reveal a previously hidden mechanism that transports OC‐rich detritus within river systems that needs to be accounted for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne lidar altimetry can measure the sea surface height (SSH) over scales ranging from hundreds of kilometers to a few meters. Here, we analyze the spectrum of SSH observations collected during an airborne lidar campaign conducted off the California coast. We show that the variance in the surface wave band can be over 20 times larger than the variance at submesoscales and that the observed SSH variability is sensitive to the directionality of surface waves. Our results support the hypothesis that there is a spectral gap between meso‐to‐submesoscale motions and small‐scale surface waves and also indicate that aliasing of surface waves into lower wavenumbers may complicate the interpretation of SSH spectra. These results highlight the importance of better understanding the contributions of different physics to the SSH variability and considering the SSH spectrum as a continuum in the context of future satellite altimetry missions. Plain Language Summary: Using unique measurements of the sea surface height (SSH) taken from an instrument onboard an airplane off the California coast, we examine how the variance of the SSH is distributed across different spatial scales, ranging from hundreds of kilometers to a few meters. We show that surface waves can be 20 times more energetic than motions with larger scales (known as submesocales) and that the direction of surface waves impacts the SSH variability depending on different sampling and averaging strategies. These results highlight the importance of better understanding the contributions of different types of motions and physics to the SSH variability. In particular, we advocate measuring scales from meters to hundreds of kilometers as a continuum to better inform future satellite altimetry missions. Key Points: We present unique broadband airborne lidar observations of sea surface height spanning scales from hundreds of kilometers to a few metersThe sea surface height variance due to surface waves can be over an order of magnitude larger than the variance at submesoscalesThe observed sea surface height is sensitive to the direction of waves which may impact the interpretation of remote sensing measurements [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies over the last two decades have shown that submicron particulates (SMPs) can be transferred from the seawater into sea spray aerosol (SSA), potentially impacting SSA cloud seeding ability. This work reports the first concurrent bulk and sea surface microlayer (SSML) SMP (0.4–1.0 μm) measurements, made during two mesocosm phytoplankton blooms in a region devoid of active wave breaking and bubble formation, providing insight into how biological and physicochemical processes influence seawater SMP distributions. Modal analyses of the SMP size distributions revealed contributions from multiple, biologically related particulate populations that were controlled by the microbial loop. With negligible bubble scavenging occurring, SSML enrichment of SMPs remained low throughout both experiments, suggesting scavenging is vital for SMP enrichment in the SSML. Our findings are discussed in the context of SMP transfer into SSA and its potential importance for SSA cloud seeding ability. Plain Language Summary: Research has shown that particulates can be transferred from the ocean into sea spray aerosol (SSA) when bubbles burst at the ocean surface. This transfer is important because incorporation of seawater particulates into SSA can impact its ability to seed water and ice clouds. During the Sea Spray Chemistry and Particulate Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, submicron particulates (SMPs, 0.4–1.0 μm) were measured daily in the sea surface microlayer (SSML), the topmost 1–1,000 μm of the ocean surface, and the underlying bulk seawater over the course of two phytoplankton growth experiments. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of biological activity on SMP concentrations and distributions in the seawater. Our results indicate that biological growth led to increased SMP production, and the size distribution of SMPs produced was dependent on the phase of the bloom growth. Additionally, almost no SSML enrichment of SMPs occurred without active wave breaking and bubble formation, highlighting the significance of biological activity and bubble scavenging/bursting for particulate transfer into SSA. These findings are discussed in the context of potential SMP impacts on SSA cloud forming ability. Key Points: The concentration of 0.4–1.0 μm seawater particulates is higher during a phytoplankton bloomThe biologically induced increase in seawater submicron particulates is size dependent and influenced by the phase of the bloomParticulate enrichment in the sea surface microlayer is low in the absence of wave breaking and bubble scavenging [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An individual's sense of themselves as a "STEM person" is largely formed through recognition feedback. Unfortunately, for many minoritized individuals who engage in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in formal and informal spaces, this recognition often adheres to long‐standing exclusionary expectations of what STEM participation entails and institutionalized stereotypes of what it means to be a STEM person. However, caregivers, who necessarily share cultural backgrounds, norms, and values with their children, can play an important role in recognizing their children's interest and inclination towards STEM in ways that support children's authoring of their STEM identity in the face of these marginalizing discourses. To explore this idea, we conducted phenomenological interviews with STEM students attending a Hispanic‐serving university, examining the nature of STEM‐related conversations these students had with their parents during childhood. Participant recollections provide evidence of conversational content, contexts, and structures that supported their identification with STEM even when faced with marginalizing experiences. We found that though this phenomenon was recounted across parent profiles, participant narratives also reflected differences in conversation content, context, and structure based on factors associated with STEM stereotypes, including gender, formal education or training in STEM, and parents' immigration experiences. Viewed within larger sociocultural discourses of whose knowledge "counts" in STEM, our work suggests the need for educational institutions to acknowledge and embrace families' ability to foster youths' affinity with STEM contexts, while also recognizing and responding to institutionalized impediments to authentic STEM participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the eastern Pacific green turtle (recognized as the subspecies Chelonia mydas agassizii, i.e., the black turtle) has occasionally been recorded around the Japanese Archipelago. However, whether its occurrence is a recent ecological response to global climate change or a response to oceanic conditions remains unknown. In the present study, we conducted a literature search using historical Japanese natural history documents called "Honzou Gaku," and present the first record of trans‐Pacific migration of the black turtle during the Edo period (1600–1868). This finding adds substantial knowledge to our understanding of the life history of this sea turtle species. Thus, a literature search on the historical heritage of other animal and plant species could provide more information about their past or lost biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers suggestions on how to choose books to aid English learners with language acquisition and reading comprehension. The term English learner is used here to represent individuals who are in the process of learning English after learning a first or other language. A few essential elements to consider are: content accessibility, language accessibility, visual accessibility and genre accessibility. Considering the special needs of English learners is important in choosing books more selectively and successfully. Fiction titles that spring from the students' cultures are ideal in providing familiarity for ease of comprehension as well as for identifying with story characters. Once teachers and librarians have enhanced their library collections, they need to call students' attention to the many options available for reading and language learning. After teachers and librarians have sparked student interest, they need to provide a regular time and freedom of choice for students to enjoy the books in the library and continue to add to the collection as students' language proficiencies develop and their reading tastes mature.

The article presents the author's views on the historical development of information infrastructures and the dissemination of knowledge. The author has published a number of historical studies examining utopian schemes for managing knowledge, the evolution of institutionalized or organizational aspects of information infrastructure, and the emergence of what he thinks of as an interdiscipline. The "Universe of Information: The Work of Paul Otlet for Documentation and International Organization" was an initial study of a hitherto neglected figure. A Russian translation of this book was published in 1977 and a Spanish edition in 1996. With the advent of the Internet and the Web, it has become clear how pioneering and important historically the work of Paul Otlet and his colleagues was. It seems yet even more relevant today with the recently announced agreement between Google and a number of research libraries to digitize and make their collections available through the Web. In Information Processing and Management, "Some Schemes for Restructuring and Mobilizing Information in Documents: A Historical Perspective," the author examines the utopian information management ideas of John Dury and Samuel Hartlib.

In the era of big data in Chemistry, the need for automated tools for virtual screening is compelling. Here, we present PrepFlow a toolkit for chemical library preparation and management. Starting from a list of compounds in SMILES or 2D molecular format, PrepFlow outputs a set of 3D molecular structures ready for use in subsequent drug discovery projects. Our development stands out for speed and robustness of execution, the efficient exploitation of HPC resources, and the implementation of an archiving strategy to save computer time, storage, and human intervention. Using a random selection of 600 compounds from available drug banks, we show that the preparation time per ligand on a desktop computer is 6.6 s. Thanks to these performances and the automatic parallelization on HPC, a chemical library of the size of ChEMBL (2 M) was prepared in around 3 days on a computer cluster. PrepFlow is freely distributed at the following link: https://ifm.chimie.unistra.fr/prepflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Changes in bed topography that build and maintain channel morphology are driven by the displacements of individual particles, either though their entrainment or deposition. However, the linkages between these topographic changes and individual grain displacements have not been comprehensively addressed, as many historical tracer studies have not included coincident topographic data. In this study, we compare the movements of bedload tracers to the differences in repeat topographic surveys across four gravel‐bed river reaches. To do this, we apply a 1‐D Bayesian survival process model to the starting and ending locations of tracers. This model estimates downstream trapping probabilities, which represent the likelihood that a given segment of channel will "trap" an entrained particle. We then adapt this model to estimate downstream trapping probabilities using digital elevation models of difference and compare the results. The estimates from the tracer and topographic trapping models showed general alignment, meaning that tracers were preferentially trapped in segments that experienced deposition along the channel. Thus, tracers in this study were able to identify downstream differences in bedload transport. The comparison also highlighted that tracer‐estimated trapping probabilities were larger than topographically estimated ones. This supports previous observations that sediment travel distances estimated using tracers are shorter than those estimated using morphological methods. We find that the differences between these two estimates vary systematically across study environments. These variations are attributable to either study design (i.e., tracers being larger than the median size of the sediment that deforms the bed) or differences in compensating scour and fill. We explore potential causes for differences in compensating scour and fill, including hydrograph shape, sediment delivery regime, channel deformation style, and channel width, highlighting that morphodynamics needs to be considered in designing bedload tracer studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diversity of discursive formations in the vernacular flourish on the margins of history, and even outside it. To better understand these formations, particularly in postcolonial societies such as India, I argue that it is important to eschew the sole use of the lens of veracity. I explore alternative lenses through which to more fruitfully examine historical narratives in the vernacular: the contrast between the "historical past" and the "practical past," the complexities involved in cultural translation, and the lyrical and fictionalized nature of prior accounts of the past. I employ these alternative lenses to make sense of Gujarati author Nandśaṅkar Tuḷjāśaṅkar Mehtā's use of the historical novel form in his pioneering historical work, Karaṇ Ghelo, Gujarātno chello Rajpūt rājā: ek vārtā (Karaṇ the Crazy, Gujarat's Last Rajput King: A Story), the first novel written in Gujarati. Writing at a time when the demand for histories and history textbooks was burgeoning, Mehtā made the curious choice to write a vārtā, or "story"—a choice that becomes more comprehensible when seen from the alternative perspectives I propose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodically flooded environments in the Amazon River basin are recognized as being highly productive because of their limnological dynamics and ecological heterogeneity. They also have been historically impacted by fishery activities, therefore being crucial ecosystems to be considered in small‐scale conservation policies. Previous studies, however, did not detect or assess significant or consistent positive effects of combinations between protected areas or environmental variables on ichthyofauna. Accordingly, the present study analysed the effects of fishery management (hereafter categorization of lakes) and environmental characteristics on the attributes of fish assemblages in 20 floodplain lakes (eight categorized as open access; 12 categorized as protected lakes) inserted in a legally protected area, the Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Piagaçu‐Purus (RDS‐PP) in the lower Purus River, Amazonas State, Brazil. The results of the present study indicated depth, surface area and lake categorization synergistically influenced the ichthyofauna of these floodplain lakes. It also suggests this influence should not be treated separately in management policies. It was concluded that the potential effectiveness of fishery management in floodplain lakes is closely related to small‐scale (i.e. local) interventions, with emphasis on the role of the lakes as a unit of effective management of ichthyofauna in floodplains. Furthermore, participatory decisions during the process of elaborating management plans for floodplain lakes should consider environmental attributes relevant to biological communities and traditional knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) can provide as much as 50% of the total annual rainfall to the United States West Coast via orographic precipitation. Dust is thought to enhance orographic precipitation via the "seeder‐feeder" mechanism, in which ice particles from a high cloud fall through a lower orographic cloud, seeding precipitation in the low cloud. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, we vary dust concentrations in simulations of two‐dimensional flow over a mountain. This idealized framework allows us to test the sensitivity of the precipitation‐dust response to a variety of different dust concentrations and initial conditions. The model is run using an ensemble of 60 radiosondes collected from Bodega Bay, CA in 2017–2018, clustered based on their vertical moisture profile into "deep moist," "shallow moist," and "subsaturated" clusters. The principle impact on precipitation is to increase the ratio of precipitation falling as snow. This produces a "spillover" effect, decreasing precipitation upwind of the peak and increasing precipitation downwind of the peak. The largest impacts on the snow/rain ratio occur at the end of the event, during cold front passage. The ensemble mean does not produce a significant seeder‐feeder response, however, in individual cases with favorable initial conditions there is a significant increase in precipitation throughout the domain due to dust effects on the seeder‐feeder mechanism. These findings afford an opportunity to build a more comprehensive understanding for the conditions under which dust aerosol can have a significant impact on precipitation during ARs, with implications for future developments in forecasting. Key Points: Dust increases the percentage of precipitation falling as snow/graupel during landfalling atmospheric riversIncreases in dust tend to decrease orographic precipitation upwind of the peak and increase orographic precipitation downwind of the peakThe sensitivity of precipitation to dust depends on the initial thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Juvenile localized scleroderma (LS) is an autoimmune disease of the skin whose pathogenesis is not well understood due to the rarity of the disease. This study was undertaken to determine the skin transcriptome in skin biopsy tissue from children with juvenile LS compared to pediatric healthy controls, with identification of significant molecular targets using RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq). In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were assessed for correlations with histopathologic and clinical features in children with juvenile LS, and were used to group the children into distinct genetic clusters based on immunophenotype. Methods: RNA‐Seq was performed on sections of paraffin‐embedded skin tissue obtained from 28 children with juvenile LS and 10 pediatric healthy controls. RNA‐Seq was carried out using an Illumina HTS TruSeq RNA Access library prep kit, with data aligned using STAR and data analysis using a DESeq2 platform. A standardized histologic scoring system was used to score skin sections for the severity of inflammation and levels of collagen deposition. Histologic scoring was completed by 2 pathologists who were blinded with regard to the status of each sample. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were used to assess significant correlations between DEG expression profiles and skin histologic findings in patients with juvenile LS. Results: We identified 589 significant DEGs in children with juvenile LS as compared to healthy controls. Hierarchical clustering was used to demonstrate 3 distinct juvenile LS immunophenotype clusters. The histologic scores of skin inflammation (based on numbers and categories of inflammatory cell infiltrates) were significantly correlated with the expression levels of HLA–DPB1, HLA–DQA2, HLA–DRA, and STAT1 genes (rs > 0.5, P < 0.01). Collagen thickness correlated with the expression levels of collagen organization genes as well as with genes found to be correlated with the severity of inflammation, including genes for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, MHC class II, and interferon‐γ signaling. Conclusion: Among children with juvenile LS, 3 distinct genetic signatures, or clusters, were identified. In one cluster, inflammation‐related pathways were up‐regulated, corresponding to the histologic skin inflammation score. In the second cluster, fibrosis‐related pathways were up‐regulated. In the third cluster, gene expression in the skin corresponded to the patterns seen in healthy controls. Up‐regulation of HLA class II genes was observed within the first cluster (characterized by predominant inflammation), a feature that has also been observed in the peripheral blood of patients with morphea and in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products (NPs), being evolutionary selected over millions of years to bind to biological macromolecules, remained an important source of inspiration for medicinal chemists even after the advent of efficient drug discovery technologies such as combinatorial chemistry and high‐throughput screening. Thus, there is a strong demand for efficient and user‐friendly computational tools that allow to analyze large libraries of NPs. In this context, we introduce NP Navigator – a freely available intuitive online tool for visualization and navigation through the chemical space of NPs and NP‐like molecules. It is based on the hierarchical ensemble of generative topographic maps, featuring NPs from the COlleCtion of Open NatUral producTs (COCONUT), bioactive compounds from ChEMBL and commercially available molecules from ZINC. NP Navigator allows to efficiently analyze different aspects of NPs ‐ chemotype distribution, physicochemical properties, biological activity and commercial availability of NPs. The latter concerns not only purchasable NPs but also their close analogs that can be considered as synthetic mimetics of NPs or pseudo‐NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well‐conducted systematic reviews are invaluable for synthesising research findings. The conclusions of a review depend on how the research question was formulated, how relevant studies were found and how studies were selected for synthesis.Here, we present a practical guide for ecologists and evolutionary biologists on formulating a question for a systematic review, and finding a representative sample of research findings.We explain the steps involved using a worked example and practical training exercises. Throughout this guide we share tricks of the trade, included rules of thumb and software that we have found useful.We hope our paper helps demystify the systematic search process and encourages more researchers to adopt a systematic and reproducible approach when searching the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medicinal plants have been used in healthcare since time immemorial, as have their therapeutic activities and the production of plant‐based medicines. Objectives: This study aims to use gene‐targeted molecular markers for genetic diversity analysis of 16 medicinal plants. Besides, phytochemical analysis antibacterial and antifungal activities of some medicinal plant extracts commonly used in Egypt are compared to major compounds. Methods: DNA‐based classification of 16 medicinal species using Conserved DNA‐Derived Polymorphism (CDDP) and Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) primers. Three species representing three orders (Pelargonium graveolens, Matricaria chamomilla, and Hyoscyamus muticus were analysed [high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)] and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against (Escherichia coli O157: H7 ATCC 93111, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300, Bacillus ceruse ATCC 33018, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in comparison with some of their antimicrobial components. Results: Our results revealed 309 and 349 polymorphic bands with 100% polymorphism. Among them, 51 and 57 were unique loci for CDDP and SCoT, respectively. The 16 species were categorised into three groups depending on the similarity matrix. The results of antibacterial and antifungal activities revealed that Pelargonium oil showed significant antifungal and antibacterial activities against the tested pathogens. Gallic acid severely reduced all tested bacteria's growth, but atropine severely reduced the growth of the B. ceruse only. Molecular modelling revealed their activity against sclerotium development. Conclusion: The gene‐targeted marker techniques were highly useful tools for the classification of the 16 medicinal plant species, despite displaying high similarities at morphological and phytochemical analyses but, have antifungal and antibacterial activities. The sixteen species were categorized into 3 groups depending on the similarity matrix. The results of antibacterial and antifungal activities revealed that Pelargonium oil showed significant antifungal and antibacterial activities against the tested pathogens. Gallic acid severely reduced all tested bacteria's growth, but Atropine severely reduced the growth of the B. ceruse only. Molecular modelling revealed their activity against sclerotium development. The gene‐targeted marker techniques were highly useful tools for the classification of the 16 medicinal plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regioselective hydrofunctionalization of alkynes represents a straightforward route to access alkenyl boronate and silane building blocks. In previously reported catalytic systems, high selectivity is achieved with a limited scope of substrates and/or reagents, with general solutions lacking. Herein, we describe a selective copper‐catalyzed Markovnikov hydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes that is facilitated by strongly donating cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligands. Using this method, both alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted alkynes are coupled with a variety of boryl and silyl reagents with high α‐selectivity. The reaction is scalable, and the products are versatile intermediates that can participate in various downstream transformations. Preliminary mechanistic experiments shed light on the role of CAAC ligands in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cephaloscyllium ventriosum shark is present in the artisanal fisheries of elasmobranchs on the western coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The main characteristics of the sexual maturation of this species based on individuals captured from off north‐west Mexico in 2013–2016 are described. The size at maturity of this species was determined for the first time (total length 82 cm for females and 76 cm for males). Most females had one egg case per one uterus, and two per one uterus was an isolated event of low incidence. From the histological analysis of females, it was possible to show sperm storage in the oviducal gland. Fully developed sperm in immature organisms were identified in the testes. The main indicator of the maturity stage of males and their mating activity is the clasper. The present study provides evidence for a reliable estimation of the sexual maturity of these organisms, demonstrating the need for the combination of macroscopic and microscopic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterolytic decomposition of tert‐butyl peroxyformate to tert‐butanol and carbon dioxide, catalyzed by pyridine, is a long‐known example of a reaction whose kinetics are strongly affected by solvent polarity. From DFT and ab initio methods together with the SMD implicit solvation model, an extension on the formerly accepted mechanism is proposed. This novel proposal involves the formation of a carbonic acid ester intermediate and its further decomposition, through an unreported pyridine‐mediated stepwise route. Computed barriers for this mechanism at DLPNO/CCSD(T)‐def2‐TZVP are in excellent agreement with experimental kinetic data across different solvents. Furthermore, the strong relationships between activation energies, geometric parameters in the transition state and the characteristics of the different solvents are also analyzed in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baroclinic seamount-trapped waves are thought to influence their surrounding ecosystem; however, trapped waves are not well-studied in near-equatorial settings, where stratification is strong and Burger numbers (...) are large. Motivated by observations, we use daily output (2005-2009) from the global Parallel Ocean Program Model (POP) to examine topographically trapped baroclinic waves around the Seychelles Plateau (S > 400) in the tropical Indian Ocean. These trapped waves are associated with velocity and temperature oscillations at periods of 15-16 days, similar to the dominant period of some equatorial Yanai waves. Energy flux maps using POP output suggest that quasi-biweekly equatorial Yanai waves excite trapped waves on the western and south-western flanks of the Seychelles Plateau, near the surface. The anticyclonic energy flux associated with the trapped wave extends vertically throughout the water column and around most of the plateau circumference, diminishing on the eastern flank of the plateau. This work highlights the role that equatorial planetary waves and trapped waves play in facilitating energy redistribution, dissipation, and mixing in the tropical ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant wave height (SWH) stems from a combination of locally generated "wind-sea" and remotely generated "swell" waves. In the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, wave heights typically undergo a sinusoidal annual cycle, with larger SWH in winter in response to seasonal changes in high-latitude storm patterns that generate equatorward propagating swell. However, some locations deviate from this hemispheric-scale seasonal pattern in SWH. For example, in the California coastal region, local wind events occur in boreal spring and summer, leading to a wind speed (WSP) annual cycle with a distinct maximum in boreal spring and a corresponding local response in SWH. Here ocean regions with a WSP annual cycle reaching a maximum in late spring, summer, or early fall are designated as seasonal wind anomaly regions (SWARs). Intra-annual variability of surface gravity waves is analyzed globally using two decades of satellite-derived SWH and WSP data. The phasing of the WSP annual cycle is used as a metric to identify SWARs. Global maps of probability of swell based on wave age confirm that during the spring and summer months, locally forced waves are statistically more likely in SWARs than in surrounding regions. The magnitude of the deviation in the SWH annual cycle is determined by the exposure to swell and characteristics of the wave field within the region. Local winds have a more identifiable impact on Northern Hemisphere SWARs than on Southern Hemisphere SWARs due to the larger seasonality of Northern Hemisphere winds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River fish diversity is threatened by anthropogenic environmental alteration to landscapes. The early life‐history stages of fish play an important role in maintaining diversity and population recruitment and can be heavily influenced by landscape patterns. Information on temporal and spatial distribution patterns of fish eggs and larvae is also important for biodiversity conservation and management of fish resources.The Yangtze River possesses a high diversity of fishes, including many commercially important species. The economy along the lower reach of the river is well developed, and most of the area is experiencing high pressure from human impacts. This section of the Yangtze River connects with the largest freshwater lake in China at the upstream end and flows into the estuary at the downstream end. These two landscape features are likely to have a significant impact upon the spatial distributions of fish egg and larval assemblages.Environmental variables, fish eggs, and larval assemblages were sampled in three locations, at Hukou, Anqing, and Jingjiang, in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. The results suggest that the higher number of species and greater abundance in upstream sites reflect the critical function of connectivity of Poyang Lake with the river for fish recruitment in the lower Yangtze. The delayed bloom of larval fish, occurrence of estuarine species, and a lower species number and abundance of freshwater fish downstream reflect the influence of tidal intrusion from the estuary.This study highlights the value of maintaining natural river–lakes connectivity in the Yangtze River as a conservation measure. The connected river–lake system should be designated as a priority area for fish resource protection in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. We recommend further measures to break down barriers between the river and other lakes and to restore the natural lateral connectivity of the floodplain ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present an analysis of bilingual reading textbooks published at the turn of the 20th century. The authors examined the kinds of opportunities for learning offered by bilingual reading textbooks developed for students in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War. The analysis revealed challenges to understanding related to both the content and the structure of these textbooks, as well as the coloniality of knowledge embedded in them. The historical record also reveals a rejection of the format and content from scholars and educational leaders, and the subsequent turn toward reading materials, which better reflected the everyday experiences of Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Filipinx children, albeit often monolingually rather than bilingually. Implications are offered for how contemporary literacy materials might support (bi)literacy development of bilingual students across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a distributed system called Distributed Seismic Unix (DSU). DSU provides tools for creating and executing application sequences over several types of multiprocessor environments. DSU is designed to assist geophysicists in developing and executing sequences of Seismic Unix (SU) applications in clusters of workstations as well as on tightly coupled multiprocessor machines. SU is a large collection of subroutine libraries, graphics tools and fundamental seismic data processing applications that is freely available via the Internet from the Center for Wave Phenomena (CWP) of the Colorado School of Mines. SU is currently used at more than 500 sites in 32 countries around the world. DSU is built on top of three publicly available software packages: SU itself; TCL/TK, which provides the necessary tools to build the graphical user interface (GUI); and PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine), which supports process management and communication. DSU handles tree-like graphs representing sequences of SU applications. Nodes of a graph represent SU applications, while the arcs represent the way the data flow from the root node to the lead nodes of the tree. In general the root node corresponds to an application that reads or creates synthetic seismic data, and the leaf nodes are associated with applications that write or display the processed seismic data; intermediate nodes are usually associated with typical seismic processing applications like filters, convolutions and signal processing. Pipelining parallelism is obtained when executing single-branch tree sequences, while a higher degree of parallelism is obtained when executing sequences with several branches. A major advantage of the DSU framework for distribution is that SU applications do not need to be modified for parallelism; only a few low-level system functions need to be modified. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of electrical activity accompanying volcanic ash plumes is an area of heightened interest in volcanology. However, it is unclear how intense an eruption needs to be to produce lightning flashes as opposed to "vent discharges," which represent the smallest scale of electrical activity. This study targets 97 carefully monitored plumes <3 km high from Sakurajima volcano in Japan, from June 1 to 7, 2015. We use multiparametric measurements from sensors including a nine-station lightning mapping array and an infrared camera to characterize plume ascent. Findings demonstrate that the impulsive, high velocity plumes (>55 m/s) were most likely to create vent discharges, whereas lightning flashes occurred in plumes with high volume flux. We identified conditions where volcanic lightning occurred without detectable vent discharges, highlighting their independent source mechanisms. Our results imply that plume dynamics govern the charging for volcanic lightning, while the characteristics of the source explosion control vent discharges. Plain Language Summary There are different types of electrical activity that occur within volcanic ash plumes. One well-known type is volcanic lightning, which creates the familiar flashes of visible light. Another, lesser-known type is called "vent discharges," which are tiny and invisible but create a peculiar signal known as continual radio frequency. Vent discharges are important because they sometimes occur very early in an eruption and may provide a way to give early warning of volcanic hazards. For this study, we used a specialized instrument called a lightning mapping array to measure the electrical activity during small eruptions at Sakurajima volcano. We explored when lightning flashes and vent discharges occurred during 97 different explosions. First, we found that the two types did not always happen in the same explosion, showing they are caused by different processes. Second, we found that vent discharges were more likely to occur when the explosive plume rose quickly, possibly because rock breakup and particles rubbing together create a static charge close to the vent. In contrast, lightning flashes occurred when the plume had high volume flux. These findings give clues about how to link electrical signals to eruptive processes for volcano monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the first to identify and estimate developers' supply functions for real estate attributes. It introduces instruments that separate the demand side effects of real estate attributes and capture the nature of developers upon their initial business establishment into a two‐stage estimation model. We construct a unique data set by merging the data sets containing characteristics of projects and developers with the data set of new private nonlanded residential sales in Singapore. The study covers the period from January 1995 to March 2009. The supply functions for unit area and floor level are concave with developers' building experience, and convex with developers' business age. Developers enjoy marginal cost reductions on the two attributes after they have developed 1,000 or more units; and young developers have steeper "learning curve" than other developers. Old and experienced developers demonstrate less elasticity in their supply functions than young and inexperienced developers. This study provides new empirical evidence on corporate learning curve and knowledge diffusion processes with regard to the supply of real estate attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the 121st anniversary year of the birth of Florence Nightingale, and during the COVID‐19 pandemic, it is both interesting and salient to be reminded of the foundational work of this famous woman who began modern nursing. Her work in nursing care and nursing, health and public policy has been a continuing strong foundation to practices in societies around the world. Methods: In this short communication about historical research, various aspects of Florence's life and work are described, as well as the locations, memorials and museum significant to our remembrance of her. Results: A particular focus of this paper is the description of a larger but little‐known medicine chest located at the College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon, SK, Canada, and attributed as belonging to Florence. Conclusion: Best known to this point in time is a smaller medicine chest at the Florence Nightingale Museum in London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This piece outlines the historical contours of Confederate memorialization in the South, drawing attention to major types of monuments and the timing of their erection. It also identifies the agents of commemoration, groups who invested significant time and resources in forging the Lost Cause narrative, and sets these efforts within the context of broader patterns of historical memory and civic celebration throughout the South. Method: We review the scholarly literature across disciplines on Confederate memorialization and tease out themes of group agency, memory and identity, cultural narrative, and symbolism. Results: We reveal a periodization of memorialization marked by key moments and events, a systematic effort by civic associations, a typology of monuments, a deployment of neoclassical style in service to Lost Cause culture, and a lingering reference to Civil War era flags and symbols. Conclusion: Providing context for examination of Confederate memorialization in the South grounds academic and popular discourse on these public spaces as tools of racial marginalization and scenes of political contestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compilation is made of the largest and second‐largest magnetic‐storm‐maximum intensities, −Dst1 and −Dst2, for solar cycles 14–24 (1902–2016) by sampling Oulu Dcx for cycles 19–24, using published −Dstm values for 4 intense storms in cycles 14, 15, and 18 (1903, 1909, 1921, 1946), and calculating 15 new storm‐maximum −Dstm values (reported here) for cycles 14–18. Three different models are fitted to the cycle‐ranked −Dst1 and −Dst2 values using a maximum‐likelihood algorithm: A Gumbel model, an unconstrained Generalized‐Extreme‐Value model, and a Weibull model constrained to have a physically justified maximum storm intensity of −Dstm = 2500 nT. All three models are good descriptions of the data. Since the best model is not clearly revealed with standard statistical tests, inference is precluded of the source process giving rise to storm‐maximum −Dstm values. Of the three candidate models, the constrained Weibull gives the lowest superstorm occurrence probabilities. Using the compiled data and the constrained Weibull model, a once‐per‐century storm intensity is estimated to be −Dst1 = 663 nT, with a bootstrap 68% confidence interval of [497, 694] nT. Similarly, the probability that a future storm will have an intensity exceeding that of the March 1989 superstorm, −Dstm > 565 nT, is 0.246 per cycle with a 68% confidence interval of [0.140, 0.311] per cycle. Noting (possibly slight) ambiguity in the rankings of storm intensities, using the same methods, but storms more intense than those identified for cycles 14–16, would yield a higher once‐per‐century intensity and a higher probability for a −Dstm > 565 nT storm. Plain Language Summary: Past and possible future magnetic storm intensities are investigated. As part of this work, a dataset is developed of the most intense and second most intense storms for each of the past 11 solar cycles (1902–2016)—augmenting a traditional dataset that only covers the past 6 solar cycles (1957–2016) with recently published intensities for several magnetic superstorms and with new storm intensity estimates, reported here and derived from historical magnetic observatory records. These data are analyzed using statistical methods that provide estimates of the probability of future magnetic superstorms. A storm as intense as that of March 1989, which caused widespread disruption of technological systems and an electricity blackout in Québec, Canada, is predicted to occur, on average, about every four solar cycles. This is twice as often as estimated using only the traditional shorter dataset. A once‐per‐century storm is estimated to be substantially more intense than that of March 1989. Key Points: Magnetic‐storm‐maximum −Dstm, ranked per solar cycle, are well represented by a Weibull modelBased on geomagnetic data for solar cycles 14–24 yields, a 100‐year storm has an intensity of at least −Dstm = 663 nTBased on geomagnetic data for solar cycles 14–24, the average return rate for a storm as intense as March 1989 (−Dstm = 565 nT) is less than 4.1 solar cycles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: There may exist a gap between the current form of traditional Japanese Kampo pediatrics and Kampo pediatrics in the nineteenth century. This study aimed to elucidate changes in clinical practice by comparing the formulas used then and now. Methods: All formulas described in Yoyokasoku (In‐house Methods of Pediatrics [IMP], a Kampo classic published in 1885) and formulas used in a contemporary pediatric Kampo guideline were extracted. Then, a database with annotations to formulas was compiled. Results: In all, 387 formulas (274 excluding duplications) and 10 methods of moxibustion/surgical treatments were extracted from IMP. The total number of classical formulas described was 72. The proportion of classical formulas was significantly different among disease clusters (P < 0.0001). Overall, the contemporary Kampo guideline used classical formulas in any type of disease, and the proportion of this usage was significantly higher than that in IMP (59% vs. 19%, P < 0.0001). IMP described 95 Japanese original formulas (25%) including 45 in‐house formulas. However, none of them have been implemented in the contemporary guideline. Conclusion: Current Kampo pediatrics may have developed less under the influence of a pediatric classic in the nineteenth century; however, a thorough investigation of pediatric books is needed to understand the history of Kampo pediatrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on oral history records at Columbia University. The Oral History material at Columbia University is housed in Special Collections of Butler Library, room 104, and is available for examination by qualified scholars on the premises only. It may not be reproduced, nor are we permitted, by the terms of agreement made with each donor, to loan the material to other institutions. About one third of the memoirs thus far obtained may not yet be examined by anyone, in most such cases until five years after the death of the authors.

The late 1960s to the mid‐1980s in Britain was a period of intense industrial struggle, with strike levels at their highest since the 1920s. Concerns surrounding trade union power became central to broader anxieties about British "decline" and "crisis." These issues took a spatial form in conflicts around the nature of the picket line. This paper discusses the picket line in 1970s Britain in the context of recent debates on the geographies of violence, particularly in relation to questions of class and property, and the mutually constitutive temporalities of structural and direct violence. Rather than focusing on the diffuse processes of an abstract capitalism, I argue for greater attention to be paid to class conflict in shaping experiences and epistemologies of violence. This paper therefore places more emphasis on agency in the production of violence than has been prevalent in recent debates in geography. Drawing on extensive archival research, the paper focuses on three key disputes in this period. Building on work in labour geography, it explores how the assertive working‐class presence of mass pickets were portrayed as violent through an account of the miners' strike in 1972. It then considers a similar process in relation to flying pickets during the 1972 builders' dispute, emphasising the threat of a politicised working‐class mobility. Finally, the paper considers the coercive state response in the violent policing of the picket line during the 1976–8 Grunwick dispute. The radical right‐wing project of neoliberalism emerged in part as a solution to the perceived threat of the labour movement; critical to its success and consolidation was challenging the "enemy within" of militant trade unionism. These violent class struggles around picketing in the 1970s, I argue, are crucial for understanding the long‐term, structural violence of neoliberalism. This paper discusses the picket line in 1970s Britain in the context of recent debates on the geographies of violence, particularly in relation to questions of class and property, and the mutually constitutive temporalities of structural and direct violence. Through accounts of the 1972 miners' and builders' strikes, and the 1976–1978 Grunwick dispute, the paper explores the mass picket, the flying picket, and police violence. Rather than focusing on the diffuse processes of an abstract capitalism, I argue for greater attention to be paid to class conflict in shaping experiences and epistemologies of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethnological collecting expeditions conducted by museums in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have had impacts on source communities and on the composition and interpretation of museum collections that have been critically examined from a number of perspectives. Although categories such as ethnicity and tribal affiliation are now understood to be situational, relational, and contingent, systems of classification in museums remain in large part rigid and immutable. Concrete approaches to addressing these issues in museum collections have been slower to emerge. This article presents an approach to the description of objects, influenced by attribute analysis and thick description, that has the potential to make salient information about museum collections more accessible to source communities. With two case studies (parfleches and moccasins from the Great Plains collections at the American Museum of Natural History), this article demonstrates how collaborative object‐centered inquiry can help to disentangle objects from historical systems of classification in museum settings and "remobilize" them. Moving beyond classification to document the cultural practices documented in historical material culture can aid in reconstructing the complex movements of people, objects, and ideas in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With oceans covering 71% of the Earth's surface, sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles play an important role in the global radiative budget by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles (INPs). By acting as INPs, SSA particles affect the structure and properties of mixed‐phase clouds by inducing freezing at warmer temperatures than the homogeneous freezing temperature. Climate models that incorporate marine INPs use the emission of submicron SSA in INP parameterizations because these particles contain a higher fraction of organic mass. Here we show supermicron SSA particles, produced using a natural breaking wave analogue, are the major source of INPs throughout the lifecycle of a phytoplankton bloom. Additionally, supermicron SSA particles are shown to be more efficient INPs than submicron SSA particles, because they carry a greater number of ice active components. Thus, supermicron SSA needs to be incorporated in INP parameterizations for future climate models. Plain Language Summary: Clouds over high latitude oceans are a major source of uncertainty in global climate models. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles are the dominant source of cloud seeds over remote marine locations. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) initiate cloud freezing. Previous climate models approximated INPs released from oceans using the number of submicron SSA. However, field studies show supermicron particles are effective INPs over marine locations. This study was designed to understand the role of particle size for marine INPs in an isolated ocean/atmosphere laboratory setting. Two phytoplankton blooms were induced in seawater and a breaking wave proxy generated SSA. The ice nucleating activities of SSA particles in two size‐segregated populations were measured. Throughout both blooms, supermicron SSA particles were the most ice active population. The efficiency of supermicron particles was still apparent after normalizing to particle surface area. Following normalization to aerosol volume, submicron and total particle populations were comparable, suggesting ice active components in SSA scale with particle volume in the observed temperature range (−26°C to −8°C). These results suggest that climate models use size‐dependent INP activities for SSA. Proper representation of marine INPs will increase model accuracy of ice content in clouds and radiative forcing over high latitude oceans. Key Points: Supermicron sea spray aerosols have higher ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations at warm temperatures than submicron sea spray aerosolsThe higher concentrations of INPs in supermicron sea spray aerosols occur independent of phytoplankton bloom stateThe ice nucleating ability of a sea spray aerosol (SSA) is roughly proportional to the dry particle volume [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations of surface waves and ice drift along a compact sea ice edge demonstrate the importance of waves in a marginal ice zone. An analytic model is presented for the along‐ice drift forced by the radiation stress gradient of oblique waves. A momentum balance using quadratic drag to oppose the wave forcing is sufficient to explain the observations. Lateral shear stresses in the ice are also evaluated, though this balance does not match the observations as well. Additional forcing by local winds is included and is small relative to the wave forcing. However, the wave forcing is isolated to a narrow region around 500‐m wide, whereas the wind forcing has effects on larger scales. The simplistic drag is assessed using observations of shear and turbulent dissipation rates. The results have implications for the shape and evolution of the ice edge, because the lateral shear may be a source of instabilities. Plain Language Summary: Ocean surface waves rapidly get smaller when traveling from open water into sea ice. Although waves in sea ice do not break, there are some similarities to waves traveling through the surf zone, which lose most of their energy and momentum before reaching the shore. Here, the wave momentum is transferred to the sea ice and can cause strong ice drift. In the case of waves arriving at an oblique angle to the ice edge, the ice drift is directed along the ice edge, similar to alongshore currents in the surf zone. Continuing the surf‐zone analogy, the wave energy is transferred into turbulence below the water (ice) surface. Finally, there are fluctuations in the ice edge shape that may be related to this wave forcing. Key Points: Obliquely propagating surface waves drive flow (ice drift) along a marginal ice zoneGradients in the waves provide the momentum for the ice drift, which is opposed by ice‐ocean stress in a simple modelInstabilities in the strongly sheared ice drift may cause fluctuations in the ice edge shape [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) have profound implications on human health owing to their potent pharmacological properties. Notable naturally occurring BIAs are the narcotic analgesics morphine, the cough suppressant codeine, the potential anticancer drug noscapine, the muscle relaxant papaverine, and the antimicrobial sanguinarine, all of which are produced in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Thebaine, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of codeine and morphine, is used in the manufacture of semisynthetic opiates, including oxycodone and naloxone. As the only commercial source of pharmaceutical opiates, opium poppy has been the focus of considerable research to understand BIA metabolism in the plant. The elucidation of several BIA biosynthetic pathways has enabled the development of synthetic biology platforms aimed at the alternative commercial production of valuable phytochemicals in microorganisms. The detection and identification of BIA pathway products and intermediates in complex extracts is essential for the continuing advancement of research in plant specialized metabolism and microbial synthetic biology. Herein, we report the use of liquid chromatography coupled with linear trap quadrupole and high-resolution Orbitrap multistage mass spectrometry to characterize 44 authentic BIAs using collision-induced dissociation (CID), higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), and pulsed Q collision-induced dissociation (PQD) MS² fragmentation, with MS² CID followed by MS³ and MS4 fragmentation. Our deep library of diagnostic spectral data constitutes a valuable resource for BIAs identification. In addition, we identified 22 BIAs in opium poppy latex and roots extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Numerous books and papers have been written about the life and work of the famous Leiden physician and botanist professor Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738). However, none of these publications mentions what has happened to his botanical collections. A set of loose herbarium sheets with labels written by Boerhaave is known to be present at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden. Furthermore, two bound herbaria attributed to Boerhaave are known to exist. The first, a four‐volume herbarium makes part of the Sloane Herbarium (Natural History Museum, London). The second is a voluminous one‐volume herbal at Copenhagen (Natural History Museum Denmark). Another single‐volume herbarium, traditionally referred to as the "Herbarium of Boerhaave", at Leiden (Naturalis) is discussed here as well. Are these true Boerhaave herbaria made by Boerhaave personally, or have these herbaria at least formed part of his private collection? Where could other herbaria of his be found, and what has happened to the herbaria that were auctioned together with his library after his death? These are the questions this paper will try to answer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genealogies of life assurance have tended to focus on the governmental possibilities of actuarial calculations of mortality, but the case of foreign residence assurance draws attention to other ways in which British companies calculated climate risk between 1840 and 1940. Drawing on archival research, this paper demonstrates that the extra charges imposed on life assurance policies for foreign residence invited conversations about the risks of climate and mortality in countries beyond Britain, drawing on both contemporary climate science and other arguments about climate pathology. Climate risks, however, had to be made to work for both life assurers and policyholders through far‐reaching social‐material networks, and firms frequently tinkered with arrangements of people, ideas, and artefacts in ways that enabled a mapping and governing of such risks. Whether ideas of climate circulating in life assurance were believed or not, they had effects and policyholders submitted to them. Drawing on archival material from several British life assurance companies, including some detailed cases of assured migrant lives, the paper explores how companies made risk calculations in ways that had consequences for ordinary decisions and practices. In so doing, the paper contributes to debates about life assurance and governmentality, showing that foreign residence policies enabled businesses to secure their risks in an era of imperial expansion. But this is no simple story of power and imperialism. Businesses constantly tinkered with their policies, drawing on climate science and medical understandings, but only as part of an always messy, changing assemblage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium NMR has become a standard tool for scaling the π‐accepting character of carbenes. Herein, we highlight that non‐classical hydrogen bonding (NCHB), likely resulting from hyperconjugation, can play a significant role in the carbene–selenium 77Se NMR chemical shift, thus triggering a non‐linear behavior of the Se‐Scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the archive collection at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) of memorabilia associated with the 1961 reported alien abduction of Eunice "Betty" (Barrett) Hill and Barney Hill. Of particular interest is the stained blue dress worn by Betty that night and drawings of an unidentified flying object (UFO).

This project compiled 463,530 instrumental observations of daily temperature, precipitation and sunshine at up to 319 stations in China between 1912 and 1951. The principal sources are monthly reports of the Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing, observatories in Japanese‐occupied Manchuria, and the Japanese Army in North China. Gross errors, rounding errors and inhomogeneities are identified. The new dataset is temporally and spatially consistent with existing datasets of monthly temperature, but reports higher precipitation and sunshine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, parents are warned to protect their children from the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays, the most preventable and leading cause of skin cancer. Yet, during the first half of the 20th century, the medical community widely extolled the health benefits of daily sunbaths for babies and children. What initially had begun as evidence‐based medical therapies to prevent pediatric diseases, specifically tuberculosis and rickets, soon took on a life of its own as physicians, public health experts, and the general public embraced sunbathing and tanning as a means to ensure health and wellbeing for children and families. Here, we trace how specific medical therapies entered mainstream pediatric medicine and, converging with societal and cultural forces, shaped attitudes and behaviors towards sunbathing that still exist today. Understanding our complex history with the sun may shed light on the current peak of skin cancer incidence and future disease development. Moreover, it may help improve how we educate parents and children about sun safety by taking into account the current social and cultural context of medical practice and health communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional intensification of agriculture has reduced the availability of resources for pollinators, reducing their diversity and affecting plant pollination, both in natural habitats and croplands. Field margin floral enhancements such as flower strips or restored field margins could counteract these negative effects.The approaches to assess the success of these management measures generally evaluate separately the pollinator response at the edge and within the crop, as proxies for pollinator conservation and pollination services, respectively.We performed a meta‐analysis to understand the influence of field margin floral enhancements on the abundance and richness of pollinators at the edge and within the field, and on crop yield.We estimated 137 effect sizes from 40 studies, all from the northern hemisphere. Overall, the field margin floral enhancements increased the abundance and richness of pollinators at the field edge but had no consistent effect in the interior of the crop fields. Few studies evaluated crop yield, and in these studies no effects were observed.These results suggest that field margin floral enhancements can constitute a positive conservation action for pollinators but not necessarily associated with pollination ecosystem service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the presentation of the Commons' Speaker in the Tudor age. It traces the medieval origins of this ceremony, arguing that it served not only as an opportunity for flamboyant rhetoric, but also as a politically significant event designed to impress upon the Commons its inferiority in the parliamentary hierarchy. The article also suggests that Elizabethan Speakers used their orations as a means of presenting counsel to the queen herself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fragment‐based drug discovery (FBDD) has become an established approach for the generation of early lead candidates. However, despite its success and inherent advantages, hit‐to‐candidate progression for FBDD is not necessarily faster than that of traditional high‐throughput screening. Thus, new technology‐driven library design strategies have emerged as a means to facilitate more efficient fragment screening and/or subsequent fragment‐to‐hit chemistry. This minireview discusses such strategies, which cover the use of labeled fragments for NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallographic screening of specialized fragments, covalent linkage for mass spectrometry, dynamic combinatorial chemistry, and fragments optimized for easy elaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]