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The author reflects on the abuse of children by members of religious groups and particularly within religious institutions. It also discusses various news papers considering child and institutional abuse, using publicly available evidence after legal investigations. McLoone-Richards and David Pilgrim express their views in their news papers. It concludes that the person who has been abused in their childhood should be listened to, taken seriously, and given the support and care they require.

This paper explores practice examples relating to young people's transitions from care to adulthood. It discusses examples drawn from young people's pathways to adulthood, leaving care law and policy and participation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the research evidence on promoting the resilience of young people from care to adulthood, by proposing a framework for evaluating the impact of practice. It is suggested that practice should be interrogated in respect of the contribution made to stability and continuity, educational achievement, involving young people, preparation and support into adulthood, and health and well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research goals were to obtain an understanding of who the users of e‐books in the NHS are, what they are using e‐books for, and when and how they use them. This article presents the methodology used and the findings from the research. It also explores the outputs and next steps from the research, both for the individual countries and collectively. The Five Nations group, (library leads in England, Northern Ireland, Ireland, Scotland and Wales) commissioned research into healthcare staff use and non‐use of e‐books to understand the behaviours, needs and expectations of healthcare staff and to identify shared challenges around e‐books to inform policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the complex and ambiguous development of a concept of nationhood during the early modern period ( c.1675–1850). It does this through examining how aspects of identity politics were reflected in, and worked through, contemporary descriptions of the ancient sites of Avebury in Britain and Newgrange in Ireland. A relationship between these descriptions and the development of national identity is put forward and then problematized, with the apparent ‘nationalism’ of ancient heritage being seen as a far more complex phenomenon than first sight would suggest. Though primarily focusing on the construction and development of an idea of nationhood therefore, this paper works through drawing together and critically evaluating related strands of archaeology, heritage studies and historical-political geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within Northern Europe, gendered roles and responsibilities within the family have been challenged through an emergence of different family forms, increasing cultural diversity, and progressive developments in welfare policies. To varying degrees, welfare policies in different countries support a dual‐earner model and encourage men to be more active as fathers by reinforcing statutory rights and responsibilities. In child welfare practice, there has traditionally been a strong emphasis on the mother as primary carer for the child; the father has been less visible. This paper explores, in four national welfare contexts, how child welfare social workers include fathers in practice decisions. Data were collected using focus group interviews with social workers from England, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden. Similarities and differences emerge in relation to services and the focus of social work assessments. However, overall, the research suggests that despite gains in policy and legislation that promote gender equality, fathers remain largely absent in child welfare practice decisions about the parenting of their children. From the research, we raise questions for social work practice and the development of welfare policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings of a comparative study using data from questionnaire surveys carried out in England ( n=57) and Ireland ( n=72). The researchers examine how teachers and teaching assistants who are currently teaching pupils with dyslexia in primary schools describe dyslexia and what may have influenced their conceptualisation. The paper examines teachers' responses both in terms of how they view their pupils presenting difficulties in the classroom, and how far they link these to underlying differences in cognitive processing. The researchers suggest ways in which this might influence their teaching in terms of methodology. Findings have been mapped to the Morton and Frith causal modelling framework. The implications of these findings for the training and support of teachers are discussed in the light of recent national initiatives to improve the teaching of dyslexic pupils in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the establishment of Centres for Excellence in Teaching and Learning in England and Northern Ireland in 2005, several institutions have used these to pursue specific pedagogical approaches at a strategic level, in line with and building on existing institutional strategic thinking. Technology-enhanced learning is often one of the vehicles to implement these pedagogical approaches, leading to institution-wide attempts to identify and support suitable technologies. This paper discusses the role of the educational developer in this process and what impact this particular role might have at strategic level, bearing in mind the numerous simultaneous developments that take place in an institution at any one time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Effective implementation is crucial to the success of public policy. This paper focuses on the implementation of the EU Drinking Water Directive (80/778/EEC) in England and Wales and the Republic of Ireland. It demonstrates that the consumer can both positively and negatively affect implementation. It is concluded that, if water providers and regulators wish to improve their ability to shape and effectively implement water policy, they must engage with the consumer in a more informative and educational manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the extent, nature and consequences of sexual violence in later life. Methods: Data were obtained from all police forces in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on rape and sexual assault by penetration (Sexual Offences Act 2003) offences involving a victim aged ≥ 60 years, recorded between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2013. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 27 practitioners working in specialist violence or age‐related organisations and with three female survivors. Results: The majority of victims were female, and most offenders were male. Offenders were generally younger than victims, and most offences occurred in the victim's home, although one in five occurred in a care home. Physical, psychological and social consequences were described which create specific challenges in accessing and receiving support. Conclusion: An intersectional life course analysis of sexual violence is required to develop a better understanding of the consequences, particularly for older women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on various congresses and other developments related to the field of nursing as of July 1996. Ireland-based Royal College of Surgeons, Faculty of Nursing will organize 16th Annual Nursing & Research Conference on February 27-28, 1997. The theme for this conference is "Research-the Basis for Innovation in Nursing Practice." There will be plenary lectures, concurrent papers, workshops and poster presentations. England-based Royal Society of Medicine will organize an symposium "Ante-natal Screening and Abortion for Fetal Abnormality: Medical and Ethical Issues" on September 26, 1996.

The current study aimed to explore the factors that influence how social workers make decisions and develop their decision‐making skills in care proceedings, and to identify effective support and intervention to develop social worker decision‐making skills. The study employed a mixed thematic approach across two phases of study: an initial inductive thematic analysis of responses to an online qualitative questionnaire and then a mixed thematic analysis of follow‐up focus groups and interviews with social workers working in various social work roles within England and Northern Ireland. The findings identified a number of themes that help to understand the decision‐making skills of social workers; thorough assessment skills, relationship‐based anti‐oppressive practice, being mindful of the lived experience of the child and using critical reflection to make complex decisions. Wider structural factors that support or hinder decision‐making, particularly in respect of organizational support and management supervision were also identified. Social workers can be supported to develop decision‐making skills through additional training, reflective learning and management support to develop their practice wisdom within this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If children in child protection cannot be cared for by their natural parents, should they be adopted or live in foster home? Results from a study of representative samples of populations (n = 12 330), in eight European countries—Austria, England, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Norway and Spain—and California, USA, reveal that people would recommend adoption over foster care, if a child in public care cannot grow up with their natural parent(s). There are cross‐country differences between populations, and examining if institutional context such as type of child protection system explains differences, we find that child maltreatment‐oriented systems are more supportive of adoption than other types of systems. Citizens having little confidence in the child protection system were only weakly correlated with preference for adoption. In conclusion, people prefer adoption as placement options for children in care are more than foster homes, and possible this finding reflects a sort of refamalialization of children into the private sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This integrative review aimed to understand the impact of nursing on the health outcomes of people with opioid use disorder (OUD). Methods: Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) integrative review methodology guided the review process. The authors searched PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and OVID databases for peer‐reviewed, English language articles describing nursing care for people receiving medications for OUD. The literature search followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: A total of 773 articles were identified through the database searches after duplicates were removed; 15 articles met inclusion criteria and were included in the final review from the United States, Canada, Ireland, England, and the Netherlands. Two themes emerged: (1) The effect of nurse‐led care on patient outcomes and (2) Nursing roles and the environment of care. Studies emphasized the aspects of nursing care that promote patient‐centeredness and patient satisfaction. Conclusions: The importance of the registered nurse in providing quality care for people receiving medications for OUD is clear from the literature reviewed. The studies in the review highlighted important aspects of the registered nurses' role in affecting outcomes for people receiving medications for OUD including communication and care coordination. Clinical relevance: This review highlights the need for role delineation and further development of nurse‐sensitive indicators in the OUD treatment setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Nurse leaders influence workplace culture; however, little is known about ethnic cultural influences on nurse leader development. This research aims to identify personal strategies promoting effective leadership by nurse leaders from European small island countries. Design: Descriptive qualitative study. Methods: In 2017, nineteen semi‐structured interviews with nurse leaders from England, Greece, Republic of Ireland and Malta explored leadership journeys, strategies employed to support their growth and development, and how cultural identity played a role. Transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Four main themes and 12 subthemes captured the strategies and approaches of the nurse leaders: (1) Influences, (2) Communication, (3) Process and (4) Relationships. These findings reflect and validate the five transformational leadership practices of the Exemplary Leadership Model. While cultural island identity was discussed, there was a shared cultural identity within the role of "nurse leader" that spanned all islands. Patient or Public Contributions: Nineteen nurse leaders contributed to this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total lightning (cloud‐ground and cloud‐cloud) climatology of the UK and Ireland is presented combining three different ground‐based lightning location systems over a 12‐year period (2008–2019). The study area is divided into seven geographical regions using k‐means clustering to identify areas with distinctive seasonal distributions of lightning flashes per km2/year (referred to as flash density [FD]). Different regions exhibit contrasting summer thunderstorm seasons (e.g., from April to August in the southeast of England and May to July in southern England coastal regions). Summer FD peaks in July in the English Channel and southeast and midland areas of England range from 0.1 to 0.3 FD whilst the southern England coastal region sees FDs in the range 0.03–0.06 FD. Regions more prone to winter thunderstorms are identified as having northwest facing coastlines (<0.02 FD in Northwest Scotland). Diurnal lightning distributions are also shown to have regional dependence with stronger afternoon peaks over‐land (0.05–0.1 FD in the south of England), whilst in the South coastal and English Channel regions early morning or overnight peaks (0.03–0.09 FD) are more pronounced relative to afternoon FDs (0.015–0.03). This study has demonstrated the benefit of using multiple lightning detection networks to mitigate the effects of inhomogeneities within any one data source. It is also shown that significant additional insight comes from taking a regional approach to analysing temporal distributions of lightning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Mortality and drug treatment data suggest that the median age of people who inject drugs is increasing. We aimed to describe changes in the characteristics of people injecting drugs in the United Kingdom (UK). Design: Repeat cross‐sectional surveys and modelling. Setting: Low‐threshold services in the United Kingdom such as needle and syringe programmes. Participants: A total of 79 900 people who recently injected psychoactive drugs in the United Kingdom, recruited as part of the Unlinked Anonymous Monitoring Survey (England, Wales, Northern Ireland, 1990–2019) and Needle Exchange Surveillance Initiative (Scotland, 2008–2019). Measurements Age of people currently injecting, age at first injection, duration of injecting (each 1990–2019) and estimates of new people who started injecting (1980–2019). Findings In England, Wales and Northern Ireland between 1990 and 2019, the median age of people injecting increased from 27 (interquartile range [IQR], 24–31) to 40 (IQR, 34–46); median age at first injection increased from 22 (IQR, 19–25) to 33 (IQR, 28–39); and median years of injecting increased from 7 (IQR, 3–11) to 18 (IQR, 9–23). Values in Scotland and England were similar after 2008. The estimated number that started injecting annually in England increased from 5470 (95% prediction interval [PrI] 3120‐6940) in 1980 to a peak of 10 270 (95% PrI, 8980‐12 780) in 1998, and then decreased to 2420 (95% PrI, 1320‐5580) in 2019. The number in Scotland followed a similar pattern, increasing from 1220 (95% PrI, 740–2430) in 1980 to a peak of 3080 (95% PrI, 2160–3350) in 1998, then decreased to a 270 (95% PrI, 130–600) in 2018. The timing of the peak differed between regions, with earlier peaks in London and the North West of England. Conclusions: In the United Kingdom, large cohorts started injecting psychoactive drugs in the 1980s and 1990s and many still inject today. Relatively few people started in more recent years. This has led to changes in the population injecting drugs, including an older average age and longer injecting histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. (Field Scabious) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.Knautia arvensis is a perennial hemicryptophyte, with a tap root system, and bluish‐lilac inflorescences. It is native in Britain. It occurs predominantly on well‐drained to moderately dry soils such as dry grassy fields, pastures, roadsides and dry hedge banks. It has a vast Eurasian native distribution.Reproduction occurs through the production of seeds and rhizomes, though K. arvensis possesses very limited clonal growth. It has a gynodioecious breeding system. Flowers are nectariferous and insect pollinated, showing sexual dimorphism in several traits. The hermaphroditic flowers are protandrous and self‐compatible. Flowers are mainly pollinated by butterflies (Lepidoptera), Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera.Knautia is a genus noteworthy for its high occurrence of hybridisation and polyploidy. Knautia arvensis has the widest distribution within the genus, and hybridisation both within members of the same group and with taxa of other groups is frequently reported.Although declining in natural habitats within England, K. arvensis is increasingly being sown within wildflower seed mixtures used in restoration schemes across the country, as it is a late flowering species that provides a good source of nectar for pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To develop a questionnaire to identify Intensive Care survivor needs at key transitions during the recovery process, and assess its validity and reliability in a group of ICU survivors. Methods: Development of the Support Needs After ICU (SNAC) questionnaire was based on a systematic scoping review, and analysis of patient interviews (n = 22). Face and content validity were assessed by service users (n = 12) and an expert panel of healthcare professionals (n = 6). A pilot survey among 200 ICU survivors assessed recruitment at one of five different stages after ICU discharge [(1) in hospital, (2) < 6 weeks, (3) 7 weeks to 6 months, (4) 7 to 12 months, or (5) 12 to 24 months post‐hospital discharge]; to assess reliability of the SNAC questionnaire; and to conduct exploratory data analysis. Reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency; intraclass correlation coefficients for test–retest reliability. We explored correlations with sociodemographic variables using Pearson's correlation coefficient; differences between questionnaire scores and patient demographics using one‐way ANOVA. Results: The SNAC questionnaire consisted of 32 items that assessed five categories of support needs (informational, emotional, instrumental [e.g. practical physical help, provision of equipment or training], appraisal [e.g. clinician feedback on recovery] and spiritual needs). ICU survivors were recruited from Northern Ireland, England and Scotland. From a total of 375 questionnaires distributed, 202 (54%) were returned. The questionnaire had high internal consistency (0.97) and high test–retest reliability (r = 0.8) with subcategories ranging from 0.3 to 0.9. Conclusions: The SNAC questionnaire appears to be a comprehensive, valid, and reliable questionnaire. Further research will enable more robust examination of its properties e.g. factor analysis, and establish its utility in identifying whether patients' support needs evolve over time. Relevance to clinical practice: The SNAC questionnaire has the potential to be used to identify ICU survivors' needs and inform post‐hospital support services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political arithmetic, generally understood as an early form of political economy, was originally designed by Sir William Petty in the 1670s less as a method of quantitative analysis than as a program of government through the direct manipulation of demographic processes. In the context of the English colonization of Ireland, its goal was “the transmutation of Irish into English”; under the Catholic James II it briefly became a program for the catholicization of the three Stuart kingdoms. Both projects undermined the national and religious categories associated with traditional exclusionist policy and fostered a radical inclusionism. Only after 1688 did Petty's successors decisively rearticulate political arithmetic as a putatively apolitical analytical tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid pandemic and the cancellation of state examinations caused unprecedented turmoil in the education systems on both sides of the Irish Sea. As the policy of calculating grades using purpose‐built algorithms came undone in the face of a barrage of appeal, protest and legal action, the context in which the policies had been devised collapsed. The British and Irish governments had initially adopted similar approaches to issuing examination grades, but then diverged into different stratagems pre‐ and post‐results, with significantly different outcomes. The Irish examination system emerged relatively unscathed, while the system in England suffered what was probably its greatest policy failure of modern times. This article examines and memorialises how and why this happened, and draws lessons for a future in which school closures and substitute examinations become the 'new normal'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Having a stroke or transient ischaemic attack increases the risk of a subsequent one, especially with high blood pressure (BP). Home‐based BP management can be effective at maintaining optimal BP. Objective: To describe the optimization of a digital intervention for stroke patients and the value of participant diversity, using the person‐based approach (PBA) and integral patient and public involvement (PPI). Setting and participants: Stroke patients recruited from primary care and community settings, and health‐care professionals in primary care, in England and Ireland. Design: Three linked qualitative studies conducted iteratively to develop an intervention using the PBA, with integral PPI. Intervention: The BP: Together intervention, adapted from existing BP self‐monitoring interventions, is delivered via mobile phone or web interface to support self‐monitoring of BP at home. It alerts patients and their clinicians when a change in antihypertensive medication is needed. Findings: Feedback from a diverse range of participants identified potential barriers, which were addressed to improve the intervention accessibility, feasibility and persuasiveness. Easy‐to‐read materials were developed to improve usability for patients with aphasia and lower literacy. The importance of including family members who support patient care was also highlighted. Feedback messages regarding medication change were refined to ensure usefulness for patients and clinicians. Discussion: Input from PPI alongside qualitative research with a diverse study sample allowed the creation of a simple and equitable BP management intervention for stroke patients. Patient involvement: Two PPI co‐investigators contributed to design, conduct of study, data interpretation and manuscript preparation; community PPI sessions informed early planning. Study participants were stroke patients and family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We bring into dialogue the migrant identities of young Irish immigrants in the UK and young returnees in Ireland. We draw on 38 in‐depth interviews (20 in the UK and 18 in Ireland), aged 20–37 at the time of interview, carried out in 2015–16. We argue that "stretching" identities – critical and reflective capabilities to interpret long histories of emigration and the neglected economic dimension – need to be incorporated into conceptualizing "crisis" migrants. Participants draw on networks globally, they choose migration as a temporary "stop‐over" abroad, but they also rework historical Irish migrant identities in a novel way. Becoming an Irish migrant or a returnee today is enacted as a historically grounded capability of mobility. However, structural economic constraints in the Irish labour market need to be seriously considered in understanding return aspirations and realities. These findings generate relevant policy ideas in terms of relations between "crisis" migrants and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study illustrates the huge untapped potential of quantifying the impact of culture in making meaningful comparisons across groups. Our focus is on cross‐national differences in nurses' reports of their relations with physicians, and how the measurement of this complex construct and the evaluation of true differences are related to dimensions of national culture. Design: We examine across 14 European countries the association between indices of national culture from the seminal work of Hofstede and 39,435 nurses' ratings of their relations with physicians. Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate strong factorial invariance across countries and to examine the influence of power distance and masculinity. Findings: There was wide variation across countries in nurses' reports of their relations with physicians. Strong factorial invariance was shown for a one‐factor model, which confirmed that across countries the seven survey items measure a common factor of physician‐nurse relations. This model showed no country bias for any of the seven survey items, which suggests that differences across countries reflect true differences. These true differences were significantly associated with variation in country values of power distance, which showed a significant negative correlation with physician–nurse relations. Conclusions: Continuously pursuing a better understanding of characteristics that impact the studied indicators, such as national culture, is elementary to better understand the construct under study. In this application, country values of power distance negatively impacted nurse‐reported relations with physicians, which strongly varied across countries. Clinical Relevance: Better nurse‐reported relations between nurses and physicians link to higher nurse job satisfaction, lower emotional exhaustion, better nurse‐perceived quality of care, and lower patient mortality. The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index is an excellent instrument to characterize variation in working relations between nurses and physicians as well as physicians' professional posture towards nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sensitivity‐related trait characteristics involving physical and emotional sensitivities and high trait anxiety personality types have been observed in individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP). High trait sensitivity to sensory stimulation combined with interpretation biases based on personality type may contribute to the development of central sensitization (CS) symptoms. To date, there is limited research that has considered both sensitivity levels and personality type in NSCLBP with CS. The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) relationships between trait sensory profiles, trait anxiety, and CS symptoms, and (2) the predictive capacity of sensory profiles, trait anxiety, and personality types on CS symptoms in people with NSCLBP. Methods: This was a cross‐sectional observational study using 4 self‐report measures on adults (N = 165, mean age = 45 ± 12 [standard deviation] years) from physiotherapy clinics in England, Ireland, and New Zealand. Inclusion: NSCLBP > 6 months, age 18 to 64 years, predominant CS pain presentation, no other pathology. Parametric and nonparametric correlation statistics and regression analyses were used. Results: Positive correlations were found between central sensitization inventory (CSI) scores and sensory hypersensitivity profiles and trait anxiety. CSI score increases could be predicted by sensory‐sensitive, low‐registration profiles; trait anxiety scores; and extreme defensive high anxious personality type. Conclusions: Trait sensory hyper‐ and/or hyposensitivity and high trait anxiety–related personality type characteristics predict the extent of CS symptoms in people with NSCLBP. Further investigation is required to establish causality between these characteristics and CS symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to survey consultants' experience of working as or with emergency general surgery (EGS) surgeons and to investigate the role they fulfil in the management of general and subspeciality emergencies. Method: An electronic survey, designed to capture both quantitative and qualitative data, was piloted and then circulated to members of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. Results: Two hundred and forty‐two responses were received from 848 recipients (a 29% response rate) covering 104 of 135 (77%) acute NHS Trusts in England. EGS surgeons were in post in 43/141 (30%) hospitals overall and 12/24 (50%) of hospitals in London. Most respondents working in units with EGS surgeons found them to be advantageous (46/63, 73%). Consultants working with EGS surgeons were significantly more likely to support their use (49/63, 78%) than those without them (83/178, 47%) (χ2 = 16.9, P < 0.001). EGS surgeons were considered to improve the delivery of EGS (78%), create time for subspecialists (70%) and provide service (73%). However, there were concerns about the quality of surgery (43%), an insufficient standard of specialist care (54%) and compromise in the training of juniors (25%). Respondents commented on a lack of job structure with a high attrition rate (21%), the insufficient quality of applicants (18%) and that subspecialization and split on‐call was preferable (17%). Conclusion: Respondents were supportive of the ability of EGS surgeons to relieve pressure on subspecialists; however, there were significant concerns about the sustainability and quality of the EGS surgeon role. Emergency colorectal resections should have the input of a surgeon who performs elective colorectal resections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives There is consensus that empowerment is key to recovery from mental health problems, enabling a person to take charge of their life and make informed choices and decisions about their life. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which empowerment affects mental health in young people. The current study involved young people aged 16-29 years and examined empowerment as a potential mediator of the relationship between psychological factors (psychosocial, cognition, coping, and control) and mental health, well-being, and recovery from personal problems. Methods A cross-sectional, Internet-based questionnaire study recruited 423 young people aged between 16 and 29 attending universities in England ( n = 336) and Ireland ( n = 87). Psychological factors, mental well-being, empowerment, and recovery from personal problems were measured using self-report measures. Results Mediation analysis in both the single and one over-arching mediator models revealed that empowerment mediates the relationship between psychological factors (psychosocial, self-efficacy, thinking style, coping, and control) and mental health, well-being, and recovery from general life problems. Conclusions This study demonstrates the importance of empowerment, showing that it mediates the relationship between psychological processes and mental health, well-being, and recovery in young people. Clinical implications for working with young people within mental health services, and facilitating their empowerment are discussed. Practitioner points Empowerment is currently a poorly defined concept. This study demonstrates how empowerment mediates the relationship between psychological processes and mental health, well-being, and recovery in young people., Clinicians working with young people might benefit from a structured means of understanding and assessing the different ways in which individuals manage their thinking styles., Empowerment in young people is influenced by the manner in which clinicians facilitate them in establishing social networks in support of employment, education, family/social relations and to encourage young people to take an assertive role in their own care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A lee wave forecast system has been run operationally at the UK Met Office since 2006. The forecasts are produced by a numerical model for flow over complex terrain (3DVOM) which is run for five separate hilly regions across the UK. These regions cover Dartmoor (southwest England), Snowdonia (north Wales), Cumbria and the Pennines (northern England), the Grampians (Scotland) and the Mourne and Sperrin mountains (Northern Ireland). Examples of verification of the model forecasts against aircraft and satellite observations are presented. Three years of forecast data for these regions have been used to generate a lee wave climatology for the UK. The model predicts large geographical differences, with lee waves occurring least frequently over Dartmoor and most frequently over Snowdonia and the Grampians. Large amplitude waves, with peak vertical velocities exceeding 3 m s−1 at 700 hPa or above, are more common in forecasts for the Grampian region than others. Lee waves occur more frequently in forecasts during winter months than in summer. The most favourable conditions are those in which there is little turning of the lower tropospheric winds and analysis suggests that the waves are typically trapped in the lower troposphere. The influence of the lee waves on the near-surface flow has also been investigated. Large accelerations and flow deflections can occur beneath the waves. It is suggested that the latter correspond to turbulent lee wave rotors. Preferred locations for this behaviour have been identified in the model forecasts for the Grampians and Pennines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents news briefs related to veterinary records in Ireland. It mentions that a series of videos related to bovine viral diarrhea has been posted at the web site of the BVA. The Humane Slaughter Association (HSA) has published its annual report. A mass dog walk in line with the 2009 National Pet Month will be held in London, England.

This article discusses the contribution that international comparisons of the health and well-being of older people make. The comparability of the "HRS family" of studies that have been modeled on the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS) is discussed. The Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA) is introduced, and the comparability of TILDA data with respect to the HRS family and other studies is described, along with what TILDA will add to international aging research. Data from the 2010 waves of TILDA, HRS and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing are used to compare the physical and cognitive health of older Irish adults with that of the U.S. and English populations. The study shows that the physical and cognitive health of older people in Ireland is closer to that of their English counterparts than of those in the United States and that similar health inequalities exist in all three countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As more students with special educational needs attend mainstream schools, it is critical that the role and operation of special schools be examined. This article reports on two case studies, one special school in England and one in Ireland, which formed part of a national review of the role of special schools and special classes in Ireland. Two students, in each case study school, were shadowed and observed during two-day visits by the research team. These students, and everyone belonging to them, were interviewed and relevant documents were analysed. Findings are discussed in terms of responding to students' needs through: organization of teaching and learning, curriculum, leadership, specialist staff, collaboration and links outside the special school. The implications are considered with reference to research, policy and practice and the authors conclude that the evidence provides support for maintaining the special school as an integral part of the continuum of educational provision for students with special educational needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the prism of current state discourses in Ireland on engagement with the Irish diaspora, this article examines the empirical merit of the related concepts of 'diaspora' and 'transnationalism'. Drawing on recent research on how Irish identity is articulated and negotiated by Irish people in England, this study suggests a worked distinction between the concepts of 'diaspora' and 'transnationalism'. Two separate discourses of authenticity are compared and contrasted: they rest on a conceptualisation of Irish identity as transnational and diasporic, respectively. I argue that knowledge of contemporary Ireland is constructed as sufficiently important that claims on diasporic Irishness are constrained by the discourse of authentic Irishness as transnational. I discuss how this affects the identity claims of second-generation Irish people, the relationship between conceptualisations of Irishness as diasporic within Ireland and 'lived' diasporic Irish identities, and implications for state discourses of diaspora engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Placing Swift in Grub Street and Ireland, scholars are revealing an intransigent Church-of-Ireland clergyman whose sectarian and ethnic hostilities resist English political categories like Whig, Tory, and Jacobite. Even monumental editions capture the uncertain, contested terrain he inhabited, revealing a self-proclaimed Ancient who is startlingly modern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several topics discussed at the meeting of European Nutrition Foundations in Madrid on April 2010 is presented. Topics of the meeting include the nutrition in the school curriculum and regulations on foods and drinks provided in schools. The meeting features various executives including Juan Ballasteros.

Aims and objectives. The comparative element of this study is to describe safety and security measures in psychiatric acute admission wards in the Republic of Ireland and London; to describe differences and similarities in terms of safety and security patterns in the Republic of Ireland and London; and to make recommendations on safety and security to mental health services management and psychiatric nurses. Background. Violence is a serious problem in psychiatric services and staff experience significant psychological reactions to being assaulted. Health and Safety Authorities in the UK and Ireland have expressed concern about violence and assault in healthcare, however, there remains a lack of clarity on matters of procedure and policy pertaining to safety and security in psychiatric hospitals. Design. A descriptive survey research design was employed. Methods. Questionnaires were circulated to all acute wards in London and in Ireland and the resulting data compared. Results. A total of 124 psychiatric wards from London and 43 wards from Ireland were included in this study and response rates of 70% (London) and 86% (Ireland) were obtained. Differences and similarities in safety and security practices were identified between London and Ireland, with Irish wards having generally higher and more intensive levels of security. Conclusions. There is a lack of coherent policy and procedure in safety and security measures across psychiatric acute admission wards in the Republic of Ireland and London. Given the trends in European Union (EU) regulation, there is a strong argument for the publication of acceptable minimum guidelines for safety and security in mental health services across the EU. Relevance to clinical practice. There must be a concerted effort to ensure that all policy and procedure in safety and security is founded on evidence and best practice. Mental health managers must establish a review of work safety and security procedures and practices. Risk assessment and environmental audits of all mental health clinical environments should be mandatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to see if systematic contrasts in educational culture and curricular emphases might affect the underlying structure of teachers’ attributions for children's behaviour. Thus, responses to a questionnaire developed from earlier work by Miller and colleagues (2000, 2002) were gathered from primary and secondary school teachers in England and the Republic of Ireland. Exploratory factor analyses revealed that teachers participating in the study appear to have attributed pupils’ misbehaviour at least as much to teachers’ and adult behaviours as much as to any distinctive parental or home factors. The structure of primary and secondary teachers’ attributions appears to have differed, with primary teachers distinguishing between their own and parental influences on children's behaviour. However, contrary to expectation the demands of the curriculum did not seem to have figured highly in these teachers’ perception of causes of misbehaviour. Finally, some speculations on possible differences in relative weighting between English and Irish teachers’ views are offered. Teachers in the Republic of Ireland appear to have attached greater importance to children's personalities and pressures on children. Further, teachers in primary schools in England seem to have rated their classroom management strategies and other more general adult behaviours as more important associates of behaviour than did their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to cultural and curricular differences and teachers’ constructions of behaviour and special educational needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on several articles on natural history and geology published in several periodicals. Differences of opinion among scientists studying the extinction of dinosaurs; Discoveries of a palm-fringed paradise, a sub-tropical Garden of Eden stretching from West Ham Park to Hackney Wick in London, England; Reservoirs in the English countryside; Mass movement events in Ireland.

Analyzes the franchise and electoral politics in England and Ireland during 1832-1885. Problems of focus and nomenclature inherent in British politics during the 19th century; Dominant political parties during the period; Differences between the electoral systems of the two countries; Factors affecting politics in the countries during the period; Peculiarities of the Irish electoral system; Legislation passed during the period that influenced the countries' electoral politics.

This article presents information on events related to periodontics to be held in several countries. The British Society of Periodontology extends a cordial invitation to a meeting in York, England on the 4th and 5th April 1977. The subject of the meeting is the interrelationship between periodontology and other aspects of restorative dentistry. The Munster Branch of the Irish Dental Association and the British Society of Periodontology present a 3-day International Symposium on Treatment of Periodontal Disease. The Symposium will be held at University College, Cork, Ireland on June 30-July 2, 1977.

The nature of allegiance in early modem Ireland was complicated by conquest and religious difference and fragmented by the diversity of a colonial community which was made up of settlers from different periods and different places, professing different religions, and competing for influence. Notoriously, it was the more recent English protestant settlers who prevailed. The argument of this essay is that the evolving character of catholic allegiance was shaped by the growing need to contain English influence through the protection afforded by a common crown whose authority in Ireland was independent of its authority in England. The sense of being joined with England, but separate from its political processes, was transmitted to the protestant colonists and provided the ingredients of the colonial patriotism of the eighteenth-century ascendancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sex Stereotype Measure II (SSM II), a 32-item revision of the Williams, Bennett, and Best Sex Stereotype Measure, was developed to assess children's knowledge of conventional, sex-trait sterotypes defined by American university students. The procedure employed brief stories and human figure silhouettes which were individually administered to 5- and 8-year-old children in the United States, England, and Ireland and group administered to 11-year-olds in the United States. In the United States, knowledge of sex-trait stereotypes was found to develop in a linear fashion between the ages of 5 and 11, with more male traits than female traits being known at each age level. Cross-nationally, there was a high degree of similarity in the nature of the sex stereotypes being learned by the children in the 3 countries, although the rate of learning appeared slower among the Irish children. In all countries there was a clear progression in sex-stereotype learning from age 5 to age 8. English boys had greater knowledge of stereotypes than English girls, but this was not true in Ireland and the. United States. Generally, knowledge of male stereotype traits appeared to develop earlier while knowledge of the female traits increased more rapidly between ages 5 and 8. The similarity in sex-stereotype learning in the 3 countries is discussed, and studies in progress in other countries of greater cultural diversity are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the profile of horse employments in the transport or commercial sector throughout the nineteenth century in England. Behind the large numbers lay large industries and occupations, hitherto virtually unnoticed by economic or social historians. Breeding and rearing in order to sustain the population and provide for its expansion was not, on the whole, a specialized branch of British farming, since with astronomically high infant mortality rates of around 50 per cent in the first two or three months of life and with great uncertainties about the character and prowess of the offspring, it was very risky to commit one's fortunes to horse-breeding. Southern Ireland, it is true, had a high reputation for the production of the best hunters and saddle horses in the world. But aside from the occasional wealthy farmer, the pure horse farm was extremely rare even in these breeding regions, and the actual production within them took place in small lots as sidelines to general farming. All in all, however, the sale of horses to the British was worth over 1 million pound a year to the Irish by the 1890's and the annual output of horses sold away from farms was reckoned to be worth 1.5 million pound to British farmers in 1906.

The 1851 Religious Census was unique in so far as no body of the state up to that time or subsequently had dared to use tools of counting to encroach on what was, and still is, held to be the private domain of attendance at public worship. Nor has the government of any country in recent times found it desirable or expedient to probe into such a matter. Certain countries today make it obligatory for citizens to declare their religious allegiance at the time of taking a census, as was the case in Ireland in 1834. In Germany at the present time a question on religious affiliation is needed for the distribution of church taxes, and in Canada a question has been included since 1871 for no clearly defined end as of December 1967. The rise of religious sociology since the end of Second World War has precipitated a renewed interest in the size and social composition of church congregations, but such surveys as have been carried out on the Continent and in England have all been executed by voluntary agencies, usually by the denominations concerned and then on a very limited scale. No attempt has been made to engage in so mammoth a task as to cover every church and chapel on a given Sunday in one country. That the 1851 Religious Census has never been repeated is sufficient evidence in itself to show that the experiment had limited success. Both with respect to the immediate reception that the census received from certain quarters, and from results after it was taken on March 30, 1851, it became apparent that it did not yield the kind of information that it was intended to produce.

The article discussed the thoughts of the activist Henry George in light of land reform movements. Although activist Henry George, at age thirty-nine, was still somewhat of a tyro at public speaking, at the end of the relatively brief west-coast "training phase" of his speaking in the Land League Movements his accomplishments and progress were substantial and significant. A little later, after extensive practice on the platforms of Ireland, Scotland, and England, he was to become infinitely better, especially in delivery, the effective use of humor, audience contact and adaptation, and persuasiveness; yet, even with all of the hazards and encumbrances of the manuscript mode of presentation, he was already well above the average of the day as a public speaker. In the five-week political campaign series of 1876, after starting out with a very carefully worked-out manuscript speech, he quickly made the transition over into the extemporaneous mode as the basic materials became so thoroughly familiar as to be always instantly at hand. In his longer, broader, and much more significant land-reform career, he followed in grand scale exactly the same pattern that is here seen in small scale.

Analyzes the introduction of reforms to improve the teaching of reading in elementary schools in England and Ireland. Reason for the change; Components of the revised curriculum for Irish elementary schools; Information on England's structured Literacy Hour.

The article offers information on the meteorological winter in Ireland and Great Britain from 2015-2016. It discusses the weather across the regions from December 2016 to February 2016 and presents several maps that show the impact of the winter and storms that struck the regions such as widespread flooding.

Presents a schedule of upcoming international events regarding systems research from April to September 1995. International Conference on Mathematical Modelling in Maintenance in Manchester, England; International Symposium on Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis in Dublin, Ireland; International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Production Management in Morocco.

This paper reports on 1459 first-degree relatives of probands with schizophrenia or affective illness and matched community controls. We sought (i) to validate psychiatric diagnoses obtained by family history (FH) against those obtained by a best estimate (BE) procedure based on personal interview and (ii) to explore the factors influencing the accuracy of the FH report. We found relatively poor agreement between the FH and BE diagnoses, and the disagreements were influenced by numerous factors, including gender, psychiatric status of the informant or proband's diagnosis. When validated against a BE diagnosis, the overall accuracy of the FH method is relatively poor, and is furthermore subject to several biases. Therefore, substituting the FH method for BE diagnosis may be an important source of error in the investigation of familial/genetic factors in psychiatric disorders.

The analysis of anthropometric data often allows investigation of patterns of genetic structure in historical populations. This paper focuses on interpopulational anthropometric variation in seven populations in Ireland using data collected in the 1890s. The seven populations were located within a 120-km range along the west coast of Ireland and include islands and mainland isolates. Two of the populations (the Aran Islands and Inishbofin) have a known history of English admixture in earlier centuries. Ten anthropometric measures (head length, breadth, and height; nose length and breadth; bizygomatic and bigonial breadth; stature; hand length; and forearm length) on 259 adult Irish males were analyzed following age adjustment. Discriminant and canonical variates analysis were used to determine the degree and pattern of among-group variation. Mahalanobis' distance measure, D2, was computed between each pair of populations and compared to distance measures based on geographic distance and English admixture (a binary measure indicating whether either of a pair of populations had historical indications of admixture). In addition, surname frequencies were used to construct distance measures based on random isonymy. Correlations were computed between distance measures, and their probabilities were derived using the Mantel matrix permutation method. English admixture has the greatest effect on anthropometric variation among these populations, followed by geographic distance. The correlation between anthropometric distance and geographic distance is not significant (r = -0.081, P = .590), but the correlation of admixture and anthropometric distance is significant (r = 0.829, P = .047). When the two admixed populations are removed from the analysis the correlation between geographic and anthropometric distance becomes significant (r = 0.718, P = .025). Isonymy distance shows a significant correlation with geographic distance (r = 0.425, P = .046) but not with admixture distance (r = -0.052, P = .524). The fact that anthropometrics show past patterns of gene flow and surnames do not reflects the greater impact of stochastic processes on surnames, along with the continued extinction of surnames. This study shows that 1) anthropometrics can be extremely useful in assessing population structure and history, 2) differential gene flow into populations can have a major impact on local genetic structure, and 3) microevolutionary processes can have different effects on biological characters and surnames.