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The goal of this position paper on ventilatory support at home for children is to provide expert consensus from Australia and New Zealand on optimal care for children requiring ventilatory support at home, both non-invasive and invasive. It was compiled by members of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) and the Australasian Sleep Association (ASA). This document provides recommendations to support the development of improved services for Australian and New Zealand children who require long-term ventilatory support. Issues relevant to providers of equipment and areas of research need are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirometry has been established as an essential test for diagnosing and monitoring respiratory disease, particularly asthma and COPD, as well as in occupational health surveillance. In Australia and New Zealand, there is currently no pathway for spirometry operators in community‐based healthcare settings to demonstrate spirometry competence. The Australia and New Zealand Society of Respiratory Science (ANZSRS) has identified a need for developing a pathway for operators working in community‐based practices in Australia and New Zealand to demonstrate spirometry competence and certification. Spirometry certification provides evidence to patients, clients, employers and organizations that an individual has participated in an assessment process that qualifies them to perform spirometry to current international spirometry standards set out by the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS). This document describes a competence assessment pathway that incorporates a portfolio and practical assessment. The completion of this pathway and the award of certification confer an individual is competent to perform spirometry for 3 years, after which re‐certification is required. The adoption of this competency assessment and certification process by specialist organizations, and the commitment of operators performing spirometry to undergo this process, will enhance spirometry quality and practice in community‐based healthcare settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an executive summary of the Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) 2020 guideline for pre‐existing diabetes and pregnancy. The summary focuses on the main clinical practice points for the management of women with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes in relation to pregnancy, including preconception, antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum care. The full guideline is available at https://doi.org/10.1111/ajo.13265. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on nutritional topics which include the competition faced by the Accredited Practising Dietitians (APDs), challenges for public health nutrition and nutrition support strategies in dementia care.

Introduction: Academic dermatologists in Australia and New Zealand provide high‐quality and meaningful contributions to the understanding of disease and therapeutic translational research. Concerns have been raised by the Australian Medical Association regarding the decline of clinical academics in Australia as a whole, however, such trends in scholarly output have not previously been analysed for Australasian dermatologists. Methods: A bibliometric analysis of dermatologists in Australia and New Zealand was conducted in January and February 2023. Available Scopus profiles for all dermatologists were used to measure lifetime H index, scholarly output, citation counts and field‐weighted citation impact (FWCI) in the last 5 years (2017–2022). Trends in output over time were measured using non‐parametric tests. Differences in output between subgroups stratified by gender and academic leadership positions (associate professor or professor) were measured using Wilcoxon rank‐sum and one‐way ANOVA tests. The scholarly output of recent College graduates was also analysed as a subgroup, comparing the same bibliographic variables in the 5 years preceding and 5 years following awarding of their fellowships. Results: From the 463 practising dermatologists in Australia and New Zealand, 372 (80%) were successfully matched to Scopus researcher profiles. Of these dermatologists, 167 were male (45%) and 205 (55%) were female, and 31 (8%) held academic leadership positions. Most dermatologists (67%) published at least one paper in the last 5 years. The median lifetime H index was 4, and between 2017 and 2022 median scholarly output was 3, the median citations were 14 and the median FWCI was 0.64. There was a non‐significant trend towards fewer publications per year, however, citation count and FWCI decreased significantly. By subgroups, female dermatologists published significantly more papers between 2017 and 2022, and other bibliographic variables were comparable to male dermatologists. However, women were underrepresented in positions of academic leadership—comprising only 32% of this cohort despite representing 55% of dermatologists. Professors were also significantly more likely to have higher bibliographic outcomes than associate professors. Finally, analysis of recent College graduates highlighted a significant decline in bibliometric outcomes pre‐ and post‐fellowship. Conclusion: Overall, our analysis identifies a trend towards decreased research output by dermatologists in Australia and New Zealand in the last 5 years. Strategies to support dermatologists in research endeavours, particularly women and recent graduates, will be essential in maintaining strong scholarly output among Australasian dermatologists and thereby sustaining optimal evidence‐based patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aimed to inform a deeper understanding of the varied experiences of ageing in place for older adults in Australia and New Zealand. Ageing in place involves older adults remaining in their own home or community as they age rather than moving into residential care. Our focus was on how ageing in place relates to older adults' mental health, life satisfaction, wellbeing, and overall ability to adapt well to ageing. This paper followed PRISMA‐ScR guidelines. Of the initial 210 papers identified, 20 met inclusion criteria and were retained. Four key themes related to experiences of ageing in place and the skills and strategies utilised to age in place were extracted from these studies. Themes encompassed older adults' individual characteristics and strategies, their connections to community, their home environment, and the appropriateness of support and services. We conclude that ageing in place should not be considered a "one size fits all" approach to ageing. Policymakers, researchers, and governments should acknowledge that older adults are a diverse group. Future ageing policy should strive to accommodate all older adults regardless of their circumstances or ageing preferences and researchers should include older adults from diverse populations and circumstances. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (hereafter HTHH) submarine volcano erupted at 04:14:45 UT on 15 January 2022, causing ionospheric disturbances. This paper uses carrier phase observations from GNSS tracking stations in New Zealand and Australia to calculate the vertical total electron content. At 06:10, the ground‐based GNSS tracking station in New Zealand observes a maximum amplitude of 2.26 TECU anomaly caused by a mesoscale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) with a wavelength of 200–250 km, a period of 6–13 min, and a maximum propagation velocity of 330 m/s. The anomaly developed with time along the north‐south island direction toward the south island and lasted for about three and a half hours, with the ionosphere returning to pre‐eruption levels after 09:50, indicating a correlation between ionospheric activity and volcanic eruption. An ionospheric anomaly caused by an MSTID was also observed off the east coast of Australia around 08:11, with a maximum amplitude of 3.17 TECU and a maximum propagation velocity of 356 m/s. The ionospheric anomaly in Australia spreads out in a plane. In the process of propagation, it continuously impacts the area it passes through, and the entire anomaly process lasts for more than 7 hr. Still, the anomalous propagation velocities are more significant than in New Zealand, indicating that the Lamb waves excited by the eruption of the HTHH submarine volcano are directional in propagation speed; westward travels faster than southward. This finding will provide more references for scholars to study the mechanism and characteristics of anomaly propagation. Plain Language Summary: This paper reports on the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai submarine volcanic eruption event at Tonga on 15 January 2022, which caused air pressure waves in the form of Lamb waves to propagate to ionospheric heights and caused traveling ionospheric disturbances. Analysis of the filtered total electron content in the ionosphere using dense GNSS tracking stations in Australia and New Zealand revealed large‐scale, intense ionospheric disturbances. The propagation of the anomaly is also directional, with the New Zealand ionospheric anomaly initially propagating from north to south in a ripple pattern with a maximum mesoscale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) propagation velocity of ∼330 m/s. The impact of Lamb waves on the ionosphere in Australia is more pronounced, with the disturbance unfolding in a faceted pattern from east to west for up to 7 hr, during which the maximum MSTID propagation velocity is ∼356 m/s. In addition, the anomaly is affected by small‐amplitude gravity waves and excites multiple ionospheric disturbance phenomena during its propagation in both locations. This result confirms the natural phenomenon of ionospheric disturbances induced by extreme natural hazards and shows that severe explosive events can have a lasting and far‐reaching impact on the ionosphere. Key Points: Evidence of widespread traveling ionospheric disturbances caused by volcanic eruptionsThe propagation of the anomaly is directional, propagating westward at a greater rate than southwardSmall‐scale gravity waves have caused multiple transient ionospheric disturbances in both New Zealand and Australia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An international systematic review concluded that individuals with poor social health (social isolation, lack of social support or loneliness) are 30% more likely to develop coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Notably, the two included Australian papers reported no association between social health and CHD or stroke. Objective: We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis to investigate the association between social isolation, lack of social support and loneliness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence among people living in Australia and New Zealand. Methods: Four electronic databases were systematically searched for longitudinal studies published until June 2020. Two reviewers undertook title/abstract screen and one reviewer undertook full‐text screen and data extraction. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle – Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results: Of the 725 unique records retrieved, five papers met our inclusion criteria. These papers reported data from three Australian longitudinal datasets, with a total of 2137 CHD and 590 stroke events recorded over follow‐up periods ranging from 3 to 16 years. Reports of two CHD and two stroke outcomes were suitable for meta‐analysis. The included papers reported no association between social health and incidence of CVD in all fully adjusted models and most unadjusted models. Conclusions: Our systematic review is inconclusive as it identified only a few studies, which relied heavily on self‐reported CVD. Further studies using medical diagnosis of CVD, and assessing the potential influence of residential remoteness, are needed to better understand the relationship between social health and CVD incidence in Australia and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Online knowledge translation (KT) approaches are becoming increasingly prevalent within healthcare due to their accessibility and facilitation of international support networks. Online platforms enable timely and far‐reaching dissemination of current evidence and best‐practice recommendations. Although there is potential to improve the uptake of rehabilitation guidelines, it is essential to consider the acceptability of online approaches to healthcare professionals to ensure their successful integration within everyday clinical settings. Aims: To establish the prospective acceptability of a theoretically informed online intervention for speech pathologists, Aphasia Nexus: Connecting Evidence to Practice, that aims to facilitate the implementation of aphasia best practice. Methods & Procedures: A mixed‐methods multinational electronic survey based on the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA) completed by aphasia researchers and clinicians. Outcomes & Results: A total of 43 participants completed the survey with 91% (n = 39) indicating that they would use Aphasia Nexus. Understanding the intervention and how it works (intervention coherence as per the TFA) was the key factor influencing the likelihood of integration within everyday clinical practice. Participants identified potential areas where the intervention could influence service change and also recommended further design and content changes to improve the intervention. Conclusions & Implications: Aphasia Nexus is an acceptable platform for further feasibility testing in the form of a pilot trial within an Australian‐based health service. The study progresses the theory of TFA as it was a valuable framework facilitating the identification of prominent factors influencing acceptability. The study also informs further intervention refinements in preparation for the next stage of research. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: Online strategies have the potential to enhance KT and promote the uptake of rehabilitation guidelines. An online intervention, however, can only be effective if implemented well. For this reason, it is essential to establish the acceptability of online interventions to the intended recipients and therefore increase the likelihood of successful implementation. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: This study used a theoretically based framework to establish the acceptability of an online implementation intervention, Aphasia Nexus, to multinational aphasia clinicians and researchers. It demonstrated the value in identifying the prominent factors influencing acceptability to inform further intervention refinements and warrant continuing research. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: Speech pathologists should use online platforms to drive the implementation of best practice on an international scale. It is important for clinicians to have an in‐depth understanding of online interventions and how they work to enhance their successful uptake into routine clinical practice. Aphasia Nexus is an acceptable online platform for implementing best practice in aphasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Report from the Editor as I start a second term. I outline success and otherwise in the first term and encourage authors to engage in the local research conversation when they are writing their papers. I point out that all methodological approaches are welcome including qualitative, survey, systematic literature reviews and experiments. I point out the hot points that Editors now are looking for so that you can pay particular attention to them in advance of submission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Almost 20 000 people undergo an emergency laparotomy each year in New Zealand and Australia. Common indications include small and large bowel obstruction, and intestinal perforation. Considered a high‐risk procedure, emergency laparotomy is associated with significantly high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review was to identify and compare 30‐day, 90‐day and 1‐year mortality rates following emergency laparotomy in New Zealand and Australia. Methods: A systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Electronic searches were performed in Medline, Embase, PubMed and Scopus in April 2020. Results: Thirty‐three papers met the inclusion criteria. Studies ranged in size from 58 to 75 280 patients. Weighted mean 30‐day mortality was 8.40% (8.39–8.41). Mortality rates increased with longer postoperative follow up with 90‐day weighted mortality rate of 14.14% (14.13–14.15) and the weighted mortality rate at 1 year of 24.60% (24.56–24.66). There was significant variability in mortality rates between countries. Conclusion: There is a wide variability of 30‐day, 90‐day and 1‐year mortality rates internationally. Lowering postoperative mortality rates following emergency laparotomy through quality improvement initiatives could result in up to 120 lives in New Zealand and over 250 lives in Australia being saved each year. The continued work of the Australian and New Zealand Emergency Laparotomy Audit – Quality Improvement is crucial to improving emergency laparotomy mortality rates further in New Zealand and Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to identify and evaluate tools and resources used to support the implementation of workplace healthy food and drink policies, primarily in Australia and New Zealand. Methods: A scoping grey literature review included searches of government agencies and non‐governmental organisations' websites in six English‐speaking countries, public health nutrition intervention databases and Google search engine queries. Paper‐based and digital tools were included if they were written in English, referred to within a policy or on a policy's website, and primarily targeting supply‐side stakeholders. Tools were evaluated on two domains: 'Features' (summarised descriptively) and 'Usability and Quality' (with inter‐rater reliability scores calculated using an intraclass correlation coefficient). Results: Twenty paper‐based tools were identified relating to Australian (n = 14) and New Zealand (n = 6) policies, and a further six digital tools were identified from Australia (n = 3) and Canada (n = 3). Target audiences included workplace managers, food providers and suppliers. The paper‐based tools focused on general implementation guidance. In contrast, digital tools tended to support specific elements of policy implementation. 'Usability and Quality' scores ranged from 2.9 to 4.5 (out of 5.0) for paper‐based tools, and 3.9 to 4.2 for digital tools, with a moderate agreement between reviewer scores (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.523, p = 0.010). Conclusions: A range of tools have been developed to support the implementation of workplace healthy food and drink policies. Understanding the strengths and limitations of current tools will assist in developing improved aids to support policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abstract to publication ratio (APR) is a measure of the quality of scientific meetings. The aim of the present study was to determine the publication rate of abstracts presented at annual Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) conferences, and to identify the publishing journals. All free paper research abstracts (oral or poster) presented by RANZCR radiologists, radiation oncologists and trainees at the four consecutive meetings between 1996 and 1999 were identified retrospectively from conference programmes. The PubMed database ( ) was searched to determine whether or not the abstract had been published as a full paper. Of the 480 free paper research abstracts, 168 (35%) had been published as full articles. The overall abstract to publication ratio for radiology was 29% and for radiation oncology was 41%. Papers were published in a variety of journals but Australasian Radiology accounted for 27%. The mean time between presentation and publication was 16.5 months (median 17 months). These overall abstract to publication ratios are lower than those reported for overseas-based meetings in each respective area. Guidelines to scientific committees could increase the APR by more rigorous selection of abstracts. Future research should look at barriers to the publication of research findings, and identify ways to assist the publication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the behaviour and design of duplex stainless steel stub columns with a circular hollow cross‐section (CHS) at elevated temperature. A numerical model is developed to supplement the limited number of test results available in the literature. Following validation, the numerical approach is employed to gain an understanding of the critical behavioural characteristics which have not previously been studied. In addition, the paper considers and extends the continuous strength method (CSM) to include duplex stainless steel for CHS stub columns in fire. This approach employs a base curve linking the cross‐sectional resistance to the deformation capacity and is implemented herein using an elastic, linear hardening material model. The cross‐sectional resistances obtained from the CSM are compared with those from the numerical analysis, as well as with the standardised procedures in the European, American and Australia/New Zealand design standards. It is demonstrated that the proposed design method can lead to more accurate and less scattered strength predictions compared with current design codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a list of research papers to be published in the succeeding issues of "Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics" after December 2003.

This paper examines the hallmarks of an emergent and distinctive Australian and New Zealand health geography over the last 30 years. Building on an assessment of the early development of the sub‐discipline in the two countries, a review of published work reveals the co‐presence of local themes alongside connections to more global perspectives associated notably with health behaviour. Further common themes are the influence of year‐round exposure to outdoor spaces and the proximity of "blue spaces" to urban centres. However, there are divergences in the evolution of the sub‐discipline. A comparison of attendance at the biennial International Medical Geography Symposia (held since 1985) with publications in the journal Health & Place reveals differentially globalised characters. A steady flow of international visitors and appointments to New Zealand universities as well as more apparent connections to the wider discipline of geography contrast with more applied geospatial and public health connections in Australian health geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The centralisation of trauma services in western countries has led to an improvement in patient outcomes. Effective trauma systems include a pre‐hospital trauma system. Delivery of high‐level pre‐hospital trauma care must include identification of potential major trauma patients, access and correct application of lifesaving interventions (LSIs) and timely transport to definitive care. Globally, many nations endorse nationwide pre‐hospital major trauma triage guidelines, to ensure a universal approach to patient care. This paper examined clinical guidelines from all 10 EMS in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand. All relevant trauma guidelines were included, and key information was extracted. Authors compared major trauma triage criteria, all LSI included in guidelines, and guidelines for transport to definitive care. The identification of major trauma patients varied between all 10 EMS, with no universal criteria. The most common approach to trauma triage included a three‐step assessment process: physiological criteria, identified injuries and mechanism of injury. Disparity between physiological criteria, injuries and mechanism was found when comparing guidelines. All 10 EMS had fundamental LSI included in their trauma guidelines. Fundamental LSI included haemorrhage control (arterial tourniquets, pelvic binders), non‐invasive airway management (face mask ventilation, supraglottic airway devices) and pleural wall needle decompression. Variation in more advanced LSI was evident between EMS. Optimising trauma triage guidelines is an important aspect of a robust and evidence driven trauma system. The lack of consensus in trauma triage identified in the present study makes benchmarking and comparison of trauma systems difficult. Effective trauma systems include a pre‐hospital trauma system. Delivery of high‐level pre‐hospital trauma care must include identification of potential major trauma patients, access and correct application of lifesaving interventions (LSIs), and timely transport to definitive care. Authors compared major trauma triage criteria, all LSI included in guidelines, and guidelines for transport to definitive care, and identified variations between all systems included in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Zealanders can cross borders freely, work and live in Australia indefinitely thanks to the Trans‐Tasman Travel Agreement. This paper uses a recently developed decomposition method to decompose the weekly wage gap at various quantiles on the wage distribution between New Zealand‐born (NZ‐born) and Australian‐born workers, and between NZ‐born workers, migrants from other English speaking countries (OESC), and from non‐English speaking countries (NESC) to determine how free and regulated migration influences migrants' performance in the Australian labour market. We found that NZ‐born workers earned higher weekly wages than both Australian‐born and NESC workers but earned lower wages than OESC migrants. Differences in endowment were primarily responsible for the wage gaps between NZ‐born and Australian‐born workers and between NZ‐born and OESC migrants. However, differences in returns to worker and job characteristics are mainly responsible for the wage gap between NZ‐born and NESC migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of papers that have been accepted for publication in future issues of the "Australian & New Zeland Journal of Statistics" is presented. The papers include "Accelerated Failure in Time Models With Nonlinear Covariate Effects" and "Nonparametric Regression on Functional Data: Inference and Practical Aspects."

This paper surveys the writings of Peter Lloyd, one of Australia's best-known economists, who has been elected Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Society of Australia. It notes the importance of his work, mostly done jointly with Herbert Grubel, on intra-industry trade, and his extensive contributions to trade theory. In addition there have been many papers on the global trading system and regionalism, and on the Australian and New Zealand economies. It describes his approach to economics and his many professional activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a recognized need to develop a curriculum for pediatric anesthesia training in Australia and New Zealand. The drivers are safe care for children, clear standards of care for children within and outside of quaternary centres, and clarity of the expertise and skill of the practitioner. Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) made up of multiple competencies and sub‐competencies are useful for the description and assessment of contemporary medical education. We have developed an EPA‐based curriculum that is not prescriptive in the number or range of EPAs that should be completed. Individuals can shape their learning and training to the EPAs that will support their ability to provide high‐quality safe care in the wide variety of institutions that they may be employed in after their pediatric fellowship. Institutions can use the curriculum to describe the skill set required for their institution and location. This paper will explain the process behind the development of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia in New Zealand and Australia (SPANZA) guidelines of a curriculum for pediatric anesthesia fellowship based on EPAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eradicating invasive species from islands is a proven method for safeguarding threatened and endangered species from extinction. Island eradications can deliver lasting benefits, but require large up‐front expenditure of limited conservation resources. The choice of islands must therefore be prioritised. Numerous tools have been developed to prioritise island eradications, but none fully account for the risk of those eradicated species later returning to the island: reinvasion.In this paper, we develop a prioritisation method for island eradications that accounts for the complexity of the reinvasion process. By merging spatially explicit metapopulation modelling with stochastic dynamic optimisation techniques, we construct a decision‐support tool that optimises conservation outcomes in the presence of reinvasion risk.We applied this tool to two different case studies—rat (Rattus rattus) invasions in the Seaforth archipelago in New Zealand, and cane toad (Rhinella marina) invasions in the Dampier archipelago in Australia—to illustrate how state‐dependent optimal policies can maximise expected conservation gains.In both case studies, incorporating reinvasion risk dramatically altered the optimal order of island eradications, and improved the potential conservation benefits. The increase in benefits was larger in Dampier than Seaforth (42% improvement versus 6%), as a consequence of both the characteristics of the invasive species, and the arrangement of the islands.Synthesis and applications. Our results illustrate the potential consequences of ignoring reinvasion risk. We recommend that reinvasion risk be explicitly included in any island eradication prioritisation involving an archipelago, particularly when some islands are close to the mainland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This position paper provides an overview of the assessment and management of both acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD). There is a focus on the use of ruxolitinib, a selective inhibitor of Janus kinase (JAK)1 and JAK2, for the treatment of corticosteroid‐refractory and corticosteroid‐dependent GvHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As many organisations and employees seek ways to better manage the tensions between work and other life demands, there has been a growing body of research in the area of work—family conflict and work—life issues. Despite the recent surge in research and practice addressing work—life issues, there has been no comprehensive review identifying where Australia and New Zealand stand in terms of work—life research. This paper addresses this issue with a review of research conducted in Australia and New Zealand between 2004 and 2007. Our review identifies the major themes and research methods that have dominated this research and discusses the implications for future research, policy and management in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a series of ‘snapshots’ of the history of the journal now known as the ANZJFT (Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy). While a full, detailed history of the journal from its inception is beyond the scope of this paper, the authors offer glimpses of the journal at key points in its 25-year history, and from these, readers can reconstruct some of the changes that have occurred, and the continuities in values and attitudes that the ANZJFT has attempted to preserve, throughout its existence. The authors comment, from their own recent experience, on particular dilemmas, which they have faced, and use their own data to update a bibliometric survey of the journal originally carried out by Davis and Lipson (1996). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction of pests and diseases through trade is one of the main socio‐ecological challenges worldwide. Although Binomial sampling inspection at the border can reduce pest entry risk, it is common for consignments to fail inspection, wasting resources for both exporter and importer. Outsourcing the inspection to the exporting country could reduce the cost of inspection for both parties. However, there is then a need to assess the quality of the offshore inspection. In this paper, we develop an inverse method combining past inspection data on the pathway, an onshore inspection sample, and the Beta‐Binomial model to infer the sample size of the offshore inspection. We illustrate the method on two case studies: the importation of live plants through germplasm into Australia and the importation of pelleted seeds in New Zealand. In these case studies, we found that detecting four to five infested units in a single onshore inspection was typically sufficient to significantly doubt the presence of a compliant offshore inspection. We also ran a simulation experiment to quantify the statistical power to reject or accept the presence of compliant offshore inspection in practice: In highly infested pathways, we could detect the absence of offshore inspections after inspecting five consignments onshore. Less infested pathways required inspecting 20 to 60 consignments onshore. Our study demonstrates that Binomial sampling onshore can be used to assess the quality of offshore inspections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is internationally defined as chest compressions and rescue breaths, and is a subset of resuscitation. First used for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest, CPR is now frequently used for in‐hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) with different causes and outcomes. Aims: This paper aims to describe clinical understanding of the role of in‐hospital CPR and perceived outcomes for IHCA. Methods: An online survey of a secondary care staff involved in resuscitation was conducted, focussing on definitions of CPR, features of do‐not‐attempt‐CPR conversations with patients and clinical case scenarios. Data were analysed using a simple descriptive approach. Results: Of 652 responses, 500 were complete and used for analysis. Two hundred eleven respondents were senior medical staff covering acute medical disciplines. Ninety‐one percent of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that defibrillation is part of CPR, and 96% believed CPR for IHCA included defibrillation. Responses to clinical scenarios were dissonant, with nearly half of respondents demonstrating a pattern of underestimating survival and subsequently showing a desire to offer CPR in similar scenarios with poor outcomes. This was unaffected by seniority and level of resuscitation training. Conclusions: The common use of CPR in hospital reflects the broader definition of resuscitation. Recapturing the CPR definition for clinicians and patients as only chest compressions and rescue breaths may allow clinicians to better discuss individualised resuscitation care to aide meaningful shared decision‐making around patient deterioration. This may involve reframing current in‐hospital algorithms and uncoupling CPR from wider resuscitative measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cataract surgery improves quality of life and reduces cognitive deterioration. Objectives: This paper discusses the health implications of low vision, commonly related to cataracts, in older adults. A recent publication reported that cataract surgery reduces the risk of dementia by 30% over 10 years. Methods: We searched Medline from inception to January 2023. We also conducted backward and forward citation searches of included studies and set up alerts to identify studies published after the search date. We performed discussion groups with multidisciplinary experts. Results: This article provides a broad description of the importance of vision for cognitive function. We discuss access to public‐funded cataract surgery in Australia and New Zealand and how this impacts population benefits. Conclusions: We have evidence that cataract surgery can decrease the risk of dementia. This is an important topic that deserves recognition as part of an overall ageing response by policymakers and health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The involvement of speech and language therapists (SLTs) within paediatric palliative care (PPC) settings has been recognized within the extant literature. However, there is little understanding of SLT's specific roles and practices when working with this vulnerable cohort of children and their families. As part of a larger body of work to develop consensus‐based recommendations for SLTs working in PPC, it is important to investigate demographic and caseload characteristics. Aims: This exploratory study aimed to gather previously undocumented international demographic data pertaining to SLT service provision, caseload and training in PPC. Additionally, it sought to ascertain the current treatment and assessment approaches of SLTs, and if variations exist in beliefs and practices. Methods & Procedures: An anonymous cross‐sectional survey was designed and reported according to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E‐Surveys (CHERRIES). The online survey consisted of 40 items spanning four domains: (1) demographic information, (2) caseload information, (3) service provision and (4) training and education. SLTs from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, Ireland and the United States were recruited using a purposive snowball sampling approach. Descriptive analysis of closed‐ended survey responses and content analysis of open‐ended responses are presented. Outcomes & Results: A total of 52 respondents completed the survey. SLTs worked in a variety of PPC settings, with patients of varying age and disease groups. Over 50% of participants reported working in PPC for ≤ 4 years. Genetic disorders (34%), oncology (27%) and neurological conditions (21%) made up a significant portion of respondents' caseloads. Reported treatments and assessment approaches used by SLTs are not unique to a PPC population. Barriers and enablers for practice were identified. A portion of participants did not feel trained and prepared to assess (19.2%) or treat (15.4%) PPC clients. Conclusions & Implications: This study confirms that SLTs internationally have a role in the management of communication and swallowing impairments in a PPC context. However, whether current training and resources adequately support SLTs in this role remains questionable. This paper helps to provide SLTs, administrators, professional associations and tertiary institutions with foundational data to help inform workforce planning, advocacy efforts and training priorities. What this paper addsWhat is already known on the subjectThe published multidisciplinary literature has identified that SLTs have a role in PPC. However, there has been no targeted research investigating the professional characteristics of clinicians in this context, nor any detailed information regarding associated clinician beliefs or management approaches.What this paper adds to existing knowledgeThis study is a snapshot of attributes, practice patterns and beliefs of SLTs who work with a PPC population. It highlights SLT perspectives of education and training, as well as meta‐perceptions of themselves within the multidisciplinary team.What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?Data presented in this paper will help to enable SLTs, organizations and associations to augment service provision and determine future professional development priorities within the field of PPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicentre research provides advantages over single-centre research by maximising available patient numbers while pooling varied expertise and resources available across different participating investigators and sites. The increased complexity of multicentre regulatory approvals, communication and study management, can be mitigated by the formation of a research network where multicentre efforts move from ad hoc, single projects to formalised ongoing collaboration. Network research helps prioritise research efforts and importantly fosters the development of a collaborative track record in terms of research expertise, research capacity and grant success. It also has the potential to rapidly change patient care across many hospitals as research results will be more generalizable and definitive. This paper sets out the key elements of network research, its benefits and possible challenges drawing on the example of PREDICT (Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative) an established paediatric emergency research network in Australia and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will explore the clinical application of tracking sequences in family therapy with a particular focus on Bowen family systems theory. It considers how sequences can be used to track the emotional process occurring in relationship interactions, and the similarities and differences of a Bowen theory‐informed approach compared with dialectical behaviour therapy and both classic and contemporary family therapy models. Case examples are utilised from the author's clinical practice to raise ideas about the therapist joining the client as a co‐researcher in this exercise and facilitating a process that helps assist the client develop their own self‐awareness and problem‐solving resources in the context of their relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By its very nature, radiation oncology is a complex, multi-profession dynamic modality of cancer treatment. There are multiple steps with many handovers of work and many opportunities for patient safety to be compromised. Patient safety events can manifest as either actual incidents or near miss/close call events. Reporting and learning from these events is key to quality improvement and patient safety. In this paper, we aim to provide an overview of radiation oncology incident reporting and learning systems. We review the importance of the use of a standardized taxonomy and classification that is specific to radiation oncology workflow, the international systems in current use and the current reporting requirements in Australia and New Zealand. Equally important is the culture that exists alongside the incident learning system. A just culture, where support for reporting exists and there is an adaptive responsive environment to learn and improve patient safety. The incident learning and patient safety system requires constant effort to make it a success. We describe potential measures of safety culture and of relative patient safety and recommend their routine use. We offer this review to stimulate the effort towards a binational voluntary incident learning system, a key pillar for the improvement in patient safety in radiation oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The acute surgical unit ( ASU) model of care is a new paradigm shift in the provision of emergency surgery. Clinical and non-clinical outcomes have been described after the introduction of the ASU model in Australia and New Zealand. This paper reviews and analyses the current published literature and methods of implementation of contemporary ASU models. Method We conducted a comprehensive database search to identify all relevant published papers pertaining to the ASU. Included papers compared ASU models to emergency surgery's traditional model of care. Relevant clinical and non-clinical end points were extracted for analysis. Results Seven papers and two abstracts published data assessing clinical and non-clinical end points within the ASU. Four out of six studies reported a reduction in hospital length of stay. Two out of three studies showed reduction in mean time to emergency department review and two out of four studies reported a reduction in time to surgery. Additionally, four out of five studies showed a reduction in after hours operating with an ASU model. Conclusion Trends in clinical outcomes are seen including reduced length of stay, time to emergency department assessment and surgery, supplemented by non-clinical outcomes including reduced after hours operating and the potential for increased training opportunities. The published data presents certain weaknesses and further information is required to appreciate the applicability of certain aspects of the ASU model to smaller centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys significant contributions made by Australian and New Zealand ( ANZ) agricultural and trade economists to our understanding of the extent to which price- and trade-distorting policies affect domestic and international prices and markets for agricultural products and economic welfare. It begins with the theory of policy impacts on producer and consumer prices and value added by farmers. It then surveys efforts to measure the extent of distortions due to such policies, first in Australia and New Zealand and then in other regions of the world. ANZ economists' efforts to use models to estimate the market and welfare effects of policies nationally and globally are then assessed, before attention turns to their ex ante estimates of the effects of trade agreements. The paper's Supporting Information includes a brief survey of attempts to understand the political economy forces behind those various policies and their recent reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on the education in and for the rural and remote workforce which is critical to ensuring that people living in those regions have equitable access to sustainable high-quality health care. The article discusses that the accumulating evidence for rural and remote workforce retention emphasizes the importance of locally available educational options for initial training and ongoing career pathway opportunities.

Background: Highly publicised cases of homicide in a psychiatric hospital have raised concerns about the safety of such hospitals. Aims: To identify individual case reports of homicides by inpatients within psychiatric hospitals in order to update a 2011 study. Methods: A systematic search of the academic literature between 2010 and 2020, information seeking from service leaders in each state and territory of Australia and in New Zealand, and a search of public records in Australia and New Zealand. Results: The literature search revealed only one recent paper describing a homicide by a patient in a psychiatric ward. Contact with forensic psychiatrists across Australia and New Zealand yielded four cases of inpatient homicide that took place between 2010 and 2017 in Australia, and none in New Zealand. Public record searching did not add to this count. This compares to 11 inpatient homicides by 10 patients between 1985 and 2011. Conclusions: Homicides in psychiatric hospitals seem to remain rare, however, there is no consistent central documentation of these events in Australasia so it is hard to be confident about the figures. Internationally, there is similarly little centralisation of evidence. Standardised methods of recording and reporting such deaths might assist the understanding and prevention of homicides in psychiatric hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents announcements and information related to the field of economic history. The 2010 Asia-Pacific Economic and Business History Conference will be held on February 17-19, 2010 in Wellington, New Zealand. The Blackwell Publishing Conference Paper Prize presented at the 2009 Asia-Pacific Economic and Business History Conference was given to Eugene K. Choi from the Institute of Economic Research at Hitotsubashi University. Information regarding the S. J. Butlin Prize sponsored by Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand is presented.

In the context of recent moves to develop a shared history of Australia and New Zealand (Australasia), this paper identifies a religious dimension in the re-emerging shared history that is connected with other dimensions of the relationship. Building on this recent work, it uncovers the interconnectedness of Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregationalists and Baptists on opposite sides of the Tasman and finds some strength and consistency in the connections over the last 150 years. Starting with an examination of the denominations' attempts at institutional connection and cooperation, the paper moves onto an analysis of the exchange of personnel and ideas between them. It will also argue that these “religious” links strongly imply the existence of substantial “secular” links at both institutional and grass-roots levels. Finally, other areas for future research into trans-Tasman Christian linkages are briefly proposed and introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly outlines the many achievements of Professor Maureen Brunt, who was elected Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Society of Australia in 2006. It describes both her academic career, and her major contributions to competition law in Australia and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines changes in the commercial cleaning industry in Australasia which are occurring against a backdrop of significant transformation in the mode of labour market regulation in both countries. Specifically, whereas for most of the twentieth century both Aotearoa/New Zealand and Australia had systems of labour market regulation in which the state provided minimum wage and work protections through the interventions of arbitration courts, in the past few years these courts have either been abolished (in the case of New Zealand) or severely restricted in their ambit (in the case of Australia), all as part of a neoliberal effort to introduce “flexibility” into labour markets. The result has been an erosion of wages and a worsening of conditions of employment for cleaners and many other groups of workers. At the same time, this transformation in the architecture of labour market regulation poses significant challenges to unions seeking to represent cleaners and other low-paid service sector workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic has resulted in global disruptions to the delivery of healthcare. The national responses of Australia and New Zealand has resulted in unprecedented changes to the care of colorectal cancer patients, amongst others. This paper aims to determine the impact of COVID‐19 on colorectal cancer diagnosis and management in Australia and New Zealand. Methods: This is a multicentre retrospective cohort study using the prospectively maintained Binational Colorectal Cancer Audit (BCCA) registry. Data is contributed by over 200 surgeons in Australia and New Zealand. Patients receiving colorectal cancer surgery during the pandemic were compared to averages from the same period over the preceding 3 years. Results: There were fewer operations in 2020 than the historical average. During April to June, patients were younger, more likely to have operations in public hospitals and more likely to have urgent or emergency operations. By October to December, proportionally less patients had Stage I disease, proportionally more had Stage II or III disease and there was no difference in Stage IV disease. Patients were less likely to have rectal cancer, were increasingly likely to have urgent or emergency surgery and more likely to have a stoma created. Conclusion: This study shows that the response to COVID‐19 has had measurably negative effects on the diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer in two countries that have had significantly fewer COVID‐19 cases than many other countries. The long‐term effects on survival and recurrence are yet to be known, but could be significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic and family violence is a key area of concern for all professionals who work with families, with recent years seeing an expansion in the availability of intervention programs for men who perpetrate violence against women and children. This paper considers current approaches to the regulation of professional practice in this area, providing information about the changing context in which interventions are offered. The purpose of the paper is to encourage ongoing discussion about the setting of men's behaviour change program standards of practice in Australasia and to identify some key issues that require consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits the determinants of emigration from the United Kingdom to the United States, Canada and Australia/New Zealand from 1870 to 1913. In the absence of restrictive immigration policies, the flow of emigration to these destinations responded to economic shocks and trends. Emigrants to Australia and New Zealand were more skilled on average than those heading across the Atlantic, a feature that does not correspond well with skill differentials in the manner predicted by the Roy model. While assisted passages (subsidised fares) increased the volume of emigration to Australia and New Zealand they cannot account for its higher skill content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the post-war business cycle facts for Australia. The Hodrick-Prescott filter is used to remove the trend component from quarterly macroeconomic series. The business cycle facts we report are the volatilities of the cyclical (detrended) series and their cross correlations with cyclical real output. These facts are consistent with the business cycle facts reported for the United States, the United Kingdom and New Zealand with one exception. For most of the period since 1974, the real wage in Australia is strongly counter-cyclical whereas for these countries it is procyclical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While much has been written about skill shortages and gaps in Australia and China, less attention has been paid to skills in New Zealand and Vietnam, countries which also experience skill challenges. This special issue of the Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources includes papers that focus on the four countries in order to examine skills and the role of human resource management (HRM). The intention is to advance theoretical and empirical research, helping to explain how HRM can provide responses to manage the challenges associated with skill development and talent management. We conclude that, at a broader level, effective alliances between education providers, industry and other stakeholders are needed to reduce skill shortages and improve skill development. At an organisational level, it is advocated that HR strategies focus on the creation of talent pipelines and talent management to reduce skill gaps and improve the quality of human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically there is a strong, amiable and mutually respectful relationship between Australian and New Zealand obstetricians and gynaecologists (O&Gs) and the British O&G establishment represented by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). The 'Royal' prefix pays homage to this relationship. With the evolution of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG), there have been suggestions that the Royal prefix no longer accurately reflects the raison d'être and aspirations of RANZCOG. This paper will explore the arguments in favour and against dropping the Royal prefix from RANZCOG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver transplantation has become the standard of care for children with end‐stage liver disease. In Australia and New Zealand, there are four paediatric liver transplant units, in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Auckland. Over the past 30 years, there have been significant changes to indications for transplant, as well as medical and surgical advances. In this paper, using retrospective data from the Australia and New Zealand Liver Transplant Registry, we review 977 children (less than 16 years of age) who underwent liver transplant from 1985 to 2018. The most common indication was biliary atresia (54%), although there has been an increase in other indications, including inborn errors of metabolism, fulminant hepatic failure and malignant liver tumours. Over the past 3 decades, areas of change and innovation include: the use of 'split grafts' to enable an adult and a child to receive the same donor liver, live donation, improvements in immunosuppressive regimens and infectious prophylaxis protocols and innovative surgical techniques allowing transplantation in smaller infants. The outcomes for children who undergo liver transplant in ANZ are excellent, with current 10‐year patient survival rates of 95%, comparable to other larger centres around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an instrument that measures accounting professionalism. The instrument's development was informed by literature on professionalism, similar to the genesis of instruments developed in other fields (i.e., sociology, medicine and pharmacy), and interviews with practising accountants and accounting academics. An exploratory factor analysis of 516 survey responses received from members of Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand (CAANZ) produced four sub‐dimensions of accounting professionalism: ethics and independence, altruism, respect for others, and excellence. This four‐factor model and a unidimensional model were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The four‐factor model proved superior to the unidimensional one and produced a final instrument with strong psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: women historically have been underrepresented in the field of academic publishing. This study aims to analyse ANZJS gender authorship trends and compare this to the proportion of women in surgery in Australia/NZ using RACS demographic data to provide parity context. Methods: This is a bibliographic gender analysis of ANZJS publications from 2002 to 2021; articles were analysed using a web-based application classifying gender from names. Results: There were 7265 articles analysed. Gender was predicted for 87% (6303/7265) first-, 89% (5847/6439) last- and 98% (323/329) editorial first-authors. There were 1269/6303 (20%) women first-authors, this increased from 14% to 27% (p = 0.001) over time. Eleven percent (654/5847) of last-authors were women, this proportion remained unchanged (p = 0.09). Eleven (3%) editorials were first-authored by women, with 3/329 (1%) as solo-author. Conclusion: Numbers of women authors remain low in ANZJS, although the percentage of women first-authors has increased over time. However, if being last-author serves as a measure of senior academic supervision, and, editorial authorship shows leadership in one’s field, women authors in these positions, in ANZJS, represent a small minority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]