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The content of 'O' and 'A' level papers on modern British and European History set by two GCE Examination Boards was analysed to find out what particular aspects of the past were emphasised and thus to throw light on the experience of history as a subject which was gained by the candidates. These papers, which are taken by the great majority of the candidates, were found to be dominated by political history, up to 77% of the questions being devoted to the affairs of governments and political leaders. Foreign politics was especially important in papers on European history reaching as high as 44% of the questions set and domestic politics was central to papers on British history attaining means in different groups of papers between 40 and 50%. At the end of the article the wisdom of the approach to school history evident in these papers is questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the applicable environmental laws regarding the integrated pollution prevention and control in Great Britain and in Europe. A discussion concerning the origin and scope of these laws is presented. It also overviews the European Union's Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, a requirement for industrial and agricultural activities with a high pollution potential to have a permit which can only be issued if certain environmental conditions are met, and summarizes efforts to apply this Directive within Great Britain. Moreover, two environmental issues that are significant to the integrated efforts which includes the energy policy and climate change is discussed. Both countries unified laws are expected to reduce pollution to air, water, and land.

The article examines Great Britain's policy toward Europe as of September 2008 and how it may develop in the period to 2020. It examines policy possibilities and proposals including conditional Europeanism and a commitment to the European Union (EU), a stalemate position that could lead to possible crisis, and the development of a more committed pro-Europeanism. The authors discuss the possible scenarios and how they might impact British and EU defense policy and foreign policy, as well as the EU climate change agenda and the Euro currency. The article discusses how European integration might influence European policy development in Great Britain.

Focuses on the relation of Great Britain to European countries during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era. Consideration of the British attack on Copenhagen, Denmark in September 1807; Great Britain's intervention in 1808 to help expel the French; Inclusion of Britain's commercial supremacy as a principal theme of French propaganda.

This article reviews the place which the comparative study of European countries has occupied in the development of political science as an academic discipline, and discusses how single country studies can contribute towards the construction of new models for cross-national research. Particular attention is paid to the contribution made by the late Stein Rokkan to this development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the article "British Armaments and European Industrialization, 1890-1914: The Spanish Case Re-Examined," by R.J. Harrison. Harrison's article examined the economic and political conditions in Spain from 1890 to 1914. It is discusses the industrialization of European countries and how Great Britain was imbibed on building armaments. The article also considers Spain's working population that is engaged in agriculture during the period. It explores the scandal involving the Spanish naval program of the government of Antonio Maura. Official Assessor of the Naval Ministry, Juan Macias, accused the whole government of prevarication in the adjudication of tenders for the squadron.

Examines the assertions concerning the relationship between Great Britain and its European neighbors. Strains and dissensions in the western alliance; Development of a European political community and Atlantic partnership; Settlement of East-West problems; Integration of the Germans in the European community; Aims of the European defence community.