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Aim: This study aims to identify characteristics at 2 years of age that differ between children with confirmed cerebral palsy (CP) and a non-CP diagnosis by 5 years of age.Method: This was a retrospective cohort analysis. A CP diagnosis may be considered a 'probable' diagnosis at 2 years, which is often 'confirmed' at 4 or 5 years, particularly in the context of CP registries. A total of 1683 children with a diagnosis of CP or probable CP at 2 years of age were identified from the Canadian Cerebral Palsy Registry, of whom 48 received a non-CP diagnosis at 5 years ('non-confirmed CP'). Perinatal adversity, preterm birth status, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, presence of comorbidities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and initial CP motor type were compared between the two groups by univariate and logistic regression analyses.Results: χ2 analysis and multivariate analysis both confirmed that children with a non-CP diagnosis by 5 years of age were more likely to have a normal MRI (χ2 odds ratio [OR]=7.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.8-16.1; OR=5.4, 95% CI=2.4-12.5), ataxic-hypotonic (χ2 OR=10.1, 95% CI=4.9-21.2; OR=6.1, 95% CI=2.2-16.2) or dyskinetic CP (χ2 OR=2.7, 95% CI=1.2-5.9; OR=2.9, 95% CI=1.0-7.6), born at term (χ2 OR=3.7, 95% CI=1.7-8.0; OR=3.6, 95% CI=1.0-12.1), and lack perinatal adversity (χ2 OR=4.1, 95% CI=1.6-10.7; OR=3.4, 95% CI=1.0-11.7).Interpretation: Normal MRI, ataxic-hypotonic or dyskinetic CP, lack of perinatal adversity, and term birth are associated with a higher odds of non-CP diagnosis by 5 years of age, thus potentially enhancing diagnostic work-up.What This Paper Adds: Normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 2 years was associated with a non-cerebral palsy (CP) diagnosis by 5 years. Diagnosis of ataxic-hypotonic or dyskinetic CP motor subtype at 2 years was associated with a non-CP diagnosis by 5 years. Perinatal adversity and preterm birth were rarer with a non-CP diagnosis by 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aims: Tranquilizer use is associated with negative health outcomes among people who use drugs. This paper aims to estimate the incidence rate (initiation) and identify predictors of tranquilizer misuse (TM) among cocaine users.Design and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in Montreal, Canada. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were carried out at 3-month intervals. Initiation was defined as misusing a tranquilizer for the first time during follow-up. 'Lasting-initiation', defined as reporting TM at the next visit following first use, was also examined. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were carried out to assess predictors of initiation to TM.Results: Among the 245 participants who were eligible for the initiation analyses, 123 started TM during follow-up for an incidence rate of 40.49 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, CI: 33.80-48.15). Of the 123 initiates, 35.7% were still using at the interview following initiation for an incidence rate of 14.70 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 10.82-19.56). Multivariate models showed that independent predictors of initiation and 'lasting initiation' were identical as having had a criminal activity as the main source of income, having been recently in treatment for a substance use disorder (SUD) and reporting non-medical use of prescription opioids.Discussion and Conclusions: The incidence rate of TM initiation was high among a sample of cocaine users. Initiation was predicted by a problematic drug use pattern involving polydrug use, involvement in the street economy and having been in treatment for a SUD. These findings have implications for prevention and harm reduction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]