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The COVID‐19 pandemic and Brexit were separate yet inter‐related developments which affected the British National Health Service (NHS). The UK's state‐funded health sector had historically relied on migrant labour and depended on a migration infrastructure designed to solve its nursing labour shortages. The analysis of primary qualitative and secondary quantitative data shows that the NHS migration infrastructure increased its orientation towards Asia to compensate for the effects of Brexit. The paper reveals how the persistent use of temporary visas along with conditional contractual arrangements has led to various exclusions for migrant nurses and midwives. These data also demonstrate how international travel restrictions associated with COVID‐19 created temporary obstacles for nurses' inflows. Alongside Brexit, this has also resulted in an increase in outflows amongst EU health workers. The article identifies the development of migrant support infrastructure amongst Filipino and Indian nurses as a major COVID‐19 linked innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To report the presence of tick‐borne diseases in dogs living in the United Kingdom. Materials and Methods: Dogs with a final diagnosis of tick‐borne diseases made between January 2005 and August 2019 at seven referral institutions in the United Kingdom were included in the study. Results: Seventy‐six dogs were included: 25 were diagnosed with ehrlichiosis, 23 with babesiosis, eight with Lyme borreliosis and six with anaplasmosis. Fourteen dogs had co‐infections with two or three pathogens. Except for those dogs with anaplasmosis and Lyme borreliosis, most dogs with tick‐borne diseases had a history of travel to or from endemic countries. However, three dogs with ehrlichiosis, and one dog each infected with Babesia canis and Babesia vulpes did not have any history of travel. A variety of non‐specific clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities were reported. Targeted treatment was successful at achieving clinical remission in 64 (84%) dogs. Clinical Significance: Even in non‐endemic areas, veterinary surgeons should consider tick‐borne diseases in dogs with compatible clinical presentation and laboratory findings and especially where there is a history of travel. As autochthonous transmission of tick‐borne‐pathogens does occur, an absence of travel should not rule out tick‐borne diseases. Specific diagnostic testing is required to confirm infection, and this enables prompt targeted treatment and often a positive outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has highlighted that increasing numbers of third-country migrants who have acquired European Union (EU) citizenship in one EU Member State employ the freedom of movement that it provides to onward migrate to other EU destinations. A range of socio-economic, cultural, and educational factors have been found to drive migrants to move onward to try to fulfil their migration aspirations across multiple locations. This paper suggests that analysing onward migration through the relational lens proposed by the mobility paradigm better acknowledges the processual and dynamic nature of this migration pattern and its motivations. Drawing from a small-scale project focusing on Latin American migrants (with EU citizenship) who have relocated from Spain to the UK post-2008, the paper presents a distinctive form of reactive onward migration. Research is based on secondary data analysis and semi-structured interviews with key informants from voluntary and statutory organisations in Spain and the UK. It finds that, as their socio-economic conditions deteriorate in Spain, some Latin Americans decide to mobilise their civic and social capital (EU citizenship, transnational networks) to move to the UK in search of employment. Yet, the full mobilisation of this civic capital is jeopardised by their limited linguistic and economic capital and the structural constraints that these onward migrants encounter in the UK. By considering the factors that mediate some Latin Americans' post-2008 experiences of stasis and movement between Spain and the UK, this study enhances conceptualisations of onward migration and illuminates cross-border dynamics of migration and precarity within the EU. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twitter is used by a substantial minority of the populations of many countries to share short messages, sometimes including images. Nevertheless, despite some research into specific images, such as selfies, and a few news stories about specific tweeted photographs, little is known about the types of images that are routinely shared. In response, this article reports a content analysis of random samples of 800 images tweeted from the UK or USA during a week at the end of 2014. Although most images were photographs, a substantial minority were hybrid or layered image forms: phone screenshots, collages, captioned pictures, and pictures of text messages. About half were primarily of one or more people, including 10% that were selfies, but a wide variety of other things were also pictured. Some of the images were for advertising or to share a joke but in most cases the purpose of the tweet seemed to be to share the minutiae of daily lives, performing the function of chat or gossip, sometimes in innovative ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella is, after Campylobacter, the most reported zoonotic pathogen in the EU. Poultry are a common source of infection to humans, and turkey flocks are commonly colonized with the organism. We investigated the prevalence and risk factors of Salmonella infection in 179 houses in 60 holdings representative of turkey meat and breeder production in Great Britain. From each holding, up to four houses were chosen, and two consecutive flocks per house were sampled/tested for Salmonella to investigate the persistence, elimination and introduction of Salmonella in consecutive crops. At the first sampling, the overall flock-level Salmonella prevalence was 32.8% and 8.9% for meat and breeding flocks respectively. There was a higher prevalence of Salmonella in flocks in the rearing stage than in the fattening and breeding stages. At the first sampling, the flock-level prevalence of Salmonella was 26.8% (95% CI: 20.7-33.7%), while the prevalence level in the subsequent flock was 20.5% (95% CI: 13.6-29.7%). No houses were positive for any of the EU-regulated serovars. The most commonly encountered serovars were S. Kottbus and S. Kedougou. Carry-over of infection was observed in 44.8% of the positive houses, and introduction of new infection occurred in 8.4% of houses. Data from the questionnaires and auditing of all holdings and houses were combined and used to calculate adjusted farm- and house-adjusted risk factors. Significant risk factors were feed from a source other than a national compounder (OR = 2.4), feeder type other than pan feeders (OR = 2.4) and hygiene practices other than terminal cleaning and disinfection using power-washing with sanitizer and anteroom with boot change (OR = 2.8). The study discusses the main challenges currently faced by the industry to control Salmonella in turkey production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 29 breeding turkey holdings and 317 fattening turkey holdings were sampled between October 2006 and September 2007 in order to establish the baseline prevalence of Salmonella in turkeys in the UK. The weighted holding level Salmonella prevalence was found to be 20.1 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 8.6 to 40.3 per cent) in breeding turkeys and 37.7 per cent (95 per cent CI 33.4 to 42.3 per cent) in fattening turkeys. For breeding turkeys, a weighted flock-level prevalence, as more than one flock per holding was sampled, was estimated at 7.1 per cent (95 per cent CI 3.2 to 14.8 per cent). A total of 13 different serovars were identified in the survey. The most frequent serovar in both turkey flock classes was Salmonella Kottbus, which was found on two breeding holdings and 63 of the fattening holdings giving weighted prevalences of 10.4 per cent (95 per cent CI 2.6 to 34.1 per cent) and 23.0 per cent (95 per cent CI 19.3 to 27.3 per cent), respectively. On breeding holdings, a single isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium, identified as DT12 (weighted prevalence 3.5 per cent [95 per cent CI 0.7 to 15.8 per cent] [holding], 0.7 per cent [95 per cent CI 0.1 to 3.7 per cent] [flock)], was found. On fattening holdings, there were 55 isolates of S Typhimurium from 16 holdings, giving a weighted prevalence of this serovar of 5.4 per cent (95 per cent CI 3.6 to 8.0 per cent). There were no isolates of Salmonella serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Infantis or Virchow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate whether the efficacy of live vaccines is influenced by the mode of vaccine delivery, a widely-used UK live commercial Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine was delivered to pullet chicks either by spray, in drinking water, or in combination with a bivalent vaccine containing inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. The birds were subsequently challenged with 102 or 108 colony-forming units (cfu) of Salmonella Enteritidis through drinking water at either six or 20 weeks of age. Ten days after the challenge, the birds were euthanased and their caecal contents cultured for Salmonella. All of the vaccinated groups contained fewer Salmonella Enteritidis-positive birds than the unvaccinated groups. The 'spray-vaccinated' group contained significantly fewer Salmonella Enteritidis-positive birds than the 'water-vaccinated' group after challenge with 108 cfu at 20 weeks. However, there was little or no difference at the other challenge time points between the groups that received vaccine through different modes of delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2004/05, all European Union member states were required to carry out standardised prevalence surveys to establish the baseline prevalence of Salmonella in commercial laying flocks. As part of the survey in Great Britain, additional data were collected from 380 of the enrolled laying hen holdings to investigate risk factors for Salmonella at farm level. Stratified, simple random sampling was used to select holdings from which dust and boot swab samples were collected and tested for Salmonella using a modification of ISO 6579:2002. Using a multivariable logistic model weighted to account for the survey design, several factors significantly associated with Salmonella and Salmonella Enteritidis status were identified. Larger holdings (≥30,000 birds) were found to be at higher risk of Salmonella (odds ratio [OR] 4.79, P=0.025), while vaccination (OR 0.28, P=0.013), providing foot dips with brushes (OR 0.27, P=0.042), washing and disinfecting the house at depopulation (OR 0.19, P=0.003), having a clean car park away from house (OR 0.14, P=0.001), using an independent (OR 0.19, P=0.007) or other non-company (OR 0.40, P=0.049) source of feed, being over 1 km from the nearest neighbouring farm (OR 0.45, P=0.021) and the presence of cats and dogs on the farm (OR 0.26, P=0.002) or on contiguous farms (OR 0.44, P=0.030) reduced the risk of any Salmonella serovars being present. Factors found to be associated specifically with an increased risk of S Enteritidis infection included holding size (OR 14.88, P=0.001) and frequent sightings of rats (OR 8.17, P<0.001) or mice (OR 5.78, P=0.006). Non-caged systems (OR 0.14, P=0.002), vaccination (OR 0.08, P=0.001), the use of a non-company feed source (OR 0.11, P=0.003), running the site as all-in/all-out (OR 0.06, P<0.001) and the presence of cats and dogs on the farm (OR 0.14, P=0.002) were associated with a reduced risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine feed contamination rates with Salmonella, the diversity of serovars and the antimicrobial resistance of isolates from animal feedingstuffs in Great Britain, and to compare Salmonella strains found in animal feed and in livestock, data collected under voluntary and statutory Salmonella surveillance during the period 1987 to 2006 were analysed retrospectively. The feed contamination rate decreased from 3·8 per cent in 1993 to 1·1 per cent in 2006. A total of 263 Salmonella serovars were recovered: S Mbandaka (11·2 per cent), S Tennessee (10·4 per cent), S Senftenberg (8·4 per cent), S Agona (6·4 per cent), S Montevideo (6·4 per cent) and S Ohio (3·1 per cent) were the most prevalent. S Typhimurium was recovered at a proportion of 1·6 per cent from raw ingredients and 2·4 per cent from finished feed, while S Enteritidis was recovered at a proportion of 0·5 per cent from raw ingredients and 0·6 per cent from finished feed; 14·1 per cent of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 1·9 per cent were multiresistant. There was no evidence of a statistical association (P<0·05) between the top 10 serovars recovered from feed and from livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between October 2005 and September 2006, all European Union member states were required to carry out standardised surveys of the prevalence of Salmonella in broiler flock holdings to establish baseline data from which to derive national targets for disease reduction. In the UK 382 holdings were sampled, 41 of which were positive for Salmonella, giving an estimated weighted prevalence of 10.7 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 8.1 to 13.1 per cent). The serotype most frequently isolated was Salmonella Ohio, with a weighted prevalence of 2-2 per cent (95 per cent CI 1-2 to 3-7 per cent), followed by Salmonella Kedougou at 1.7 per cent (95 per cent CI 0.9 to 3-2 per cent). There were no isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis and only a single isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium (0.2 per cent, 95 per cent Cl 0.0 to 1-6 per cent). Of the three other serotypes given top priority by the EU owing to their public health significance, Salmonella Virchow was isolated from one holding, but Salmonella Hadar and Salmonella Infantis were not detected on any of the holdings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveillance data for Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis incidents and isolations from food animals in Great Britain from 1990 to 2005 were analysed to detect any trends and provide the basis for a comparison between phage types (PT) and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns in human beings and animals. During 2001 to 2005 there was a decrease in incidents involving most species except ducks. Only the numbers of incidents involving pis 6, 6a, 9b and 14b (in ducks) and P-is 6a and 13a (in mammals) increased significantly during this period, whereas there were 93 per cent fewer incidents involving PT 4 than in 1990 to 2000. After adjustment for PT, the isolates from ducks were more resistant to nalidixic acid, tetracyclines and sulfonamides, and were more likely to be multiresistant than isolates from chickens. Isolates from turkeys tended to be more resistant to sulfonamides than isolates from chickens. Prs 1, 5a, 6, 6a and 35 had the highest level of resistance after adjusting for species. During 2001 to 2005 there was an increase in resistance among P15 1,6 and 7, in most cases involving nalidixic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of salmonella infection on 454 commercial layer flock holdings in the UK was carried out between October 2004 and September 2005. Fifty-four (11.7 per cent, 95 per cent confidence interval 9.3 to 14.0 per cent) were salmonella positive. The most common serovar identified was Salmonella Enteritidis at a prevalence of 5.8 per cent, and 70 per cent of these isolates were phage types 4, 6, 7 and 35. Salmonella Typhimurium was the second most prevalent serovar, found in 1.8 per cent of the farms. Of the three other serovars given top priority by the EU because of their public health significance, Salmonella Virchow and Salmonella lnfantis were each isolated from one holding. but Salmonella Hadar was not isolated from any of the holdings. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance patterns revealed that over 76 per cent of the isolates were sensitive to all of the 16 drugs tested, and all the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, apramycin, amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, neomycin and cefotaxime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the measures to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella in poultry in the UK, National Control Programmes (NCPs) have been implemented. These involve regular statutory testing of poultry holdings to monitor and estimate the prevalence of Salmonella in the national flock population and to control Salmonella on holdings with positive flocks, especially those serovars most identified with human illness: Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and S. Typhimurium (ST). It is very important to ensure that the level of testing is appropriate so that it is sufficiently effective to identify positive flocks and to monitor prevalence, but also efficient in the use of resources. The aim of this study was to estimate the sensitivity of both the Operator and Competent Authority (CA) Official sampling used to detect infected flocks, and to also estimate the true proportion of infected holdings of commercial laying flocks in GB each year of the NCP, along with the trend of any changes in prevalence for both SE/ST and non‐SE/ST. A Bayesian model was developed to estimate the sensitivity of both Operator and CA Official sampling from the NCP data 2009–2018, and to estimate the true prevalence of infected holdings. The model estimate for the prevalence of infected holdings for the first complete year of the NCP was 3.9% (95% Credible Interval (CI) 2.8–6.2%) for non‐SE/ST and 0.8% (95% CI: 0.4%–1.5%) for SE/ST. Prevalence had reduced to 1.6% (non‐SE/ST) (95% CI 1.0%–2.5%) and 0.2% (SE/ST) (95% CI 0.1%–0.4%) in 2018. Results indicated a very low sensitivity of Operator sampling (~9%), but a much higher sensitivity of CA Official sampling (~44%). The true prevalence of Salmonella infected holdings in the UK had a mean average reduction of 10.6% (95% CI: 6.3%–15.1%) per annum (non‐SE/ST) and 15.9% (95% CI: 6.0%–19.8%) annual reduction for SE/ST. This has shown the effectiveness of the NCP for Salmonella in commercial laying flocks, with reductions in Salmonella overall more or less equal to the target reduction for regulated serovars of 10% per annum. The true prevalence of SE/ST was estimated to be below the final target of less than 2% in every year and was below 0.5% at the end of the 10 year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levels of consumer borrowing and debt in the UK and globally continue to rise. Credit makes a vital contribution to the success of the UK economy by driving economic activity and allowing consumers flexibility in how they choose to access the marketplace and manage their finances. Although most consumers manage their borrowing effectively, for a minority, the ease of access to credit results in overindebtedness. As a consequence, the need for money advice is prevalent. In the UK in recent years, services have been developed to assist consumers in financial difficulty. In Scotland, additional funding has been made available to enable further service developments in local government or voluntary sector provision. This paper reviews the literature on consumer overindebtedness, the development of money advice services and discusses the quality of these services in Scotland. It is likely to be of interest in other countries where consumer overindebtedness is rising and where money advice services are being developed to assist those experiencing problems. The review found that the rising levels of overindebtedness justify the case for developing money advice services but that there are many quality issues which require to be managed. Implications for the money advice profession were identified together with suggestions for the development of services in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports global developments related to drug addiction as of April 2001. Correlation between harm reduction processes and drug dependence treatment; Comparison between drug prescription of privates services and the National Health Services in Great Britain; Impact of drug use on methadone maintenance treatment.

Studies the non-linear pharmacokinetics of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstacy) in humans in Great Britain. Pharmacological effects of the drug; Pharmacokinetic parameters for MDMA and methylenedioxyphetamine (MDA); Assessment of MDMA and MDA.

This paper examines whether the cultural background of chief executive officers (CEOs) affects corporate cash holdings. Using UK data from 2000 to 2018, we find that CEOs with a cultural background that emphasises power distance and uncertainty avoidance are positively associated with corporate cash holdings, while CEOs with a cultural background that emphasises masculinity are negatively associated with corporate cash holdings. Our results are robust to various robustness tests. Further analyses show that the impact is more pronounced when power is concentrated among top executives, when the CEOs have a degree of discretion in pursuing their own goals, and when information asymmetry is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study illustrates the differences between Finnish and British graduates in the higher education-to-work transition and related market mechanisms in the year 2000. Specifically, the differences between the Finnish and British students' academic careers and ability to find employment after graduation were evaluated in relation to the Finnish HE policy that hastens the entry of new graduates into the labour market. The Finnish HE system is representative of a system that operates in an occupation-specific and relatively strictly-regulated labour market context, whereas the labour market context for the British HE system is essentially the most liberal in Europe. The results of the study suggest that it is not the length of the first degree programmes per se that determines the throughput of the HE sector, but the relative emphasis placed on the opportunity structures pertaining to HE participation and on career mobility in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional del Trabajo is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to investigate the association between residential greenness and tinnitus and the potential interaction between greenness and genetic predisposition to tinnitus. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is used to measure residential greenness. The tinnitus is defined based on self‐reported. In the cross‐sectional analyses, logistic regression models are used for the baseline sample of the United Kingdom Biobank cohort. In the secondary analysis, a Cox proportional hazard model is used for a subsample of participants who completed the tinnitus questionnaire at follow‐up. In the cross‐sectional analysis including 106471 participants, higher residential greenness is associated with lower odds of tinnitus for each interquartile range increase in continuous NDVI, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.95 to 0.99) for tinnitus. A similar association is observed in the longitudinal analysis, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.92 (95% confidence interval: 0.86 to 0.98) for the association of NDVI increased per interquartile range with incident tinnitus. Moreover, there is a significant interaction between greenness and genetic predisposition to tinnitus (P < 0.05). This study suggested that residential greenness is negatively associated with tinnitus. Greenness and genetic predisposition to tinnitus are found to have a significant interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of research into the mental health benefits of blue space (outdoor places where water is a central feature) has focussed on the associations between neighbourhood exposure to these spaces and population‐level incidence of unipolar depression or anxiety disorder. There has been little exploration of the therapeutic use of blue space by those navigating bipolar, schizophrenia or other psychotic conditions. Knowledge arising from such an exploration could assist in the design and optimisation of nature‐based care for people with these conditions, as well as with self‐management.We conducted semi‐structured online and telephone interviews with 19 adults who self‐reported experience of these conditions. Interviews were conducted in the United Kingdom from August to December 2021.We describe four of the key interpretive themes identified via an in‐depth inductive thematic analysis of the interview transcripts to highlight how participants sought out moments of affective sanctuary through their blue encounters. Blue spaces were described as having the potential to reset the mind, emotions and body. This was in part due to their socially undemanding nature, and ability to provide respite from a socially stressful world.Participants described developing a blue identity, whereby a sense of attachment to and shared history with these places was articulated as well as incorporating blue spaces into self‐ and emotion‐regulation practices. Finally, participants described experiences of and recommendations for a therapeutic blue intervention. The role of biodiversity in contributing to the benefits of blue spaces was implied primarily in terms of perceived soundscapes, but also through visual observations.Synthesis and applications. Blue care for people with bipolar, schizophrenia or other psychotic conditions should consider the need that some individuals have for solitude and proximity to their home when they visit blue spaces, as well as individual differences in the features of blue space interactions that provide the greatest benefit. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Antipode is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In many intensive agroecosystems continued inputs of phosphorus (P) over many years can significantly increase soil P concentrations and the risk of P loss to surface waters. For this study we used solid‐state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, high‐power decoupling with magic angle spinning (HPDec–MAS) NMR, and cross polarization with magic angle spinning (CP–MAS) NMR to determine the chemical nature of potentially mobile P associated with aluminum (Al) and calcium (Ca) in selected arable soils. Three soils with a range of bicarbonate‐extractable Olsen P concentrations (40–102 mg P kg−1) were obtained from a long‐term field experiment on continuous root crops at Rothamsted, UK, established in 1843 (sampled 1958). This soil has a threshold or change point at 59 mg Olsen P kg−1, above which potentially mobile P (as determined by extraction with water or 0.01 M CaCl2) increases much more per unit increase in Olsen P than below this point. Results showed that CaCl2 and water preferentially extracted Al‐P and Ca‐P forms, respectively, from the soils. Comparison among the different soils also indicated that potentially mobile P above the threshold was largely present as a combination of soluble and loosely adsorbed (protonated–cross polarized) P forms largely associated with Ca, such as monetite (CaHPO4) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4·2H2O), and some Al‐associated P as wavellite. The findings of this study demonstrate that solid‐state NMR has the potential to provide accurate information on the chemical nature of soil P species and their potential mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tubal pregnancy is responsible for 8.95% of direct maternal deaths and the incidence is rising. Despite a grade A recommendation from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) that the majority of ectopic pregnancies should be managed via the laparoscopic approach, in only 13% of hospitals does this happen routinely. As a reason for this, trainees cite the inability to consolidate and practise the techniques learnt on approved courses well enough to have the confidence to undertake procedures on their own. A highly realistic training simulation, simple and cheap enough to be available in every gynaecological unit, would allow trainees to practise skills learnt on RCOG-accredited courses on returning to their own hospitals. This would complement supervised training on live patients. Ectopic pregnancy often presents as an emergency, out of hours, when RCOG-accredited preceptors are unavailable to take juniors through the laparoscopic approach. The simulation would be ready for use at all times. Limbs & Things (Bristol, UK), a company with acknowledged expertise in the development and construction of medical simulations, has developed an ectopic pregnancy simulation, in collaboration with two RCOG-accredited level 3 minimal access surgeons with experience in training in laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancy. Special attention has been given to the achievement of a realistic appearance and fabrication of a material with the potential to allow monopolar and bipolar diathermy. The simulation was evaluated by 52 trainees of different grades and levels of experience in minimal access surgery (MAS), at the National Trainees' Meeting in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, May 1999. Assessment was done, using visual analogue scores, for realism in appearance, cutting, dissection and diathermy, after trainees had performed a standardized exercise directed by a tutor. Overall, 51 trainees felt this was a valuable exercise in training (98%), and the combined realism score of the simulation was 64.7% (range 40–85%) (SD 13.85%). The MAS level 3 group scored the simulation much more highly at 78.75%, and showed much more consistency (range 75–85%) (SD 2.67%). All members of this group had previously used ectopic simulations, compared with 73% in the level 2 group and 42% in the level 1 group. The level 3 surgeons were not necessarily the most senior grades: 47% were specialist registrar grade 3 (SpR3) or less. Of the senior grades SpR4 and SpR5, 11 of 19 (58%) felt unable to perform laparoscopic salpingectomy with independent competence. The level 3 trainees demonstrated themselves to be the only discerning group able to consistently score the simulation; they assessed the realism highly and felt this could be a valuable method for training in laparoscopic ectopic surgery. Despite RCOG recommendations that all trainees should be independently able to perform salpingectomy and salpingotomy, only 42% of years 4 and 5 were able to do so. The advantages of the laparoscopic approach are accepted. We have demonstrated a need for the necessary training and assessed an effective method for providing this. The system is cheap, and utilizes the equipment already present in all hospitals. We commend the this laparoscopic ectopic training simulation as a possible practicable adjunct to widespread training in laparoscopic ectopic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that risk factors in addition to an abnormal fetal heart rate pattern (aFHRp) are independently associated with adverse neonatal outcomes of labour. Design: Observational prospective cohort study. Setting: 17 UK maternity units. Sample: 585 291 pregnancies between 1988 and 2000 inclusive. Methods: Adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated from multivariable logistic regression. Main outcome measures: Adverse neonatal outcome at term (5‐minute Apgar score <7, and a composite measure comprising 5‐minute Apgar score <7, resuscitation by intubation and/or perinatal death). Results: Analysis was based on 302 137 vaginal births at 37–42 weeks inclusive. We found a higher odds of Apgar score at 5 minutes <7 with suspected fetal growth restriction (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.16–1.53), induction of labour (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.25–1.58), nulliparity (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.34–1.63), booking body mass index ≥30 (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02–1.37), maternal age <25 (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10–1.39), black ethnicity (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.03–1.43), early‐term birth at 37–38 weeks (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.25), late‐term birth at 41–42 weeks (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01–1.28), use of oxytocin (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.14–1.41), maternal pyrexia (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.46–2.40), aFHRp and presence of meconium (aFHRp without meconium: OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.15–2.69; meconium without aFHRp: OR 2.20, 195% CI.94–2.49; both aFHRp and meconium: OR 4.26, 95% CI 3.74–4.87). The results were similar when the composite adverse outcome was considered. Conclusions: A range of risk factors, including suspicion of fetal growth restriction, maternal pyrexia and presence of meconium, are implicated in poor birth outcomes in addition to aFHRp. Interpretation of the fetal heart rate pattern alone is insufficient as a basis for decisions about escalation and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the UK, ophthalmology has the highest number of outpatient appointments within the National Health Service. False‐positive referrals from primary care are one of the main factors contributing to the oversubscription of hospital eye services (HESs). We reviewed the accuracy of referrals originating from primary care optometrists and contributing factors, such as condition type and years since registration. Recent findings: Of the 31 studies included in the review, 22 were retrospective analyses of referrals and appointments at the HES. Eight were prospective studies, and one used online clinical vignettes. Seven assessed the accuracy of referrals for all ocular conditions. The remaining studies focused on glaucoma (n = 11), cataracts (n = 7), emergency conditions (n = 4), neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (n = 1) and paediatric binocular vision (n = 1). The diagnostic agreement for suspected emergency ocular conditions was the lowest, with only 21.1% of referrals considered to require urgent attention in one study. For glaucoma, the first‐visit discharge rate was high (16.7%–48%). Optometrist referral accuracy was overall 18.6% higher than General Medical Practitioners'; however, the two mainly referred different ocular conditions. Female optometrists made more false‐positive referrals than males (p = 0.008). The proportion of false positives decreased by 6.2% per year since registration (p < 0.001). Summary: There was significant variation in referral accuracy across different ocular conditions, partly due to differences when defining accurate referrals. Optometrists working in primary care are generally more limited in their resources than the HES. Thus, choosing the cautious option of referral when they are unsure could be in the patients' best interests. The possible effect of increased use of advanced imaging on referrals requires evaluation. Although interventions such as refinement schemes have been put in place, these vary across regions, and their approaches such as virtual referral triaging may reduce unnecessary HES face‐to‐face appointments and promote communication between primary and secondary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upstanding civic action is central to individual and community well‐being, particularly when communities comprise rich and diverse membership. However, not all groups in society have the same opportunities and resources to volunteer. This is particularly true for South Asian people, who are often reported to be less likely to volunteer. Research into the experience and meanings that this ethnic group attributes to volunteering has been exceptionally scarce. Informed by a community psychology perspective, this qualitative study conducted nine semistructured interviews with British South Asians involved in formal volunteering activities. The aim was to explore their personal experiences and motivations regarding volunteering for their community of belonging. Results from reflexive thematic analysis were grouped under three themes. These were (1) volunteering cultivated individual well‐being, (2) South Asians who volunteer often experience social injustice and marginalisation and (3) volunteering for South Asians is intrinsically tied to religious and cultural motivations. British South Asians faced personal and social obstacles in accessing fundamental health and social care in their communities of belonging. Religion, and community social capital were positive volunteering strategies for British South Asians. Positive impacts of well‐being included becoming closer to faith and increased sense of meaning/purpose and recognising of individual strengths. These findings offer valuable insights and recommendations for community organisations and governmental bodies to better promote volunteering for ethnic minorities. We suggest the adoption of cultural and religious sensitivity, along with strategies to remove barriers in access to opportunities and support for volunteering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To describe computed tomographic (CT) findings in dogs diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia and to assess for any correlation with patient outcome. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of 38 cases with a presumptive diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia at two UK referral centres. Medical records were reviewed for signalment, history, physical examination and clinicopathologic data. CT examinations of the thorax were reviewed by the European College of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging board‐certified radiologist for all dogs to describe the characteristics and distribution of the pulmonary lesions. Results: The most common CT findings were lung lobe consolidation associated with air bronchograms (100%) followed by ground‐glass attenuation (89.4%), bronchial wall thickening (36.8%), bronchiolectasis (31.5%) and bronchiectasis (15.7%). Large‐breed dogs were overrepresented. Duration of hospitalisation ranged between 0 and 8 days (mean 3 days). Overall, 89.4% of dogs survived the aspiration event and were discharged from the hospital. The four dogs that did not survive to discharge had five or more lobes affected on CT. Clinical Significance: CT findings in dogs with aspiration pneumonia are described. CT is a useful imaging modality to diagnose aspiration pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescence is a period of life when young people increasingly define themselves through peer comparison and are vulnerable to developing mental health problems. In the current study, we investigated whether the subjective experience of economic disadvantage among friends is associated with social difficulties and poorer mental health in early adolescence. Methods: We used latent change score modelling (LCSM) on data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, collected at ages 11 and 14 (N = 12,995). Each LCSM modelled the mean of an outcome related to mental health and interpersonal difficulties at age 11 (including self‐esteem, well‐being, emotional difficulties, peer problems, bullying, victimisation and externalising difficulties), the change of the outcome from ages 11 to 14 and its predictors, including perceived income inequality among friends (i.e. perceiving oneself as belonging to a poorer family than the families of one's friends). Results: Perceived income inequality predicted adverse mental health and a range of interpersonal difficulties during adolescence, even when controlling for objective family income. Follow‐up analyses highlighted that, at 11 years, young people who perceived themselves as belonging to poorer families than their friends reported worse well‐being, self‐esteem, internalising problems, externalising problems and victimisation at the same age (relative to those who perceived themselves as richer than or equal to their friends, or who did not know). Longitudinal analyses suggested that victimisation decreased from ages 11 to 14 to a greater extent for adolescents who perceived themselves as poorer than other adolescents. Conclusions: The salience of economic inequalities in proximal social environments (e.g. among friends) in early adolescence could further amplify the negative effects of economic disadvantage on mental health and behavioural difficulties during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Two parallel versions (A and B) of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS) were developed in the United Kingdom (UK) as a stroke‐specific screen of five key cognitive domains commonly affected post‐stroke. We aimed to develop the Australian versions A and B (OCS‐AU), including Australian cut‐scores indicative of impairment. We hypothesised there to be no difference in performance between the UK and Australian normative data cohorts. Methods: Our multidisciplinary expert panel used the UK pre‐defined process to develop the OCS‐AU versions A and B. We then conducted a cross‐sectional normative study. We purposively recruited community‐dwelling, Australian‐born, and educated adults; with no known cognitive impairment; representative of age, sex, education level, and living location; at seven sites (four metropolitan, three regional) across four Australian states. Participants completed one or both OCS‐AU versions in a randomised order. Australian cohorts were compared with the corresponding UK cohorts for demographics using Pearson's chi‐squared test for sex and education, and Welch two‐sample t test for age. For the cut‐scores indicating cognitive impairment, the fifth (95th) percentiles and group mean performance score for each scored item were compared using Welch two‐sample t tests. The pre‐defined criteria for retaining OCS cut‐scores had no statistically significant difference in either percentile or group mean scores for each scored item. Results: Participants (n = 83) were recruited: fifty‐eight completed version A [age (years) mean = 61,SD = 15; 62% female], 60 completed version B [age (years) mean = 62,SD = 13, 53% female], and 35 completed both [age (years) mean = 64,SD = 11, 54% female]. Education was different between the cohorts for version B (12 years, p = 0.002). Cut‐scores for all 16 scored items for the OCS‐AU version B and 15/16 for version A met our pre‐defined criteria for retaining the OCS cut scores. Conclusions: The OCS‐AU provides clinicians with an Australian‐specific, first‐line cognitive screening tool for people after stroke. Early screening can guide treatment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quantitative imaging studies of the pancreas have often targeted the three main anatomical segments, head, body, and tail, using manual region of interest strategies to assess geographic heterogeneity. Existing automated analyses have implemented whole‐organ segmentation, providing overall quantification but failing to address spatial heterogeneity. Purpose: To develop and validate an automated method for pancreas segmentation into head, body, and tail subregions in abdominal MRI. Study Type: Retrospective. Subjects: One hundred and fifty nominally healthy subjects from UK Biobank (100 subjects for method development and 50 subjects for validation). A separate 390 UK Biobank triples of subjects including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects and matched nondiabetics. Field strength/Sequence: A 1.5 T, three‐dimensional two‐point Dixon sequence (for segmentation and volume assessment) and a two‐dimensional axial multiecho gradient‐recalled echo sequence. Assessment: Pancreas segments were annotated by four raters on the validation cohort. Intrarater agreement and interrater agreement were reported using Dice overlap (Dice similarity coefficient [DSC]). A segmentation method based on template registration was developed and evaluated against annotations. Results on regional pancreatic fat assessment are also presented, by intersecting the three‐dimensional parts segmentation with one available proton density fat fraction (PDFF) image. Statistical Test: Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann–Whitney U‐test for comparisons. DSC and volume differences for evaluation. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Good intrarater (DSC mean, head: 0.982, body: 0.940, tail: 0.961) agreement and interrater (DSC mean, head: 0.968, body: 0.905, tail: 0.943) agreement were observed. No differences (DSC, head: P = 0.4358, body: P = 0.0992, tail: P = 0.1080) were observed between the manual annotations and our method's segmentations (DSC mean, head: 0.965, body: 0.893, tail: 0.934). Pancreatic body PDFF was different between T2DM and nondiabetics matched by body mass index. Data Conclusion: The developed segmentation's performance was no different from manual annotations. Application on type 2 diabetes subjects showed potential for assessing pancreatic disease heterogeneity. Level of Evidence: 4 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the political engagement and mobilization of the EU citizens post‐Brexit and investigates the extent to which these have led to the creation of an EU diaspora in the UK. Qualitative research took place in Liverpool and Southport–two different localities in the North West of the UK that have attracted EU citizens of different demographics. The project included participants from 18 EU different countries, which afforded the investigation of dynamics and different positionalities within the EU population in the UK. These positionalities, the findings show, are broadly organized around a typology that is underpinned by the (geo)politics of the EU: national and regional stances; EU‐oriented stances; non‐alignment. While Brexit triggered a stronger European identity and mobilization on the basis of it, the orientation toward, and investment in, the EU diasporic mobilization among EU citizens differs due to these positionalities. The findings, therefore, point toward the creation of a post‐national EU diaspora in the UK, but also identify the strength of national and regional identities, which could indicate the development of different gravity diaspora points in future, nested in the EU diaspora. The differences in demographics and social capital within the EU citizens population across the UK have implications for local dimensions of the EU diaspora and its impact and legacy in the medium and long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Low‐quality evidence suggests that pre‐operative exclusive enteral nutrition (E/EN) can improve postoperative outcomes in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). It is not standard practice in most centres. Aims: To test the hypothesis that pre‐operative EN in patients undergoing ileal/ileocolonic surgery for CD is associated with improved postoperative outcome. Methods: We performed a single centre retrospective observational study comparing surgical outcomes in patients receiving pre‐operative EN (≥600 kcal/day for ≥2 weeks) with those who received no nutritional optimisation. Consecutive adult patients undergoing ileal/ileocolonic resection from 2008 to 2020 were included. The primary outcome was postoperative complications <30 days. Secondary outcomes included EN tolerance, specific surgical complications, unplanned stoma formation, length of stay, length of bowel resected, readmission and biochemical/anthropometric changes. Results: 300 surgeries were included comprising 96 without nutritional optimisation and 204 optimised cases: oral EN n = 173, additional PN n = 31 (4 of whom had received nasogastric/nasojejunal EN). 142/204 (69.6%) tolerated EN. 125/204 (61.3%) initiated EN in clinic. Patients in the optimised cohort were younger at operation and diagnosis, with an increased frequency of penetrating disease and exposure to antibiotics or biologics, and were more likely to undergo laparoscopic surgery. The optimised cohort had favourable outcomes on multivariate analysis: all complications [OR 0.29; 0.15–0.57, p < 0.001], surgical complications [OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.20–0.87, p = 0.02], non‐surgical complications [OR 0.24 95% CI 0.11–0.52, p < 0.001], infective complications [OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.16–0.66, p = 0.001]. Conclusions: Oral EN was reasonably well tolerated and associated with a reduction in 30‐day postoperative complications. Randomised controlled trials are required to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There is limited evidence about the use of cone-beam computed tomography ( CBCT) in paediatric dentistry. Appropriate use of CBCT is particularly important because of greater radiation risks in this age group. Aim To survey the use of CBCT in children and young people in three Dental Hospitals in the United Kingdom ( UK), with special attention paid to aspects of justification and optimisation. Design Retrospective analysis of patient records over a 24-month period, looking at CBCT examinations performed on subjects under 18 years of age. Clinical indications, region of interest, scan field of view (FoV), incidental findings and exposure factors used were recorded. Results There were 294 CBCT examinations performed in this age group, representing 13.7% of all scanned patients. CBCT was used more frequently in the >13 year age group. The most common use was for localisation of unerupted teeth in the anterior maxilla and the detection of root resorption. Optimisation of X-ray exposures did not appear to be consistent. Conclusions When planning a CBCT service for children and young people, a limited FoV machine would be the appropriate choice for the majority of clinical requirements. It would facilitate clinical evaluation of scans, would limit the number of incidental findings and contribute to optimisation of radiation doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to determine the impact produced by Directive 2014/95/EU on companies' decisions regarding the assurance of non‐financial information statements and the quality parameters under which this service is contracted. Following an analysis based on institutional theory, the results obtained for the reports issued by an international sample of 600 multinational companies in the period 2011–2018 show that the institutional pressures associated with this Directive contributed to an expansion of the assurance market, although they had only a moderate impact on the contractual conditions of the service. Complementary analyses suggest that the adoption of a limited scope in these assurance services may reflect the conservative outlook of auditors, as providers whose service is favoured in the new scenario. Additionally, we find that the influence of this legal framework is different in the United Kingdom from that in the other European countries. The research contributes to the literature by offering a novel understanding of the behaviour of assurance providers and of the quality of the service obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have suggested SARS‐CoV‐2 originated from a viral ancestor in bats, but whether transmission occurred directly or via an intermediary host to humans remains unknown. Concerns of spillover of SARS‐CoV‐2 into wild bat populations are hindering bat rehabilitation and conservation efforts in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Current protocols state that animals cared for by individuals who have tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 cannot be released into the wild and must be isolated to reduce the risk of transmission to wild populations. Here, we propose a reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR)‐based protocol for detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 in bats, using fecal sampling. Bats from the United Kingdom were tested following suspected exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 and tested negative for the virus. With current UK and international legislation, the identification of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in wild animals is becoming increasingly important, and protocols such as the one developed here will help improve understanding and mitigation of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background and Aims: Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cirrhosis benefit from referral to subspecialty care. While several clinical prediction rules exist to identify advanced fibrosis, the cutoff for excluding cirrhosis due to NAFLD is unclear. This analysis compared clinical prediction rules for excluding biopsy‐proven cirrhosis in NAFLD. Methods: Adult patients were enrolled in the NASH Clinical Research Network (US) and the Newcastle Cohort (UK). Clinical and laboratory data were collected at enrolment, and a liver biopsy was taken within 1 year of enrolment. Optimal cutoffs for each score (eg, FIB‐4) to exclude cirrhosis were derived from the US cohort, and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and AUROC were calculated. The cutoffs were evaluated in the UK cohort. Results: 147/1483 (10%) patients in the US cohort had cirrhosis. All prediction rules had similarly high NPV (0.95–0.97). FIB‐4 and NAFLD fibrosis scores were the most accurate in characterising patients as having cirrhosis (AUROC 0.84–0.86). 59/494 (12%) patients in the UK cohort had cirrhosis. Prediction rules had high NPV (0.92–0.96), and FIB‐4 and NAFLD fibrosis score the most accurate in the prediction of cirrhosis in the UK cohort (AUROC 0.87–0.89). Conclusions: This cross‐sectional analysis of large, multicentre international datasets shows that current clinical prediction rules perform well in excluding cirrhosis with appropriately chosen cutoffs. These clinical prediction rules can be used in primary care to identify patients, particularly those who are white, female, and <65, unlikely to have cirrhosis so higher‐risk patients maintain access to specialty care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Association mapping using crop cultivars allows identification of genetic loci of direct relevance to breeding. Here, 150 U.K. wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars genotyped with 23,288 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) using historical phenotypic data for grain protein content, Hagberg falling number (HFN), test weight, and grain yield. Power calculations indicated experimental design would enable detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) explaining ≥20% of the variation (PVE) at a relatively high power of >80%, falling to 40% for detection of a SNP with an R2≥.5 with the same QTL. Genome‐wide association studies identified marker‐trait associations for all four traits. For HFN (h2 =.89), six QTL were identified, including a major locus on chromosome 7B explaining 49% PVE and reducing HFN by 44 s. For protein content (h2 = 0.86), 10 QTL were found on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, and 6B, together explaining 48.9% PVE. For test weight, five QTL were identified (one on 1B and four on 3B; 26.3% PVE). Finally, 14 loci were identified for grain yield (h2 = 0.95) on eight chromosomes (1A, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 5B, 6A, 6B; 68.1% PVE), of which five were located within 16 Mbp of genetic regions previously identified as under breeder selection in European wheat. Our study demonstrates the utility of exploiting historical crop datasets, identifying genomic targets for independent validation, and ultimately for wheat genetic improvement. Core Ideas: ·An association mapping panel of 150 genotyped U.K. winter wheats was assembled.·Data for four grain quality traits was sourced from cultivar registration records.·Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) identified at least five QTL for each trait.·A major GWAS hit for Hagberg falling number was identified on chromosome 7A.·A third of yield GWAS hits co‐located with genetic loci under breeder selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs on veterinary in Great as of July 27, 2013 which includes the Department of for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs' (DEFRA) proposed legislation of making businesses in the agricultural sector more less burdensome and the appointment of veterinary surgeon Stephen Lister to the Veterinary Products Committee.

Introduction: Kidney dysfunction is a highly significant disease, both in the United Kingdom and globally. Many previous studies have reported associations between human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and renal function; this systematic review attempts to identify, summarize and appraise all published studies of these associations. Methods: A literature search was performed using Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify papers whose keywords included each of the following concepts: HLA, renal failure and genetic association. A total of 245 papers were identified and assessed for eligibility; 35 of these were included in the final study. Results: A total of 95 HLA types and 14 three‐locus haplotypes were reported to be associated with either increased or decreased renal function. A number of these findings were replicated by independent studies that reported 16 types were protective against renal dysfunction and 15 types were associated with reduced renal function. A total of 20 HLA types were associated with both increased risk of renal disease and decreased risk by independent studies. Discussion: There is very little consensus on which HLA types have a protective or deleterious effect on renal function. Ethnicity may play a role, with HLA types possibly having different effects among different populations, and it is possible that the different primary diseases that lead to ESRD may have different HLA associations. Some of the studies may contain type I and type II errors caused by insufficient sample sizes, cohort selection and statistical methods. Although we have compiled a comprehensive list of published associations between renal function and HLA, in many cases, it is unclear which associations are reliable. Further studies are required to confirm or refute these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex is a biological variable that contributes to individual variability in brain structure and behavior. Neuroimaging studies of population‐based samples have identified normative differences in brain structure between males and females, many of which are exacerbated in psychiatric and neurological conditions. Still, sex differences in MRI outcomes are understudied, particularly in clinical samples with known sex differences in disease risk, prevalence, and expression of clinical symptoms. Here we review the existing literature on sex differences in adult brain structure in normative samples and in 14 distinct psychiatric and neurological disorders. We discuss commonalities and sources of variance in study designs, analysis procedures, disease subtype effects, and the impact of these factors on MRI interpretation. Lastly, we identify key problems in the neuroimaging literature on sex differences and offer potential recommendations to address current barriers and optimize rigor and reproducibility. In particular, we emphasize the importance of large‐scale neuroimaging initiatives such as the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta‐Analyses consortium, the UK Biobank, Human Connectome Project, and others to provide unprecedented power to evaluate sex‐specific phenotypes in major brain diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on multisited qualitative research in Italy and the UK, this paper documents the dark side of onward migration and the experiences faced by Italian‐Bangladeshis in the UK after the Brexit referendum. The findings show that compared to their position in Italy, Italian‐Bangladeshis experienced a downgrading in symbolic, identity‐related, and, specifically, socio‐economic and cultural aspects in the UK society. The paper also uncovers the potential strategies that Italian‐Bangladeshis intend to adopt in case they lose the special rights provided to them by EU citizenship after Brexit. Since the majority of them have moved to the United Kingdom to build a future for their children, they find themselves forced to further reconfigure their strategies and reactivate different degrees of mobility in order to avoid the loss of social rights (access to welfare, the status of citizens) and material resources (housing and better working conditions) that they have long assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, using in‐depth interviews with EU27 citizens residing in the UK and Britons residing in Belgium, I analyse the role of the Brexit process as both a trigger of and an obstacle to onward and return migration. Brexit implicates a reduction in the freedom of movement and settlement for both groups and has been linked to the increase of xenophobia and potential economic instability in the UK. In this context, both EU27 citizens in the UK and Britons in Belgium can consider onward or return migrations. However, the Brexit process introduces also obstacles to such migrations, including the loss of EU freedom of movement for UK citizens and complications for transnational and citizenship‐divergent families. I argue that the realization of migration plans is mediated both by individual resources and by imaginations on the future of the UK and the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we analyse the reasons for the onward migration of Bangladeshis in Italy to the UK after they obtain Italian citizenship. The findings of 51 in‐depth interviews and participant observation with Bangladeshi migrants with Italian citizenship in three cities of north‐eastern Italy and two cities of the UK indicate that Italian Bangladeshis move to the UK, not only for economic reasons, but also, to better manage the cultural and social reproduction of their family, particularly the second generation. This is indicative of the centrality of colonial legacy from a cultural and economic point of view. Since the UK has the biggest Bangladeshi diaspora, there are more opportunities for reproducing Bengali traditions and religious upbringing for their children. Additionally, Italian Bangladeshis also mentioned that providing British education to the next generation can increase their social status in their home country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational families have long used migration as a strategy for upward social mobility. However, migration projects are increasingly complex and often do not involve a single move from one country to another. Drawing on qualitative interviews, this paper explores how Latin American families negotiate different stages of their migration from Latin America to Spain to the UK. The paper demonstrates how families negotiate within the opportunity structures afforded to them to achieve physical and social mobility. These opportunities are structured by different legal regimes and the way that immigration, citizenship and labour market policies are implemented. The initial migration from Latin America to Spain had enabled Latin American families to gain economic stability and EU citizenship, but at the cost of a period of family separation. However, faced with the financial crisis, some families opted for onward migration to the UK, a process that resulted in families becoming "re‐transnationalised." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsurface salt flow can deform overlying strata and influence contemporaneous sedimentary systems. Studying salt‐sediment interactions is challenging in the subsurface due to poor imaging adjacent to salt, and in the field due to the dissolution of halite. Discrete Element Modelling provides an efficient and inexpensive tool to model stratigraphy and deformation around salt structures, which is advantageous over other modelling techniques as it realistically recreates brittle processes such as faulting. Six 2D experiments were run representing 4.6 Myr to determine the effect of salt growth on syn‐kinematic stratigraphy. Halokinetic deformation of stratigraphic architecture was assessed by varying sediment input rates through time. Results show the realistic formation and evolution of salt‐related faults which define a zone of halokinetic influence ca. 3 times the width of the initial diapir. Outside of this, early diapiric and syn‐kinematic stratigraphy are undeformed. Within this zone, syn‐kinematic strata are initially isolated into primary salt withdrawal basins, onlapping and thinning towards the salt‐cored high. In most models, syn‐kinematic strata eventually thin across and cover the diapir roof. Thinning rates are up to six times greater within 350 m of the diapir, compared to further afield, and typically decrease upwards (with time) and laterally (with distance) from the diapir. Outputs are compared to a subsurface example from the Pierce field, UK North Sea, which highlights the importance of considering local fluctuations in diapir rise rate. These can create stratigraphic architectures that may erroneously be interpreted to represent increases/decreases in sedimentation rate. Exposed examples, such as the Bakio diapir, northern Spain, can be used to make inferences of the expected depositional facies, below model resolution. Our models aid the prediction of sedimentary unit thickness and thinning rates and can be used to test interpretations arising from incomplete or low‐resolution subsurface and outcrop data when building geological models for subsurface energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]