Search

The California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis ) is under consideration for federal protection and has stimulated ecosystem-level management efforts in Sierra Nevada national forests. Because some populations are declining, we used a noninvasive fecal sampling method to estimate stress hormone (i.e., corticosterone) levels within a local population from April to August 2001. Fecal corticosterone levels were similar to those recorded in a previous study of Northern Spotted Owls (S.o. caurina ) ( &xmacr;= 80.1 ng/g dry feces, SE = 75.8). We then used an information-theoretic approach to identify factors that influence fecal corticosterone levels in Spotted Owls. Our best overall model indicated that nonbreeding owls had higher fecal corticosterone levels than breeding owls early in the breeding season and lower levels later in the breeding season. We collected few samples from breeding owls early in the breeding season, however, which may have influenced the results. Management-related factors reflecting habitat condition and proximity to roads were not correlated with fecal corticosterone. However, factors such as field storage method and sample mass were correlated with the amount of measured fecal corticosterone and should be considered in future studies. Sample vials initially stored on ice had higher levels than those stored immediately in liquid N2 (βstorage= 0.269 ln[ng/g], 95% CI = 0.026, 0.512). Hormone metabolites were extracted from extremely small samples (0.01 g) by slightly modifying the assay protocol, but the amount of corticosterone detected increased as the sample mass decreased (βmass=−6.248 ln[ng/g], 95% CI =−8.877, −3.620). Corticosterone levels were significantly higher in 10 cecal samples collected simultaneously with fecal samples (paired difference = 74.7 ng/g, SE = 45.0, p = 0.001 for a paired t test), so care must be taken to avoid contaminating fecal samples with cecal material. Most of the variation was unexplained by our best model ( R 2= 0.24), and additional factors influencing fecal corticosterone levels need to be identified. Therefore, we recommend that well-designed experiments be conducted under controlled conditions to better determine the effect of factors such as sample handling, partial sampling, and diet on fecal corticosterone levels in owls and other birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the cost-effectiveness of adding nucleic acid testing (NAT) to serological (antibody and antigen) screening protocols for donated blood in the United States (US) with the purpose of reducing the risks of transfusion-transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The costs, health consequences and cost-effectiveness of adding either minipool or individual-donor NAT to serological screening (SS) testing were estimated using a decision-analysis model. With the given modelling assumptions, adding minipool NAT would avoid an estimated 37, 128 and eight cases of HBV, HCV and HIV, respectively, and save ≈ 53 additional years of life and 102 additional quality adjusted life years (QALYs) compared with SS, at a net cost of $154 million. SS + minipool NAT − p24 compared with SS alone resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $1·5 million per QALY gained (range in sensitivity analysis $1·0–2·1 million per QALY gained) in this US analysis. The cost effectiveness of adding NAT screening is outside the typical range for most healthcare interventions, but not for established blood safety measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the temporal and spatial patterns in deforestation and community structure of mammals in a fragmented old-growth, temperate rain forest to test the hypothesis that anthropogenic habitat conversion advances in a nonrandom manner across native landscapes, and that its effects on ecological communities are both persistent and predictable. The location is the Hood Canal district of Olympic National Forest, Washington, USA. Deforestation followed the apparently general pattern observed for deforestation of tropical rain forests and other native landscapes, advancing first along low and relatively level valleys, then to areas at higher elevations and along steeper slopes, and eventually to sites more distant from those of initial land conversion and transportation centres. Mammal surveys within this area indicated that this nonrandom advance of deforestation has created relatively steep geographical and topographic gradients in both local and landscape-level factors and, ultimately, in the structure of mammalian communities. The close and likely causal relationship between anthropogenic habitat loss and the ecological dynamics of mammalian communities and dependent species (e.g. spotted owls) indicates that our abilities to understand and eventually reduce the current extinction crisis may rely heavily on our understanding of, and abilities to modify, the manner in which we expand across and transform native landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of papers presented to the seventh annual meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep (APSS). The seventh annual meeting of the APSS was held at the Miramar Hotel, Santa Monica, California in April 1967. APSS was founded in 1961 for the purpose of promoting both formal and informal exchange of information among workers from various disciplines with a common interest in the psychophysiology of sleep.

In the summer of 1861, the United States embarked on its first widespread use of paper money: the Demand Notes of 1861. Although their convertibility into gold ended at the end of that year, they remained acceptable for tariff payment at a par with gold coin while they were gradually replaced with paper money that did not share this provision, the Greenbacks. We present daily observations of exchange rates between the Notes, Greenbacks, and gold for the extended period during which they simultaneously circulated. These exchange rates substantiate our revisionist notion that the Notes were replaced because the tariff provision prevented them from generating sufficient seigniorage for wartime needs. ( JEL E42, N12, N22) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reprints an article from a 1988 issue of the 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, about the importance of comprehensive geriatric assessment in the United States. Evaluation of the patient in several domains; Goal of dealing effectively with health care issues posed by frail elderly persons; Assessment of the need for services.

The National Institute on Aging (NIA), the newest of the 11 National Institutes of Health, is dedicated to improving the quality of life of the old in America through biomedical, social, and behavioral research. Aging is viewed as more than just decline and deterioration; it is also a process of continued development and accumulated knowledge. The NIA will encourage innovative research but will not support the delivery of health services, as that is the domain of the other agencies. In areas of overlap, such as diseases common to the old, the NIA will collaborate with other Institutes. A good target area for collaboration is senile dementia. Other areas of interest to the NIA are: encouraging the incorporation of geriatric medicine as a subspecialty, developing retirement test patterns, and investigating drug-drug and drug–age interactions, personality and social processes, and immunocompetence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on the state of intelligent systems research in Ukraine. Research groups listed by the National Academy of Sciences information center; Centers affiliated to the V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics; List of publications that universities and scientific institutes have throughout the country.

Adequate blood supply, a prerequisite for flap survival after grafting, makes angiogenesis of the flap the biggest problem to be solved. Researches have been conducted around vascularisation in correlation with flap grafting. However, bibliometric analyses systematically examining this research field are lacking. As such, we herein sought to conduct comprehensive comparative analyses of the contributions of different researchers, institutions, and countries to this research space in an effort to identify trends and hotspots in angiogenesis and vascularisation in the context of flap grafting. Publications pertaining to angiogenesis and vascularisation in the context of flap grafting were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. References were then analysed and plotted using Microsoft Excel 2019, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace V. In total, 2234 papers that were cited 40 048 times (17.63 citations/paper) were included in this analysis. The greatest number of studies were from the United States, with these studies exhibiting both the highest number of citations (13 577) and the greatest overall H‐index (60). For The institutions that published the greatest number of studies were WENZHOU MEDICAL UNIVERSITY (681), while UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG has the highest number of citations (1458), and SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY holds the greatest overall H‐index (20). The greatest number of studies in this research space were published by Gao WY, while Horch RE was the most commonly cited researcher in the field. The VOS viewer software clustered relevant keywords into three clusters, with clusters 1, 2, 3, and 4 corresponding to studies in which the keywords 'anatomy', 'survival', 'transplantation', 'therapy' most frequently appeared. The most promising research hotspot‐related terms in this field included 'autophagy', 'oxidative stress', 'ischemia/reperfusion injury', which exhibited a most recent average appearing year (AAY) of 2017 and after. Generally speaking, the results of this analysis indicate that the number of articles exploring angiogenesis and flap‐related research has risen steadily, with the United States and China being the two countries publishing the greatest proportion of studies in this field. The overall focus of these studies has shifted away from 'infratest and tissue engineering' towards 'mechanisms'. In the future, particular attention should be paid to emerging research hotspots, which include 'ischemia/reperfusion injury' and treatments for promoting vascularization, such as 'platelet‐rich plasma'. In light of these findings, funding agencies should continue increasing their investment in the exploration of the concrete mechanisms and interventional therapeutic relevance of angiogenesis during flap transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses information on a proposal for the classification of neuropsychiatric disturbance in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Method of empirical categorization of disturbances; Comparison of the frequency of individual neuropsychiatric symptoms with or without dementia based on the Cache County study of memory and aging in Utah; List of the proposed diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease-associated neuropsychiatric disturbance; Relevance of the proposed criteria to clinical research and practice.

The differences between somatic psychiatrists and mental hygienists, already apparent earlier, became much more pronounced during the Depression years, partly as a consequence of their different perspectives on this social crisis. Somatic psychiatrists, emboldened by the apparent success of new medical treatment methods, reasserted the central position of the mental hospital within psychiatry, attempted to improve the discipline's position within medicine, and promoted basic research. Mental hygienists, following the ideal of prevention, proposed far-reaching programs of community mental hygiene to alleviate widespread mental distress. A small group of mental hygienists embraced socialism and advocated measures of radical social reconstruction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Parenteral nutrition represents standard therapy for children with short bowel syndrome and other causes of intestinal failure. Most infants with short bowel syndrome eventually wean from parenteral nutrition, and most of those who do not wean tolerate parenteral nutrition for protracted periods. However, a subset of children with intestinal failure remaining dependent on parenteral nutrition will develop life-threatening complications arising from therapy. Intestinal transplantation (Tx) can now be recommended for this select group. Life-threatening complications warranting consideration of intestinal Tx include parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease, recurrent sepsis, and threatened loss of central venous access. Because a critical shortage of donor organs exists, waiting times for intestinal Tx are prolonged. Therefore, it is essential that children with life-threatening complications of intestinal failure and parenteral nutrition therapy be identified comparatively early, i.e. in time to receive suitable donor organs before they become critically ill. Children with liver dysfunction should be considered for isolated intestinal Tx before irreversible, advanced bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis supervenes, for which a combined liver and intestinal transplant is necessary. Irreversible liver disease is suggested by hyperbilirubinemia persisting beyond 3–4 months of age combined with features of portal hypertension such as splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, or prominent superficial abdominal veins; esophageal varices, ascites, and impaired synthetic function are not always present. Death resulting from complications of liver failure is especially common during the wait for a combined liver and intestinal transplant, and survival following combined liver and intestinal Tx is probably lower than following an isolated intestinal transplant. The incidence of morbidity and mortality following intestinal Tx is greater than that following liver or... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bandura's self-efficacy (SE) theory claims that if people believe that they can control the outcome of their behaviour, then they can. SE theory positions the self as the centre and originator of change, beginning with control over belief systems, which determine levels of performance. This conception depoliticizes social mechanisms of control, internalizing them within individual cognitive processes. We argue that SE theory emanates from culturally-positioned and ideologically informed functional trends in US psychology, which perpetuates a blaming-the-victim approach to social problems. Through an examination of the way gender and disability are manipulated in SE research, we show that efficacy is socially construed, and is actually about control over and access to power and the ideological, institutional, and social resources that provide the foundation for taking certain actions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disagreement among studies on the employment effects of minimum wages in the United States is well known. Less well known, and more puzzling, is the absence of agreement on what the research literature says—that is, how economists summarize the body of evidence on the employment effects of minimum wages. Summaries range from "it is now well established that higher minimum wages do not reduce employment," to "the evidence is very mixed with effects centered on zero so there is no basis for a strong conclusion one way or the other," to "most evidence points to adverse employment effects." We explore the question of what conclusions can be drawn from the literature, focusing on the evidence using subnational minimum wage variation within the United States that has dominated the research landscape since the early 1990s. To accomplish this, we assembled the entire set of published studies in this literature and identified the core estimates that support the conclusions from each study, in most cases relying on responses from the researchers who wrote these papers. Our key conclusions are as follows: (i) there is a clear preponderance of negative estimates in the literature; (ii) this evidence is stronger for teens and young adults and the less educated; (iii) the evidence from studies of directly affected workers points even more strongly to negative employment effects; and (iv) the evidence from studies of low‐wage industries is less one‐sided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this chapter, the authors compare the costs of online student ratings of instruction with those of paper-based systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a descriptive review of the foundational components of transformation—the starting places and gaps—in a move toward synthesizing current works into a Community Psychology Transformative Praxis. This review focuses on published work identified in North American Community Psychology journals (namely two United States based journals)—a review from the belly of the neoliberal and imperial beast. We reviewed and categorized seven foundational dimensions for beginning and sustaining transformative praxis and which represent how Community Psychology (CP), in the United States publishing context, is engaging in transformative efforts. In Part 1, we present three dimensions of transformative process, focused on early and iterative practices that develop and enact shared (1) values, (2) visions of a just world, and (3) critical problem frames. In part 2 we present four additional dimensions of transformative action; the considerations that inform action in a given transformative process or intervention including (4) planning for the long‐term nature of transformation, (5) targeting multiple levels of analysis, (6) engaging in solidarity with those most impacted by injustice, and (7) identifying and resisting power holders and/or power structures that prevent transformation and maintain the status quo. In Part 3, we review the relationship between process and action, where processes can be understood as driving, directing, and bounding the types of actions or interventions taken or imagined in a particular transformative intervention. We close the paper with critical reflections and calls to action to further develop the transformative potential of CP praxis and name the tendency of settling for ameliorative solutions to problems needing transformative solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study that uses two group paper-pencil batteries, including the Longeot and three puzzles, which were administered to ninth and tenth grade mathematics and science student classes in the U.S. The study found that each of the five paper-pencil subtests discriminates at or between the late concrete and early formal levels while the sixth subtest, which is the mealworm puzzle, discriminate the early formal level. It was indicated that both group batteries were easy to administer and score with a minimum of guidance.

The article examines the relation between traditional and paper-and-pencil formal operations tasks in the U.S. The aim of the study was to provide information based on high school students' performance on both the Tomlinson-Keasey and Campbell measure and a set of traditional, individually administered tasks. The subjects used were 27 children from 9th- and 10th grade. The results of the study indicates that Pearson correlations between the traditional formal operations tasks and their paper-and-pencil analogs were generally low and nonsignificant.

The article explores an increase in the discussion about extended producer responsibility (EPR) for packaging and printed paper (PPP) in the U.S. It attributes the trend to the effectiveness of EPR in increasing the country's recycling rates. The use of EPR by non-alcoholic beverage company Nestlé Waters North America in its operations is cited. The role of local governments and consumers in the success of the implementation of EPR is also discussed.

The article explores the Affair of the Pentagon Papers concerning the "dead issue" of the Vietnam War. It asserted that the Papers bear reach evidence that parts of the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) felt that economic and political pressures at home were preventing the U.S. government from taking the steps that were physically within its powers, to smash the rising Vietnamese resistance. It stated that the writing of an internal history of the war could expose the foolishness of the State Department and the uniformed military while avoiding any head-on attack upon existing policy.

The article presents commentary on a paper by Ehsan H. Feroz, Kyungjoo Park, and Victor S. Pastena (FPS) entitled "The Financial Market Effects of the SEC's Accounting Enforcement Releases," which was published in the December 1, 1991 edition of the "Journal of Accounting Research." The authors of the current paper assert that FPS overemphasize the ability of "Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases" issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to anticipate emerging accounting issues. They also believe the paper could have benefitted from greater use of 8-K forms that firms file with the SEC.

The article focuses on the use of the question and comment paper (QCP) in higher education in the U.S. to achieve feedback. QCP is a short informal report that develops the questioning, writing, and research abilities of students. The author says that the benefits of a QCP include providing a feedback loop between the student and the teacher and offering an avenue for shy students to ask questions. It is important that a QCP be returned immediately in order to provide for more effective feedback.

We explored what authors allegedly do and why, when invited to revise and resubmit manuscripts to refereed journals. Based on responses from 249 business and management scholars from the UK and USA, we found that authors preferred to resubmit to the original journal, whether the required revision was minor or major, and that under certain circumstances other options would be considered: submitting to alternative journals, sometimes without revising at all; discarding the paper; or challenging the editor. Experience in publishing was found to be an important moderator. As to ‘why’ they purport to do so, a classification of qualitative responses yielded a matrix of four optional strategies, grouped along two axes: rationale (instrumental reasoning versus ethical reasoning) and agency (individually centred reasoning versus community-centred reasoning). Most responses were located in the instrumental/self-centred quadrant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates and compares the effects of conventional and unconventional monetary policies on the corporate debt structure in the United States. It does so by using a vector autoregression in which policy shocks are identified through high‐frequency external instruments. Our results show that both monetary policies shift the firms' composition of external financing, though in a different way. An expansionary conventional (unconventional) monetary policy leads to a rise (decline) in loans and a decline (rise) in debt securities issuance. Our results suggest that unconventional monetary policy operated primarily through a portfolio rebalancing channel, rather than through a bank lending channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors announce the creation of a new feature and the call for papers to be included in a future issue of the periodical. The initial theme selected entails the improvement of efficiency and value in health care which is set to improve the quality of American Healthcare System. This theme issue is supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).

Addresses distinct aspects of the history of world federalism that point to federalism as a process. Theory of federalism in the United States; Details on conceptualizing the federalist problematique; Discussion on considering world federalism and transforming social movements.

Taken together the international move from liquidation to reorganization-based bankruptcy regimes and the international move to abolish Crown priority in bankruptcy provide Canada with an opportunity to rethink Crown priority in bankruptcy. This paper makes the case that abolishing Crown priority in bankruptcy in Canada is optimal given a revaluation of traditional normative claims surrounding Crown priority in the context of a bankruptcy system that favours reorganization when possible. While this paper focuses on Canada, it engages in a normative assessment that may be useful for possible reforms to Crown priority in the United States and in other jurisdictions that, like Canada, have been influenced, not only by the English model, but also by the American bankruptcy and reorganization system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the 2017 William M. Jones Award for the Best Graduate Student Paper in American Cultural Studies.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the context for change in schools in the U.S., to describe the programmatic and policy requirements for restructuring current and special compensatory education programs, and to present an alternative comprehensive program that can provide improved school-learning environments for all children. The authors believe that students' special learning needs cannot be adequately met unless and until a broad range of mainstream schooling problems are solved. At stake is the future of public education.

Describes the response of American states to federal energy legislation. Discussion of the energy conservation programs that was mandated by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act for the state; Explanation of considerable variation in the extent to which states have been able to absorb federal energy; Determinants of state energy policy.

The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease ( EVD) in West Africa has presented a significant public health crisis to the international health community and challenged U.S. emergency departments ( EDs) to prepare for patients with a disease of exceeding rarity in developed nations. With the presentation of patients with Ebola to U.S. acute care facilities, ethical questions have been raised in both the press and medical literature as to how U.S. EDs, emergency physicians ( EPs), emergency nurses, and other stakeholders in the health care system should approach the current epidemic and its potential for spread in the domestic environment. To address these concerns, the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Emergency Nurses Association, and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine developed this joint position paper to provide guidance to U.S. EPs, emergency nurses, and other stakeholders in the health care system on how to approach the ethical dilemmas posed by the outbreak of EVD. This paper will address areas of immediate and potential ethical concern to U.S. EDs in how they approach preparation for and management of potential patients with EVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the extension of the anti-fraud protection of various securities acts to short-term investment instruments of less than nine months maturity in the U.S. Supreme Court's review of decision on Sanders v. John Nuveen & Co., Inc.; Security and Exchange Commission's interpretation of investment securities; Potential changes in securities laws.

Participation in non‐parental child care arrangements is now the norm for preschool‐age children in the U.S. However, child care services are becoming increasingly expensive for many families, and quality is highly uneven across providers and sectors, raising questions about the impact of child care costs and quality on parental employment and child development. The U.S. policy landscape is dominated by three policies that subsidize costs for low‐income families or attempt to improve the safety and quality of providers: the Child Care and Development Fund, regulations, and quality rating and improvement systems. In this paper, I provide a thorough review of the evidence on each policy, focusing on how they influence a wide range of family and provider outcomes. The paper begins with a detailed description of the structure and functioning of the child care market, using the most up‐to‐date data on families' utilization of care services and provider characteristics. I then draw on a diverse set of studies across multiple fields to summarize the evidence on the impact of child care policy. In the final section of the paper, I offer recommendations for future research in each policy area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. housing finance market has not yet recovered from the housing price bubble that peaked in late 2006. Even though prices have fallen significantly, there are still problems in clearing the market. For the last few years, a group of financial economists and practitioners who are part of the Financial Management Association's Practitioner Demand Driven Academic Research Initiative (PDDARI) have been studying the collapse of the housing market and have concluded that many market participants still have insufficient (and in some cases the wrong) incentives to take actions that would help restore the market's health. In January 2012, Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, released a white paper that reviewed current housing market conditions and created a framework for policy analysis designed to help reestablish the health of the U.S. housing market as part of the broader effort to foster economic recovery. Using this framework as its starting point, the PDDARI group has come up with a set of proposals whose centerpiece is an 'incentive-compatible' mortgage that encourages homeowners to rebuild their home equity as an essential step to a housing recovery. By incorporating 'price appreciation rights' that would provide stronger inducements for lenders or mortgage owners to make loan modifications (particularly, forgiveness of principal), the PDDARI mortgage structure could allow more homeowners to remain in their homes and avoid foreclosures and the large associated deadweight costs (as much as 40% of a home's assessed value). Additionally, the government-sponsored enterprises, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, are also in need of radical reform, and a transition toward greater private market participation would promote the long-term health of the mortgage market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article announces the American Headache Society Early Career Lecture Award which is given to Dr. Russo and his co-authors; and Dr. Nazia Karsan and her co-authors.

Objectives: Recruitment through Facebook is gaining favor as an approach for research, including clinical trials, because of the platform's ability to reach broad and diverse populations. As older adults increase their social media use, recruitment through Facebook has become a viable option. The purposes of this paper are to report the methodological process and lessons learned from recruiting custodial grandmothers (CGMs) for a cross‐sectional study examining parenting self‐efficacy and psychological well‐being. Participants: A total of 113 people consented and accessed the survey online, with 40 (35.4%) completing surveys. The final sample comprised 68 grandmothers, with 59% recruited via Facebook. Methods: Facebook recruitment for the online survey included creating a dedicated Facebook study page, accessing existing Facebook pages for custodial grandparents, and using paid advertising. Face‐to‐face recruitment strategies also were used with paper surveys. Results: We compared the characteristics of those completing online surveys versus paper surveys. CGMs completing the survey online were significantly younger and more likely to be Caucasian than those completing the paper survey. Conclusions: Findings indicated online recruitment via Facebook is an advantageous method to reach CGMs. However, additional research is needed to determine if other online and social media platforms would be useful in recruiting this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents abstracts of research papers presented at the 1963 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology.

This article reports that the members and friends of the American Society of Criminology desiring to present scholarly papers at the 1964 annual meeting of the Society in Montreal, Canada should let their intentions be known no later than May 15, 1964.

Every year billions of dollars are spent on research grants to produce new knowledge in universities. However, as grants may also affect other research funding, the effects of financial resources on knowledge production remain unclear. To uncover how financial resources affect knowledge production, we study the effects of research spending itself. Utilizing the legal constraints on university spending from an endowment we develop an instrumental variables approach. Our approach instruments for university research spending with time-series variation in stock prices interacted with cross-sectional variation in initial endowment market values for research universities in the United States. Our analysis reveals that research spending has a substantial positive effect on the number of papers produced, but not their impact. We also demonstrate that research spending effects are quite similar at private and public universities. (JEL H5, I2, O3) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the origins and development of the concept of ‘market transformation’, from its beginnings as a part of energy policy in the USA, to its subsequent development in the UK. It discusses whether it could become a strategic option for British business in pursuit of sustainable growth. Drawing together themes from the academic literature on marketing, consumer behaviour, business, and energy policy, together with data from national programmes, and British government sources, the paper argues that such an approach would be based on a twin false premise – that selling energy efficiency to consumers is in accordance with modern marketing thinking, and that it has much to do with achieving sustainable development. It concludes that while achieving sustainable development will certainly encompass the transformation of markets for many products, ‘market transformation’ itself cannot be seen as a key driver for change. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's groups in unions are collective, spaces within which women seek to advance their concerns and access empowering positions. This paper examines their pursuit of gender equality in unions. The need to explore unions and women's groups is heightened by women's significance as a source of union membership, and the connection between union revitalization and responsiveness to women. The paper uses case studies of two unions, MSF and USDAW, and seven women's groups. The analysis is structured by a typology of two frameworks: (i) a typology of gendered equality ideas derived from various literatures, and (ii) the dynamic and linked dimensions of Hyman's (1994) union organization model. Implications for research and theory, and for union policy and practice, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posits that the history of due course doctrine, and recent judicial and legislative attempts to deal with it suggest that the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) amendment will have a substantial effect on future dealings in commercial paper, and suggests what that effect will be. Background; Early consumer protection; Uniform Consumer Credit Code; No adequate solution; Available empirical evidence; FTC amendment; Future expectations.

Provides information related to Electronic Data Gathering (EDGAR), an electronic filing and dissemination system of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Operational system of EDGAR; Objective of SEC in developing an electronic filing system; Usefulness of the filing system.

The article requests submissions for the 2020 William M. Jones Best Graduate Student Paper in American Culture Studies, presented at the annual meeting of the Popular Culture Association/American Culture Association.

A call for papers on the topic of Collecting and Collectibles in American Culture is presented for the periodical "Journal of American Culture."