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How regional industries can develop in an economically sustainable way is high on the research agenda. While the literature on regional change has focused primarily on historical case studies, it has said less about the barriers that hinder the desired change. This article contributes to a better understanding of barriers in regional innovation systems that hamper new regional industrial path development. Furthermore, the article analyses how a new knowledge organisation, the Centre for Research‐based Innovation Offshore Mechatronics in the Agder region of Norway, can contribute to overcoming these barriers. The Centre, which is a policy instrument funded by the Research Council of Norway, aims to contribute to path extension and potentially path modernisation. However, since its foundation, oil prices have dropped severely, resulting in new conditions for the Centre and its partners. The article concludes by discussing whether and how the Centre has contributed to overcoming the barriers that hinder developments beyond path extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating the environmental impact of emerging technologies at different stages of development is uncertain but necessary to guide investment, research, and development. Here, we propose a systematic procedure to assess the future impacts of emerging technologies. In the technology development stage (technology readiness level < 9), the recommended experience mechanisms to take into account are (a) process changes, (b) size scaling effects, and (c) process synergies. These developments can be based on previous experience with similar technologies or quantified through regression or engineering dimension calculations. In the industrial development phase, (d) industrial learning, based on experience curves or roadmaps, and (e) external developments should be included. External developments, such as changes in the electricity mix can be included with information from integrated assessment models. We show the applicability of our approach with the greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint evaluation for the production of copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) photovoltaic laminate. We found that the GHG footprint per kilowatt peak of produced CIGS laminate is expected to decrease by 83% going from pilot to mature industrial scale production with the largest decrease being due to expected process changes. The feasibility of applying our approach in practice would greatly benefit from the development of a database containing information on size scaling and experience rates for a wide variety of materials, products, and technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a survey of experts chosen from Industry, Labour, and Government in Israel, who ranked and scored three business and four national goals in the context of industrial development. The business goals represented profitability, capital use and growth potential. The national goals involved human resource utilization, added value, foreign exchange conservation, and export of technologically advanced products. The findings support a hypothesis of consensus on goals and goal priorities between different sectors of the Israel economy, despite what might appear to be their divergent special interests. The findings also indicate overall consensus with respect to a balance between business and national goals. The study concludes that this consensus is the result of the need to respond to environmental threats and uncertainties which has created a sense of mutual interdependence among the sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More often than not, manufacturing industries are clustered in small areas in developing economies of Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). While agglomeration economies arising from low transaction costs are a clear advantage of industrial clusters, a drawback is the ease of imitation, which leads to the gap between social and private benefits of innovation. An important observation is that multifaceted innovation, consisting of the quality improvement of products, improved internal management, and the introduction of new marketing systems, takes place in many industrial clusters in Asia, but such innovation seldom occurs in SSA. This article attributes this to greater endowment of entrepreneurial human capital, and increased possibility of learning advanced technologies and management methods from neighboring countries in Asia than in SSA. This article also discusses evidence suggesting that multifaceted innovation can be stimulated by offering management training to entrepreneurs in SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Until recently, the Victorian era has been understood as largely anti‐modern. Much Victorian poetry was simply ignored by critics, who often saw it as regressive. The poets from the period who did garner attention often did so because they seemed to be “ahead of their time.” Starting in the 1990s and continuing into the present, literary critics have begun to revisit the question of Victorian poets' relationship to modernity. This scholarship, which often focuses on how poetry from the period was shaped by industrialization and technological innovation, contends that the work of many Victorian poets can be understood as fundamentally modern. This article briefly reviews older scholarship on Victorian poetry's relationship to modernity, surveys more recent critical interventions, and suggests the development of a critical approach to the poetry of the period that would neither collapse the terms “Victorian” and “modern” nor simply set them at odds with one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian Government and public-private partnerships are developing and disseminating a dizzying number of innovative, networked solutions, broadly known as the Digital India initiative, to increase the efficiency of safety nets and worker productivity and to improve life. Yet, challenges to turn the power of information and other technologies into a farmer-friendly technological revolution for India's 156 million rural households are considerable, including: (1) reliable, up-to-date, location-specific message content for a diverse agriculture to help stratified households shift to productive, knowledge-intensive agriculture as a business-government, private sector, and civil society have big roles to play; (2) digital literacy, i.e., teaching farmers how to choose and use apps, even where the digital divide is absent; apps are, or soon to be, in regional languages; and (3) monitoring actual use and impacts on users' lives by understanding the adoption and adaptation processes. These challenges call for bottom-up, complementary investments in physical, human, and institutional capital, and farmer-friendly e-platforms, while forging ahead with many top-down policy and institutional reforms currently underway, in which progress is real and constraints holding back greater success are better understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative destruction is a key driving force behind industrial development. The continuing process of creative destruction provides an impetus to regional industrial renewal. Our analytical framework emphasizes the ways in which firm exit creates a stimulus for firm entry is complementary to the process of technological change and industrial renewal articulated by Schumpeter who pays attention to how new entrants bring in radical innovation and new products, making incumbents' products and technologies obsolete and forcing them to exit or catch up. Using firm-level data of China's industries during 1998-2008, this paper seeks to argue that the relationship between firm exit and entry has been constantly shaped by an assemblage of various factors, including not only firm characteristics, but also industrial linkages, and most importantly, national and regional institutional contexts, particularly in the context of China where a triple process of decentralization, globalization, and privatization has resulted in enormous spatial and temporal variations in the economic and institutional landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates industrial innovation and innovation patterns in China with a comparison to the Asian Newly Industrialized Economies ( NIEs). It estimates knowledge production functions based on an original firm-level dataset. Estimation results suggest that even though firms in China carry out various innovation activities at the same time, the innovation pattern found among their counterparts in the Asian NIEs is still relevant for contemporary China. In particular, sourcing knowledge and technologies from their OEM customers still plays a crucial role for Chinese firms' process innovation. In contrast, firms cannot rely on this knowledge source for realizing more sophisticated, knowledge-intensive innovation outcomes, such as product innovation and patenting, for which their own R&D engagement is more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Districts and clusters need to increase their innovation capacity using external sources of knowledge. We have specifically analysed the explanatory factors of two categories of innovations. Specifically, a set of factors was considered in order to capture the intensity of local internal ties, external ones and links with local institution as intermediary agents. Our empirical study has been based on a sample of 401 from four leading Spanish footwear industries districts. Findings suggest a diverse explanatory capacity of the selected variables and imply some useful recommendations for policy-makers and individual enterprises. Resumen. Los distritos y los conglomerados deben aumentar su capacidad de innovación por medio de fuentes de conocimiento externas. Hemos analizado en particular los factores que explican dos categorías de innovaciones. Específicamente, se consideró un conjunto de factores para captar la intensidad de los vínculos internos locales, los externos, y los vínculos con una institución local como agente intermediario. Nuestro estudio empírico se ha basado en una muestra de 401 fabricantes de cuatro de los distritos españoles líderes de la industria del calzado. Los resultados sugieren una capacidad diversa para explicar las variables seleccionadas e implicaciones en cuanto a una serie de recomendaciones útiles para la formulación de políticas y para empresas individuales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article recounts the emergence of the first robotic in the 1980s and 1990s when Japan invested in the development of robots that could solve the shortage of construction labour. It explores the similarities and dissimilarities of the activity in 2010 and previous years. It mentions that in the 1980s in Japan, specialised robotic machines were built and tested for concrete placing or finishing, welding, and painting. It says that in the 1980s, robots were custom, while industrial robots in 2010 performed highly customized tasks.

This paper focuses on the role of Taiwan's ‘latecomer firms’ that are also large firms in developing technological capability within the electronics industry. Taiwan illustrates a latecomer country that has industrialised in the late twentieth century through export-based industrialisation and latecomer firms are indigenous influences shaping this process. Large firms comprise a business segment distinctive from small firms and giant MNCs, and are characterised by strong commitments to innovation. Conceptually, a framework is outlined that connects latecomer firms with the triad business segmentation model, local technology learning as summarised by reverse product cycle dynamics and clustering. Empirically, the study focuses on the evolutionary dynamics of a latecomer case study, the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, to reveal important insights regarding the development of Taiwan's internationally competitive technological capabilities. The case study reveals the significance of large latecomer firms to the technology learning process, and in reducing technology gaps with global leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern era, the extent and character of technical change features prominently in discussions of productivity growth and movements in the competitiveness of manufacturing. While technical change is pervasive in modern manufacturing, it occurs unevenly. In this study, technical change is estimated by fitting dual cost functions for each of 38 sectors of Australian manufacturing over the 32 year period, 1968–69 to 1999–2000. The estimates show that technical change is heavily labour-saving in all industries, but that the overall rate of change, as measured by a rate of cost diminution, and the degree of bias towards saving labour, rather than capital or material, varies substantially across industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the development of renewable energy relies mainly on government support. The government invests in a considerable number of projects to improve public welfare and to assist in poverty relief. If China is to replace fossil fuels on a large scale with renewable energy sources, the production costs and prices of renewable energy must be brought down. All countries are facing the challenge of moving to a more secure and low-carbon energy system without weakening economic and social development. In this regard, China is facing an even greater challenge in terms of economic cost, as cheap coal remains the main energy form. Technical innovation and industrialization in the area of renewable energy is an important means of lowering cost. China is in for a period of high-speed development of its economy and the rising demand for energy is irreversible. If the technical progress and development speed of renewable energy lags behind the growth in demand, it will be difficult to realize the improvement of its energy structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a survey of the existing research on structural change at various levels of aggregation with a special focus on the relation to productivity and technological change. The exposition covers the research concerning the development of the three main sectors of the private economy, multisector growth models and recent evolutionary theories of structural change. Empirical studies of the reallocation of market or sector shares as a result of differential productivity developments are also discussed. The synthesis emphasizes the crucial interaction of supply- and demand-side forces in shaping structural change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R&D internationalization has increasingly involved countries outside the developed world. In addition, there has been a growing trend for countries in East Asia to seek to attract the R&D facilities of multinationals (MNCs). For such countries, they are faced with a fundamental question as to what kinds of impact MNCs' offshore R&D facilities will have on their own countries, especially in terms of technological innovation and industrial development. Set against the above backdrop, this paper sets out to examine a relatively new aspect of R&D internationalization related to global innovation networks and to open up the blackbox of the spillover effect regarding foreign R&D by examining the interplay of foreign R&D and Taiwan's national innovation system. The empirical part of the paper draws mainly upon intensive case studies of four high-profile foreign R&D facilities in the IT industry. The way foreign R&D interplays with Taiwan's NIS is examined in terms of the market & technology linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use a newly developed data set of 39,343 high-value patents granted between 1877 and 1918 to demonstrate that technological progress during German industrialization occurred in at least four different technological waves. We distinguish the railway wave (1877–86), the dye wave (1887–96), the chemical wave (1897–1902), and the wave of electrical engineering (1903–18). Evidence is presented that inter-industry knowledge spillovers between technologically, economically, and geographically related industries were a major source for innovative activities during German industrialization. We also show that technological change affected the geographical distribution of innovative regions. Using an index of technologically revealed comparative advantage we find that regions that increased their innovativeness during the waves of technological progress revealed special strength in technological clusters like electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, or chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is consensus that the world of science is changing (Ziman, 1994; see for example Nowotny et al., 2002). The environment in which scientists work is typified now as increasingly dynamic, managerialist and commercialised. This paper focuses on how scientists within different organisational and national contexts understand and enact their careers in the face of such changes. Based on empirical work in the UK and New Zealand, this paper introduces four career orientations evident in the career accounts of these participants. The categories are further analysed in terms of the key drivers to career: science, the organisation and the individual. Implications for career management are discussed in each section. In conclusion, the paper makes two related contributions. First, the evidence presented poses a challenge to highly individualised notions of the career actor central to current career thinking, instead revealing scientists' continued attachment to old institutional arrangements alongside new and emerging ways of understanding career. Second, with reference to the issue of career management of research scientists, the study highlights the need for those involved in management to look beyond employing organisations to other life interests, and science itself. It argues the need for those involved in career management to recognise the variety of legitimate ways to run a scientific career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat retailers express demand for a more uniform product, and technical innovations are allowing an increasingly uniform supply. Packers can promote uniformity through pre-slaughter sorting, or earlier through contracts. Emphasizing effort on the packing line, we develop a model whereby packers gain from carcass handling efficiencies when animal uniformity increases. Whether optimally regulated or not, equilibrium food safety declines with increased uniformity. A line speed regulation can increase welfare in the presence of food safety externalities by reducing the opportunity cost of allocating effort toward promoting food safety. The regulation also reduces packer demand for more uniform animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's re-emergence has been treated mostly from economic and political standpoints. This article integrates these perspectives with a review of China's modern history of research and development (R&D). It starts with a brief retrospective of China's efforts in science and technology before the reforms of 1978. It then discusses China's principle R&D issues in the early 1980s and the most significant results of 20 years of rapid industrialization. Based on this historic review and a wide literature analysis, some observations are made about China's R&D capabilities in the first years of the new millennium as well as what challenges may still lie ahead for China before becoming a leading source of scientific and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As recent studies on the evolution of a technology indicate, the role of a standard, or dominant design, is highly significant in a number of contemporary industries such as computer, telecommunications and consumer electronics. Following Katz’ and Shapiro’s pioneering works (1985), our paper rationally evaluates the concepts and results developed over the past ten years in this field. It is grounded on a typology of two types of models: the first is based on users’ anticipatory behaviour, and the second, on the collaborative behaviour of existing firms. The article initially discusses the specificity of network technologies, then analyses market standardisation models, and finally, studies the different actors models. Our conclusion builds upon existing works in network technologies. We next propose a research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on technology commercialization. International economic competitiveness has recently become the wellspring of legislation and initiatives in the U.S. This is due primarily to the increasingly unfavorable U.S. balance of trade and the outflow of technology at the expense of the U.S. technology and industrial base. One of the national solutions to increase competitiveness has been the passage of the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986. One effect of this act is to increase the likelihood of a greater number of both direct and indirect relationships between public and private organizations to commercialize technologies. Although the resolution of issues related to technology commercialization often varies according to the type of technology considered, this article contends that the three types of public-private institutional arrangements discussed, contracting, third party intermediaries, and multi-organizational partnerships, also influence how commercialization issues are resolved.

The fiscal crisis of the new industrializing countries (NICs), a corollary of foreign indebtedness, has called into question important institutional features of agroindustrial modernization, particularly the flow of heavily subsidized credit. This may lead the way to a reversion of the more speculative features of agroindustrial modernization, giving small farmers greater access to land. In the industrialized countries, according to the scenarios outlined in the article, the combined pressures of stagnant markets, rising costs, and the availability of new technologies, tend towards the exclusion of huge segments of the modernized family farm sector. In the case of the NICs, the industrialization of agriculture will spawn both a growing marginal rural population of former peasants and create greater barriers to entry into the already modernized sector. Technological modernization has, in fact, been the main avenue through which peasants have come to participate in the functioning of the state system via credit, insurance, subsidies and technical assistance.

Federal efforts to encourage technical innovation in industry and to develop outlets for new products should build upon recent experience in energy. Doubts about industry's ability to exploit opportunities created by public R&D, much like doubts caused by the sudden end of cheap energy a decade ago, are directing attention toward a greater federal presence in innovation. The paper describes the innovation process for energy supply technologies, looking specifically at enhanced commercialization through demonstration and diffusion programs. It concludes by identifying major pitfalls in program formulation and administration associated with commercialization in a mixed economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy-makers and researchers are recognising increasingly the critical role of technological change in economic development. This paper attempts to present the findings of research carried out among 58 firms in the textile industry and 43 in the electronics industry in the Islamic Republic of Iran in mid-1994. The research findings indicate that research and development are important elements for the dynamic process of incremental technological change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses the technological capability and industrialization in the United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Reasons for the differing achievements of various industries; Influence of government pricing policy and market conditions on the decision of employees to shift manufacturing; Impact of imported technologies.

Examines policy changes on technical training in Hong Kong, China. Factors that facilitated technological transfer and industrial development; Approach undertaken by the private sector to achieve technical training developments.

The article discusses the impact of industrialization on state reform and local economy in London, England. The changes in the industrial and labor structures were linked to a revolution in Victorian taste and buying habits. Modern retailing and an era of mass consumption accompanied the decades of prosperity and declining prices. Labor and industry were subject to the indigenous problems of the city's growth. Moreover, technological changes had an impact on the structure of industry and the make-up of the labor force. In addition to new acquisition of machinery, the mode of production within the clothing trades was altered by the introduction of subdivision and sub-contracting of labor. Women workers complained that state regulation had caused a reduction in their employment in regulated industries.

The article looks into the issues and dilemmas affecting science education in India. After the independence of the country from Great Britain, the country's leaders view science education as the catalyst for the country's modernization. The author has attempted to analyze the system and policy of science education in the country. Significantly, the National Council of Educational Research and Training was established as a permanent body to plan for improvements of education at the school level. The University Grants Commission was established as an agency which coordinate university education and determine and maintain teaching, examination, and research standards of universities. The author also evaluated the teacher-student relations, the educational curricula, and scientific research and development. The author hopes that such technological developments brought by science would alleviate the social conditions of the country.

There have been no systematic empirical studies of the speed at which various kinds of technological information leak out to rival firms. To help fill this gap, data were obtained from 100 American firms. According to the results, information concerning development decisions is generally in the hands of rivals within about 12 to 18 months, on the average, and information concerning the detailed nature and operation of a new product or process generally leaks out within about a year. These results have important implications both for incentives for innovation and for public policies aimed at stemming the outflow of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pressing public policy question, particularly since the advent of intense international economic competition from Asian countries in the 1980's, has been whether the institutions of government play a necessary and special role in industrial development and technological innovation. This question has been debated at length since the early 1970's. The debate has grown more heated in recent years, with prominent economists arguing for and against government involvement and the creation of an industrial policy. It has also received increased attention in theoretical and empirical research by various scholars. In particular, empirical studies of the remarkable progress of Japan and other Pacific Rim countries have cited government policy as a major factor in that success. These arguments are compelling, but much remains to be done before the empirical case incontrovertibly linking industrial policy to economic growth is established. The article focuses on the question of economic development, government policy and technological innovation in a particular technological domain — computing technology — and in a particular region-the Asia-Pacific region. INSET: Variables and framework.;Data and analysis..

Economic, social and political development is today the prime objective of the great majority of those countries, distinguished from the capitalistic countries (or the 'First World') and the socialist countries with planned economies (the 'Second World') by the generic term the 'Third World'. It perhaps goes without saying that this term is analytically insufficient to bring into sharp focus the great differences among the societies it encompasses. Within the existing structure of international commerce, factors such as low degrees of agricultural diversification, low levels of industrialization and hypertrophy of the tertiary sector, implacably condition dependency. Furthermore, inadequate technological development requires the import of technology to support the most advanced economic sector. Another clear manifestation of dependency is the need to import current scientific paradigms from the industrialized countries. Internal development, conceived as a process of structural change rather than as the mere accumulation of goods and services, has at least three dimensions.

The article focuses on the Japanese Technopolis programme. The programme is designed to boost national innovation by creating centres of new technology, industry and research and development. The Technopolis programme is the latest attempt at regional development planning and policy in Japan. The programme is aimed at promoting industrial development by raising the technological level of local business and establishing new high technology industry; encouraging research and development to ensure sustained regional development; and creating attractive communities in which people can live and work. The first problem confronting the Technopolis plan is the bandwagon effect which accompanies programmes that award special status to places. A second deficiency of the Technopolis programme is the assumption that the success of a high-tech centre is tied to high levels of university-based research and development. Technopolis programme is the long-standing concentration of premier universities and corporate headquarters in Tokyo. The fact that a number of the existing concentrations of high-tech industry in Japan have failed to engender new industrial complexes suggests that high tech industry, with a few historic exceptions, does not in-and-of-itself foster the development of industrial agglomerations.

This article examines the determinants of technology development and acquisition for companies based in a newly industrializing nation. The actual selection of a method for acquiring a technological capability has to be analyzed at the firm level and is influenced by attributes of the technology in question, as well as by the attributes of the technology-receiving organization. This article demonstrates that the selection of a technology transfer method has to be done on a case-by-case basis and provides several criteria. These criteria are, however, conditioned by the economic environment faced by the company, and government policies. Thiwan is chosen as an illustration in this article because it is a country trying to formulate a technology policy for its economy. Its days as a low-cost producer of relatively unsophisticated goods are almost over. Yet the small scale of much of Thiwan's industry, growing technological protectionism, as well as changes in marketing and business organization in principal overseas markets, are some of the constraints on the ability of its companies to reach the cutting edge of technology in most industries. The article concludes by examining the role of the Thiwan government and indicating some policy directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports that Great Britain under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher showed remarkably little interest in technical change, as a natural consequence of the government's laissez-faire policies. Role of the entrepreneur and dissenters; Educational backwardness and Britain's economic performance; Brutality of British industrialization.

Industrial research and development activity is often regarded as one of the important contributing factors to industrial growth and the purpose of this paper is to investigate some aspects of this research and development activity. Industrial research and development expenditure is treated as a particular type of industrial investment outlay and this approach raises several interesting questions. As a first step in answering these questions information was gathered from the private industrial sector using survey methods. This effort is reported in the first section. The second section of the paper presents annual estimates of private British industrial research and development investment, and related technical knowledge estimates for the period 1948-70. Very few data are available about the characteristics and amount of industrial research and development expenditure in Britain and this study may be of some use in overcoming this data deficiency. This work, however, is limited to research and development expenditure performed or financed by the private sector.

At present we are in the midst of arguments between advocates and critics of automation—arguments which have led to conflicting predictions about the future consequences of the use of automatic machines in business and industry. An individual's perception of, acceptance of, and resistance to automation is undoubtedly related to his attitude toward automation. Furthermore, is society's agents continue to increase their reliance upon computers, some resistances must be changed to acceptance. Thus, a study of the variables which produce a change in attitude toward automation would be valuable. Requisite to this understanding is the construction of a reliable and valid instrument to assess attitudes toward automation. The purpose of the present study was the development of such an instrument. A slightly modified version of Likert's method of summated ratings was used to develop reliable items for the scale. To establish concurrent validity, the scale was administered to three groups. These groups were chosen because it could reasonably be assumed that they held markedly different attitudes toward automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the technical innovation and economic progress in the ancient world. It also presents information on innovations during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages and the improvement in the wine and oil presses used on the Roman latifundia. In the course of the fourth century B.C., the taste for fine painted pottery disappeared, almost abruptly, and at once there was a sharp decline in quality. But people continued to need pots, and rich Greeks and Romans continued to demand better pots with some sort of decoration. Moulded decorations replaced painting and therefore a new technique was introduced in the industry, the only one in its history throughout classical antiquity. The century and a half after Aristotle marked the peak of ancient scientific achievement, and the man who towered over all the others was Archimedes, the greatest and most inventive scientist of the ancient world. And Archimedes was most praised for his refusal to contaminate his science. One constant factor throughout ancient history was the presence of a sufficiently abundant supply of dependent labor.

Social and industrial development have been slow, halting and uneven through the millenia. Only in recent centuries, starting perhaps with steam engines, and especially in recent decades with electrical power, has physical change become explosive. It is not surprising, then, that the high dam, the bulldozer, and the nuclear bomb have become the noire of some, while to others the scientist and engineer have become the high priests of progress. The forces for environmental change have outpaced our institutional inventions for environmental management. Ecology is the fledgling science, growing in sophistication, that is concerned with interactions between life and environment. As a consequence, to think ecologically is to try to cope with systems as they exist in nature and society; to synthesize rather than just analyze to try to see problems whole, not only their parts and to be concerned for the consequences of separate actions. Environment is the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions and influences to which an organism is sensitive and capable of reacting man included.

Examines sources on manufacturing growth in Australia and Argentina from 1946-60. Importance of technical progress as a source of growth; Comparison on manufacturing growth of Australia and Argentina; Impact of capital formation on development.

The article discusses management in Great Britain. The author notes its great potential for industrial development and technical innovation. He recognizes that the ideas and practices which characterize industry within Great Britain had been developed over several decades. He feels that, had the technological and scientific bases of business continued to expand at the pre-World War II rate, the culture of British industry would have been likely to adapt most effectively to the changes. Science and technology have had an unprecedented rate of growth from 1945 to 1970, as revolutionary ideas and practices promote a greater change over much shorter periods of time. An effective industry needs to have a culture that is highly adaptive to the technical innovations affecting it.

This article refers to some policy considerations arising from actual mechanisms of technology purchase by developing countries within or outside the framework of direct foreign investment. Given the complexity and extent of the subject matter we will not deal with issues related to the selection of appropriate technologies nor with the existence of domestic scientific and technological activities which are complemented or substituted by know-how flows from abroad. Furthermore, we will not deal with broader issues referring to the re-enforcing interrelationship between income distribution, consumption structures and technology utilization. Rather, we will limit ourselves to the evaluation of the process by which production know-how becomes a negotiable unit which is traded among transnational enterprises and developing countries. Thus, a reference has been made to the market within which technology is being commercialized. In the latter part of the article parallel conclusions are drawn between the experience of developing countries on concession agreements in extractive industries in the first part of this century and their negotiations in technology licensing agreements in the 1960s. The empirical evidence provided comes from research undertaken in the Andean Pact countries.

The International Social Science Council and the International Research Office on Social Implications of Technological Change held a round table conference, devoted to the social implications of technological change, as of August 1, 1958. According to the work programme, the discussion was centred on three aspects, i.e. changes occurring at the level of the firm, the family and the community. A historical and geographical comparison was also planned with the intention of demonstrating these differences between the industrialization process of the 19th and the early 20th century and the development to be observed today in new regions. Reports specially prepared by some participants provided the basis for discussion at each meeting. Most of these papers examined the problem of social change by means of an analysis of the situation in a particular country and the discussion was almost always directed to general situations which these national and regional analyses made it possible to identify.

Discusses the factors for success in new technology development. Requirements for economic success in technology development; Steps in the general technology development process; Reason behind the failure of technology development ventures. INSET: Pathway to Successful Technology Development.

The article presents a series of reflections by Pope John Paul II, based on the deliberations of the 1980 international Synod of Bishops and a transcribed interview of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of West Germany. Scientific and technological progress, which contemporary man is continually expanding in his dominion over nature, not only offers the hope of creating a new and better humanity, but also causes ever greater anxiety regarding the future. Some ask themselves if it is a good thing to be alive or if it would be better never to have been born; they doubt therefore if it is right to bring others into life when perhaps they will curse their existence in a cruel world with unforeseeable terrors. Chancellor Schmidt said that when this century started, they had quite a few less than two billion people on the earth. At the end of the century, the number will have more than tripled to more than six billion people. It is not industry that has to be blamed for the overexhaustion of natural resources.