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The article discusses the use of newspaper as a source material in health education. In evaluating the extent and the nature of material on public health and hygiene, and the methods of using the material in teaching public health and hygiene at college level, the selected article must include material on hygiene, must treat topics included in standard texts on public health and hygiene. Each article clipped from one of the issues of the newspapers should be marked with the name and date of the paper from which it had been taken, and inserted in an envelope. In some articles publicity was given to meetings and conferences, awards of prizes for distinction in health activities, openings of hospitals and health centers. In determining the extent to which the average person is interested in reading news on public health and hygiene, students were asked to check the articles they read in the papers during a period of one week. It was noted that health news was not widely read.

Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on factors contributing to the dependency of rural old people in Iowa. In order to answer the question as how do rural people who become dependent financially in old age differ from those who do not become dependent, an investigation was made of recipients and non-recipients of old age assistance in rural Iowa. By random sampling 450 rural people ranging in ages from sixty-five to ninety-eight were selected and interviewed. Half of the people interviewed were recipients of old age assistance, the other half were supporting themselves. It was found that poor health was one of the chief factors contributing to their dependency. Recipients of old age assistance had poorer health when interviewed and had poorer health throughout their lives. The average recipient of old age assistance was several years younger than the non-recipient when he suffered his first chronic ailment. Although recipients of old age assistance had less money to spend they had spent more on medical care during the preceding year than did the non-recipients.

The article presents information on ways to develop better rural health. The tragic need of security against illness has been revealed in many studies of the problem. On an average day of the year four million persons are disabled by illness. During one year-1935-approximately twenty-two million cases of disabling illness, lasting seven days or more, occurred with a loss of one billion, two hundred and fifty million days from work, home or school, as reported by the U.S. Public Health Service. Through reports on the physical examinations for selectees and through reported studies on the family health situation in many areas, the need for improved health and increased availability of health service facilities has come to the attention of the public and has become increasingly more important. Modern medical science is far in advance of medical practice available to and accepted by rural people. Doctors generally recognize this fact and are usually ready and willing to plan with lay people to improve the health situation. So much depends on good health-life, happiness, work, success, even the survival of a nation.

The article examines the use of projective methods of personality measurement in Army medical installations. The methods employed by the psychologist in the estimation of personality defects are legion. There are several problems related to a particular installation, like, the mission of installation; the professional skills of the personnel; the size of the staff and its relationship to the size of patient population. The problems of rehabilitation and reconditioning for adjustment to civilian life will increasingly occupy a greater share of the hospital's attention. It is, nevertheless, important to observe that the ramifications of the program of the Army clinical psychologist are extensive at the present moment, and that while the U.S. War Department Circular 270 defines in broad outlines the essential character of the psychologist's work, it does not and cannot dictate the specific functions that may be necessary or desirable in a given installation.

The article presents a study that examined the feeling and attitude of patients. At least once a day every hospital patient is asked how he feels. Customarily, his answer to this question is short. He describes himself as: "Kind of low," "full of pep," "fair to middling." The first step taken toward measurement was the interviewing of hundreds of hospitalized sailors and marines, orally and by means of questionnaires, regarding how they felt and attitudes toward life in general. As might be anticipated, illness affects patients' feelings more than their attitudes. Both are undoubtedly affected to some extent, for scores on a non-patient group would be expected to average somewhat above the midline, probably around 7.0.

The article presents information on Veterans Administration and clinical psychology. It is doubtful to what extent the problems of the Veterans Administration clinical psychology program thus far in Branch No. 5 are representative of those it sill face in other parts of the country. Psychologists who have not lived there often have the impression, that the good life, professionally, culturally and personally, is difficult or impossible in the deep South. For ultimately. as in any other organization of human effort, the effectiveness of a clinic will depend upon the personalities involved and upon their inter-personal relations.

The article discusses on research on the selection of clinical psychologists. High among the accomplishments of applied psychology has been the marked improvement in techniques for the selection of personnel. Future psychologists were selected in scores of widely separated departments, many of which had no desire to coordinate or standardize their practices with respect to selection or training. On the basis of this broad outline, the staff of the Department of Psychology of the University of Michigan developed a more detailed design for a pilot study which was carried out during the week of September 10-18, 1946.

The article presents information on directive psychotherapy. Holistic viewpoints in psychological science stress the importance of evaluating the organism as a whole with proper emphasis on the interaction of constitutional and acquired factors in development. This study is concerned with the attempt to outline a system of constitutional analysis to permit the objective evaluation of the biological adequacy of the organism as a scientific basis for rational diagnosis and therapy.

A study of first admissions to all state and three large private mental hospitals in the state of Michigan from 1938 to ]942 reveals a concentration of high rates in the Upper Peninsula counties. These counties are part of what has been delineated as a rural problem area—an area of cut-over forests, decadent mining industry and marginal or submarginal agriculture. Exploratory correlations between the county mental disease rates and selected indices of socio-economic disorganization, such as percentage of population on relief, percentage of tax-delinquent land, and average value of land, proved to be non-significant. However, the high rates did seem to be related to nativity composition of the population. Foreign born and second generation immigrants were found to have much higher rates than native born populations. Correlations between mental disease rates and the number of foreign born in each county were inversely significant, both for the total foreign born and the constituent nationalities. The findings would seem to support the culture- conflict, social isolation theory of mental disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs that clinical psychologists are so well aware of the place they have won in mental hospitals that it may be a source of either surprise or scorn to learn that some mental hospitals are still unprovided with such service. No propaganda is needed except that where a hospital lacks such service one may well point out to its director or governing board that other mental hospitals not far away think very highly of psychological service. In contrast with the isolationist attitudes discussed above are powerful movements tending to work for greater cooperation and integration of all scientific specialties. Particularly in modern medicine are there active trends toward inter-group coordination.

The article reports on psychological research in the community mental health service in the United States. The need is obvious for the development of public health practices which will control the causes of mental ill health as effectively as is now done with many other diseases. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the opportunities and the methodological problems for the psychologist doing research in the field of community mental hygiene. Research on community mental hygiene, it seems to the author, can best be attacked by studying those factors in total community life which prevent or promote the development of healthy patterns of adjustment by individuals or groups. Stating this a little differently, research in community mental hygiene might best be concerned with the nature and the origin of conflicts, frustrations, or confusions for persons or groups which are part of the community way of life.

In recent years the problem of psychosomatic disorders has received considerable discussion in the literature. The most controversial issue has centered on the problem of what constitutes a psychosomatic disturbance. In general a case has been regarded as psychosomatic if a medical examination disclosed no organic basis for the patient's somatic complaints. However, on the basis of clinical experience there appears to be sufficient evidence to formulate the premise that the psychosomatic case may be established not only by the medical procedure of exclusion but also by a study of certain distinctive personality and somatic characteristics peculiar to psychosomatic behavior. With reference to the problem of the variable of hospitalization having an effect upon the development of psychosomatic symptoms, the evidence is not too conclusive in this regard. The fact that the test, in spite of its disguised features, is capable of being manipulated by the respondent to his advantage may in certain situations cause the scores to become spurious.

The article examines the value of the Szondi stimulus pictures with respect to the use of European mental hospital cases for stimuli. Thirty-two undergraduate subjects of both sexes ranked the Szondi pictures and also a set of non-mentally ill Americans in the order of their preferences. A comparison of the dispersions of these rankings for the individual pictures was used as an indication of the discriminating power of them. The comparison failed to demonstrate the superiority of the Szondi pictures. Retest results showed that the two sets have comparable reliability.

The article focuses on the paper on the research on sociological aspects of health. The report will describe these experiments and, in addition, will present in some detail the major steps of the study that are important to an understanding of the methodological aspects. The methodology of the current statewide health survey is actually a part of an extensive and varied research effort which is now being made in the sociology of health and health care throughout the U.S. The major purpose of the survey was to ascertain the extent of unmet need for medical attention by use of the symptoms approach among a representative sample of the population in Michigan. Other purposes were to obtain information about the availability and use of medical services, methods of paying for health care, attitudes regarding physicians and medical care, and the attributes and characteristics of people which might be related to all three of these areas.

The article presents information based on an investigation of color shock in the Rorschach test. The relation of color to affectivity has long been accepted as a fact, although little scientific experimentation has accumulated on the subject. Rorschach was convinced from empirical evidence that there was a close relationship between color perception and affectivity, and through a process of elimination selected several color blots for his test.

This article seeks to analyze the relationship between the distance that farm families reside from certain health personnel and facilities and (1) the incidence of bed illness at home among those families and (2) the use of such health resources. The analysis is based on information obtained on 1,947 persons, 15 to 64 years of age, in 858 farm-operator households. The data are from 10 counties of a 20-county sample used in a survey of morbidity in contrasting socio-economic areas in Missouri. Generally, it was found that persons who live at the greater distances from certain health personnel tend to have a lower physician-call rate and more days of bed illness than those relatively nearby. No clear-cut relationship between distance to hospital and incidence of bed illness at home was found. The findings have implications for the development of any public or private health programs and suggest consideration of distance as one of the factors in the location of health personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses psycho-cultural approaches to medical care. Today there is a revival of the hippocratic conception of the individual as inextricably related to his environment in health and disease. As these recent conceptions have been translated into research and practice, the scope of medical education and of medical care has been progressively enlarged and our understanding of health and disease has been not only broadened but deepened by these new awarenesses and penetrating insights. Without attempting to observe any exact sequence, or to accord relative priorities, upon which there may be considerable differences of judgment, researchers may see in the rise of public health one of the undoubtedly most fruitful developments in medical care. As will be noted later, public health in this respect may be seen as one highly specialized division of the larger enterprise people call ecology, which, be it noted, again derives from an early pattern of Greek thinking. However effective these procedures have been, they may still be considered as essentially elaborations and refinements upon the ancient, classical conception of man in his environment.

The article reports on auditory apperception test to clinical diagnosis. Auditory experimentation offers a promising medium for projective research and is of particular value for work with the blind and in experimentation with people capable of an unusual degree of auditory imagery. The Auditory Apperception Test may be administered in group form or it may be given individually with either the subject himself or the tester recording the productions. The basic technique, a study of thematic content, is pursued through an analysis of the descriptive, diagnostic and symbolic levels of the theme; an analysis of the heroes and subordinate characters in relation to attitudes, conflicts and interpersonal relationships; and finally a scrutinizing of the formal attributes.

The article presents a note on an experimental scoring system for the inside test. The author several years ago, wherein the subject's productions were scored as to interpretation, approach, solution and effect, presented an experimental scoring system for Sargent's Insight Test. Reliabilities as high as being shown, the present study was done in order to investigate validity. Two groups of 30 subjects each were given the test in the usual written form. The experimental group consisted of hospitalized mental patients, with diagnoses in neurotic or psychotic categories; the comparison group, applicants for attendant positions in a different mental hospital. All such applicants were being routinely screened by the hospital with interviews and some projective testing. The obtained results show no differences significant at the 5% level or better.

The increased size of unit required to deliver modern medical care, combined with the effect of rural population shifts in the last half century, has made modern medicine more and more an urban development. The result has been gradual depletion of the supply of health personnel and facilities in rural as compared with urban areas. Among the efforts to reverse this trend are the special emphasis on needs of rural areas in the Hill-Burton hospital survey and construction program; the inclusion of rural experience as part of the training of physicians; the organization of services on an area-wide basis, bringing the isolated physician and the small rural clinic or hospital into a working relationship with larger medical centers; and the activity of citizens' health councils. Current research and demonstrations need to be extended, and new types of research and demonstration must be developed. Rural sociologists, home economists, physicians, and other professional personnel, as well as the rural family and community groups, all have a role to play in coördinated efforts to equalize rural and urban health opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the article "Task Force Report on Federal Medical Services." Report that the Armed Forces Medical Library has become a great national research institution; Recommendation that legislation be enacted to create a National Library of Medicine as a division of the Smithsonian Institution and that the collections and activities of the Armed Forces Medical Library be transferred to it.

The purpose of this paper is: (1) to test, in two additional states, the applicability of a method devised by Ciocco in studying ‘intercounty movements’ relative to live births and to suggest some possible refinements to his method, and (2) to delineate certain ‘medical areas’ in these two states on the basis of the findings. In order to investigate these phenomena, the live births in each Michigan and Missouri county during 1952 were divided into two components—‘In-Residence’ and ‘Out-Residence’ births. Some possible explanations of variation of the ‘In-Residence’ ratios among the different counties ere examined in relation to three independent variables: (1) number of hospital beds per 1,000 population, (2) number of physicians relative to population, and (3) median family income. Ciocco's method is found to have some usefulness; but it is shown that each state should be examined separately, and other factors should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With few exceptions, studies of the families of mental patients have been focused on the parental family of the patient in an effort to trace the etiology of the illness. Almost no systematically collected data exist to permit an analysis of what happens within the family group when a member develops a mental illness. It is the aim of this article to study the problems which the family faces when one of its members becomes mentally ill and is hospitalized in a mental hospital. Systematic data were obtained on: (1) the process whereby the illness is defined; (2) the course of the family's functioning during the illness, in terms of its members' attempts to cope with the situation, both psychologically and materially, and; (3) the ways in which family members relate to each other, the patient, the hospital, and the society.

A major objective in the development of mental health services has been to provide treatment as early as possible in the course of the illness. In order to achieve this objective, it is necessary both that adequate treatment services be available and that they be perceived as necessary by the patients and/or his family. This article focuses on the steps by which hospitalization itself is arrived at. These are clearly two aspects of the same phenomenon which cannot be wholly separated: actions taken depend on what the actors see as the nature of the problem facing them, and in turn perceptions as to the nature of the problem are modified by the actions and interpretations of others involved in the process of dealing with the patient.

This article describes a new technique for assessing homosexual tendencies and reports an initial study designed to evaluate the sensitivity of this instrument. In addition some aspects of the nature of these tendencies are considered. This study is a portion of a larger experiment in which the psychoanalytic theory of the development of paranoid delusions was investigated. The technique to be described was originally developed to obtain a measure of homosexual tendencies in a group of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenic patients. The problem of determining the presence of strong homosexual tendencies is one with which clinical psychologists and counselors are frequently faced. In spite of the need for such measures, relatively few techniques are available today that the clinician can use in an objective and reliable fashion to assist him in identifying the client in whom strong homosexual impulses constitute a problem.

This article reports on a study to know attitudes toward mental hospitals. Six groups of subjects were selected which seemed to have varying degrees of familiarity with a mental hospital setting. Group I, 22 employees kept on the intensive treatment service of the Norfolk State hospital. These employees had been exposed to an intensive training program attempting to familiarize them with personality theory, psychopathology and therapeutic attitudes toward patients on the part of a psychiatric aide. They work under the close supervision of psychiatric nurses and psychiatrists.

This article reports on scorer's reliability in the quantitative scoring of the House-Tree-Person Technique. This technique includes quantitative and qualitative psychological evaluation of freeehand drawings. The quantitative evaluation which distinguishes this technique essentially from other similar drawing techniques, such as The Drawing of the Human Figure or Drawing Completion provides for a scoring system and numerical evaluation of the performance. This quantitative scoring system was standardized on a carefully selected sample of 120 adults of six intelligence levels. A scoring manual gives detailed directions for scoring and includes illustrative samples of scorable points in each item; it lists 84 titles for the items to be scored which again include many subtitles, actually increasing the number of scorable points to well over one hundred.

This article focuses on the exceptional memory for dates and weather in a schizoid psychopath. It has been suggested that this patient's preoccupation with memory achievement has been a factor in preventing the development of his illness to outspoken schizophrenia. There is no evidence of this. It seems rather that he is one of a heterogeneous class of eccentrics who up to approximately 20 years ago were not usually admitted to mental hospitals. Since that time they have been admitted in large numbers and treated with insulin or otherwise. They have swollen admission and discharge rates and given the impression of a greater effectiveness of treatment than is in fact the case.

This study tests the hypothesis that the acceptance of an innovation in a medical care practice follows the same patterns as the acceptance of approved farm practices. The health practice used in testing the hypothesis is the acceptance of the Salk polio vaccine. The data for the study were secured from a representative sample of 701 households in Greene and Hancock counties located in the Piedmont section of Georgia. Contrary to expectations there were not the relationships between individuals receiving polio vaccine and the sociocultural factors previous studies had indicated were associated with the acceptance of approved farm practices. One unexpected result was the significantly higher percentage of Negro children receiving the Salk vaccine than whites--a result that could account for most of the other unexpected associations. A more intensive analysis of data and special interviews were made to find an explanation for the greater acceptance of polio vaccine among nonwhites than whites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the factors associated with the acceptance of health care practices among rural families. In this exploratory study, the general procedure consisted of constructing an index of adoption of recommended health care measures, which was considered to be the dependent variable. This index was then related to a series of social and economic independent variables. A random sample of households was drawn by the Department of Statistics at North Carolina State College. Data were obtained for 611 sample households by means of personal interviews conducted by graduate students in rural sociology. This study points up the applicability of the developing body of theory and method in one area of technological change to changes in human behavior associated with health care practices. The agreement of the findings in these two seemingly unrelated areas of human behavior point toward the application of this approach to other areas of social change. Explanation is needed as to why certain health care measures have been more highly accepted than others and why the acceptance of certain practices varies from one social group to the other and yet with others differs little from group to group.

The article presents information on ambiguities in the role of clinical psychologists in mental hospital. Role refers to a set of legitimate expectations of behavior, and the cohesiveness of any social structure depends on the effectiveness of the performance of important roles. An unusual aspect of the situation is that the position of a psychologist is often established in a mental hospital without any clear idea of what his role is to be. The hospital administration desires to be progressive, and the hiring of clinical psychologists seems a progressive thing to do. Both the administration and the clinical psychologist are in the dark as to what his role will be.

The article focuses on social aspects of mental health. Lack of mental health has obviously been recognized as far back as history. At times, its treatment has been lit up by flashes of great wisdom at other times it has been surrounded by much obscurity and neglect and many superstitious attitudes. The last thirty years have witnessed the most extraordinary advances in the care and psychiatric treatment of mental patients. It was because of the changed attitudes and opinions towards the problem of mental health in so many places that the World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH), decided to inaugurate a World Mental Health Year in 1960, to give scientific impetus to research and action in the field of mental health. The purpose of the World Mental Health Year is to encourage scientific progress and the translation of knowledge into the necessary action. World Health Organization (WHO) is dedicated, according to its constitution, to the pursuit of mental, physical and social well-being. Its mental health section was set up in a small scale in 1949. It has done a remarkable job during its nine years of existence. With an orientation which is primarily medical, WHO has perhaps made its greatest contribution in the medical fields of therapy and prevention.

The article discusses effects of urbanization on mental health. The question of whether modern civilization is responsible for the alleged increase if mental ill-health in the present world is still inconclusive, owing to the extreme difficulty involved in analyzing, understanding and measuring the intricate relationship of the human psychology to the environment, some knowledge has been gained through recent researches on social psychiatry. The article deals with this problem by showing the state of knowledge regarding the effect of urbanization on mental health and discusses the major factors that bring about undesirable consequences and possible ways in which some of these negative effects may be prevented or reduced to a minimum and positive effects maintained. A few investigations were made in recent decades to compare the frequency of mental disorder among the illiterate people in underdeveloped societies. A careful analysis of mental hospital statistics in Massachusetts during the past 100 years was made and found that the frequency of psychoses a hundred years ago was not less that it is today.

The article presents information about reliability of diagnostic judgments made by psychologists. The diagnosis is a crucial consideration in deciding upon alternative recommendations for a psychiatric patient. These decisions may involve important consequences for a patient, such as the choice of treatment, commitment to an institution or separation from military service. One could be more confident of the appropriateness of his course of action if the diagnosis given to a patient were the same regardless of which clinician made the evaluation. The purpose of the present study is to investigate both inter and intra judge agreement in making diagnostic judgments.

The article discusses the validity of clinical judgments of schizophrenic pathology-based on verbal responses to intelligence test items. The reliability of clinical judgment has been the subject of a series of studies using single responses to intelligence test items obtained from psychiatric patients and judgments by trained clinicians based on a seven-point rating scale. It has been possible to demonstrate reliability in judgments of disorganization in schizophrenic thinking, as well as more specific aspects of schizophrenic thinking. The question now arises whether clinicians can make global appraisals of complete test protocols with as great reliability as they can judge single test items. This paper extends the study of reliability, defined as interjudge agreement, to global judgments in which whole protocols are ranked according to severity of schizophrenic pathology.

The article presents information about a comparison of random and judgmental methods of determining mode of outpatient mental hygiene treatment. Much has been written about ways of deciding how to treat patients with emotional problems. The best way of arriving at a clinical judgment for treatment is presumably provided by the "team", consisting of psychiatrist, psychologist and social worker, each contributing his specialized knowledge to the decision. In a recent study, it was found that each of the three disciplines on the team--psychiatry, psychology and social work--was about equally accurate in predicting what the therapist would, at the conclusion of treatment, describe as the preferred method of therapy. No group was very good, however, nor did meeting together as a team improve the predictions significantly.

The article attempts to examine the effects of purulent meningitis on the mental development of children after their recovery from this disease, either with or without complications. This study compared pre-illness mental or psychological status with post-illness mental or psychological status. Pre-illness status was determined by a technique of evaluation from data collected by interview with parent or guardian at the beginning of hospitalization. The findings for the group as a whole indicate that there was no significant difference between pre-illness status and post-illness status three months after illness.

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses about the distance constancy in schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic mental patient. In a previous study, schizophrenic patients were shown to have poorer distance constancy than normal controls. It will be remembered that a standard physical unit of distance, one yard for instance, subtends progressively smaller visual angles with the increased viewing distance. Conversely, the same visual angle is subtended by distance units of increasing length with increased viewing distance. Distance constancy is the mechanism responsible for the ability to make estimations in accordance with viewing distance, irrespective of the visual angles.

The article discusses about children's spontaneous object elaborations on a visual-motor test. Observations of spontaneous object elaborations in children taking a visuals motor test have been presented. Under the test conditions specified, retarded children drew recognizable objects such as human figures, numbers and letters which appeared to be functionally unrelated to the test stimuli. Past descriptions of such types of primitivizations have characteristically emphasized their relatedneas to test stimuli.

The article presents information on a factor analytic study of the psychologist F. Barron's ego strength scale. The results of the factor analysis and the subsequent treatment of the data suggest strongly that the Barron ego strength scale is misnamed. Inspection of the content reveals that the scale takes a negative approach to the measurement of ego strength, i.e., the absence of indications of ego weakness is interpreted as ego strength. Certainly there must be positive qualities of ego strength that would separate more clearly the effective students from the non-effective patients. Clinicians are ordinarily interested in assessing the ego strength of the not-so-effective individual, not of the person who is demonstrating an adequate level of ego strength in his every day behavior.

The article presents information on the representation of the MMPI factor scales. In 1959, researcher H.L. Mees factored two inter-correlation matrices representing a large number of non-overlapping items from all of the MMPI clinical scales and obtained several factors. The first three of these factors were of sufficient strength and stability to justify the construction of relatively pure factor scales from the heavily loaded items. All items included in these scales had similar factor loadings both for a group of 300 heterogeneous university counseling center clients and hospitalized neuro-psychiatric patients of mixed diagnoses.

The article discusses on the report of a study based on alcoholism. During an investigation on the definition of the alcoholism syndrome, it was noted that two empirical Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) based alcoholism scales were not substantially related. The AL scale, developed by C. Holmes and a second scale devised by D.P. Hoyt and G.M. Sedlacek contain 59 and 68 items respectively, with an overlap of 28 items. Both scales were constructed through item analyses of the MMPI records of alcoholics and a portion of the original Minnesota standardization group, and both scales are reported to differentiate significantly alcoholics from normals.

The article provides information about a new scale to aid hospital staffs in the objective evaluation of the patient's adjustment. The large number of chronic disease patients has emphasized the need for a scale applicable to them. The scale is easy to administer and should give hospital staffs a fairly objective method of evaluating adjustment as well as changes in adjustment. Scores below 50 on this scale tend to indicate poor hospital adjustment and scores above 75 good hospital adjustments with the 50 to 75 ranges being average adjustment.

The article demonstrates how psychological instruments can be utilized in the understanding and study of organizational processes in the mental hospital. The instruments consist of two attitudinal or ideology scales and a measure of role-conception. The attitude scales are the Custodial Mental Illness Ideology Scale (CMI) and the Opinions About Mental Illness questionnaire (OMI). The following four occupational groups were administered the three instruments: the New Psychiatric Aides, Older Aides, Business Maintenance, Clinical Group.

The article attempts to determine how veterans who apply for outpatient treatment differ from veterans who do not, as indicated by certain variables which showed promise of predicting requests for clinic treatment. The variables studied were role in the family, rated percent of psychiatric disability, degree of urbanization, and decreased disability benefits. These results strongly indicate that rated percent of disability is the critical factor of those studied in identifying clinic corners, whereas the other variables appear to gain in importance mainly by virtue of their interaction with the disability dimension.

The article presents a study which examines the impact of confidentiality on the ratings of professional health personnel performance. The study employs three collections of Operational Efficiency Reports including the June 1959 Annual Report, the June 1958 Annual Report, and the December 1958 Confidential Report. It mentions that the study focuses on 217 subjects which include 82 Research (RES), 59 Public Health, and 76 Medical Care (MC) officers. The result of the study indicates that thee was fairly high and consistent rating intercorrelations regardless of the reporting conditions involved.