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This article presents a study regarding the forests of the western portion of the Caucasus range. The very fertile stretch of land of Colchis lies on the eastern shores of the Black Sea. The parts of Asia and Europe which lie around the high ridge of the Caucasus are mostly dry grasslands and dry deserts. The southwestern part is thickly wooded all over and the water-laden southerly winds which beat against the high walls of the Caucasus bring great quantities of atmospheric moisture and rain to Colchis.

The article provides an overview of the study "Versuch einer Uebersicht der siphonogamen Polsterpflanzen," by H. Hauri and C. Schröter published in the 1914 issue of "Engler's Botanische Jahrbuch." In this article, a list of the known phanerogamic cushion plants and their general characteristics are presented. An analysis of the plants' geographical distribution revealed that half of the species grow in South America and New Zealand. In Europe and Asia, these plants are confined to the mountains.

The article offers some insights into the scope and methods of fishery research and its place in marine ecology. Oceanographical and fishery research was carried out in north-west Europe, in connection with the work of survey and exploration undertaken by the naval ships of Great Britain and the U.S. During the second half of the last century, fishery research developed in the Scandinavian countries in connection with practical problems, such as fish depletion. According to the author, fishery investigators should focus on various areas including from the edge of the ice in the north right south to the coast of Morocco, around Iceland, North Sea and the waters to the west of Greenland. The level of sea salinity, its temperature and its current are important factors in this research.

The purpose of the study was to determine the proportion of German stock in the total population in Minnesota for the years, 1860 and 1870. German stock included German-born persons from Europe and American-born children of German parents. The sources of the data were the manuscript census lists of 1860 and 1870. The difficulties of such a handcount are discussed. A sample of the technique of listing and excerpting the data is given. The percentages of German stock are shown for the smallest workable units, i.e., the townships, in six different shades on two maps. The original maps were drawn on a larger scale than that of the reproductions. Carto-graphic techniques for population maps arc explained. The maps renal that German pioneers concentrated around the bend of the Minnesota River. German population centers were in Carver, Sibley, Nicollet, and Brown Counties. The same townships in Caner, Sibley, and Brown Counties showed heavy percentages in 1860 as well as in 1870, thus demonstrating that Germans preferred to settle among Germans rather than to move with the frontier. Religious influence was significant in Stearns County. The data from the study provide a basis for further research, such as dealing with factors conditioning settlement, routes used by emigrants, occupational distribution of this nationality, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although rural sociology as such has received scant attention in Argentina, due primarily to a theoretical preoccupation with European schools and systems, the adaptation of European theories to the interpretation of Argentine national history has resulted in considerable attention to the role of rural-urban conflict in the course of national development. Particularly in the sociological interpretation of the long dictatorship of Rosas has rural-urban conflict been emphasized, whether in terms of urban civilization and rural barbarism, urban commercialism and rural feudalism, or urban white supremacy and rural Indian or mestizo supremacy. Lacking concrete studies of particular urban and rural social organizations and institutions, these theories resolve into opposition of two meta-physical forces in a philosophy of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a practical program for a just peace. The future of Europe is in the hands of not more than a dozen men. Only the other day a well-known British editor said the partition of European States depended on the military success of "one man in the west and another man in the east of Europe." Such questions as shifting boundaries, policing States, forming blocs, and limiting spheres of interest east and west are similar to those that engrossed the minds of the politicians at Paris in 1919 when the secret treaties, made before and during the war, were the immediate and dominant concern of the victors. The European labyrinth is one of dark passages that cannot be lighted by the "penny dips" carried by alien freshmen. The only practical step we shall be able to take in doing something positive for the peace of Europe is to insist that the representatives at the peace conference have a mandate from the people of the United States embodying proposals for the economic emancipation of the toilers upon land and in the urban centers.

The article reports that isolated for centuries between two oceans, the American people are now abruptly compelled to find their way in a new and strange world shaken by social and economic revolution. Leftward trends in Europe and Asia make evident the impossibility of return to pre-war conditions; while, more particularly, the marked reaction in Great Britain against the ancient regime of Toryism suggests that the Anglo-Saxon peoples are not likely to cooperate in restoring the economic patterns of the past. But the economic relation between Britain and America is more intimate than the relation of either to any third power; and therefore the American people must now readjust themselves to conditions obtaining in the mothercountry. The pressure for a new orientation is the more compelling in view of the financial assistance which Great Britain obviously needs. No academic argument should stand in the way of such aid. The long-drawn-out socialist program is intended to give the general public a title to all the industrial equipment of Britain. And since "industrial equipment" is only another term for productive machinery, the central issue between socialists and their opponents appears to be the simple question whether machines ought to be owned by private individuals or by the State.

The article describes the Anglo-American displaced persons program for Germany and Austria. In the advance planning during the winter of 1943-44 of the Anglo-American military authorities in London, it was soon realized that with the defeat of Nazi-Germany the Allied armies would be faced with a staggeringly large and internationally complex problem of repatriating millions of Europeans. To draft a plan it was necessary to obtain agreement among the experts as to the magnitude of the problem. The most exact knowledge possible of the magnitude of the problem was required so that food, clothing, medical supplies and other necessities could be requisitioned to meet the need of caring for these foreign workers and deportees from the time of their liberation until they could be repatriated. For this purpose the military authorities initiated a research program involving the full collaboration of the British Foreign Office and Ministry of Economic Warfare, and the Economic Warfare Division of the American Embassy. All available information was compared, sifted and evaluated. Use was made of highly secret intelligence, tapping continental underground sources, concerning the number of foreign workers by nationality, working at specific factories in Germany and throughout Nazi-occupied Europe. Finally a detailed estimate of the number of foreign workers, deportees and other categories of displaced persons by nationality was made for each country.

A conference paper discussing the cost of the Marshall Plan to the U.S. is presented. The author notes the estimates given by the Committee on European Economic Cooperation (CEEC) for the Economic Recovery Program, which claim that the cost to the U.S. would be $22.4 billion. The author expresses concern that this estimate may be low. The author considers income and payments for European recovery, the Marshall Plan and inflation, inflation and commodity markets, and U.S. budgetary problems.

In asking the question, "what can Europe do for itself?" in recovering and rebuilding after World War II, the article presents a conference paper that addresses information from the "General Report of the Committee of European Economic Cooperation." The author summarizes the European position into one: increase production. The author considers whether the goals outlined are attainable and what that will mean, discussing food, coal, electrical power, oil refinement, and steel production.

The article presents a conference paper in response to another paper published in this same issue titled "What Can Europe Do For Itself?," by Calvin B. Hoover. The author agrees with Hoover's assessment and concern about the control of inflation in Europe and presents a solution that involves grants-in-aid which would allow the U.S. some control in controlling inflation through central banks. Discussion of trade barriers and price controls is also presented.

The article presents a conference paper in response to another paper published in this same issue titled "Cost of the Marshall Plan to the United States," by Seymour E. Harris. The author notes that Harris may not have had the advantage of reading the 240 page report containing the U.S. President Harry Truman's proposals for European recovery. The author considers the role of financial measures in economic recovery, stabilization loans, and the validity of the cost estimates of the Plan.

This article presents the author's views on the sugar cane and coffee business in Puerto Rico. Till the end of the nineteenth century Puerto Rican coffee was popular, with resultant prosperity in the industry. In the fiscal year 1895-1896, Europe purchased a total of 51,961,291 pounds of Puerto Rican coffee, and the following year, the last of the Spanish regime, 51,097,824 pounds were exported to Europe. During the next three turbulent years, control of Puerto Rico passed from Spain to the U.S., markets were dislocated, and the island was devastated by the hurricane of San Ciriaco; the result was that during those three years, a total of only 64,072,977 pounds of Puerto Rican coffee was exported. But after the low of 1900, the exports of coffee rose again, and for the next fifteen years a ready market took all the coffee which the growers could produce. But even during this period living and working conditions on the coffee plantations were unspeakably bad. This was in 1908, when the value of the coffee exported was $4,304,600. Peak production was reached in 1915 when 51,125,620 pounds of coffee were exported, to the value of $7,082,791.

The article informs that there is little doubt that Soviet Union aspires to dominate the continent of Europe. The United States appears to be determined not to allow that aspiration to succeed. This conflict between the two giants is also revealed in the internal politics of England, France and Italy, particularly in that of the Latin Sisters. Symbolic of the weakness of both in post-war world politics are similar passages in their new constitutions. So far, the current internal politics of the three countries has been set forth in terms of its relation to world politics. Only a rash foreigner would expect a high degree of success in attempting to appraise British French or Italian politics as it is viewed internally in each country. The trouble is that France cannot stabilize her currency. This is no new problem and de Gaulle himself tried his hand at it and failed before he retired in January 1946. All things are remembered in France. And in spite of de Gaulle's bitter present opposition to the Communists, they were in his own cabinets while he was in power. It was Ramadier, a Socialist, who threw the Communists out. For some months now there have been plans for balancing the budget and dealing with the franc. But all plans contain proposals that one or more political groups have been unable to accept. In spite of the split between the Socialists and Communists on the question of world politics, both parties represent the workers of France.

The article presents a discussion about the spread of the British flora existing from late-glacial period. The article aims to identify which plant species survived the last Ice Age era by examining evidence from the late-glacial condition in north-west Europe such as fruits, seeds, pollen grains, flora, and fauna. It is noted that after such condition, tree-less tundra appeared due to the commencement of ice in regions such Denmark, Sweden, and Germany. An examination was conducted on plants, fossils, habitats, climate, and soil which resulted to the identification of several species widely existing beyond their present-day area in Great Britain like the Polenium, Teucrium scordium, and Dryas octopetala.

This article discusses the main results of a 1951 survey carried out in the East African township of Stonetown in the country of Udongo from the point of view of the light it throws on the internal structure of the European population; the survey data are supplemented with relevant impressions gained from four months' participant observation. The present European population of Stonetown has the age and sex structure typical of an immigrant population. Of the total European population of Stonetown less than half have been there for more than six months and only three out of every ten for more than a year. Of the population total of 549, a negligible proportion were born in Udongo or elsewhere in East Africa and nearly all of these are children whose parents are themselves recent immigrants. Europeans regard themselves, and are regarded by the rest of the population, as a distinct racial and social category with characteristic appearance, values and modes of behaviour. These differences are well known and the fact that the Europeans are a distinct entity has important consequences for the behaviour and attitudes of Europeans to each other, and also for the relationship between Europeans and members of other racial groups.

The article discusses the negotiations of an intra-European payments agreement for the fiscal year 1953-54. It is suggested that when negotiating of the new payment agreement begins there will have to be several considerations made, because of the developments that have occurred since the European Payments Union (EPU) was established. First, the members of EPU have accumulated sizable imbalances. The second development is the large increase over a two year period regarding the rate of offshore procurement with the dollars appropriated for aid to Europe. The article argues against the EPU, and asserts that it should be replaced with a proposed premium scheme.

This article surveys the development of the Colorado beetle campaign in Europe to show what has been achieved by the continued policy of extermination and what relationship exists between the Colorado beetle situation on the Continent of Europe and that in England. The protective measures are two-fold legislation and protective spraying. The Colorado Beetle Orders of 1933 and 1950 make it illegal for a person to keep in his possession a live Colorado beetle or to spray or otherwise treat any crop infested by, or suspected to be infested by, this insect.

This article analyzes the palaeolithic religion and the principle of social evolution in Europe. In the archaeological record of Europe, the upper palaeolithic hunting culture begins with the arrival of modern man during the last glaciation. It replaced the Mousterian culture of the Neanderthal aboriginals, and in few restricted areas in south-west Europe, where conditions were most favourable to a hunting life, it produced the earliest known monuments of mural art in caves and rock-shelters. These paintings and engravings are of the greatest value for the spiritual history of mankind. But their interpretation in the light of the traditions of recently surviving hunting peoples meets with special difficulties. It can only be conclusive where works of art identical in style and content with the ancient works can be related to the rituals and beliefs and to the social structure of a modern group with the same technology and conditions of life as the ancient hunters, a combination of factors found only in the case of the Bushmen who flourished South Africa.

The article focuses on the research document "Nachrichten fur Dokumentation." This issue of the West German documentation journal includes a supplement containing 83 abstracts of papers on documentation. While these cover primarily the German language literature, among them are also several concerned with the documentation activities of other European countries.

Presents an abstract of the article 'Jarnvagsdokumentation,' by Britt Johan, published in the journal "Tidskrift for Dokumentation." Description of the organization for railroad documentation in Europe; Publication of a monthly bulletin of documentation with the collaboration of the French, Belgian, Swiss, and Italians; Comparison with railroad documentation in the U.S.

Presents an abstract of the "Report on Study Tour of Documentation Centres in Some European Countries: January-July 1954," by P. Sheel. Description of the results of his investigations in Europe; Names of the institutes covered in the report; Information on a chapter which devoted to machines for literature research.

In this article the author takes a full view of the panorama of events that arose in Europe after the Boer War. The Entente Cordiale was regarded by many Europeans as a pitiful confession of Great Britain's weakness. However, it should not be considered an agreement shaped by the administrations. For, in France King Edward VII was acclaimed the author of it. This the author may assert without fear of contradiction, for much of his life at the beginning of the century was spent among men of great influence in the political parties of Great Britain and France. In 1900 the author became stage director of the Royal Opera, which position gave me many chances of hearing what was said in high social circles about the politics of the day. It is true many of these people knew the author was labeled a pro-Boer, but somehow, in my case, that did not seem to Concern them much, for they were chiefly interested in my work behind the curtain and the part the author played in the then promising movement for a national opera.

The European who comes to the United States is surprised to find a more rapid social development in American children than he has been used to seeing in European children. In thought and action American children become independent of their elders at an earlier age than do European children. Not only do they depend less on adult guidance and judgment, but their consciences seem to mature earlier also. the American mother unwittingly transfers some of the child's dependency from herself to his peer group at the preschool age, while the Parisian mother still thinks of him as "baby" constantly needing her to teach him which kind of behavior she approves and which she disapproves. The American child learns to find satisfaction in the approval of his young playmates and strives to avoid their disapproval.

Among the current efforts to increase the effectiveness of agricultural advisory work in Europe is a project of the European Productivity Agency (EPA) in the evaluation of agricultural advisory methods and aids. The basic point of view within which the projects in the several countries were undertaken was set forth in a working memorandum prepared in the secretariat of the EPA, and is here reviewed briefly because of its applicability to similar work elsewhere than in Europe.

The article discusses the national product and structural change in the French economy. During the last two decades national income and social accounting has emerged as a meaningful tool of economic analysis and an instrumentality for the formulation of public policy. After World War II nearly all of the nations of western Europe resorted to social accounting to some extent, a development which resulted in a wealth of empirical data, and provided, as well, valuable theoretical insights into the basic problems of national income analysis. This is true of France. In conjunction with the endeavor to rehabilitate the economy through the modernization and equipment plan (i.e. the "Monnet Plan"), a vigorous effort was made to develop an adequate system of national accounts. Now, the stress placed upon national accounting is such that the annual "economic budget" is one of the key instruments for economic planning, and ranks in importance with the fiscal budget among the documents a government presents to the National Assembly.

This article considers the bibliographic organization of scientific and technical theses in Germany, France, Great Britain, and the United States. The value of thesis literature, and consequently of its control, is frequently questioned. The article suggests that each member European library continue established exchange practices with U.S. libraries, sending theses for deposit in the U.S.; that each European country receive in return one complete set of U.S. dissertations on microfilm; and that arrangements for these exchanges be made by the national library associations.

The article presents a reference guide for Western Hemisphere. Names of publishers of books and the addresses of periodicals are provided to aid readers. Listings include only basic material, not news items or reports of transitory significance. "The Canadian and American Companies Developing Canada's Enormous Ore Resources," by John Lind, is a study of U.S. and Canadian iron resources and the exploitation of them. "Canada in World Affairs: From UN to NATO, 1946-1949," is the fifth volume in a series concerning Canada's participation in world affairs. "Power in New Brunswick," by W.A. Dixon, is a description of new power developments. "Canada's Economic Development, 1867-1953," by O.J. Firestone, is a history and analysis of Canada's economy. "Canada's Economic Prospects," by Simon Kuznets, is a review of the Final Report of the Royal Commission on Canada's Economic Prospects. In 1958 Economic Survey of Europe," included are studies of the relationship between economic expansion and balances of payments in Western European countries and consumption trends and structures in Europe.

The article presents information on the books related to Europe. The book "Electronics Industry in Europe," by Louis H. Whitehead, surveys English, German, and Dutch electronics industries. The book "France's Economic Rehabilitation" presents a description of economic reforms in France and some analysis of how long they may endure. The book "New Investment Incentives in France" contains a list of various benefits in investing in France and of special incentives offered by the French government to attract foreign investment. The book "France: Europe's Melting Pot" presents a survey of France's large immigrant population and how they live and adjust to their new country. The book "Expanding Ireland's Economy," by James Meenan, presents an analysis of Ireland's economic strengths, weaknesses, hopes and fears. The book "Spain Moves Toward Free Enterprise to Revive Her Dwindling Economy," by V.L. Horath, presents an analysis of Spain's present economic troubles and a report on present efforts to alleviate them.

This article presents a list of reference material related to investment. The article "The International Flow of Private Capital," examines private foreign investment as per direct investment, portfolio investment, and credit extended by banking institutions, and an assessment of their changes during the past few years. Attention is given to Western Europe as a capital supplier and to the prospects for private capital in Latin America., Africa, Asia, and the Far East. The article "The Pattern of U.S. Investments in Europe," presents results of a survey of the growth of U.S. investment in Europe, of the countries receiving this investment, and of the industries most invested in

The article presents documentation of several books and papers related to the regional growth of Europe. "European Yearbook," A record of European organization and integration compiled under the auspices of the Council of Europe. Regional Development, Economic Growth And Employment in France. A discussion of the excessive concentration of industry around the cities, particularly Paris, of the effects this concentration is having on the nation's economy, and of what may be done to change the trend. "Continental France," Facts and figures on the political and economic state of France with some information on foreign trade and special inducements for foreign investors.

The article discusses the role of rural organizations in a changing society. The ten papers on which this report is based give examples of the development of rural and agricultural organizations in different parts of Europe but the pattern of change seems to follow everywhere the same general trends. Two basic elements in all formal organizations, functional differentiation and coordination, are put to use in order to fulfill specific functions for the members of the organizations. As the ends to be attained and the functions to be carried out are related to the community or society at large, these organizations are true change agent systems. A pre-requisite for the existence and for the successful functioning of a voluntary organization is that its aims coincide with some joint or shared interest on the part of the members. In a rapidly changing society this basic prerequisite for the functioning of voluntary organizations is threatened, mainly because of the increasing functional differentiation in every aspect of human activity.

The article focuses on European culture. The whole story of mankind seems to have been one unbroken chain of such attempts, many of which admittedly failed, or instead of producing rapid and successful results, led to involved detours by which something was eventually improved, whilst many succeeded only in creating new difficulties. Nowadays the contexts in which the term "European" seems appropriate are legion, not only in the economic field, but also in the closer cultural sphere. The fact that there exists something that can only be described as "European culture" is after all proved by the existence of such splendid institutions as Europe House in London. There certainly is something, which may be called a European mentality or European way of thinking. One does not dispute the existence of something merely because it is difficult to define and can be viewed from many different aspects. Moreover, the nationalism of individual Europeans does not conflict with a European cultural consciousness any more than it conflicts with the idea of the human race or a common humanity encompassing the whole world. It is a proof merely of the validity of a cultural area wider than the individual nations but smaller than all mankind.

The article presents information on the problems in the production and utilization of microfiche. The microfiche is a flat piece of film containing pages of a document in microform. It is common in Europe but almost unheard of in the United States. The exposure for various types of work is regulated by the intensity of the lights. The usual problems arise as to the best kind of book holder. The identification of the finished microfiche is accomplished by a simple 1:1 title camera which can add one or two lines at the top of the film before it is developed. With the step and repeat camera, one can develop the negative immediately. Using the crudest equipment and a closet for a darkroom this takes me about 3 minutes.

The article focuses on current problems of personnel administration in Western Europe. While British sources emphasize the importance of clear statements of personnel policy, conferences with European managers often make it clear that an understanding of the policy approach to personnel management is missing due to several reasons. The reasons are: emphasis on the key personal role of the top manager, lack of an organizational view of administration, influence of government regulation, etc. If wage structures are largely determined by central collective agreements, for example, pressures toward formulation of policy by individual managements may be missing. There are many outstanding examples of high development of personnel departments but the basic problems of organization for the personnel program remain unsolved in much European industry. Professionally, European personnel management is in some respects highly developed. The Institute of Personnel Management in London, especially, has an extensive program of high-level courses and conferences aimed both at qualifying new entrants for their examinations in the field and at continuing the professional development of specialists already active.

The article focuses on the problem of rural migration and role of the European Society for Rural Sociology in the problem. The author of the article informs that it is for the purpose of creating a meeting ground for those interested in the welfare of the farm population that the European Society for Rural Sociology was founded. Probably the most tangible and measurable symptom of the unsettled conditions in Europe's countryside is rural migration; it is understandable, therefore, that this was chosen as the general theme of the first congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology. The extent of rural migration is so great that it must surely be counted as one of the principal social problems of our time. In Great Britain the present number of people in rural occupations has been estimated as about four-fifths of the prewar total. The author argues that in many countries there is a definite movement of people from agriculture into town employment. The causes of this trend have been classified into "push" and "pull" factors. The "push" comes from the fall in farm labor requirements, owing mainly to mechanization. In a well researched article the author gives necessary data regarding rural migration in Europe.

The article examines the evidence concerning the rate of peat growth from Moss Maud, Netherley Moss, Fir Bog, and Goyle Hill in the eastern Grampian region in Aberdeen, Scotland. The author has specifically studied the altitude, depth of peat, and grid references of the four sites. Pollen analyses are considered to determine the actual dates from sites. The equivalent climatic periods of each pollen analysis zone throughout the British Isles and northwestern Europe, particularly in Sub-Atlantic, Sub-Boreal, Atlantic, and Boreal are also presented.

The article presents information about the Study Group for the Economics of Education. With the assistance of a number of foundations in Europe, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has been responsible for convening the Study Group for the Economics of Education, with linked research organized in the Western European countries and in the United States. It is being found in certain countries where expert advice and help is needed in the integration of the economic and education programs. The purpose is to link economists in all countries who are professionally concerned with these questions, and to provide a system of documentation and information which will enable those who wish to find out more about the subject and the people engaged in it to prosecute their inquiries.

Reports on three weed science meetings in Europe in 1961 and 1962. Types of herbicides described at the European Weed Research Council/Comité français de Lutte contre les Mauvaises Herbes Symposium; Subjects covered at the British Weed Control Conference; Purpose of the Crop Production in a Weed-Free Environment symposium.

The article presents an analysis of European company accounting. It aims to substitute narrower generalizations of more limited inaccuracy to guide investors and businesspeople in their approach of company accounts. It discusses the different accounting customs of major European countries including Sweden, Norway, and Holland. Moreover, it addresses a few of the differences from Anglo-American practice both of general approach and of detail which are liable to be unfamiliar and puzzling. The author stresses that the opinions he expresses are personal and are based on his experience and on many discussions with European bankers and brokers.

The article explores the proposed ideas of French General Charles de Gaulle for the confederation of European countries. It analyzes the draft treaty of de Gaulle for European cooperation. It discusses how de Gaulle communicated his ideas of confederation to the leaders of European states. It differentiates federation and confederation in criteria and substance. The author contemplates that de Gaulle has virtually dropped the word "confederation" because his proposals go beyond most definitions of it.

Highlights the meeting of the European Weed Research Council in Oxford, England in April 1960. Excerpts from a report of the editor of the journal "Weed Research"; Activities of the committees of the European Weed Research Council.

The article presents information about the publication of the report of the Fourth Meeting of the ad hoc Working Party on Rural Sociological Problems in Europe, together with three of the papers presented at that meeting, in the journal "Sociologia Ruralis." The publication was a result of the cooperation between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the European Society for Rural Sociology.

The article focuses on the talk in financial circles, following the moving of Brussels negotiations towards a climax, regarding the possibilities for world liquidity that would be opened if Great Britain will join the Common Market. It was said that Sterling can become the currency of Europe, and that a perfect marriage can be arranged between European Economic Community asset and the British liabilities. However, it was found that the said marriage was cancelled. Moreover, an overview of the new approaches toward multilateral solutions of sterling's problems is offered.

The article reports on nationalism in United States. There are scores of new States in Asia and Africa that are trying to set up free societies. It is a "new birth of freedom" on a grand scale. It is in fact freedom's greatest test, for it involves the older free regimes of Europe and the United States. If truth counts over charity, then one must point out that the new States will fail, if not all, then all but a few. Some are already succumbing to the initial perils of liberty that the last paper of the Federalist warned Americans against: "anarchy, civil war, a perpetual alienation of the States from each other, and perhaps the military despotism of a victorious demagogue." The real wonder is in believing that national unity could ever arise in freedom among the many units that nowadays arrogate to themselves the name of nation. They are nations only to the map maker. Many are areas marked off only for colonial administrative convenience; some have dozens, even hundreds, of languages, several antagonistic religions; a still uncounted welter of tribes living in mutual ignorance or traditional war; and above all there stands the great gulf between the village primitive and the urban modern.

Presents the Constitution of the European Weed Research Council ratified at the Council's meeting in December 1961. Official name; Objectives; Membership; Meetings.

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The article discusses role and function of rural sociology in Europe. An analysis is attempted of the present state of rural sociology in this region pointing out its start and improvement after the Second World War, its relationships to the North American experience in this field, and its own contents. All is seen in reference to the intense and radical transformation, which now effects the European society and above all its rural sector, as well as the connections with related disciplines such as agricultural economics, social psychology, general sociology, cultural anthropology, etc. Further it has indicates the prospects and the objectives for rural sociology in Europe. These are in large part already determined by the changes in process in the European rural society, some figures are shown concerning the modifications of the demographic structure and the consistency of the labour force, the social mobility as an effect of migratory movements, the transformation of agriculture in its structure and the cultural patterns.

In the summer of 1955, the Ford Foundation commissioned an inquiry into the possibilities and problems of secondary analysis of data from independently organized sample surveys. The results of the inquiry were summarized in 1957 in a report issued by the School of Library Services at Columbia University1. One part of this report dealt specifically with the prospects for cross-national survey analysis and discussed the possibility of establishing one or more repositories and analysis centres in Western Europe. To help gain perspective on subsequent developments in Europe and the United States, this article gives a series of extracts and summaries of points in the original report. Footnotes referring to later developments have been added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effort of European countries to establish a common energy policy to solve the continent's increasing dependence on fuel imports. One development relative to the development of a unified energy policy is depicted in the report issued by Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), which cites the danger of a possible fuel shortage due to balance of payments difficulties and campaigns for the development of the continent's indigenous fuel production. Meanwhile, the three European Communities issue a joint memorandum to express their views on the possibility for a common energy policy.