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The Camphill Movement is one of the largest independent providers of social care for people with a learning disability: there are 119 communities located throughout the world. From the start, the principal aim of the Movement—co‐founded by Dr. Karl König and his wife Tilla (née Maasberg) in Aberdeen—was to build communities in which children and adults with a learning disability could live, learn, and work with others in healthy social relationships. Karl König was born in Leopoldstadt, Vienna on the 25 September 1902 and died on the 27 March 1966 in a Camphill community in Brachenreuthe, Germany. Mathilde Maasberg was born in Gnadenfrei, Silesia, on the 9 March 1902 and died on the 17 September 1983 in the Camphill community of Fairways in South Africa. The paper focuses primarily on the lives of Karl and Tilla König and highlights the key points in their respective biographies. Whilst it is usually the name of Dr. Karl König that is associated with the Camphill Movement, a case is presented here that his wife significantly shaped the essential character of the Camphill way of life. She had been born into a Moravian Brethren settlement and latterly wove a strong, discernible and enduring element of Moravian practice into the fabric of Camphill life and work. Since the deaths of Karl and Tilla König Camphill communities have continued to seek the creation of environments where the economic, social and spiritual aspects of the community life complement one another. The paper identifies six key constituents that it is argued are central to the essence of Camphillness: mutuality, rhythmicity, spirituality, tranquillity, ecological sensitivity and economic sustainability. The paper ends with reflections on the 21st Century relevance of Camphill communities. Accessible summary: This paper is about the life of Karl and Tilla König.It discusses the influence of the Moravian Brethren.The characteristics of Camphill communities.I conclude by reflecting on the 21st Century relevance of Camphill communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The United Kingdom and Australia have developed highly divergent policy responses to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). To understand the historical origins of these differences, we describe the history of tobacco control in each country and the key roles played in setting ENDS policy in its early stages by public health regulations and policy networks, anti‐smoking organizations, 'vaper' activist networks and advocates of harm reduction policies towards injecting drug use. Methods: We analysed key government reports, policy statements from public health bodies and non‐government organizations (e.g. cancer councils and medical organizations) on ENDS; submissions to an Australian parliamentary inquiry; media coverage of policy debates in medical journals; and the history of tobacco control policy in Australia and England. Key discourses about ENDS were identified for each country. These were compared across countries during a multi‐day face‐to‐face meeting, where consensus was reached on the key commonalities and divergences in historical approaches to nicotine policy. This paper focuses on England, as different policy responses were apparent in constituent countries of the United Kingdom, and Scotland in particular. Results: Policymakers in Australia and England differ markedly in the priority that they have given to using ENDS to promote smoking cessation or restricting smokers' access to prevent uptake among young people. In understanding the origins of these divergent responses, we identified the following key differences between the two countries' approaches to nicotine regulation: an influential scientific network that favoured nicotine harm reduction in the United Kingdom and the absence of such a network in Australia; the success of different types of health activism both in England and in Europe in opposing more restrictive policies; and the greater influence on policy in England of the field of illicit drug harm reduction. Conclusions: An understanding of the different policy responses to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in England and Australia requires an appreciation of how actors within the different policy structures, scientific networks and activist organizations in each country and region have interpreted the evidence and the priority that policymakers have given to the competing goals of preventing adolescent uptake and encouraging smokers to use ENDS to quit smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically examines the framing of historical knowledge in the primary and ‘broad general education’ phases (ages 4–14) of Scotland'sCurriculum for Excellence. The paper focuses on curriculum documentation, particularly the curriculum's aims and ‘Experiences and Outcomes’ and evaluates these in light of recent research on children's historical understanding. It is argued that the decision to frame historical understanding as ‘People, Past Events and Societies’ within the context of a ‘social studies’ curriculum area has been motivated by a misunderstanding of history's unique disciplinary identity. It is argued that history curricula must take account of the unique ontological and epistemological challenges posed by investigating the past and that by failing to do this, ‘Curriculum for Excellence’ offers children in Scotland a problematic representation of what it means to study the past. The paper challenges the curriculum in both epistemic and pedagogical terms, before suggesting that a rigorous study of history as a discipline can make a valuable contribution to children's personal and social development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper considers the intersection of Spiritual Motherhood, early childhood education and child welfare in early twentieth-century Edinburgh. Its focus is St Saviour's Child Garden (SSCG), which opened in the Canongate, in November 1906, part of the Free Kindergarten movement that emerged in Europe and North America in the late nineteenth century. The paper focuses on the SSCG's founder Lileen Hardy, in order to trace the development of this new approach to child welfare and women's work in Britain. It discusses her training at the Sesame House for Home-Life Training in London, her move to Edinburgh, and the network of predominantly women reformers, whose interests ranged from urban reform to medical welfare, she found there. It shows how this network facilitated the founding of the SSCG and discusses the form it took and Hardy's implementation of a modified form of Froebelian praxis. In so doing its concern is to show how Free Kindergarten forms part of a wider history of social welfare and urban reform as well as to the history of early childhood education, and to move attention away from the men usually associated with innovations in Scottish social reform like Patrick Geddes, and onto a group of women who created a women and child-centred proto-Welfare State in pre-First World War Edinburgh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim This paper provides a historical overview of licensing law in Scotland. It seeks to put important contemporary policy developments into their historical context and to draw attention to key themes in licensing policy debates across the United Kingdom. Design Based on a survey of statutes, commissions of enquiry and consumption and retail data, this paper draws together historical evidence to present a synopsis of Scottish licensing history. Settings The article focuses on Scotland, but also discusses UK-wide licensing policy over a 250-year period. Findings Scottish licensing has diverged from licensing in England and Wales and has addressed some historical licensing weaknesses, including problems of accountability, overprovision and systemic oversight regarding off-sales. Distinctive features of current Scottish legislation include public health protection as a statutory licensing objective; local Licensing Forums and Licensing Standards Officers; a requirement for explicit policies on the 'overprovision' of licensed premises; mandatory restrictions on price promotions in the on- and off-trades; and limitations on opening hours for off-licences. Conclusion Scotland has developed alcohol policies several times addressing long-standing licensing weaknesses throughout the United Kingdom. Some Scottish alcohol policies have later become the norm in England and Wales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical background The history of medical education in Scotland is quite well known. It is largely told as a story of universities, of high standards and of an education mainly available to men from ordinary backgrounds who became general practitioners and servants of the British Empire. This paper asks whether there was anything peculiarly Scottish about the medical education to be had north of the border. Discussion The answer to this is yes. The paper shows there was a commitment among Scottish teachers to present medicine as a practical art based on general principles that brought the subject together in all its aspects, notably uniting internal medicine and surgery. Conclusion Modern academic medicine has ironed out these differences and medical education in Scotland today is much the same as western medical education in excellent universities anywhere in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small minority of Scots who entered the house of commons in 1707 were slow to make their mark. Besides lack of numbers, they suffered several significant disadvantages. The Westminster scene was strange, and the style and tone of debate more vigorous and informal. Moreover, the aristocracy had dominated the unicameral Scottish parliament, and commoners found it difficult to emancipate themselves from noble tutelage. Most importantly, Scottish politics did not yet reflect the two-party system dominant in England. Thus in the first sessions the Scots were unable to make headway in the essential business of parliament, legislation. Scotland suffered in comparison with the English provinces, and even the Irish, who were able to muster a more effective lobby. Soon, however, a new generation of debaters appeared, able to use their wit to discomfit English antagonists, and a new class of 'men of business' who grasped the rules of the legislative game. The fortuitous deaths of leading magnates and the polarisation of sectarian antagonisms in Scotland permitted the coalescence of the Scottish representation into two broad factions allied with the English parties. It was with English tory support that bills were passed to benefit the sectional concerns of Scottish episcopalians, accompanied by other measures of a more general nature. The combined attempt by Scottish peers and MPs in 1713 to secure the repeal of the union does not point to a lasting breakdown in Anglo-Scottish relations, since it was also a manifestation of political opportunism by English whigs and discontented tories, and their Scottish allies. But the dawn of a party system in Scotland was dispelled by the death of Queen Anne and the ensuing jacobite rebellion. The complicity of tories in the Fifteen resulted in the destruction of the party in Scotland, and the construction of a whig hegemony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among five examples of the ‘Summa’ (5494), all in Scotland, four show minor bibliographical variations, but the fifth is a major variant. Typography, standard of printing, misprints and corrections, aberrations of woodcut initial letters, paper and watermarks, collation, bindings and manuscript annotations are all examined, and relevant works of reference noted. Some possible inferences are drawn. Illustrations of the typesettings and drawings of the watermarks are provided, as is an appendix classifying the main variations found. The aim is to provide a methodological guide to the bibliographical comparisons which underlie textual comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a brief history of mission theology of the global church since Edinburgh 1910, highlighting the seismological shifts and major developments in missiological thinking and praxis over the years and through various world mission conferences, specifically from the perspective of the Commission on World Mission and Evangelism (CWME). It argues that, as we prepare ourselves to celebrate the centenary mission conference in Edinburgh in June 2010, mission theology has moved from its early stage of colonial, Eurocentric expressions to post-colonial and polyphonic articulations of missiology. For the CWME, though, the missiological journey continues even beyond 2010. This article argues that, amongst many important missiological themes that CWME needs to address within the overarching theme of 'Ecumenism in Mission', the themes CWME has identified as its major focus for the coming years - viz. ecclesiology and mission, mission as healing, and mission as contestation - are of crucial pertinence. In the changing global Christian landscape where the centre of gravity of Christianity has moved to the global South, and in a context where new forms of being ecclesial communities are tried out, 'The Nature and Mission of the Church' needs to take a 'from below' approach, going beyond the traditional frameworks of mainline churches. Mission as healing would provide a comprehensive and more integral perspective to the salvific purpose of God for this world, especially as 'healing' is a common strand within many religious, ecclesial and spiritual traditions, offering a dialogical perspective. Mission as contestation is equally significant in today's world where the gospel imperative of confronting satanic forces that express themselves in the form of globalization, neo-imperialism, patriarchy, racism, casteism and eco-violence is of cardinal importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Cromwellian regime has long endured a one‐dimensional reputation for anti‐popery. Historians are beginning to challenge this view, pointing to the relative absence of religious persecution during Oliver Cromwell's tenure as Lord Protector. Cromwell massacred Catholic rebels at Wexford and Drogheda in Ireland, but he did not compel Catholics to attend Protestant churches, and does not seem to have hunted priests as vigorously as his predecessors. This article explores the impact of Cromwellian rule on the Catholic community in Scotland, where the military governor George Monck granted Catholics a significant degree of effective toleration. Monck prohibited the Presbyterian church from subjecting Catholics to ecclesiastical discipline, and actively intervened to protect Catholics if kirk sessions and other church courts summoned them anyway. In return, many Catholics ostentatiously professed their loyalty to the commonwealth. Although Monck did not repeal Scotland's penal laws, his intervention demonstrates that the commonwealth's liberty for ‘tender consciences’ trickled down to those formally excluded from it. Cromwellian officials in Scotland would not allow any institution to coerce one's inward beliefs, even if it meant defending known Catholics from a Protestant kirk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review of 'Recognizing faces' by Hadyn Ellis, published in the British Journal of Psychology in 1975, marked the genesis of a distinct field of research. This seminal review sprang from a broader programme of research on face recognition conducted at the University of Aberdeen, whose influence continues to be felt in what has become an internationally important research area. We discuss the background to the Aberdeen research, summarize some of its achievements, and offer reasons why it proved so successful. These reasons include the synergy between theory and practice-based studies, the value of combining different perspectives and sources of evidence, sound techniques that led to easily reproducible findings, and the emphasis on testing even the most 'common sense' assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in the ways in which, and the values according to which, economic activity is undertaken. For instance, mutual ownership has been identified as one means of helping to 'redeem' capitalism. This article engages with such issues by examining aspects of the behaviour of consumer cooperative societies in Scotland from the 1870s to the 1960s. It starts by discussing whether cooperatives represent a means of conceptualizing and undertaking economic activity that provides an alternative to the paradigm of investor-led (neo)liberal capitalism. From this, and an outline history of consumer cooperatives in Scotland, it identifies two variables-dividend on purchases and funds for education-as proxies for the values underpinning cooperatives' economic behaviour. Analysis of these variables indicates the existence of distinct cultures of cooperation, notably in the Glasgow and Edinburgh areas. The article concludes by offering two 'lessons from history' for those interested in alternative economic networks. The first is that cooperation can, and has, conceptualized and sustained an alternative to the dominant (neo)liberal economic paradigm. The second is that the scaling-up of such voluntaristic economic thought and behaviour is unlikely to present a macro-level challenge to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the reception of agricultural improvement in the Scottish Borders, arguing that useful books and improving socialisation were mutually reinforcing in the Selkirk Subscription Library. Agricultural books were borrowed by farmers, clergymen, lawyers and medical men, who collaborated to found local debating societies and sponsor the production of improving literature. Their commitment to agricultural improvement is shown to have been one of several cultures of improvement in circulation at Selkirk, some dedicated to practical works of moral improvement and the cultivation of politeness in young minds, some to the patronage of local writers, local history and local traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gilbert Innes of Stow (1751–1832) was the Deputy-Governor and day-to-day manager of the Royal Bank of Scotland, member of the Scottish gentry, Deputy-Lieutenant for the County of Edinburgh, director of the Edinburgh Assembly Rooms, enthusiastic patron of the arts and extremely wealthy. He never married. Despite being a central figure within Enlightenment Edinburgh and holding important economic, political and civic roles, Gilbert’s main sexual relationships and much of his intimate and family life was conducted outside of the conventional structures of the patriarchal household. While men’s sexual access to women outside of marriage has been viewed as part of and extending from their patriarchal privilege, little work has been done on exploring the nature of men’s illicit relationships and particularly how such men created emotional and intimate relationships with their ‘extended families’ and the meanings of love and power in those relationships. This article explores his relationships with his mistresses and illegitimate children to provide insight into how men constructed intimate relationships and family life beyond the traditional household and to give insight into the nature of gendered and patriarchal power in Enlightenment Edinburgh. © [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians of the Scottish parliament have paid little attention to shire elections because of an apparent lack of local source material. This article explores some of the reasons for this perception and argues that sheriff court records contain considerably more evidence than has been appreciated hitherto. It demonstrates that these records provide details of the electoral process, the regularity of elections, the numbers of electors, external interference in elections and internal divisions within the electorate, local responses to national political events, and attitudes to representation through such things as levying taxes locally to reimburse representatives' expenses. It challenges the once widely-held view that the lesser nobility, who comprised the electorate, were uninterested in parliamentary participation, suggesting instead that the statute of 1587, by which shire representation was established, was reasonably successful. Finally, it considers the potential for further research in these and other records which, it is argued, will provide a much deeper understanding of 17th-century Scotland's parliamentary history in particular and political history in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews periodical literature on economic history that was published in 2011. Topics noted include the origins of medieval common rights systems, statistics from the record-keeping text "Little Domesday Book," and gender roles in medieval Europe. Also addressed are the history of British maritime trade, the payment of compensation to British slave owners following abolition, and the history of the Scottish banking system. In addition, the history of property rights, cultural aspects of feminism, and post-World War II British politics are discussed.

This article draws on cases of public insult from the Edinburgh consistory court to explore constructions of credit and reputation during the eighteenth century. Scotland's unique legal context offers new insights into the honour of men and women, replacing the received view that female honour was almost entirely about sexual honour and complicating our understanding of male honour among the middling sort. In contrast to studies that view the credit of men and women as principally contradictory, this study instead identifies significant points of both overlap and divergence in male and female reputation and discusses honour as a family matter. Unlike in England, levels of defamation litigation in Scotland remained high through the eighteenth century, and both the social composition of defamation litigants and the types of insult they brought to court remained consistent. However, the forms and settings of disputes over honour changed, reflecting the interiorization of conflict as the eighteenth century progressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Scottish Act 1998, an act establishing the devolved Scottish Parliament. Topics mentioned include the debate regarding the possible independence of Scotland, the powers of the Scottish Parliament, and the problems it involves, including the division of powers, the over-representation of Scotland, and the taxation.

This article uses the records of nineteenth-century Scottish banks in an attempt to understand investor behaviour in the early British capital market. It presents four main findings, some of which do not conform to the basic assumptions of standard asset pricing theories. First, in an era when efficient portfolio diversification was not possible, the intrinsic risk of an equity security was an important input into investor decision-making. Second, our evidence suggests that businesspeople initially regarded bank stock as a consumption good, as being a stockholder gave them privileged access to bank finance. When bank lending practices changed in the middle of the century, this access-to-credit advantage associated with owning bank stock largely disappeared. Third, investors typically exhibited a bias towards banks that conducted business in the areas where they resided. Fourth, a sizeable proportion of investors were stockholders in more than one bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The teaching of history has attracted more controversy and media attention than any other subject in the ongoing reform of the curriculum in Scottish primary and secondary schools, A curriculum for excellence. This gives head teachers increased powers to decide on the curriculum as long as it satisfies four general capacities rather than subjects. History must, therefore, continually justify its essential contribution to the education of Scotland's young people. Conversely, A curriculum for excellence provides an opportunity to review the teaching of history at all levels from primary through to upper secondary, with a further driver of change being an increased emphasis on Scottish history. Debates over history's 'place in the sun' and course content have taken place against a backdrop of significant changes to the teaching and learning of history with the greater use of sources, independent study and authentic learning, many of which draw on developments beyond Scotland, notably the 'rich tasks' employed in Queensland, Australia. One of the few certainties for history is that its capacity to spark controversy will be matched in discussions over course content and its place in the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most pressing tasks facing the Scottish Church after the Reformation in 1560 was the provision of a Protestant parish ministry. This was essential if parishes were to enjoy preaching and the sacraments, and if church discipline was to be imposed. It was also vital for inculcating Protestantism in the laity. Using the county of Fife as a case study, this article traces the progress made in providing ministers to parishes as well as the educational backgrounds and geographical mobility of the clergy. Although there were significant problems with the provision of sufficient ministers, leading to most parishes having to share a minister, few parishes were entirely vacant. Furthermore, considerable progress was made in providing university-educated ministers from the outset, and even the first generation of ministers enjoyed relatively stable careers. Thus despite problems with quantity, the quality of the early Scottish reformed ministry was relatively high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the history of the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect on several infectious diseases. This discovery gained a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945 for Sir Alexander Fleming, Dr. Ernst B. Chain and Sir Howard Florey. It has often been pointed out that the discovery of penicillin was a chance finding because he was working on a different bacteriological problem. However, the discovery came to his prepared mind. The discovery started when he noticed a circle around the mold Penicillium notatum in a culture plate of staphylococci. Then in 1940, German-Jewish chemist Ernst Chain and Australian pathologist Howard Florey succeeded in obtaining pure penicillin.

Studies the parliamentary procedures in Scotland from 1660 to 1714. Changes in the English house of Commons which results from the Revolution; Significance of consensual parliamentary instructions which was retained until the union of 1707.

Documents certain cultural antecedents to alcohol use in Western Isles of Scotland. Examination of drinking practices in the light of specific social, economic and religious changes between the 16th and 20th centuries; Argument that drinking practices are historical.

There is a growing interest in the history of childhood and child care. This article brings together from disparate sources some of the details and themes concerning the emergence and development of public and voluntary child welfare in Scotland. Particular attention is given to residential and foster care arrangements under the Poor Law and to the influence of ‘philanthropic’ individuals and organisations. Comparative references are made to the contemporary situation in England and Wales and to present day practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copy of Luca Pacioli's Summa (1494) now owned by the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, exhibits at the end fifty-nine pages of manuscript additions, dating from the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. There is evidence that this material was written in the main by Filippo Calandri, who published the first printed textbook of arithmetic in Florence in 1491/2. The author has deciphered most of the MS from photocopies. The material has no reference to bookkeeping or accounting, but is a curious and interesting product of the Renaissance Italian mind. Much of it appears to be notes for a book on mensuration, probably by Calandri, and incorporating some matter from his Arithmetica. The MS also includes many astrological calculations, and a series of Latin aphorisms with a prologue, besides (in another hand) a few magic charms or spells. The MS material is described and analysed, and the relation of its parts to one another, to Calandri and to Pacioli, is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the oil production in Scotland. According to the author, the oil strikes in the Atlantic deep west of the Orkney and Shetland Islands was considered the single most important development in the history of Scotland since the industrial revolution in the early 19th century. Part of the world's oil resources have been proven to lie off the coasts of Scotland.

Editorial. Discusses history-related news items, compiled in January 2000. Includes editing of `History: The Journal of the Historical Association'; Search for benchmark standards of the Quality Assurance Agency for the universities in Great Britain; History conference to celebrate the devolved Scottish parliament.

By showing that Scottish homicide rates more than doubled in the first sixty years of the nineteenth century, this article challenges the assumption on which much current work on pre-1950 homicide rates is based – that this was a story of uninterrupted decline. Using a detailed study of the geography of Scottish homicide, it argues that, while many historians have linked urbanization to lower homicide rates, in Scotland in this period the opposite was the case. The article then explores some of the key factors that lay behind these temporal and spatial variations in Scottish homicide rates such as regional differences in the proportion of lethally violent acts that were prosecuted, the effects of widening definitions of culpable homicide, and the impact on actual levels of lethal violence made by factors such as urban living conditions, migration patterns, and urban/rural differences in the age profile of the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]