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The article presents abstracts on ecological topics which include the research on plankton ecology, the seasonal distribution of the minute Coccolithophroridae, and the research on the phytoplankton of the Mideterranean.

The article discusses the distribution of salt marshes on the banks of the tidal waters of the Dovey and it tributaries. It focuses on the phytogeological problems presented by the Dovey salt marshes and the origin and fate of the channels and pans. It outlines the plant association of the salt marshes in the Dovey estuary, which compose of the five main zones of phanerogamic vegetation. The abundant evidence of the plant association shows that the vertical distribution of the salt marshes depends largely on the frequency and duration of the periods of submergence and emergence respectively. Moreover, the salt marshes of the Dovey estuary are of considerable agricultural importance as pasture lands for sheep.

The article focuses on research papers related to hermaphroditism in viviparous ophiurids. The statement of researcher Wyville Thomson that the eggs and embroys of Ophiacantha vivipara Ljungman species are found lying free in the body cavity in the interbranchial spaces is, evidently, due to the fact that the bursae of Ophiurids were unknown at that time. Amphiura magellanica Ljungman is hermaphroditic. The arrangement of the gonads is quite different from that known to occur in Amphipholis squamata.

The article discusses the cacti species' cold resistance and its geographical distribution. According to the study conducted by the Department of Botany at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona, the geographical distribution of cacti, which are entirely adapted to a dry climate, is mainly dependent on the cold resistance of the species. It also says that not only cold resistance manifest itself for the new species occurring in the northern latitudes of the U.S. and Canada, but it determines the distribution of cacti at the higher altitudes proximity to the southern deserts where they are abundant. Furthermore, various species of cacti are also presented.

The article presents a criticism of the concepts and methods developed and used by the Upsala School, in the statistical analysis of vegetation. After presenting the methods used by the Upsala school, the author states that the field method is straightforward and rapid. However, he declares that the constancy-minimal area concept used in the method does not consider in detail the case of plant associations in which there is only one dominant or abundant species. He asserts that before the method can be applied it must be tested over a wide range of plant communities. He concludes that the method is not of general application.

The paper discusses the wing-patterns of genus undersides of the two genera in question are dealt with. The fact is that the uppersides of many exotic genera of butterflies show some singular types of the wing-patterns which are so to say super-generic as the same type may occur in several genera and vice versa one genus may show several types. On the other hand no exact dependence is established of those upperside patterns upon those of the underside. To elucidate the indicated very complicate interrelations a special extensive research is necessary which has not been done.

Focuses on the trends in experimental studies of the newborn. Concentration of studies on the physical and sensory development; Scarcity of studies emphasizing on mental and emotional development; Description of the first experimental investigation of the newborn.

The article presents information on the mycorrhiza of conifers. It discusses challenges to the productive research on the problems associated with the mycorrhizal habit in trees. It cites the studies "Mycorrhiza in Conifers" and "The Relations of Mycorrhizae to Conifer Seedlings" which are said to contain observations of interest to botanists and foresters. It discusses evidence bearing on changes in the soil solution in contact with fungus roots. It notes a report which stated that there is no conclusive proof that the presence of mycorrhizae on the roots of seedlings is either helpful or harmful to the seedlings.

The article focuses on the integration of experimental research in elementary teaching in the U.S. It discusses four aspects of the topic such as, the acceptance of experimental research as an essential way of learning more about what and how to teach, the influence exerted by specific investigations, cooperative investigations between research institutions and public schools, and some types of investigations needed. The elements of a valid investigation or experiment in elementary science are presented.

The article presents a review of American studies about the physical growth of white children. It focuses on studies concerned with the growth in external bodily dimensions of physically normal human subjects, on research conducted on American white children from birth to eighteen year of age, and on those which were published by its contributors before 1900. The studies reviewed include Samuel Henry Dickson's research on stature and body weight in 1858, Joseph K. T. Van Pelt's study on the maximum diameters of head at birth, and Etienne Evetzky's paper on birth weight of infants and their growth in body weight.

This article focuses on the result of the student's investigation on trap-door spider. The student noted the description of the spider as follows: it has large mandibles extending out from under the chitonous shield over the dorsal side of the thorax; it has four pairs of true legs and one pair of palpae which look very much like legs; it has eight small eyes on the forward side of the shield; and its abdomen is almost round and narrows to a small projection which joins to the thorax. Further, the spider lives in the ground and rarely comes out. In addition, the student also describes the trap-door spider hole.

The article presents the history of the problem discussed in the study "Rhythmic Responses of Negro and White Children Two to Six," by Dorothy Van Alstyne and Emily Osborne. It discusses the setting up of the apparatus and comments on the testing device. It offers figures to show the general plan of the apparatus and describes the processes involved. It also presents a description of the testing method which involves the testing groups, the rhythm patterns which were used and the procedure used in the study.

The article reports on the relation of other factors to the motor rhythm tests conducted for the study "Rhythmic Responses of Negro and White Children Two to Six," by Dorothy Van Alstyne and Emily Osborne. It discusses the rhythm tests in relation to intelligence, to teacher's ratings, color ratings and the musical background of the child. It is found that the rhythm performance has a small positive relation to intelligence in all the cases studied. A little relation exists between scores on the rhythm tests and the musical background questionnaire.

The article reports on the recolonization at the upper margin of the sublittoral region of a part of Wembury Bay, South Devon, England. The research showed that the upward-facing sublittoral rock surfaces were populated by a forest of large brown seaweed, such as Saccorhiza bulbosa, Laminaria Cloustoni, Laminaria digitata, and Himanthalia lorea. No changes were seen in the motile fauna in this area, which could correlate with the changes in the algal vegetation. The author concludes that sessile organisms, which finally were established, eliminated their predecessors by occupying all the space available for anchorage.

This article cites a research study focusing on claims made by science in advertising in the United States. The findings of this investigation indicate the kinds of claims made in advertising and the kind of evaluations of these claims that can be made either by reference to easily accessible scientific literature or by inference from established facts and principles in science. The study also shows the areas in which the more frequent advertising attacks are made upon the consumer. These areas happen to be those which directly affect the immediate well-being of the average citizen. They are concerned with his food, his health, his protection from disease and injury with his attitude toward the treatment of disease and his attitude toward the significance of scientific findings in general.

The article highlights the 12th annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching on February 26-28, 1939 in Cleveland, Ohio. It includes information on keynote speakers and topics discussed.

The people of the South are making a more intelligent effort to find answers to their social questions than have been possible heretofore. Both federal and state, including some nonagricultural, institutions are making important contributions to an understanding of these questions. Steps to be taken include: 1. Helping the rural people in particular and the public generally to understand their social problems. 2. Southern institutions must lead the way to rural social progress in the region. Research is the most serious business of these institutions. For research to be the most effective instrument for rural progress it must not be made a side line to teaching or other functions. Teachers who undertake research must have sufficient relief from teaching loads to do it aggressively. 3. The research specialist must bring to his task a cultivated, scientific mind, a mastery of scientific method, and a social philosophy. 4. The rural sociologist must maintain something more than a speaking acquaintance, an effective working relationship, with the physical and biological sciences, must help organize the forces of Science, help develop a Science of Man in which man is the master of a favorable ecological balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the techniques and data used in the analysis relative to the study on "Evaluations of Adolescent Personality by Adolescents." Two kinds of data are utilized in the analysis, namely studies of individuals who obtained extreme scores and correlations between the traits for each age-sex group. The intercorrelations are the fundamental data through which the constellations of traits is sought to be found. The correlation profile analysis and orthometric or factor analysis were the two techniques used in analyzing the intercorrelations of the traits in the four age-sex groups.

The article presents the summary and concluding remarks of the study on "Evaluations of Adolescent Personality by Adolescents." The research objective was to find out the relative values placed on 20 personality traits by girls and boys for the sexes distinctly at two age levels, 12 and 15. Factor analysis and correlation profile analysis were utilized to target constellation of traits. From ages 12 to 15, values for girls underwent some revolutionary changes, while values for boys had relatively minor changes.

The article focuses on the teaching of scientific procedures and the research techniques through secondary school club activities in the U.S. The formation of the school clubs intends to challenge and fulfill the interests, abilities and expectations of its student members. With this regard, student inquiry concerning a Science Club offers an opportunity to give an evaluation of the meaning, purpose, value and practice of the Science Research Club. Thus, the club has played a major part in organizing social activities for the science department.

The present part of the work in 1931 was started on the author's suggestion by a pupil of his. The pupil intended to expand it into a thesis for the doctorate of science. His death in the summer 1933, however, stopped his work, but not before he had worked out a great number of beautiful reconstructions of development stages of the skull of Squalus, Etmopterus, Scyllium, Raja, Torpedo and Urolophus. He had also made a preliminary description of the different stages. Like most other workers on the development of the selachian skull, he had restricted himself to the study of the chondrified or chondrifying rudiments, paying no great attention to such mesenchymatic rudiments, but which, however, may be of great interest from comparative anatomical points of view. Nevertheless the research produced a number of interesting results well worth publishing and therefore after his death he undertook a preliminary revision of his reconstructions and manuscripts to prepare them for publication.

The article presents information on the thirteenth annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching. President Otis W. Caldwell called the meeting to the order and addressed the association under the title "Some Factors in Freedom Research." The article offers details of the report of the secretary and with members who attended the meeting. The article also offers data related to the report of treasure including receipts and expenditures. The article is also supported by the report of the Evaluation Committee.

The thesis of this paper is that farm tenancy is an attempted adaptation of land and other resources to human needs through definite socially sanctioned institutional channels. Thus far, however, sociological research, in farm tenancy has been incidental for the most part. Hence there is a need for more specific research on tenancy as a purely sociological phenomenon or as a pattern of social adjustment. The principal task of the paper is, therefore, to set up definite general propositions or hypotheses to be tested by research. In all, fifteen propositions are positioned which purport to cover, if not the entire sociology of farm tenancy, at least its major aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the growing recognition on the importance of social influences in the behavior of children by research workers. Author E. Dewey cites the large gaps in infant behavior knowledge, and urges the study of the social environment as it affects the practice of developing skills. While K. Miles, summarizing the literature on sex differences, states that by nursery school age differential training of the sexes has begun. It is perceived that a group not merely exercises restrictive influence on the individual but presents him with opportunities for action.

The article examines several studies relating to social influences to child behavior. Ten types of studies that ranges from early long-range characterizations of environment and the companison of children from contrasting backgrounds to the controlled experiments and factorial analyses were considered. J. E. Anderson made a pioneer attempt to obtain a representative sampling of the entire preschool population of the United States. His study covers 4,000 young children in 3,000 families and reports size of family, type of home and education.

The article presents abstracts of science research. They include "Points From a Retouching Pencil", "New Fabrics Defy Wrinkles, Damp and Even Germs", "The Origin of Moon", "Chemicals From the Farm", and "An Astronomer Considers the Poles."

In the first part of the study the ontogenetical development of the head, especially the skull, was followed in some sharks and rays. These investigations resulted in some general statements about the relationship between these groups of fish and the conclusion was drawn that these groups of selachians are but distantly related to each other, so distantly in fact, that it is not possible to derive them from common selachian ancestors. In the second part the experiences obtained in the first part were used for a phylogenetical discussion of the recent shark and ray groups. This discussion was based on the morphology of the skull in adult recent shark and ray genera. To answer some of the questions that arose, an investigation into the dorsal fins was necessary and the results of such an investigation were added. The present third part of the work contains an attempt to widen the phylogenetical discussion to embrace the Acanthodians, the Arthrodires and the Chimaeroids, the Anthirchi and the Agnatha. It will thus contain far-reaching comparisons of sharks and rays, embryonic as well as adult, with these groups and these groups with one another.

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The article highlights the issue of imparting appropriate science education to the students. As science plays a crucial role in the education programs in the schools, therefore, it has to be find out that what and how much of each of the many sciences should be taught to the average person who is not a science specialist. For analyzing what should be included in science instruction for the non-specialists, a study of newspapers was conducted by an expert. He decided to study the kind, amount, and rate of change of science material in The New York Times over a period of years. As per the results of the study, it was found that nearly 50.5 percent of the newspaper space was devoted to biological science, and 49.5 percent was devoted to physical science. The study also revealed that of the fifteen major topics in Science, Health and Medicine had most space devoted to it in the newspaper.

This article highlights the role and use of experiments in the teaching of science in the elementary school of the United States. One of the most important function of experiments in science teaching is to open new avenues of interest and satisfaction. To acquaint the child with valuable scientific knowledge and its use is another function of it. There is more important function than either of these two is to develop broader concepts and outlooks regarding the problems of living. According to the author, topping all these functions, to cultivate in the future citizen scientific attitudes and methods of procedure in all his thinking is the most important function of experiments in science education. According to the above mentioned functions the emphasis of teaching will be more on method than on subject matter. These academic advantages can not be attained by studying science from texts of by simply accepting what the teacher says. The goal of getting a functional scientific attitude will be attained only from the actual participation of the child in each phase of solving a problem.

The article offers information on persistence and fluctuation of traits and attitudes. One of the main objectives of this study was to determine if traits persists relatively unchanged, or are revised throughout the life span of the individual. Different tables were used to clarify this position. The results stated that a hundred percent of the cases manifest both persistence and fluctuation of traits. The total number of traits per case checked at one, two, or three levels ranges from 70 to 147, and the standard deviation is 19.35. Table 19 showed that the number of traits which fluctuate through three levels ranges from 4 to 32, and the mean number per case is 14.84.

An appendix for "Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development," is presented.

This section presents measurements of slow activity in a study based on the large collection of electroencephalography (EEG) of normal children being studied by the Brush Foundation. The general descriptive terms slow activity, slow waves. and delta activity have been used to refer to a variety of frequency limits to slower-than-alpha potentials. The regions selected for analysis were the bipolar right occipital and the monopolar right central. These leads were selected as representative of regions showing the least and most delta activity respectively, on the basis of a preliminary analysis of the 10 year old group. Records from the frontal regions were secured but not analyzed. Many children show slow activity from this region partially as an artifact resulting from blinking and eye movements. It was not possible to observe accurately and signal such movements when these records were secured, so it was not always possible to separate with certainty the EEG from the artifact at the time of analysis. Such disturbances are not readily picked up by the central leads, but when central slow activity occurred synchronously with that from the frontal regions and there was reason to suspect eye movements, these records were discarded.

This section focuses on the questionably normal and abnormal electroencephalographies (EEG) from normal children in a study. The precise proportion of such "abnormal normals" has varied in reports from different laboratories. In an extensive study of the inheritance of cerebral dysrhythmia, Lennox, Gibbs and Gibbs found that their control group of 100 normal adults showed 10 percent abnormal and 6 percent doubtful records. Jasper reports that about 5 percent of the normal eases in the McGill studies show "minor disorders," and to an equal degree some of the patients show normal records. P. Davis (8, p. 110) has indicated graphically that about 8 percent of 177 presumably normal cases and 11 percent of 139 "unknown," but also presumably normal cases, show "suspicious" records. Harty, Gibbs and Gibbs found 15 percent of abnormal records in a superior control group of medical students and hospital staff members and an "extraordinarily high" incidence (30 percent) of abnormal EEG in a group of 275 early candidates for military service.

The article presents the author's views on the importance of "Life" and "Fortune" magazines as a source for science pictures. For several years the author have scanned back copies of "Life" and "Fortune" magazines whenever they could be secured for pictures suitable for use in science classes. The author have used these pictures in both high school and college classes in general science, biology, and chemistry quite effectively. Pictures from these magazines are suitable for mounting on the bulletin board, for binding into folders to be passed around, and some are excellent for opaque projection.

The article presents information on various aspects of scientific research. Wrongly applied scientific knowledge can result in social confusion and economic disorder. Scientific research can broadly be classified into four categories including background research with no practical objective, basic or fundamental research that has a distant practical objective, and development or pilot-plant research. Scientific theories are nothing but groups of related hypotheses, based on experiments and axioms. A researcher should know that advances in one science also depend on those in another. Science must remain unified even while it is departmentalized into special sciences. Apart from this, every special science must be unified within itself and in relation to science as a whole. A researcher should make sure that scientific language is simplified.

The article presents a speech by Watson Davis, director of Science Service, delivered at Section K of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in St. Louis, Missouri, on March 27, 1946. He emphasizes the reasonable use of technology for the future. He condemns the demonstration of technology during wars. He argues for the enaction of the McMahon atomic energy bill by the U.S. Congress to end the demobilization of research. He lists a range of subjects of technological development in which research can be done for the betterment of the future.

This article examines the essential areas of research in international cooperation. These include: the preparation of an historical survey of the trend toward larger and larger units of collective security; research on the conditions for democratic mass participation; research on the effects of economic and psychological insecurity; the investigation of international conference procedures; the strategy of directing main efforts upon children; research on the common ground of mankind; research on current opinion; the investigation of channels of communication; the clarification of the problem of race; and the development of symbols of international cooperation.

This article examines the findings of a survey by the International Committee of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues on how to improve collaboration between social scientists in the interest of broadening the application of the social sciences to the problems of contemporary life. Areas of interested suggested include: basic studies of national character; studies of the educational, psychological and social requisites for harmonious and democratic group living; studies of the causes and control of inter-group hostility and conflict; and world-wide studies of opinion with particular reference to the growth of international mindedness.

This article presents interpretations of findings from a study that was undertaken as an effort to estimate the value of the Mothers' Advisory Service, a clinical service in Baltimore, Maryland. The difference between patients and controls which was seen in their scores is made clearer for a clinical understanding by the study of general status. The patients after a period of supervision and guidance not only show considerably fewer complaints than the control group, but that there are actually a large number of assets in the same fields in which the controls show complaints. The advantage of patients over controls, whether judged by increased assets or dwindling complaints, is found most consistently in certain specific areas. 96 percent of the patients made positive progress during the period of clinic supervision.

The article outlines the research conducted on the vegetation in Mauritius. Researchers found that the mean annual rainfall over the upland climax forest is of the order of 3175 millimeters and the nearest site where records are available over a long period is at Curepipe Gardens. Another important factor that affect the metabolism of the living organism is the intensity of rainfall from day to day. Knowledge of such distribution would enable them to have a better appraisal of the real wetness or dryness of the site. Discussed are the details of the issue.

The article reports on the development and use of a set of rules in the writing of laboratory studies that teach the scientific method. All topics that would be covered in a unit of laboratory work should be listed. It is also good to assume that the orthodox treatment of the subject is not good and will not be used. The laboratory study should be written in or near a laboratory where new ideas can be tested immediately. A laboratory study should be written with ample time. The facts should be presented to the student which form the basis for his thinking, so that a hypothesis can be stated by the student.

The article discusses the sampling, methods of analysis, and the procedures used in the study on the effect of poliomyelitis to the development of school children. It also cites the two series of tests conducted. Series one includes the Stanford-Binet test, California Personality Test, Hunt-Minnesota Test for Organic Brain Damage, and Bender-Gestalt test. Series two includes Stanford-Binet, California Personality Test, Wechsler-Bellevue Digit-Symbol Test, and Porteus Maze test. The records are obtained from the Kenny Institute and the Minneapolis General Hospital, Minnesota.

Shares insights on the relation of research to legislative and administrative decisions in the U.S. Occurrence of research within an explicit or implicit conceptual frame; Utilization of research to determine the kind of action to be taken; Ways by which research may influence decision.

The article lists several scholarly papers related to ecology including "The reaction of plants of the genus Melandirum to Exposure" by H. G. Baker, "The biological detection of pollution" by R. W. Batcher, and "The late-glacial period" by H. Godwin.

The article emphasizes a theory of evaluation of student achievement and presents some implications of the implementation of such theory in the teaching of science. An educational approach which uses needs, interests and problems of the individual is primarily a positive one. Methods for securing evaluation include statement of objectives, description of kinds of student behavior that shows growth towards achievement of these objectives and invention of methods of observing and recording behavioral changes. It is necessary to state briefly the situation within which the practice operates in order to make specific the application of the theory of evaluation.

This article presents the author's views on various issues like conservatism of research workers. According to the author, workers in research are human beings quite like other people. Though daringly radical in their own particular fields, and ready to tear up and throw away yesterday's hypothesis because that of today is better supported by fact, they are customarily conservative in other fields. They are also hag-ridden with tradition and, like so many housewives, have come to accept work under lax supervision and carried on in disorder as their natural method. Characteristic of most scientific laboratories is a combination of first-class minds and slovenly work habits. This often goes to the extreme. Hours are eccentric, experiments are ill-planned if they are planned at all. Dirty equipment is used, reagent bottles are left unstoppered, notes are illegible, and the entire laboratory in a chaotic mass of disorder. Certainly the average research laboratory could do with considerable organization, discipline, and businesslike procedure.

This report is one of several describing the outcome of a single, large-scale research organized to discover the primary personality factors and to map their expressions in different media. These media are everyday life behavior, rated in situ; questionnaire responses, yielding "mental interiors," and objective tests. Findings in the first and second have already been published the present article deals with the final, desired goal of the research, namely, the expression of the factors in terms of objective tests. However, the proof that the series of factors found in the three realms are identical is left to two further research reports now in press. The use of the term "primary" with respect to these source traits implies acceptance of the theory of the personality sphere. With the addition of other necessary considerations, the choice and construction of personality test variables finally became governed by the intention to create tests directed to the essence of the above factors as indicated by their psychological meaning and by clinical-type observations of the individuals outstandingly high or low in factor endowment.