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Red raspberry is an economically important horticultural crop that is known for its fruit's sweet flavour and nutritional value. A reliable and economic genotyping platform is needed to facilitate clonal/variety identification. Previous attempts for clonal identification utilized morphological traits or low‐throughput, difficult to score dinucleotide‐containing simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), despite having lower allelic diversity, are numerous across the genome and more easily converted to high‐throughput assays restoring differential power. In this study, we use the kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP™) chemistry, an affordable and high‐throughput platform, to develop a panel of SNPs to distinguish a diverse collection of red raspberry accessions for clonal identification. The panel consists of 48 KASP assays that show high concordance with whole genome sequencing, allelic balance, and recovery rate and a minimal set of 24 assays that distinguished the same accessions differentiated by the larger panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zebrafish larvae are translucent, allowing in vivo analysis of gut development and physiology, including gut motility. While recent progress has been made in measuring gut motility in larvae, challenges remain which can influence results, such as how data are interpreted, opportunities for technical user error, and inconsistencies in methods. Methods: To overcome these challenges, we noninvasively introduced Nile Red fluorescent dye to fill the intraluminal gut space in zebrafish larvae and collected serial confocal microscopic images of gut fluorescence. We automated the detection of fluorescent‐contrasted contraction events against the median‐subtracted signal and compared it to manually annotated gut contraction events across anatomically defined gut regions. Supervised machine learning (multiple logistic regression) was then used to discriminate between true contraction events and noise. To demonstrate, we analyzed motility in larvae under control and reserpine‐treated conditions. We also used automated event detection analysis to compare unfed and fed larvae. Key Results: Automated analysis retained event features for proximal midgut‐originating retrograde and anterograde contractions and anorectal‐originating retrograde contractions. While manual annotation showed reserpine disrupted gut motility, machine learning only achieved equivalent contraction discrimination in controls and failed to accurately identify contractions after reserpine due to insufficient intraluminal fluorescence. Automated analysis also showed feeding had no effect on the frequency of anorectal‐originating contractions. Conclusions & Inferences: Automated event detection analysis rapidly and accurately annotated contraction events, including the previously neglected phenomenon of anorectal contractions. However, challenges remain to discriminate contraction events based on intraluminal fluorescence under treatment conditions that disrupt functional motility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses a special issue exploring the intersection between Surrealism and the sacred, featuring artworks by collaborative visual artists Ryan M. Pfeiffer and Rebecca Walz.

Background: High resolution imaging of the microvasculature plays an important role in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the brain. However, ultrasound pulse‐echo sonography imaging the brain vasculatures has been limited to narrow acoustic windows and low frequencies due to the distortion of the skull bone, which sacrifices axial resolution since it is pulse length dependent. Purpose: To overcome the detect limit, a large aperture 256‐module sparse hemispherical transmit/receive array was used to visualize the acoustic emissions of ultrasound‐vaporized lipid‐coated decafluorobutane nanodroplets flowing through tube phantoms and within rabbit cerebral vasculature in vivo via passive acoustic mapping and super resolution techniques. Methods: Nanodroplets were vaporized with 55 kHz burst‐mode ultrasound (burst length = 145 μs, burst repetition frequency = 9–45 Hz, peak negative acoustic pressure = 0.10–0.22 MPa), which propagates through overlying tissues well without suffering from severe distortions. The resulting emissions were received at a higher frequency (612 or 1224 kHz subarray) to improve the resulting spatial resolution during passive beamforming. Normal resolution three‐dimensional images were formed using a delay, sum, and integrate beamforming algorithm, and super‐resolved images were extracted via Gaussian fitting of the estimated point‐spread‐function to the normal resolution data. Results: With super resolution techniques, the mean lateral (axial) full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum image intensity was 16 ± 3 (32 ± 6) μm, and 7 ± 1 (15 ± 2) μm corresponding to ∼1/67 of the normal resolution at 612 and 1224 kHz, respectively. The mean positional uncertainties were ∼1/350 (lateral) and ∼1/180 (axial) of the receive wavelength in water. In addition, a temporal correlation between nanodroplet vaporization and the transmit waveform shape was observed, which may provide the opportunity to enhance the signal‐to‐noise ratio in future studies. Conclusions: Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of vaporizing nanodroplets via low frequency ultrasound and simultaneously performing spatial mapping via passive beamforming at higher frequencies to improve the resulting spatial resolution of super resolution imaging techniques. This method may enable complete four‐dimensional vascular mapping in organs where a hemispherical array could be positioned to surround the target, such as the brain, breast, or testicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) typically aggregate along coastal beaches; however, high levels of recruitment and shifting oceanographic conditions may be causing habitat use expansions. Telemetry data indicate increased habitat use at the Northern Channel Islands (California, USA) by juvenile white shark that may be in response to increased population density at aggregation locations, or anomalous oceanographic events that impact habitat use or expand available habitat. Findings illustrate the need for long‐term movement monitoring and understanding drivers of habitat use shifts and expansion to improve ecosystem management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The World Health Assembly recommends integration of palliative care into treatment of patients with any life‐limiting condition, yet patients with non‐malignant disease are less likely to receive specialist palliative care (SPC). This study compares SPC offered to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) versus patients with chronic liver disease without HCC (CLD without HCC). Methods: Patients who died from CLD or HCC over 5 years (2013–2017) in England were identified using a dataset linking national data on all hospital admissions (Hospital Episode Statistics – HES) with national mortality data from the Office for National Statistics (HES – ONS). The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who received inpatient SPC in their last year of life (LYOL). Secondary outcomes were (1) early inpatient SPC input and (2) the proportion dying in a hospice. The outcomes were compared between patients with HCC and CLD without HCC. Results: 29 669 patients were identified, 8143 of whom had HCC. Patients with HCC were significantly more likely to receive inpatient SPC input—adjusted OR 3.74 (95% CI 3.52–3.97) and early inpatient SPC input—adjusted OR 7.26 (95% CI 6.38–8.25) and die in a hospice OR 8.23 (95% CI 7.33–9.24) than patients with CLD without HCC. Conclusions: These data highlight the stark inequity in access to SPC services between patients with HCC and patients with CLD without HCC in England. Addressing these inequities will improve end‐of‐life care for patients with CLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Breastfeeding is an energetically costly and intense form of human parental investment, providing sole‐source nutrition in early infancy and bioactive components, including immune factors. Given the energetic cost of lactation, milk factors may be subject to tradeoffs, and variation in concentrations have been explored utilizing the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis. As human milk immune factors are critical to developing immune system and protect infants against pathogens, we tested whether concentrations of milk immune factors (IgA, IgM, IgG, EGF, TGFβ2, and IL‐10) vary in response to infant sex and maternal condition (proxied by maternal diet diversity [DD] and body mass index [BMI]) as posited in the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis and consider the application of the hypothesis to milk composition. Methods: We analyzed concentrations of immune factors in 358 milk samples collected from women residing in 10 international sites using linear mixed‐effects models to test for an interaction between maternal condition, including population as a random effect and infant age and maternal age as fixed effects. Results: IgG concentrations were significantly lower in milk produced by women consuming diets with low diversity with male infants than those with female infants. No other significant associations were identified. Conclusions: IgG concentrations were related to infant sex and maternal diet diversity, providing minimal support for the hypothesis. Given the lack of associations across other select immune factors, results suggest that the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis may not be broadly applied to human milk immune factors as a measure of maternal investment, which are likely buffered against perturbations in maternal condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supramolecular macrocyclic forces have been used to trap phytate, myo‐inositol‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexakisphosphate, a key bioanion with multiple roles in metabolic processes. Due to the complex chemistry of six multivalent phosphates surrounding the small, cyclic inositol framework, crystallographic information of simple phytate salts has been elusive. This report represents a combined crystallographic, theoretical, and solution binding investigation of a supramolecular macrocyclic complex of phytate. Together, the results provide significant insight to phytate's intramolecular and intermolecular interactions at the microenvironment level. The macrocycle‐phytate aggregates consist of phytate anionic pairs, each partly sandwiched by two 24‐membered, amide/amine‐based cationic macrocycles. The phytate ion pairs hold the tetrameric macrocyclic array together by six strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Both phytates crystallize in 1a5e phosphate conformations (one axial (P2) and five equatorial phosphates). Solution NMR binding studies in 1 : 1 DMSO‐d6 : D2O indicate 2 : 1 macrocycle:phytate associations, suggesting that the sandwich‐like nature of the complex holds together in solution. DFT studies indicate the likely occurrence of dynamic intramolecular interchange of phosphate protons, as well as important roles for the axial (P2) phosphate in both intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local studies show upslope shifts in the distribution of tropical birds in response to warming temperatures. Unanswered is whether these upward shifts occur regionally across many species. We considered a nearly 2000‐km length of the Northern Andes, where deforestation, temperature, and extreme weather events have increased during the past decades. Range‐restricted bird species are particularly vulnerable to such events and occur in exceptionally high numbers in this region. Using abundant crowd‐sourced data from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology database, eBird, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, we documented distributions of nearly 200 such species. We examined whether species shifted their elevational ranges over time by comparing observed versus expected occurrences below a low elevational threshold and above a high elevational threshold for 2 periods: before and after 2005. We predicted fewer observations at lower elevations (those below the threshold) and more at upper elevations (those above the threshold) after 2005. We also tested for deforestation effects at lower elevations within each species' distribution ranges. We compared relative forest loss with the differences between observed and expected occurrences across the elevational range. Species' retreats from lower elevations were ubiquitous and involved a 23–40% decline in prevalence at the lowest elevations. Increases at higher elevations were not consistent. The retreats occurred across a broad spectrum of species, from predominantly lowland to predominantly highland. Because deforestation showed no relationship with species retreats, we contend that a warming climate is the most parsimonious explanation for such shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The canonical technique for nonlinear modeling of spatial/point‐referenced data is known as kriging in geostatistics, and as Gaussian Process (GP) regression for surrogate modeling and statistical learning. This article reviews many similarities shared between kriging and GPs, but also highlights some important differences. One is that GPs impose a process that can be used to automate kernel/variogram inference, thus removing the human from the loop. The GP framework also suggests a probabilistically valid means of scaling to handle a large corpus of training data, that is, an alternative to ordinary kriging. Finally, recent GP implementations are tailored to make the most of modern computing architectures, such as multi‐core workstations and multi‐node supercomputers. We argue that such distinctions are important even in classically geostatistical settings. To back that up, we present out‐of‐sample validation exercises using two, real, large‐scale borehole data sets acquired in the mining of gold and other minerals. We compare classic kriging with several variations of modern GPs and conclude that the latter is more economical (fewer human and compute resources), more accurate and offers better uncertainty quantification. We go on to show how the fully generative modeling apparatus provided by GPs can gracefully accommodate left‐censoring of small measurements, as commonly occurs in mining data and other borehole assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Interpersonal hopelessness (IH), as outlined in the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, is theorized to include two correlated, distinct constructs: hopelessness about one's thwarted belongingness (IH‐TB) and about perceived burdensomeness on others (IH‐PB). Few studies have explored IH, and none have explored its temporal stability or prospective prediction of suicidal desire. Methods: Undergraduates (N = 43) selectively recruited for past‐2‐week suicidal ideation completed five ecological momentary assessment surveys per day for 10‐days. Intraclass correlations, root mean square of successive differences, and multilevel models were used to examine the data and test relationships among predictor variables. Results: IH‐TB and IH‐PB demonstrated greater temporal stability than general hopelessness. IH‐TB, IH‐PB, and their interaction were significant predictors of suicidal desire concurrently and prospectively. IH‐PB was no longer significantly predictive of suicidal desire when adjusting for general hopelessness. Post‐hoc models showed that suicidal desire was not predictive of IH‐TB, IH‐PB, or their interaction suggesting the relationship is not recursive. Conclusion: Results showed that interventions aimed at decreasing one's hopelessness specific to TB and PB may be beneficial for decreasing suicidal desire. Future research should seek to replicate these results in larger and more diverse samples and consider the use of shorter ambulatory assessment intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate extremes such as droughts, floods, heatwaves, frosts, and windstorms add considerable variability to the global year‐to‐year increase in atmospheric CO2 through their influence on terrestrial ecosystems. While the impact of droughts on terrestrial ecosystems has received considerable attention, the response to flooding is not well understood. To improve upon this knowledge, the impact of the 2019 anomalously wet conditions over the Midwest and Southern US on CO2 vegetation fluxes is examined in the context of 2017–2018 when such precipitation anomalies were not observed. CO2 is simulated with NASA's Global Earth Observing System (GEOS) combined with the Low‐order Flux Inversion, where fluxes of CO2 are estimated using a suite of remote sensing measurements including greenness, night lights, and fire radiative power as well as with a bias correction based on insitu observations. Net ecosystem exchange CO2 tracers are separated into the three regions covering the Midwest, South, and Eastern Texas and adjusted to match CO2 observations from towers located in Iowa, Mississippi, and Texas. Results indicate that for the Midwestern region consisting primarily of corn and soybeans crops, flooding contributes to a 15%–25% reduction of annual net carbon uptake in 2019 in comparison to 2017 and 2018. These results are supported by independent reports of changes in agricultural activity. For the Southern region, comprised mainly of non‐crop vegetation, annual net carbon uptake is enhanced in 2019 by about 10%–20% in comparison to 2017 and 2018. These outcomes show the heterogeneity in effects that excess wetness can bring to diverse ecosystems. Plain Language Summary: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main driver of climate change whose atmospheric concentration is governed by a mix of human emissions and absorption by land and ocean sinks. Understanding how these sinks will respond to climate change in the future, including in response to increasingly frequent extreme events like floods, is critical in setting reliable emission reduction targets and improving Earth system models. Here, the devastating flood of 2019 that affected the Midwestern and Southern US is examined with respect to its effects on the ability of land ecosystems to absorb CO2. The analysis is performed using NASA's GEOS model, which simulates CO2 concentrations based on a simple land model that had previously been adjusted to match global background insitu observations. In this study, fluxes are adjusted using CO2 observations from measurement towers in the U.S. Simulations covering the years of 2017–2019 are compared and indicate that parts of the affected region absorbed less CO2 in 2019 than in previous years. The results demonstrate the effects of floods on the carbon cycle are complex and warrant further study, which is needed to understand how land ecosystems will respond to climate change in the future. Key Points: A devastating flood occurred in 2019 over the Midwestern and Southern regions of the US significantly affecting ecosystem carbon cyclingNet ecosystem exchange is examined in the flood‐effected areas with NASA's GEOS modeling system from 2017 through 2019The 2019 floods caused a net reduction in Midwestern crop carbon uptake and smaller net increase in non‐crop uptake in Southern states [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Method Results Conclusion The development of evidence‐based treatments relies on accurate theoretical frameworks sensitive to the lived realities of the populations from which they are derived. Yet, the perspectives of Black youth are vastly underrepresented in extant theories of suicidal behavior. Cultural Consensus Modeling provides an evidence‐based approach for developing a culturally informed understanding of suicide risk among Black youth.Participants were 50 Black adolescents (Mage = 16.20 years; 76.0% male) who completed Phase 1 of a Cultural Consensus Modeling study. Participants freely listed reasons for suicide and reasons for living among similar peer Black youth. Responses were synthesized and coded for major themes.The most common reasons for suicide were racism (40%), depression (32%), poverty (26%), and bullying (22%). The most common reasons for living were family (58%), having a purpose or goals (36%), friends (30%), and hope for a better future (26%).Responses highlighted issues of racism and social justice, depression, and poverty, as well as the protective role of relationships, living for the future, and contributing to Black empowerment. Future research should utilize Cultural Consensus Modeling to elevate the voices of Black youth, improving extant theories of suicide, and identifying unique mechanisms or opportunities for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present in a number of small molecule derivatives that display a wide range of biological activities, the dihydropyrrolo[3,4‐b]indol‐(2H)‐one (DHPI) core represents an underexplored heterocyclic scaffold. Given the pharmaceutical potential of the DHPI motif, the development of synthetic methodologies that permit their expedient assembly would be highly desirable. Herein, we describe a novel strategy for the construction of the DHPI core from 3‐iodo‐1H‐indolyl substrates, employing an unprecedented Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular aminocarbonylative ring closure. The compatibility of our optimized protocol with various functional groups is highlighted through the synthesis of a range of diversely substituted DHPI derivatives in up to 90 % isolated yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration is critical to the attainment of adequate transfer of passive immunity in cattle, however, studies comparing available tools for measurement of colostral IgG concentration in beef cattle are limited. Objectives: To report the agreement between 3 commercially available tests for evaluating IgG concentration in beef colostrum. Animals: Two hundred six beef‐breed cows hospitalized for calving management or dystocia. Methods: Retrospective study to assess IgG of whole colostrum measured stall‐side via turbidimetric immunoassay (TI) and brix refractometry (BRIX), compared to fat separated (FS) analysis via single radial‐immunodiffusion (RID; reference standard), TI‐FS and BRIX‐FS. Test performance was assessed using Passing Bablock regression, Bland‐Altman analysis, and area under the curve to determine optimal thresholds. Results: Correlation between RID and TI‐FS, BRIX‐FS, or BRIX was similar (Spearman's ρ = 0.717, 0.715, 0.716, respectively) but correlation for TI was poor (ρ = 0.586). Regression analysis identified a substantial constant (−214.75 [CI: −272.03 to −178.07]) and proportional (13.24 [CI: 11.81‐15.37]) bias between the RID and TI‐FS which was similar for TI. TI‐FS concentrations of 28.47, 38.75, and 50.62 g/L, BRIX‐FS of ≤21.9%, ≤24.0%, and ≤27.4%, and BRIX of ≤21.3%, ≤23.8%, and ≤26.4% indicated IgG concentrations <50, <100, and <150 g/L, respectively; appropriate cutoffs for TI could not be generated. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Both TI and TI‐FS demonstrated a large constant and proportional bias compared to RID; BRIX and BRIX‐FS were well correlated with RID and remain a reliable method for estimation of colostral IgG concentration in beef cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attainment of adequate transfer of passive immunity (TPI) is critical to health of calves; however, studies comparing available tools for measurement of TPI in individual beef animals are limited. Objectives: To report agreement between 4 tests evaluating individual TPI status in beef calves. Animals: One hundred ninety‐six beef calves born to cows and heifers presenting for calving management or dystocia. Methods: Retrospective study to assess serum immunoglobulin (IgG) concentrations via turbidimetric immunoassay (TI), gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), serum total protein (TP), and single radial immunodiffusion (RID; reference standard). Test agreement was evaluated using Passing‐Bablok regression, Bland‐Altman analysis, Cohen's kappa, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with and without covariate adjustment to determine optimal thresholds. Results: Correlation between RID and test results varied: TI, ρ = 0.757; TP, ρ = 0.715; GGT: ρ = 0.413. For the TI compared to RID, regression analysis identified a constant (intercept = −0.51 [CI: −2.63, 3.05]) and proportional (slope = 1.87 [CI: 1.69, 2.08]) bias. Based on ROC, TI concentrations of ≤9.89 and ≤13.76 g/L, and TP concentrations of ≤5.5 and ≤6.0 g/dL, indicated IgG concentrations <18.0 and <25.0 g/L, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Within this cohort of calves, TI demonstrated the best correlation with RID; however, significant bias was identified which led to frequent underestimation of IgG concentration. Serum total protein demonstrated less correlation with RID but had less misclassification than TI. Both TI and TP demonstrated less correlation for calves that received colostrum replacement prompting clinical awareness of colostrum type when evaluating individual TPI in beef calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Busulfan is an alkylating agent used as part of conditioning chemotherapy regimens prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo‐HCT). Pharmacokinetic (PK)‐guided test‐dose strategies have been shown to improve the number of patients achieving busulfan exposure goals and improve clinical outcomes. However, current practices require extensive PK sampling. In this study, PK data were retrospectively collected from busulfan drug monitoring records from adult allo‐HCT recipients who received once‐daily intravenous busulfan at the University of North Carolina Medical Center (UNCMC). A population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model was developed to identify sources of interindividual variability and evaluate alternative PK sampling strategies. A 2‐compartment model, with covariate effects of actual body weight and sex, best described the data. The typical value of clearance for an 83 kg male was estimated to be 11.21 L/h. Fifty‐nine percent of allo‐HCT recipients were estimated to have met the UNCMC institutional myeloablative conditioning (MAC) exposure goal based on model post hoc estimates of clearance using all PK samples obtained following MAC dosing. Fifty‐seven percent of patients were estimated to have met this goal based on post hoc estimates using a single PK sample. Our results indicate once‐daily, intravenous busulfan PK in adult allo‐HCT recipients receiving MAC dosing can be reasonably described by a popPK model, and the use of a sparse PK sampling strategy may be feasible for determining target exposure attainment following MAC dosing. Use of a popPK model and sparse PK sampling strategy to carry out busulfan test‐dose procedures could reduce health care costs and inconvenience to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Management of the neck in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is essential to oncologic control and survival. We aim to describe patterns and rates of clinical/pathologic lymph node disease, elective neck dissection (END), and occult lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with surgically‐managed LSCC. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of patients in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) diagnosed with LSCC between January 2004 and December 2016 who underwent primary surgery. Results: Seven thousand eight hundred and seventy‐six patients met inclusion criteria. For cN0 patients, the rates of END and occult LNM both increased with tumor stage and were highest for supraglottic tumors. Predictors of occult LNM included supraglottic site, pathologic T3 and T4 stage, positive margins, and presence of lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The propensity for cervical LNM in surgically‐managed LSCC varies based on primary tumor site and stage, and a variety of disease factors increase risk of occult LNM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation practitioners often rely on captive breeding programs to supplement wild populations at risk of extinction. While supplementation has been successful for some taxa, the success of using hatchery fish to supplement wild populations is severely impacted by predation. Elevated predation on hatchery fish may arise because hatchery environments often differ from wild environments and constrain the ability of hatchery fish to be adapted to the environments in which they are released. We assessed the effects of abiotic enrichment on the expression of behavioral and morphological phenotypes across three populations of a species of conservation concern, the Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini). We also used a factorial approach to assess whether abiotic enrichment and predator training increases survival during encounters with a novel predator. We found that abiotic enrichment affected ecomorphological attributes associated with fins; generally, measures of the caudal and pectoral fin decreased in the treatment group compared to the control treatment. Behaviorally, darters reared with abiotic enrichment increased feeding and decreased movement compared to the control group. Importantly, we found that in combination with predator training, abiotic enrichment increased the probability of surviving first encounters with a predator. We therefore recommend conservation practitioners incorporate abiotic enrichment and predator training in hatchery programs. Captive breeding programs are used to supplement wild populations at risk of extinction, but hatchery‐reared fish often do not survive after release. Using the threatened Arkansas darter, we show that abiotic enrichment and predator training of hatchery populations impact behavior and morphology and increase the probability of surviving first encounters with a non‐native predator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NeoMTA is a commercially available tricalcium silicate‐based cement intended for contact with pulp and periradicular tissues. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the outcomes of non‐surgical root canal treatments with NeoMTA obturations. Patients were treated in a private endodontic practice between 2015 and 2018. All cases, including initial treatments and retreatments, were either fully obturated with NeoMTA, or using gutta‐percha with NeoMTA as an endodontic sealer. Outcomes were assessed using follow‐up examination data with digital periapical radiographs with a minimum of a 1‐year recall. Teeth were classified based on the clinical examination as: healed/healing (success), or non‐healed (failure). 265 teeth were included with an average follow‐up time of 1.3 years. The overall success rate was 91.7%. Only the presence of a pre‐operative periapical radiolucency was found to significantly affect success. Comparison of obturation techniques demonstrated no effect on outcomes. NeoMTA is suitable for endodontic obturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Major salivary gland cancers (MSGCs) are often treated with primary surgery followed by adjuvant therapy for high‐risk pathology. Patients with these cancers may opt out of recommended postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) for many reasons and consequently may suffer worse outcomes. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: National Cancer Database. Methods: Patients diagnosed with MSGC from 2004 to 2016 were identified, and overall survival and risk factors for refusal of recommended PORT were analyzed based on demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors. Multivariable logistic regression and a Cox model were used to conduct the analysis. Results: 211 out of 4704 qualifying patients (4.5%) refused recommended PORT. Multivariable analysis demonstrated increased PORT refusal for age >74 years (odds ratio OR 4.34, confidence interval [CI] [2.43‐7.85]), Asian race (OR 2.25, CI [1.10‐4.23]), and certain facility types (comprehensive cancer center, OR 2.39, CI [1.08‐6.34]; academic research program, OR 3.29, CI [1.49‐8.74]; and integrated network cancer program, OR 2.75, CI [1.14‐7.7]). N2 stage was associated with decreased PORT refusal (OR 0.67, CI [0.45‐0.98]). The 5‐year overall survival for patients who received and refused PORT were significantly different at 65.8% and 53.8%, respectively (p <.001). When controlling for several factors, PORT refusal was independently associated with significantly lower overall survival (HR 1.54, CI [1.21‐1.98]). Conclusion: Patient refusal of recommended PORT in MSGC is rare, associated with various disease and socioeconomic factors, and may decrease overall survival. Our findings can assist clinicians in counseling patients and identifying those who may be more likely to opt out of recommended PORT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Previous experimental studies have shown that poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans; Anacardicaceae) responds to elevated CO2 with increased leaf production, water‐use efficiency, and toxicity (allergenic urushiol). However, long‐term field data suggest no increase in poison ivy abundance over time. Using herbarium specimens, we examined whether poison ivy and other species shifted leaf traits under natural conditions with increasing atmospheric CO2 (pCO2) over the past century. Methods: We measured stomatal density, leaf area, leaf N, leaf C:N, leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Δleaf), and intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) from 327 specimens collected from 1838 to 2020 across Pennsylvania. We compared poison ivy's responses to two evolutionarily related tree species, Toxicodendron vernix and Rhus typhina (Anacardiacae) and one ecological analog, Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Vitaceae), a common co‐occurring liana. Results: Stomatal density significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in poison ivy and the ecologically similar liana P. quinquefolia over the past century, but did not change in the related trees T. vernix and R. typhina. None of these species showed significant trends in changes in leaf N or C:N. Surprisingly, in poison ivy, but not the other species, Δleaf increased with increased pCO2, corresponding to significant declines in iWUE over time. Conclusions: In contrast to the results of short‐term experimental studies, iWUE decreased in poison ivy over the last century. Trait responses to pCO2 varied by species. Herbarium specimens suggest that realized long‐term plant physiological responses to increased CO2 may not be reflected in short‐term experimental growth studies, highlighting the value of collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluate the determinants of officer support for their agency participating in the 1033 Program: a program that facilitates the flow of military hardware to local law enforcement agencies. In doing so, we provide insight into why officers demand such equipment, which, in turn, may partially explain patterns of program participation and equipment usage. We utilize a series of random forest models to examine survey data collected from officers in a large police department, finding that being White and exhibiting animus toward minority communities are highly predictive of officer support across models. Our findings validate long‐held public concerns regarding the distributional patterns and consequences of 1033 transfers: concerns that have led to a number of proposed policy changes at the state and federal levels meant to restrict program usage (e.g., EO‐13688, HR‐1694, MO HB‐330). Policy makers should consider how out‐group animus may drive distributional patterns and usage when considering policy reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a widely established invasive shrub in temperate forests of the northeastern United States with the potential to alter soil arthropod communities through changes to soil nutrient cycling and acidity.We compared soil arthropod taxa and functional feeding groups between invaded and nearby control areas in a paired observational survey.Community ordination analysis suggested minimal differences between barberry and control samples. In contrast, pairwise differences revealed elevated densities of multiple taxa in barberry‐invaded soils.Among taxa that were able to be defined by functional feeding group and were collected at higher densities under barberry, all were detritivores. For example, barberry‐invaded soils harboured an average of 40% more Isopoda and more than twice as many Diplopoda per unit dry compared with control samples. Differences we observed between barberry and control samples despite the limited study spatiotemporal scope demonstrate the potential for invasions to restructure soil arthropod communities.Observed patterns potentially reflects elevated leaf litter decomposition rates associated with the invasion and results also highlight the need to integrate site‐specific environmental attributes when assessing the impact of invading plants on soil ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: New fish passage structures are frequently designed using information gained from existing structures, particularly those that have been shown to allow passage of the target species. However, this process rarely involves a preinstallation design and testing phase. Developing an apparatus that allows rapid and relatively low‐cost testing of potential fish passage structure designs prior to field installations could reduce the reliance on a "build it, monitor it, does it work?" approach. Methods: To meet this need, we developed an indoor research flume at Colorado State University's Foothills Fisheries Laboratory that housed a full‐scale experimental rock ramp fishway. Result: The slope of the flume can be adjusted (0–10%) and integrates a set of four PIT tag antennas to allow fine‐resolution tracking of fish movements in the fishway. The flume can deliver variable flows (up to 0.082 m3/s) of 9–25°C water. Lessons learned during the design, construction, and initial operation of the flume are presented here. Conclusion: The basic system could be adapted for similar studies in other regions and provides a robust and flexible infrastructure that could be modified for other evaluations of instream structures in lotic systems. Impact statementAt Colorado State University's Foothills Fisheries Laboratory, we developed, built, and tested an indoor research flume that is large enough to hold a full‐scale fish passage structure. The ability to build different types of structures within the flume and test them with live fish under a variety of conditions gives us a robust and flexible system that can be used to validate design ideas prior to spend time and money installing untested designs in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies using fast‐acting subcutaneous (SQ) insulin analogs in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) have demonstrated efficacy, safety, and cost‐effectiveness, allowing treatment of mild‐to‐moderate (MTM)‐severity DKA patients in non–intensive care unit (ICU) settings. However, emergency department (ED)‐based studies are few, with limited exploration of impacts on operational metrics. Methods: We implemented the SQuID (Subcutaneous Insulin in Diabetic Ketoacidosis) protocol for adults with MTM‐severity DKA in an urban academic ED, collecting data from August 1, 2021, to February 28, 2022. We examined fidelity (frequency of required q2h glucose checks), safety (proportion of patients administered rescue dextrose for hypoglycemia), and ED length of stay (EDLOS) for the SQuID cohort compared to patients (non‐ICU) treated with a traditional insulin infusion. We also examined ICU admission rate among MTM‐severity DKA patients after introduction of SQuID to two historical control periods (pre‐intervention and pre‐COVID). We used Mann–Whitney U to test for differences in EDLOS distributions, bootstrapped (n = 1000) confidence intervals (CIs) for EDLOS median differences, and the two‐sample z‐test for differences in ICU admissions. Results: We identified 177 MTM‐severity DKA patients in the study period (78 SQuID, 99 traditional cohort) and 163 preintervention and 161 pre‐COVID historical control patients. Fidelity to the SQuID pathway was good, with glucose checks exceeding the q2‐h requirement. We found no difference in the proportion of rescue dextrose administration compared to the traditional pathway. We observed significant reductions in median EDLOS for the SQuID cohort compared to the traditional cohort during the study period (−3.0, 95% CI −8.5 to −1.4), the preintervention period (−1.4, 95% CI −3.1 to −0.1), and the pre‐COVID control period (−3.6, 95% CI −7.5 to −1.8). Conclusions: In this single‐center study at an academic ED, treatment of patients with MTM‐severity DKA with a SQ insulin protocol was effective, demonstrated equivalent safety, and reduced ED length of stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in amphibian populations is one of the starkest examples of the biodiversity crisis. For stream breeding amphibians, alterations to natural flow regimes by dams, water diversions, and climate change have been implicated in declines and extirpations. Identifying drivers of amphibian declines requires long time series of abundance data because amphibian populations can exhibit high natural variability. Multiple population viability analysis (MPVA) models integrate abundance data and share information from different populations to estimate how environmental factors influence population growth. Flow alteration has been linked to declines and extirpations in the Foothill Yellow‐legged Frog (Rana boylii), a stream breeding amphibian native to California and Oregon. To date, no study has jointly analyzed abundance data from populations throughout the range of R. boylii in an MPVA model. We compiled time series of egg mass counts (an index of adult female abundance) from R. boylii populations in 36 focal streams and fit an MPVA model to quantify how streamflow metrics, stream temperature, and surrounding land cover affect population growth. We found population growth was positively related to stream temperature and was higher in the years following a wet year with high total annual streamflow. Density dependence was weakest (i.e., carrying capacity was highest) for streams with high seasonality of streamflow and intermediate rates of change in streamflow during spring. Our results highlight how altered streamflow can further increase the risk of decline for R. boylii populations. Managing stream conditions to better match natural flow and thermal regimes would benefit the conservation of R. boylii populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Together with increasing environmental and anthropogenic pressures, pathogenic diseases are one of the important factors contributing to the ongoing decline of seagrass meadows worldwide; yet the diversity and ecology of the microorganisms acknowledged as seagrass parasites remain critically understudied. Here, we investigate phytomyxid parasites (Rhizaria: Endomyxa: Phytomyxea) of three different eelgrass (Zostera spp.) species found in the Northern hemisphere. We present molecular evidence that Plasmodiophora bicaudata, a long‐recognized parasite of dwarf eelgrass taxa, is closely related to the novel phytomyxid recently discovered in root hairs of Zostera marina, and together they form a distinct clade within the order Phagomyxida, proposed here as Feldmanniella gen. nov. A full life cycle is systematically described in a phagomyxid representative for the first time, proving its conformity with the generalized phytomyxid life history, despite previous uncertainties. The presence of primary infection stages in nearly all collected eelgrass specimens, and subsequent analysis of amplicon sequences from a global Z. marina dataset, reveal phytomyxids to be ubiquitous and one of the predominant microeukaryotes associated with eelgrass roots on a global scale. Our discoveries challenge the current view of Phytomyxea as rare entities in seagrass meadows and suggest their generally low pathogenicity in natural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medial temporal lobe atrophy has been linked to decline in neuropsychological measures of explicit memory function. While the hippocampus has long been identified as a critical structure in learning and memory processes, less is known about contributions of the amygdala to these functions. We sought to investigate the relationship between amygdala volume and memory functioning in a clinical sample of older adults. Methods: A serial clinical sample of older adults that underwent neuropsychological assessment at an outpatient neurology clinic was selected for retrospective chart review. Patients were included in the study if they completed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment within six months of a volumetric MRI scan. Each subject underwent scans conducted on a GE 3.0 Tesla scanner, and volumetric analyses were performed using imaging software which quantifies regional brain volumes. We used bilateral hippocampal and amygdala volumes in our analyses. Associations between these volumes and memory scores, derived from immediate and delayed recall conditions of a verbal story learning task and a nonverbal design reconstruction task [1], were examined using mixed‐effects general linear models, controlling for total intracranial volume, age, sex and education. Partial correlation coefficients, controlling for these covariates, were calculated to estimate the strength of the association between volumes and memory scores. Results: A total of 68 (38F, 29M) participants were included in the analyses, with a mean (SD) age of 80.1 (6.0) and educational level of 15.9 (2.5) years. Controlling for age, sex, education, and total intracranial volume, greater amygdala volumes were associated with better verbal and nonverbal memory performance (p<.001), comparable to hippocampal volume. The interaction term of hemisphere and memory was not significant for any of the models, indicating no lateralized effects. Partial correlation coefficients ranged from 0.45 to 0.31. Conclusion: These findings contribute to a growing body of knowledge highlighting the amygdala as a target for further research in memory functioning through the adult lifespan, supporting a holistic understanding of limbic system operations in which multiple subcortical structures contribute synergistically to memory processes and decline in older adults. References [1] Wechsler, D. (2009). Wechsler Memory Scale fourth edition. San Antonio, TX: Pearson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Data on platinum sensitivity of low‐grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC) in the upfront setting is lacking, and there is limited and contradictory information on chemotherapy responses in recurrent disease. Methods: Patients with LGSOC seen at a comprehensive cancer center from January 1, 1998 to September 30, 2021 were identified from institutional databases. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) or adjuvant platinum‐based chemotherapy and to second‐ to fifth‐line regimens was retrospectively characterized by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1. Wilcoxon rank‐sum and two‐tailed Fisher exact tests were employed. Results: Of 50 patients, 12 received platinum doublets for suboptimal residual disease and 11 as NACT. Of 12 patients with suboptimal residual disease, seven (58%) achieved objective responses (five partial responses [PRs] and two complete responses); of the 11 patients who underwent NACT, one (9%) achieved a PR (p =.027). The 15 remaining patients had stable disease on first‐line platinum chemotherapy. Of 44 patients who recurred, 20 had RECIST‐evaluable responses to second‐line and 27 to third‐line chemotherapy. Objective response rates to platinum‐based chemotherapy were 22% (two of nine) in the second line and 10% (one of 10) in the third. In second and third lines, highest response rates were observed with nonplatinum chemotherapy with bevacizumab, at 100% (two of two) and 30% (three of 10), respectively. Conclusions: Primary platinum‐based chemotherapy has moderate activity in LGSOC and minimal activity in the recurrent setting, suggesting standard definitions of platinum sensitivity may not apply in LGSOC. In the second and third lines, nonplatinum chemotherapy/bevacizumab elicited the highest response rates. Front‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy has moderate activity in low‐grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC) and minimal activity in the recurrent setting, suggesting standard definitions of platinum sensitivity may not apply in LGSOC. In the second and third lines, nonplatinum chemotherapy/bevacizumab elicited the highest response rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical trials exploring bolus intravenous delivery of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) for treatment of solid tumors ultimately failed due to lack of clinical response and severe dose‐limiting toxicities. The present study was conducted to evaluate whether recombinant murine IL‐12 (rmIL‐12) could be successfully encapsulated within Poly (D, l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanospheres (rmIL‐12ns) for safe and effective systemic delivery at pharmacologic scale. Optimal fabrication of rmIL‐12ns occurs with dichloromethane as the organic solvent and emulsion formation via ultrasonication at 50% power (250 W sonicator) for 10 s (50W10s). We then determined whether utilization of synthesis modifiers including fetal bovine serum (FBS), magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2], trehalose, or the surfactants polysorbate 80 and Span 60 alone or in combination could increase the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and/or modify the burst elution profile characteristic of the 50W10s rmIL‐12ns formulation. The greatest EEs compared to the unmodified formulation were measured with modifications containing the surfactants polysorbate 80 and Span 60 (surfactant: 28.3 ± 6.10%, p = 0.29 and Surf/FBS: 85.4 ± 2.19%, p = 0.039). The Surf/FBS formulation was further modified for in vivo murine injection by substituting FBS with mouse serum albumin (MSA). The resulting Surf/MSA rmIL‐12ns were then characterized before delivery at three doses (0.1, 1, and 10 mg rmIL‐12ns) in our established murine model of metastatic osteosarcoma to assess efficacy. Preliminary results suggested no evidence of disease with delivery of the 0.1 mg dose in 75% of mice (3 of 4) versus a nontreated historical control (2 of 34). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rooting in deep regolith enables forests to withstand seasonal and annual precipitation shortfalls. Despite its ecological importance, spatial patterns in regolith thickness within forest ecosystems are scarcely documented. Regolith thickness was estimated at 66 sites throughout a 543‐ha watershed in the southern Sierra Nevada by hand auger to point of failure or a maximum depth of 7.5 m, describing a minimum thickness estimate. Regolith consists of 1–2 m of soil overlying thick and porous weathered granodiorite. Depth to auger failure ranged from 1.52 to an indeterminate depth beyond 7.5 m. A total of 27 points exceeded 7.5 m depth. Normal, lognormal, and gamma data distribution models were fitted to observations to extrapolate thickness across the watershed and estimate thicknesses beyond the measurement limitation. Predictions for the 95th percentile of regolith thickness varied substantially; 26.05 m for lognormal, 16.87 m for gamma, and 9.56 m for normal. Considering any best fit model, >55% of the watershed area was deeper than 5 m. Depth classes were formed to evaluate the extent to which topography is associated with spatial trends in regolith thickness. Spatial patterns were related to two covariate proxies (distance from stream channel and topographic wetness) with the general landscape trend of shallow depth classes (<3.3 m) in lowlands and deeper regolith classes (>7.5 m) in uplands. The normalized difference vegetation index signatures over the late stages of a 5‐year drought were greener in the lowlands. In contrast, upland forests displayed widespread tree die‐off, suggesting deep water storage does not maintain forests over long‐term drought. Core Ideas: Regolith thickness estimates commonly exceeded 7.5 m in uplands at the Sierra Nevada rain‐snow transition.Regolith thickness was predominantly shallow (<3.3 m) in lowlands.Regolith thickness was correlated with distance from stream channel and topographic wetness index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in water temperature and its seasonal timing influences the physiological processes of many aquatic ectotherms. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) contribute to warmer and more consistent water temperatures in streams draining the North American Great Plains, particularly during winter months. Reduced variation in seasonal water temperature may adversely affect fishes that rely on temperature fluctuation or specific overwintering temperatures for reproductive cues. We used johnny darter Etheostoma nigrum (Family Percidae), a thermally sensitive species native to the South Platte River Basin, as a focal species to assess the effects of winter water temperature regulations in Colorado.Our objective was to evaluate the effects of winter stream temperature and winter duration on reproductive success of johnny darter in the laboratory to inform development of water quality criteria for the South Platte River Basin. Winter duration (60, 90 or 120 days) and temperature (4 or 12°C) were crossed in a factorial design of six treatments that simulated warmed effluent‐impacted streams as well as streams with a more natural thermal regime. We defined reproductive success in johnny darter by examining four reproductive endpoints: (1) spawning timing, (2) egg and larvae production, (3) egg success, and (4) egg development. Across the four endpoints, seven main response variables were measured: spawning initiation date, eggs per gram of female per week, live larvae per gram of female per week, fertilisation success, hatching success, egg‐to‐larva survival and days to hatch.Winter temperature and duration influenced spawning timing and egg development. Earlier spawning initiation dates were observed in fish exposed to 12°C winters and was associated with a higher number of days to hatch. Eggs per gram of female per week, live larvae per gram of female per week, fertilisation success, hatching success, and egg‐to‐larva survival were similar among winter treatments.Although the State of Colorado chronic winter water temperature standard of 12°C appears to be adequate for egg and larvae production in johnny darter, our results showed that fish exposed to the standard began spawning significantly earlier than fish exposed to 4°C winters. Evaluating reproductive output in the context of seasonal timing is valid because spawning timing has the potential to affect overall production and egg development, and consequently recruitment and population sustainability. Therefore, spawning timing should be considered when making management decisions and revising water temperature standards.The warming of streams and rivers from WWTP effluent is a global issue, especially in areas that are undergoing rapid urbanisation. Fishes are particularly sensitive to water temperature and many fishes worldwide are likely to be experiencing changes in important physiological processes, affecting both reproduction and survival. Our study indicates that reproductive timing could be influenced by stream warming and stresses the need for further studies on the influence of anthropogenic effects on stream warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parametric modeling of downwelling longwave irradiance under all‐sky conditions (LW↓) typically involves "correcting" a clear‐ (or non‐overcast) sky model estimate using solar‐irradiance‐based proxies of cloud cover in lieu of actual cloud cover given uncertainties and measurement challenges of the latter. While such approaches are deemed sound, their application in time and space is inherently limited. We report on a correction model free of solar irradiance‐derived cloud proxies that is applicable at the true daily (24 hr) and global scales. The new "cloud‐free" correction model demonstrates superior performance in a range of environments relative to existing cloud‐free modeling approaches and to corrections based on solar‐derived cloudiness proxies. Literature‐based performance benchmarking indicates a performance that is often comparable to—and in some cases superior to—performances yielded by conventional parametric modeling approaches employing locally or regionally calibrated parameters, as well as to performances of satellite‐based algorithms. Plain Language Summary: Downwelling longwave irradiance (LW↓) is a major component of Earth's surface energy budget and is often modeled indirectly using routinely measured surface meteorological variables. In overcast (or "all‐sky") conditions, LW↓ is typically estimated by correcting an estimate valid for non‐overcast (or "clear‐sky") conditions using information about cloud cover or cloudiness proxies derived from solar irradiance variables. Cloud cover information is often unavailable and uncertain, and proxies based on solar irradiance variables inherently limit the correction to the daytime. Here, we present a correction model that circumvents the dependence on cloud variables or their proxies and document its performance when applied under a variety of conditions. Key Points: A model free of cloud variables or their solar‐based proxies is proposed to correct clear‐sky longwave irradiances under all‐sky conditionsModel performance is weakly sensitive to the underlying clear‐sky model when jointly parameterizedThe model yields daily errors of 3.9%–4.5% over ocean and 5.5%–7% over land, depending on the error metric and underlying clear‐sky model [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I describe a novel position on the semantics of artificial intelligence. I present a problem for the current artificial neural networks used in machine learning, specifically with relation to natural language tasks. I then propose that from a metasemantic level, meaning in machines can best be interpreted as radically contextualist. Finally, I consider what this might mean for human‐level semantic competence from a comparative perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal areas are some of the most densely populated and economically important regions in the world. As such, protecting the health of the human population and ecosystems at the coastal interface and understanding the impacts of environmental stressors such as air pollutants provides wide‐ranging benefits. Air quality (AQ) processes within coastal regions have been studied using ground and space‐based platforms, with intensive field campaigns focused on addressing key science questions that are typically partitioned into either direct atmospheric effects (e.g., anthropogenic emissions creating air pollution) or indirect processes and feedback loops (e.g., terrestrial/marine biogenic processes modifying atmospheric properties). The atmospheric planetary boundary layer (PBL) and its depth (or height) connect land, air, and the water surface via many pathways, especially with transport and exchange processes tied to the complexities of the coastal interface. We still cannot accurately characterize—through field, aircraft, or space‐based observations—the spatial and temporal PBL variability and processes within the PBL that couple together coastal dynamics and air quality. Several upcoming geostationary and polar‐orbiting satellite missions are likely to make significant progress in characterizing these air/land/water interactions over the next decade. Here, we present a framework of the current understanding of the PBL's role in coastal regions, primarily regarding air quality and atmospheric deposition, to motivate future concerted efforts from ground‐ and space‐based platforms to achieve a holistic understanding of the coastal interface. Plain Language Summary: Coastal areas are some of the most densely populated and economically important regions in the world. Protecting the health of the human population and ecosystems at the coastal interface and understanding the impacts of key environmental stressors, such as air pollution, provides wide‐ranging benefits. The atmospheric planetary boundary layer (PBL) connects land, air, and the water surface, yet there are remaining challenges in accurately characterizing the role of the PBL in coastal areas and its variability. Here, we present a framework of the current understanding of the PBL's role in coastal regions, primarily regarding air pollution, to motivate future concerted efforts from ground‐ and space‐based platforms to achieve a holistic understanding of the coastal interface. Key Points: The coastal planetary boundary layer (PBL) is highly dynamic and poses challenges to accurately observe and model air quality (AQ), water quality, and ocean colorCoastal AQ observations and simulations via field campaigns and networks have advanced our understanding of processes coupled by the PBLExtensive observations of the coastal PBL are needed to achieve interdisciplinary research goals at the land/water interface [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers and lakes are intrinsically connected waterbodies yet they are rarely used to hydrologically constrain one another with remote sensing. Here we begin to bridge the gap between river and lake hydrology with the introduction of the LakeFlow algorithm. LakeFlow uses river‐lake mass conservation and observations from the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite to provide river discharge estimates of lake and reservoir inflows and outflows. We test LakeFlow performance at three lakes using a synthetic SWOT data set assuming the maximum measurement errors defined by the mission science requirements, and we include modeled lateral inflow and lake evaporation data to further constrain the mass balance. We find that LakeFlow produces promising discharge estimates (median Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.88, relative bias = 14%). LakeFlow can inform water resources management by providing global lake inflow and outflow estimates, highlighting a path for recognizing rivers and lakes as an interconnected system. Plain Language Summary: Effective water resource management depends on our ability to monitor and understand lake and reservoir inflows and outflows. Satellite remote sensing of lakes and rivers has become increasingly important for water management but little work has been done to estimate streamflow at river‐lake interfaces. Here we present the LakeFlow algorithm that leverages satellite observations of lakes and rivers to estimate streamflow at lake inflows and outflows. We test LakeFlow using synthetic data at three U.S. lakes in Georgia, Arizona and Kansas, and find that it yields promising estimates of streamflow at river‐lake boundaries. LakeFlow provides valuable insights into river‐lake streamflow dynamics, which can inform water management decisions and is a step forward in the integration of river and lake studies. Key Points: LakeFlow is a new algorithm that uses Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite data to estimate river inflow and outflow at lakes via mass conservationApplying LakeFlow to three sample lake systems shows promising performance for estimating lake inflows and outflows (median Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency = 0.88)Including modeled estimates of non SWOT‐observed evaporation and tributary inflows can further improve LakeFlow discharge estimates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10‐year‐old male castrated Labrador Retriever cross was referred for evaluation of acute vision loss. Ophthalmic examination revealed mild left sided exophthalmos, bilateral resting mydriasis, an absent direct and reduced consensual PLR in the left eye and reduced direct and absent consensual PLR in the right eye. Examination of the cornea and anterior segment with slit lamp biomicroscopy was unremarkable. Indirect fundoscopy revealed a left optic nerve head obscured by a darkly pigmented lesion. Fundic examination in the right eye was unremarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a smoothly marginated, lobulated cone to irregularly shaped, strongly T1 hyperintense, T2 and T2 fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery hypointense, strongly contrast enhancing mass closely associated with the entire left optic nerve, extending across the optic chiasm and into the right optic nerve ventrally. Full clinical staging revealed no evidence of metastasis. Exenteration of the left eye was performed. Histopathology revealed an unencapsulated, poorly demarcated, multilobulated and infiltrative pigmented mass that was effacing the posterior choroid and optic nerve. The mass was composed of a moderately pleomorphic population of heavily pigmented polygonal cells arranged in sheets and clusters, displaying moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The population of cells contained moderate amounts of abundant brown‐black granular pigment consistent with melanin within the cytoplasm. Mitotic figures averaged approximately three per ten 400× fields (2.37 mm2). This is the first report of a melanocytic tumor invading along the optic nerve and tract to result in contralateral vision loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Induction immunosuppression in heart transplant recipients varies greatly by center. Basiliximab (BAS) is the most commonly used induction immunosuppressant but has not been shown to reduce rejection or improve survival. The objective of this retrospective study was to compare rejection, infection, and mortality within the first 12 months following heart transplant in patients who received BAS or no induction. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of adult heart transplant recipients given BAS or no induction from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2021. The primary endpoint was incidence of treated acute cellular rejection (ACR) at 12‐months post‐transplant. Secondary endpoints included ACR at 90 days post‐transplant, incidence of antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) at 90 days and 1 year, incidence of infection, and all‐cause mortality at 1 year. Results: A total of 108 patients received BAS, and 26 patients received no induction within the specified timeframe. There was a lower incidence of ACR within the first year in the BAS group compared to the no induction group (27.7 vs. 68.2%, p <.002). BAS was independently associated with a lower probability of having a rejection event during the first 12‐months post‐transplant (hazard ratio (HR).285, 95% confidence interval [CI].142–.571, p <.001). There was no difference in the rate of infection and in mortality after hospital discharge at 1‐year post‐transplant (6% vs. 0%, p =.20). Conclusion: BAS appears to be associated with greater freedom from rejection without an increase in infections. BAS may be a preferred to a no induction strategy in patients undergoing heart transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a new perspective on the much‐discussed debate between French phenomenologist Jean‐Luc Marion and postructuralist theorist Jacques Derrida on the question of 'negative theology' and the Christian mystical tradition. It argues that Marion's critique of Derrida betrays a fundamental misunderstanding, specifically, that it fails to recognise that Derrida is not interested in negative theology qua theology, but rather as a discursive practice with certain resources for the performative 'unsaying' of logocentric systems. It continues to show that Derrida's principal object is not the God of apophatic theology, but the broader, juridico‐political implications of all 'transcendental signifieds'. Finally, it suggests that Marion's oversight of these facts in his defence of the apophatic tradition unwittingly legitimates Derrida's critique, to the extent that it insulates the Christian tradition from external criticism, and thereby limits the responsiveness of that tradition to the demands of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Delirium is a cerebral dysfunction seen commonly in the acute care setting. It is associated with increased mortality and morbidity and is frequently missed in the emergency department (ED) and inpatient care by clinical gestalt alone. Identifying those at risk of delirium may help prioritize screening and interventions in the hospital setting. Objective: Our objective was to leverage electronic health records to identify a clinically valuable risk estimation model for prevalent delirium in patients being transferred from the ED to inpatient units. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study to develop and validate a risk model to detect delirium using patient data available from prior visits and ED encounter. Electronic health records were extracted for patients hospitalized from the ED between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2020. Eligible patients were aged 65 or older, admitted to an inpatient unit from the emergency department, and had at least one DOSS assessment or CAM‐ICU recorded within 72 h of hospitalization. Six machine learning models were developed to estimate the risk of delirium using clinical variables including demographic features, physiological measurements, medications administered, lab results, and diagnoses. Results: A total of 28,531 patients met the inclusion criteria with 8057 (28.4%) having a positive delirium screening within the outcome observation period. Machine learning models were compared using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC). The gradient boosted machine achieved the best performance with an AUC of 0.839 (95% CI, 0.837–0.841). At a 90% sensitivity threshold, this model achieved a specificity of 53.5% (95% CI 53.0%–54.0%) a positive predictive value of 43.5% (95% CI 43.2%–43.9%), and a negative predictive value of 93.1% (95% CI 93.1%–93.2%). A random forest model and L1‐penalized logistic regression also demonstrated notable performance with AUCs of 0.837 (95% CI, 0.835–0.838) and 0.831 (95% CI, 0.830–0.833) respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the use of machine learning algorithms to identify a combination of variables that enables an estimation of risk of positive delirium screens early in hospitalization to develop prevention or management protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) investigates the genetic influence on drug response and is an integral part of precision medicine. While PGx testing is becoming more common in clinical practice and may be reimbursed by Medicare/Medicaid and commercial insurance, interpreting PGx testing results for clinical decision support is still a challenge. The Pharmacogenomics Clinical Annotation Tool (PharmCAT) has been designed to tackle the need for transparent, automatic interpretations of patient genetic data. PharmCAT incorporates a patient's genotypes, annotates PGx information (allele, genotype, and phenotype), and generates a report with PGx guideline recommendations from the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) and/or the Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG). PharmCAT has introduced new features in the last 2 years, including a variant call format (VCF) Preprocessor, the inclusion of DPWG guidelines, and functionalities for PGx research. For example, researchers can use the VCF Preprocessor to prepare biobank‐scale data for PharmCAT. In addition, PharmCAT enables the assessment of novel partial and combination alleles that are composed of known PGx variants and can call CYP2D6 genotypes based on single and deletions in the input VCF file. This tutorial provides materials and detailed step‐by‐step instructions for how to use PharmCAT in a versatile way that can be tailored to users' individual needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal behavior has the potential to guide the management of populations at risk of extirpation. This includes insights into how animals respond to novel predators and whether those responses can be enhanced to improve survival. Training hatchery‐reared fish to recognize predators has been proposed as a way to reduce postrelease mortalities in the wild. Identifying the presence of innate predator recognition and the capacity for learning to recognize predators in specific species or populations can inform conservation management practices. Here, antipredator behavior (time spent moving and distance from a predator) and the efficacy of predator training were assessed for three populations of a species of conservation concern, the Arkansas Darter Etheostoma cragini, which is vulnerable to predation by esocid predators like the introduced Northern Pike Esox lucius. Arkansas Darters demonstrated some innate ability to recognize and respond to a novel esocid predator and also responded to predator cues (training), although the direction of the response to cues was opposite our prediction. Populations differed in their response to the predator treatment, highlighting the value of managing populations separately. Although the fitness consequences of exposure to predator cues remain to be tested in Arkansas Darters, our results suggest that antipredator behavior is innate and that exposure to predator cues does affect behavior; however, whether or how those behavioral changes affect survival is unclear. This study demonstrates the importance of testing enrichment practices and incorporating behavioral observations into conservation programs to guide population‐specific management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of singlet oxygen potentially mediating increased conformational flexibility of a disulfide was investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the singlet oxygenation of 1,2‐dimethyldisulfane produces a peroxy intermediate. This intermediate adopts a structure with a longer S–S bond distance and a more planar torsional angle θ (C–S–S–C) compared with the nonoxygenated 1,2‐dimethyldisulfane. The lengthened S–S bond enables a facile rotation about the torsional angle in the semicircle region 0° < θ < 210°, that is ~5 kcal mol−1 lower in energy than the disulfane. The peroxy intermediate bears nO → σS–S and nO → σ*S–S interactions that stabilize the S–O bond but destabilize the S–S bond, which contrasts with stabilizing nS → σ*S–S hyperconjugative effects in the disulfane S–S bond. Subsequent departure of O2 from the disulfane peroxy intermediate is reminiscent of peroxy intermediates which also expel O2, yet facilitate cis‐trans isomerizations of stilbenes, hexadienes, cyanines, and carotenes. "Non‐oxidative" 1O2 interactions with a variety of bond types are currently underappreciated. We hope to raise awareness of how these interactions can help elucidate the origins of molecular twisting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined doctoral students' experiences of nondisclosure with their dissertation chairs. Using a hermeneutic phenomenology design, we analyzed two individual interviews of 10 doctoral students. We identified the following three themes: (a) the professional dynamics in the relationship, (b) the interpersonal and cultural dynamics in the relationship, and (c) prioritization of completing the dissertation. Implications for doctoral students and dissertation chairs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bereavement during childhood is associated with elevated rates of suicide‐related behaviours among youth. However, no interventions explicitly address suicidal ideation among bereaved youth. The Supporting Grieving Teens (SGT) programme was created as a preventive intervention to reduce suicide risk among bereaved youth. Methods: This preliminary open trial evaluated the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary outcomes of the SGT intervention among a sample of bereaved adolescents. Participants were 32 adolescents, 12–17 years of age (M = 14.44, SD = 1.56; 87.5% female, 31.3% Hispanic, 31.3% African American/Black and 25.0% non‐Hispanic White), seeking bereavement‐related services at a trauma and grief speciality outpatient clinic. Participants completed a two‐session web‐assisted intervention prior to enrolling in standard outpatient therapy. Results: There was a high rate of completion of the intervention, with 93.8% of those who provided assent completing both intervention sessions. Youth reported high levels of satisfaction with the intervention. Preliminary evaluation of outcomes demonstrated that the intervention was associated with small but significant reductions in thwarted belongingness and suicide ideation over the course of treatment and follow‐up. However, reliable change indices indicated reliable improvements for only a subset of participants. Limitations: This study utilised an open trial design without a control group, and so causality cannot be inferred. Additional limitations include the small sample size and limited variability in suicidal ideation in the sample. Conclusions: The intervention shows promise as a brief, web‐assisted psychosocial intervention for activating youths' existing social support networks. Further research is needed to more rigorously evaluate the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the level of testing required to sustain elimination of hepatitis C (HCV), once achieved. In this study, we model the testing coverage required to maintain HCV elimination in an injecting network of people who inject drugs (PWID). We test the hypothesis that network‐based strategies are a superior approach to deliver testing. We created a dynamic injecting network structure connecting 689 PWID based on empirical data. The primary outcome was the testing coverage required per month to maintain prevalence at the elimination threshold over 5 years. We compared four testing strategies. Without any testing or treatment provision, the prevalence of HCV increased from the elimination threshold (11.68%) to a mean of 25.4% (SD 2.96%) over the 5‐year period. To maintain elimination with random testing, on average, 4.96% (SD 0.83%) of the injecting network needs to be tested per month. However, with a 'bring your friends' strategy, this was reduced to 3.79% (SD 0.64%) of the network (p <.001). The addition of contact tracing improved the efficiency of both strategies. In conclusion, we report that network‐based approaches to testing such as 'bring a friend' initiatives and contact tracing lower the level of testing coverage required to maintain elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Satellite Coastal and Oceanic Atmospheric Pollution Experiment (SCOAPE) cruise in the Gulf of Mexico was conducted in May 2019 by NASA and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management to determine the feasibility of using satellite data to measure air quality in a region of concentrated oil and natural gas (ONG) operations. SCOAPE addressed both technological and scientific issues related to measuring NO2 columns over the outer continental shelf. Featured were nitrogen dioxide (NO2) instruments (Pandora, Teledyne API analyzer) at Cocodrie, LA (29.26°, −90.66°), and on the Research Vessel Point Sur operating off the Louisiana coast with measurements of ozone, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The findings: (a) all NO2 observations revealed two atmospheric regimes over the Gulf, the first influenced by tropical air in 10–14 May, the second influenced by flow from urban areas on 15–17 May; (b) comparisons of OMI v4 and TROPOMI v1.3 TC (total column) NO2 data with shipboard Pandora NO2 column observations averaged 13% agreement with the largest difference during 15–17 May (∼20%). At Cocodrie, the satellite–Pandora agreement was ∼5%. (c) Three new‐model Pandora instruments displayed a TC NO2 precision of 0.01 Dobson Units (∼5%); (d) regions of smaller, older natural gas operations showed high methane readings from leakage; elevated VOCs were also detected. Neither satellite nor spectrometer captured the magnitude of ambient NO2 variability near ONG platforms. Given an absence of regular air quality monitoring over the Gulf of Mexico, SCOAPE data constitute a baseline against which future observations can be compared. Plain Language Summary: The Satellite Coastal and Oceanic Atmospheric Pollution Experiment (SCOAPE) cruise in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) conducted on the Research Vessel Point Sur in May 2019 investigated the feasibility of using satellite data to measure air quality in a region of concentrated oil and natural gas (ONG) operations. SCOAPE addressed both technological and scientific issues related to measuring NO2 columns in a prototypical coastal environment. The results are as follows. First, measurements from SCOAPE demonstrated that satellite NO2 data can be used to monitor ONG activity over the GOM. Second, during SCOAPE both OMI and TROPOMI TC (total column) NO2 amounts were higher over land and sometimes the near‐shore ONG‐rich Gulf, than over deepwater regions farther offshore. This was confirmed by Pandora spectrometer "ground truth" TC NO2 data measured throughout SCOAPE on shore and on ship. Third, SCOAPE established the reliability and precision of a new generation of Pandora spectrometers. Fourth, comparisons of satellite and Pandora TC NO2 data in SCOAPE confirm previous land–water interface studies that point to limitations in satellite NO2 in coastal regions. Finally, neither satellite nor spectrometer captures the magnitude of ambient ("nose‐level") NO2 variability in a region dotted with hundreds of ONG platforms. Key Points: Shipboard Pandora NO2 columns and surface O3, NO2, CO, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), May 2019, displayed two air quality (AQ) regimesGOM AQ was dominated by continental NO2 sources and near‐shore VOC; deepwater oil platforms were in a clean marine regimePandora and satellite total column NO2 over GOM agreed overall within 5% in clean, clear‐sky conditions along the coast and 13% over water [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of singlet oxygen potentially mediating increased conformational flexibility of a disulfide was investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the singlet oxygenation of 1,2‐dimethyldisulfane produces a peroxy intermediate. This intermediate adopts a structure with a longer S–S bond distance and a more planar torsional angle θ (C–S–S–C) compared with the nonoxygenated 1,2‐dimethyldisulfane. The lengthened S–S bond enables a facile rotation about the torsional angle in the semicircle region 0° < θ < 210°, that is ~5 kcal mol−1 lower in energy than the disulfane. The peroxy intermediate bears nO → σS–S and nO → σ*S–S interactions that stabilize the S–O bond but destabilize the S–S bond, which contrasts with stabilizing nS → σ*S–S hyperconjugative effects in the disulfane S–S bond. Subsequent departure of O2 from the disulfane peroxy intermediate is reminiscent of peroxy intermediates which also expel O2, yet facilitate cis‐trans isomerizations of stilbenes, hexadienes, cyanines, and carotenes. "Non‐oxidative" 1O2 interactions with a variety of bond types are currently underappreciated. We hope to raise awareness of how these interactions can help elucidate the origins of molecular twisting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]