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The article studies the characterization of labor and political participation in the works of Greek philosophers Socrates and Aristotles. Topics covered include the philosophical grounds for Socrates' elitism and opposition to labor dependence, Aristotle's ontological distinction for women and natural slaves, how free labor hinders the development of the excellence of the citizens, and German philosopher Immanuel Kant's attempt to retain the Aristotelian endorsement of independence in politics.

Focuses on Philhellenism or the identification of contemporary Greek philosophers with the Greeks of classical antiquity. Unity between ancient and modern Greece; Idiosyncratic interpretation of ancient Greek philosophy; Influence of science on ancient philosophy.